diff --git a/dist/filer-perf.js b/dist/filer-perf.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b3dac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dist/filer-perf.js
@@ -0,0 +1,8354 @@
+/* Test file for filerjs v0.0.37*/
+!function(e){if("object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module)module.exports=e();else if("function"==typeof define&&define.amd)define([],e);else{var f;"undefined"!=typeof window?f=window:"undefined"!=typeof global?f=global:"undefined"!=typeof self&&(f=self),f.Filer=e()}}(function(){var define,module,exports;return (function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);throw new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'")}var f=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(f.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},f,f.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++)s(r[o]);return s})({1:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+(function (process){
+/*global setImmediate: false, setTimeout: false, console: false */
+
+/**
+ * async.js shim, based on https://raw.github.com/caolan/async/master/lib/async.js Feb 18, 2014
+ * Used under MIT - https://github.com/caolan/async/blob/master/LICENSE
+ */
+
+(function () {
+
+    var async = {};
+
+    // async.js functions used in Filer
+
+    //// nextTick implementation with browser-compatible fallback ////
+    if (typeof process === 'undefined' || !(process.nextTick)) {
+        if (typeof setImmediate === 'function') {
+            async.nextTick = function (fn) {
+                // not a direct alias for IE10 compatibility
+                setImmediate(fn);
+            };
+            async.setImmediate = async.nextTick;
+        }
+        else {
+            async.nextTick = function (fn) {
+                setTimeout(fn, 0);
+            };
+            async.setImmediate = async.nextTick;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        async.nextTick = process.nextTick;
+        if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined') {
+            async.setImmediate = function (fn) {
+              // not a direct alias for IE10 compatibility
+              setImmediate(fn);
+            };
+        }
+        else {
+            async.setImmediate = async.nextTick;
+        }
+    }
+
+    async.eachSeries = function (arr, iterator, callback) {
+        callback = callback || function () {};
+        if (!arr.length) {
+            return callback();
+        }
+        var completed = 0;
+        var iterate = function () {
+            iterator(arr[completed], function (err) {
+                if (err) {
+                    callback(err);
+                    callback = function () {};
+                }
+                else {
+                    completed += 1;
+                    if (completed >= arr.length) {
+                        callback();
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        iterate();
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        };
+        iterate();
+    };
+    async.forEachSeries = async.eachSeries;
+
+    // AMD / RequireJS
+    if (typeof define !== 'undefined' && define.amd) {
+        define([], function () {
+            return async;
+        });
+    }
+    // Node.js
+    else if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
+        module.exports = async;
+    }
+    // included directly via <script> tag
+    else {
+        root.async = async;
+    }
+
+}());
+
+}).call(this,_dereq_("JkpR2F"))
+},{"JkpR2F":10}],2:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+// Based on https://github.com/diy/intercom.js/blob/master/lib/events.js
+// Copyright 2012 DIY Co Apache License, Version 2.0
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+function removeItem(item, array) {
+  for (var i = array.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    if (array[i] === item) {
+      array.splice(i, 1);
+    }
+  }
+  return array;
+}
+
+var EventEmitter = function() {};
+
+EventEmitter.createInterface = function(space) {
+  var methods = {};
+
+  methods.on = function(name, fn) {
+    if (typeof this[space] === 'undefined') {
+      this[space] = {};
+    }
+    if (!this[space].hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      this[space][name] = [];
+    }
+    this[space][name].push(fn);
+  };
+
+  methods.off = function(name, fn) {
+    if (typeof this[space] === 'undefined') return;
+    if (this[space].hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      removeItem(fn, this[space][name]);
+    }
+  };
+
+  methods.trigger = function(name) {
+    if (typeof this[space] !== 'undefined' && this[space].hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1);
+      for (var i = 0; i < this[space][name].length; i++) {
+        this[space][name][i].apply(this[space][name][i], args);
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  methods.removeAllListeners = function(name) {
+    if (typeof this[space] === 'undefined') return;
+    var self = this;
+    self[space][name].forEach(function(fn) {
+      self.off(name, fn);
+    });
+  };
+
+  return methods;
+};
+
+var pvt = EventEmitter.createInterface('_handlers');
+EventEmitter.prototype._on = pvt.on;
+EventEmitter.prototype._off = pvt.off;
+EventEmitter.prototype._trigger = pvt.trigger;
+
+var pub = EventEmitter.createInterface('handlers');
+EventEmitter.prototype.on = function() {
+  pub.on.apply(this, arguments);
+  Array.prototype.unshift.call(arguments, 'on');
+  this._trigger.apply(this, arguments);
+};
+EventEmitter.prototype.off = pub.off;
+EventEmitter.prototype.trigger = pub.trigger;
+EventEmitter.prototype.removeAllListeners = pub.removeAllListeners;
+
+module.exports = EventEmitter;
+
+},{}],3:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+// Based on https://github.com/diy/intercom.js/blob/master/lib/intercom.js
+// Copyright 2012 DIY Co Apache License, Version 2.0
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+var EventEmitter = _dereq_('./eventemitter.js');
+var guid = _dereq_('../src/shared.js').guid;
+
+function throttle(delay, fn) {
+  var last = 0;
+  return function() {
+    var now = Date.now();
+    if (now - last > delay) {
+      last = now;
+      fn.apply(this, arguments);
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+function extend(a, b) {
+  if (typeof a === 'undefined' || !a) { a = {}; }
+  if (typeof b === 'object') {
+    for (var key in b) {
+      if (b.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+        a[key] = b[key];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return a;
+}
+
+var localStorage = (function(window) {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined' ||
+      typeof window.localStorage === 'undefined') {
+    return {
+      getItem : function() {},
+      setItem : function() {},
+      removeItem : function() {}
+    };
+  }
+  return window.localStorage;
+}(global));
+
+function Intercom() {
+  var self = this;
+  var now = Date.now();
+
+  this.origin         = guid();
+  this.lastMessage    = now;
+  this.receivedIDs    = {};
+  this.previousValues = {};
+
+  var storageHandler = function() {
+    self._onStorageEvent.apply(self, arguments);
+  };
+
+  // If we're in node.js, skip event registration
+  if (typeof document === 'undefined') {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (document.attachEvent) {
+    document.attachEvent('onstorage', storageHandler);
+  } else {
+    global.addEventListener('storage', storageHandler, false);
+  }
+}
+
+Intercom.prototype._transaction = function(fn) {
+  var TIMEOUT   = 1000;
+  var WAIT      = 20;
+  var self      = this;
+  var executed  = false;
+  var listening = false;
+  var waitTimer = null;
+
+  function lock() {
+    if (executed) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    var now = Date.now();
+    var activeLock = localStorage.getItem(INDEX_LOCK)|0;
+    if (activeLock && now - activeLock < TIMEOUT) {
+      if (!listening) {
+        self._on('storage', lock);
+        listening = true;
+      }
+      waitTimer = setTimeout(lock, WAIT);
+      return;
+    }
+    executed = true;
+    localStorage.setItem(INDEX_LOCK, now);
+
+    fn();
+    unlock();
+  }
+
+  function unlock() {
+    if (listening) {
+      self._off('storage', lock);
+    }
+    if (waitTimer) {
+      clearTimeout(waitTimer);
+    }
+    localStorage.removeItem(INDEX_LOCK);
+  }
+
+  lock();
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype._cleanup_emit = throttle(100, function() {
+  var self = this;
+
+  self._transaction(function() {
+    var now = Date.now();
+    var threshold = now - THRESHOLD_TTL_EMIT;
+    var changed = 0;
+    var messages;
+
+    try {
+      messages = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(INDEX_EMIT) || '[]');
+    } catch(e) {
+      messages = [];
+    }
+    for (var i = messages.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      if (messages[i].timestamp < threshold) {
+        messages.splice(i, 1);
+        changed++;
+      }
+    }
+    if (changed > 0) {
+      localStorage.setItem(INDEX_EMIT, JSON.stringify(messages));
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+Intercom.prototype._cleanup_once = throttle(100, function() {
+  var self = this;
+
+  self._transaction(function() {
+    var timestamp, ttl, key;
+    var table;
+    var now  = Date.now();
+    var changed = 0;
+
+    try {
+      table = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(INDEX_ONCE) || '{}');
+    } catch(e) {
+      table = {};
+    }
+    for (key in table) {
+      if (self._once_expired(key, table)) {
+        delete table[key];
+        changed++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (changed > 0) {
+      localStorage.setItem(INDEX_ONCE, JSON.stringify(table));
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+Intercom.prototype._once_expired = function(key, table) {
+  if (!table) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (!table.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (typeof table[key] !== 'object') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  var ttl = table[key].ttl || THRESHOLD_TTL_ONCE;
+  var now = Date.now();
+  var timestamp = table[key].timestamp;
+  return timestamp < now - ttl;
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype._localStorageChanged = function(event, field) {
+  if (event && event.key) {
+    return event.key === field;
+  }
+
+  var currentValue = localStorage.getItem(field);
+  if (currentValue === this.previousValues[field]) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  this.previousValues[field] = currentValue;
+  return true;
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype._onStorageEvent = function(event) {
+  event = event || global.event;
+  var self = this;
+
+  if (this._localStorageChanged(event, INDEX_EMIT)) {
+    this._transaction(function() {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      var data = localStorage.getItem(INDEX_EMIT);
+      var messages;
+
+      try {
+        messages = JSON.parse(data || '[]');
+      } catch(e) {
+        messages = [];
+      }
+      for (var i = 0; i < messages.length; i++) {
+        if (messages[i].origin === self.origin) continue;
+        if (messages[i].timestamp < self.lastMessage) continue;
+        if (messages[i].id) {
+          if (self.receivedIDs.hasOwnProperty(messages[i].id)) continue;
+          self.receivedIDs[messages[i].id] = true;
+        }
+        self.trigger(messages[i].name, messages[i].payload);
+      }
+      self.lastMessage = now;
+    });
+  }
+
+  this._trigger('storage', event);
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype._emit = function(name, message, id) {
+  id = (typeof id === 'string' || typeof id === 'number') ? String(id) : null;
+  if (id && id.length) {
+    if (this.receivedIDs.hasOwnProperty(id)) return;
+    this.receivedIDs[id] = true;
+  }
+
+  var packet = {
+    id        : id,
+    name      : name,
+    origin    : this.origin,
+    timestamp : Date.now(),
+    payload   : message
+  };
+
+  var self = this;
+  this._transaction(function() {
+    var data = localStorage.getItem(INDEX_EMIT) || '[]';
+    var delimiter = (data === '[]') ? '' : ',';
+    data = [data.substring(0, data.length - 1), delimiter, JSON.stringify(packet), ']'].join('');
+    localStorage.setItem(INDEX_EMIT, data);
+    self.trigger(name, message);
+
+    setTimeout(function() {
+      self._cleanup_emit();
+    }, 50);
+  });
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype.emit = function(name, message) {
+  this._emit.apply(this, arguments);
+  this._trigger('emit', name, message);
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype.once = function(key, fn, ttl) {
+  if (!Intercom.supported) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  var self = this;
+  this._transaction(function() {
+    var data;
+    try {
+      data = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(INDEX_ONCE) || '{}');
+    } catch(e) {
+      data = {};
+    }
+    if (!self._once_expired(key, data)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    data[key] = {};
+    data[key].timestamp = Date.now();
+    if (typeof ttl === 'number') {
+      data[key].ttl = ttl * 1000;
+    }
+
+    localStorage.setItem(INDEX_ONCE, JSON.stringify(data));
+    fn();
+
+    setTimeout(function() {
+      self._cleanup_once();
+    }, 50);
+  });
+};
+
+extend(Intercom.prototype, EventEmitter.prototype);
+
+Intercom.supported = (typeof localStorage !== 'undefined');
+
+var INDEX_EMIT = 'intercom';
+var INDEX_ONCE = 'intercom_once';
+var INDEX_LOCK = 'intercom_lock';
+
+var THRESHOLD_TTL_EMIT = 50000;
+var THRESHOLD_TTL_ONCE = 1000 * 3600;
+
+Intercom.destroy = function() {
+  localStorage.removeItem(INDEX_LOCK);
+  localStorage.removeItem(INDEX_EMIT);
+  localStorage.removeItem(INDEX_ONCE);
+};
+
+Intercom.getInstance = (function() {
+  var intercom;
+  return function() {
+    if (!intercom) {
+      intercom = new Intercom();
+    }
+    return intercom;
+  };
+})();
+
+module.exports = Intercom;
+
+}).call(this,typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../src/shared.js":31,"./eventemitter.js":2}],4:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+// Cherry-picked bits of underscore.js, lodash.js
+
+/**
+ * Lo-Dash 2.4.0 <http://lodash.com/>
+ * Copyright 2012-2013 The Dojo Foundation <http://dojofoundation.org/>
+ * Based on Underscore.js 1.5.2 <http://underscorejs.org/LICENSE>
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
+ * Available under MIT license <http://lodash.com/license>
+ */
+var ArrayProto = Array.prototype;
+var nativeForEach = ArrayProto.forEach;
+var nativeIndexOf = ArrayProto.indexOf;
+var nativeSome = ArrayProto.some;
+
+var ObjProto = Object.prototype;
+var hasOwnProperty = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
+var nativeKeys = Object.keys;
+
+var breaker = {};
+
+function has(obj, key) {
+  return hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
+}
+
+var keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
+  if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object');
+  var keys = [];
+  for (var key in obj) if (has(obj, key)) keys.push(key);
+  return keys;
+};
+
+function size(obj) {
+  if (obj == null) return 0;
+  return (obj.length === +obj.length) ? obj.length : keys(obj).length;
+}
+
+function identity(value) {
+  return value;
+}
+
+function each(obj, iterator, context) {
+  var i, length;
+  if (obj == null) return;
+  if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
+    obj.forEach(iterator, context);
+  } else if (obj.length === +obj.length) {
+    for (i = 0, length = obj.length; i < length; i++) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj) === breaker) return;
+    }
+  } else {
+    var keys = keys(obj);
+    for (i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, obj[keys[i]], keys[i], obj) === breaker) return;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+function any(obj, iterator, context) {
+  iterator || (iterator = identity);
+  var result = false;
+  if (obj == null) return result;
+  if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
+  each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+    if (result || (result = iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
+  });
+  return !!result;
+};
+
+function contains(obj, target) {
+  if (obj == null) return false;
+  if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
+  return any(obj, function(value) {
+    return value === target;
+  });
+};
+
+function Wrapped(value) {
+  this.value = value;
+}
+Wrapped.prototype.has = function(key) {
+  return has(this.value, key);
+};
+Wrapped.prototype.contains = function(target) {
+  return contains(this.value, target);
+};
+Wrapped.prototype.size = function() {
+  return size(this.value);
+};
+
+function nodash(value) {
+  // don't wrap if already wrapped, even if wrapped by a different `lodash` constructor
+  return (value && typeof value == 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) && hasOwnProperty.call(value, '__wrapped__'))
+    ? value
+    : new Wrapped(value);
+}
+
+module.exports = nodash;
+
+},{}],5:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+/*
+ * base64-arraybuffer
+ * https://github.com/niklasvh/base64-arraybuffer
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2012 Niklas von Hertzen
+ * Licensed under the MIT license.
+ */
+(function(chars){
+  "use strict";
+
+  exports.encode = function(arraybuffer) {
+    var bytes = new Uint8Array(arraybuffer),
+    i, len = bytes.length, base64 = "";
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i+=3) {
+      base64 += chars[bytes[i] >> 2];
+      base64 += chars[((bytes[i] & 3) << 4) | (bytes[i + 1] >> 4)];
+      base64 += chars[((bytes[i + 1] & 15) << 2) | (bytes[i + 2] >> 6)];
+      base64 += chars[bytes[i + 2] & 63];
+    }
+
+    if ((len % 3) === 2) {
+      base64 = base64.substring(0, base64.length - 1) + "=";
+    } else if (len % 3 === 1) {
+      base64 = base64.substring(0, base64.length - 2) + "==";
+    }
+
+    return base64;
+  };
+
+  exports.decode =  function(base64) {
+    var bufferLength = base64.length * 0.75,
+    len = base64.length, i, p = 0,
+    encoded1, encoded2, encoded3, encoded4;
+
+    if (base64[base64.length - 1] === "=") {
+      bufferLength--;
+      if (base64[base64.length - 2] === "=") {
+        bufferLength--;
+      }
+    }
+
+    var arraybuffer = new ArrayBuffer(bufferLength),
+    bytes = new Uint8Array(arraybuffer);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i+=4) {
+      encoded1 = chars.indexOf(base64[i]);
+      encoded2 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+1]);
+      encoded3 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+2]);
+      encoded4 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+3]);
+
+      bytes[p++] = (encoded1 << 2) | (encoded2 >> 4);
+      bytes[p++] = ((encoded2 & 15) << 4) | (encoded3 >> 2);
+      bytes[p++] = ((encoded3 & 3) << 6) | (encoded4 & 63);
+    }
+
+    return arraybuffer;
+  };
+})("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/");
+
+},{}],6:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * The buffer module from node.js, for the browser.
+ *
+ * @author   Feross Aboukhadijeh <feross@feross.org> <http://feross.org>
+ * @license  MIT
+ */
+
+var base64 = _dereq_('base64-js')
+var ieee754 = _dereq_('ieee754')
+
+exports.Buffer = Buffer
+exports.SlowBuffer = Buffer
+exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES = 50
+Buffer.poolSize = 8192
+
+/**
+ * If `Buffer._useTypedArrays`:
+ *   === true    Use Uint8Array implementation (fastest)
+ *   === false   Use Object implementation (compatible down to IE6)
+ */
+Buffer._useTypedArrays = (function () {
+  // Detect if browser supports Typed Arrays. Supported browsers are IE 10+, Firefox 4+,
+  // Chrome 7+, Safari 5.1+, Opera 11.6+, iOS 4.2+. If the browser does not support adding
+  // properties to `Uint8Array` instances, then that's the same as no `Uint8Array` support
+  // because we need to be able to add all the node Buffer API methods. This is an issue
+  // in Firefox 4-29. Now fixed: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=695438
+  try {
+    var buf = new ArrayBuffer(0)
+    var arr = new Uint8Array(buf)
+    arr.foo = function () { return 42 }
+    return 42 === arr.foo() &&
+        typeof arr.subarray === 'function' // Chrome 9-10 lack `subarray`
+  } catch (e) {
+    return false
+  }
+})()
+
+/**
+ * Class: Buffer
+ * =============
+ *
+ * The Buffer constructor returns instances of `Uint8Array` that are augmented
+ * with function properties for all the node `Buffer` API functions. We use
+ * `Uint8Array` so that square bracket notation works as expected -- it returns
+ * a single octet.
+ *
+ * By augmenting the instances, we can avoid modifying the `Uint8Array`
+ * prototype.
+ */
+function Buffer (subject, encoding, noZero) {
+  if (!(this instanceof Buffer))
+    return new Buffer(subject, encoding, noZero)
+
+  var type = typeof subject
+
+  if (encoding === 'base64' && type === 'string') {
+    subject = base64clean(subject)
+  }
+
+  // Find the length
+  var length
+  if (type === 'number')
+    length = coerce(subject)
+  else if (type === 'string')
+    length = Buffer.byteLength(subject, encoding)
+  else if (type === 'object')
+    length = coerce(subject.length) // assume that object is array-like
+  else
+    throw new Error('First argument needs to be a number, array or string.')
+
+  var buf
+  if (Buffer._useTypedArrays) {
+    // Preferred: Return an augmented `Uint8Array` instance for best performance
+    buf = Buffer._augment(new Uint8Array(length))
+  } else {
+    // Fallback: Return THIS instance of Buffer (created by `new`)
+    buf = this
+    buf.length = length
+    buf._isBuffer = true
+  }
+
+  var i
+  if (Buffer._useTypedArrays && typeof subject.byteLength === 'number') {
+    // Speed optimization -- use set if we're copying from a typed array
+    buf._set(subject)
+  } else if (isArrayish(subject)) {
+    // Treat array-ish objects as a byte array
+    if (Buffer.isBuffer(subject)) {
+      for (i = 0; i < length; i++)
+        buf[i] = subject.readUInt8(i)
+    } else {
+      for (i = 0; i < length; i++)
+        buf[i] = ((subject[i] % 256) + 256) % 256
+    }
+  } else if (type === 'string') {
+    buf.write(subject, 0, encoding)
+  } else if (type === 'number' && !Buffer._useTypedArrays && !noZero) {
+    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      buf[i] = 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  return buf
+}
+
+// STATIC METHODS
+// ==============
+
+Buffer.isEncoding = function (encoding) {
+  switch (String(encoding).toLowerCase()) {
+    case 'hex':
+    case 'utf8':
+    case 'utf-8':
+    case 'ascii':
+    case 'binary':
+    case 'base64':
+    case 'raw':
+    case 'ucs2':
+    case 'ucs-2':
+    case 'utf16le':
+    case 'utf-16le':
+      return true
+    default:
+      return false
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.isBuffer = function (b) {
+  return !!(b !== null && b !== undefined && b._isBuffer)
+}
+
+Buffer.byteLength = function (str, encoding) {
+  var ret
+  str = str.toString()
+  switch (encoding || 'utf8') {
+    case 'hex':
+      ret = str.length / 2
+      break
+    case 'utf8':
+    case 'utf-8':
+      ret = utf8ToBytes(str).length
+      break
+    case 'ascii':
+    case 'binary':
+    case 'raw':
+      ret = str.length
+      break
+    case 'base64':
+      ret = base64ToBytes(str).length
+      break
+    case 'ucs2':
+    case 'ucs-2':
+    case 'utf16le':
+    case 'utf-16le':
+      ret = str.length * 2
+      break
+    default:
+      throw new Error('Unknown encoding')
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+
+Buffer.concat = function (list, totalLength) {
+  assert(isArray(list), 'Usage: Buffer.concat(list[, length])')
+
+  if (list.length === 0) {
+    return new Buffer(0)
+  } else if (list.length === 1) {
+    return list[0]
+  }
+
+  var i
+  if (totalLength === undefined) {
+    totalLength = 0
+    for (i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
+      totalLength += list[i].length
+    }
+  }
+
+  var buf = new Buffer(totalLength)
+  var pos = 0
+  for (i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
+    var item = list[i]
+    item.copy(buf, pos)
+    pos += item.length
+  }
+  return buf
+}
+
+Buffer.compare = function (a, b) {
+  assert(Buffer.isBuffer(a) && Buffer.isBuffer(b), 'Arguments must be Buffers')
+  var x = a.length
+  var y = b.length
+  for (var i = 0, len = Math.min(x, y); i < len && a[i] === b[i]; i++) {}
+  if (i !== len) {
+    x = a[i]
+    y = b[i]
+  }
+  if (x < y) {
+    return -1
+  }
+  if (y < x) {
+    return 1
+  }
+  return 0
+}
+
+// BUFFER INSTANCE METHODS
+// =======================
+
+function hexWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  offset = Number(offset) || 0
+  var remaining = buf.length - offset
+  if (!length) {
+    length = remaining
+  } else {
+    length = Number(length)
+    if (length > remaining) {
+      length = remaining
+    }
+  }
+
+  // must be an even number of digits
+  var strLen = string.length
+  assert(strLen % 2 === 0, 'Invalid hex string')
+
+  if (length > strLen / 2) {
+    length = strLen / 2
+  }
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    var byte = parseInt(string.substr(i * 2, 2), 16)
+    assert(!isNaN(byte), 'Invalid hex string')
+    buf[offset + i] = byte
+  }
+  return i
+}
+
+function utf8Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  var charsWritten = blitBuffer(utf8ToBytes(string), buf, offset, length)
+  return charsWritten
+}
+
+function asciiWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  var charsWritten = blitBuffer(asciiToBytes(string), buf, offset, length)
+  return charsWritten
+}
+
+function binaryWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return asciiWrite(buf, string, offset, length)
+}
+
+function base64Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  var charsWritten = blitBuffer(base64ToBytes(string), buf, offset, length)
+  return charsWritten
+}
+
+function utf16leWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  var charsWritten = blitBuffer(utf16leToBytes(string), buf, offset, length)
+  return charsWritten
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.write = function (string, offset, length, encoding) {
+  // Support both (string, offset, length, encoding)
+  // and the legacy (string, encoding, offset, length)
+  if (isFinite(offset)) {
+    if (!isFinite(length)) {
+      encoding = length
+      length = undefined
+    }
+  } else {  // legacy
+    var swap = encoding
+    encoding = offset
+    offset = length
+    length = swap
+  }
+
+  offset = Number(offset) || 0
+  var remaining = this.length - offset
+  if (!length) {
+    length = remaining
+  } else {
+    length = Number(length)
+    if (length > remaining) {
+      length = remaining
+    }
+  }
+  encoding = String(encoding || 'utf8').toLowerCase()
+
+  var ret
+  switch (encoding) {
+    case 'hex':
+      ret = hexWrite(this, string, offset, length)
+      break
+    case 'utf8':
+    case 'utf-8':
+      ret = utf8Write(this, string, offset, length)
+      break
+    case 'ascii':
+      ret = asciiWrite(this, string, offset, length)
+      break
+    case 'binary':
+      ret = binaryWrite(this, string, offset, length)
+      break
+    case 'base64':
+      ret = base64Write(this, string, offset, length)
+      break
+    case 'ucs2':
+    case 'ucs-2':
+    case 'utf16le':
+    case 'utf-16le':
+      ret = utf16leWrite(this, string, offset, length)
+      break
+    default:
+      throw new Error('Unknown encoding')
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.toString = function (encoding, start, end) {
+  var self = this
+
+  encoding = String(encoding || 'utf8').toLowerCase()
+  start = Number(start) || 0
+  end = (end === undefined) ? self.length : Number(end)
+
+  // Fastpath empty strings
+  if (end === start)
+    return ''
+
+  var ret
+  switch (encoding) {
+    case 'hex':
+      ret = hexSlice(self, start, end)
+      break
+    case 'utf8':
+    case 'utf-8':
+      ret = utf8Slice(self, start, end)
+      break
+    case 'ascii':
+      ret = asciiSlice(self, start, end)
+      break
+    case 'binary':
+      ret = binarySlice(self, start, end)
+      break
+    case 'base64':
+      ret = base64Slice(self, start, end)
+      break
+    case 'ucs2':
+    case 'ucs-2':
+    case 'utf16le':
+    case 'utf-16le':
+      ret = utf16leSlice(self, start, end)
+      break
+    default:
+      throw new Error('Unknown encoding')
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.toJSON = function () {
+  return {
+    type: 'Buffer',
+    data: Array.prototype.slice.call(this._arr || this, 0)
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.equals = function (b) {
+  assert(Buffer.isBuffer(b), 'Argument must be a Buffer')
+  return Buffer.compare(this, b) === 0
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.compare = function (b) {
+  assert(Buffer.isBuffer(b), 'Argument must be a Buffer')
+  return Buffer.compare(this, b)
+}
+
+// copy(targetBuffer, targetStart=0, sourceStart=0, sourceEnd=buffer.length)
+Buffer.prototype.copy = function (target, target_start, start, end) {
+  var source = this
+
+  if (!start) start = 0
+  if (!end && end !== 0) end = this.length
+  if (!target_start) target_start = 0
+
+  // Copy 0 bytes; we're done
+  if (end === start) return
+  if (target.length === 0 || source.length === 0) return
+
+  // Fatal error conditions
+  assert(end >= start, 'sourceEnd < sourceStart')
+  assert(target_start >= 0 && target_start < target.length,
+      'targetStart out of bounds')
+  assert(start >= 0 && start < source.length, 'sourceStart out of bounds')
+  assert(end >= 0 && end <= source.length, 'sourceEnd out of bounds')
+
+  // Are we oob?
+  if (end > this.length)
+    end = this.length
+  if (target.length - target_start < end - start)
+    end = target.length - target_start + start
+
+  var len = end - start
+
+  if (len < 100 || !Buffer._useTypedArrays) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+      target[i + target_start] = this[i + start]
+    }
+  } else {
+    target._set(this.subarray(start, start + len), target_start)
+  }
+}
+
+function base64Slice (buf, start, end) {
+  if (start === 0 && end === buf.length) {
+    return base64.fromByteArray(buf)
+  } else {
+    return base64.fromByteArray(buf.slice(start, end))
+  }
+}
+
+function utf8Slice (buf, start, end) {
+  var res = ''
+  var tmp = ''
+  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    if (buf[i] <= 0x7F) {
+      res += decodeUtf8Char(tmp) + String.fromCharCode(buf[i])
+      tmp = ''
+    } else {
+      tmp += '%' + buf[i].toString(16)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return res + decodeUtf8Char(tmp)
+}
+
+function asciiSlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var ret = ''
+  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    ret += String.fromCharCode(buf[i])
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+
+function binarySlice (buf, start, end) {
+  return asciiSlice(buf, start, end)
+}
+
+function hexSlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var len = buf.length
+
+  if (!start || start < 0) start = 0
+  if (!end || end < 0 || end > len) end = len
+
+  var out = ''
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    out += toHex(buf[i])
+  }
+  return out
+}
+
+function utf16leSlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var bytes = buf.slice(start, end)
+  var res = ''
+  for (var i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 2) {
+    res += String.fromCharCode(bytes[i] + bytes[i + 1] * 256)
+  }
+  return res
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.slice = function (start, end) {
+  var len = this.length
+  start = clamp(start, len, 0)
+  end = clamp(end, len, len)
+
+  if (Buffer._useTypedArrays) {
+    return Buffer._augment(this.subarray(start, end))
+  } else {
+    var sliceLen = end - start
+    var newBuf = new Buffer(sliceLen, undefined, true)
+    for (var i = 0; i < sliceLen; i++) {
+      newBuf[i] = this[i + start]
+    }
+    return newBuf
+  }
+}
+
+// `get` will be removed in Node 0.13+
+Buffer.prototype.get = function (offset) {
+  console.log('.get() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
+  return this.readUInt8(offset)
+}
+
+// `set` will be removed in Node 0.13+
+Buffer.prototype.set = function (v, offset) {
+  console.log('.set() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
+  return this.writeUInt8(v, offset)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt8 = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null, 'missing offset')
+    assert(offset < this.length, 'Trying to read beyond buffer length')
+  }
+
+  if (offset >= this.length)
+    return
+
+  return this[offset]
+}
+
+function readUInt16 (buf, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(typeof littleEndian === 'boolean', 'missing or invalid endian')
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null, 'missing offset')
+    assert(offset + 1 < buf.length, 'Trying to read beyond buffer length')
+  }
+
+  var len = buf.length
+  if (offset >= len)
+    return
+
+  var val
+  if (littleEndian) {
+    val = buf[offset]
+    if (offset + 1 < len)
+      val |= buf[offset + 1] << 8
+  } else {
+    val = buf[offset] << 8
+    if (offset + 1 < len)
+      val |= buf[offset + 1]
+  }
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt16LE = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  return readUInt16(this, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt16BE = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  return readUInt16(this, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+function readUInt32 (buf, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(typeof littleEndian === 'boolean', 'missing or invalid endian')
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null, 'missing offset')
+    assert(offset + 3 < buf.length, 'Trying to read beyond buffer length')
+  }
+
+  var len = buf.length
+  if (offset >= len)
+    return
+
+  var val
+  if (littleEndian) {
+    if (offset + 2 < len)
+      val = buf[offset + 2] << 16
+    if (offset + 1 < len)
+      val |= buf[offset + 1] << 8
+    val |= buf[offset]
+    if (offset + 3 < len)
+      val = val + (buf[offset + 3] << 24 >>> 0)
+  } else {
+    if (offset + 1 < len)
+      val = buf[offset + 1] << 16
+    if (offset + 2 < len)
+      val |= buf[offset + 2] << 8
+    if (offset + 3 < len)
+      val |= buf[offset + 3]
+    val = val + (buf[offset] << 24 >>> 0)
+  }
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt32LE = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  return readUInt32(this, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt32BE = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  return readUInt32(this, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt8 = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null,
+        'missing offset')
+    assert(offset < this.length, 'Trying to read beyond buffer length')
+  }
+
+  if (offset >= this.length)
+    return
+
+  var neg = this[offset] & 0x80
+  if (neg)
+    return (0xff - this[offset] + 1) * -1
+  else
+    return this[offset]
+}
+
+function readInt16 (buf, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(typeof littleEndian === 'boolean', 'missing or invalid endian')
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null, 'missing offset')
+    assert(offset + 1 < buf.length, 'Trying to read beyond buffer length')
+  }
+
+  var len = buf.length
+  if (offset >= len)
+    return
+
+  var val = readUInt16(buf, offset, littleEndian, true)
+  var neg = val & 0x8000
+  if (neg)
+    return (0xffff - val + 1) * -1
+  else
+    return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt16LE = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  return readInt16(this, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt16BE = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  return readInt16(this, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+function readInt32 (buf, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(typeof littleEndian === 'boolean', 'missing or invalid endian')
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null, 'missing offset')
+    assert(offset + 3 < buf.length, 'Trying to read beyond buffer length')
+  }
+
+  var len = buf.length
+  if (offset >= len)
+    return
+
+  var val = readUInt32(buf, offset, littleEndian, true)
+  var neg = val & 0x80000000
+  if (neg)
+    return (0xffffffff - val + 1) * -1
+  else
+    return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt32LE = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  return readInt32(this, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt32BE = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  return readInt32(this, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+function readFloat (buf, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(typeof littleEndian === 'boolean', 'missing or invalid endian')
+    assert(offset + 3 < buf.length, 'Trying to read beyond buffer length')
+  }
+
+  return ieee754.read(buf, offset, littleEndian, 23, 4)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readFloatLE = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  return readFloat(this, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readFloatBE = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  return readFloat(this, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+function readDouble (buf, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(typeof littleEndian === 'boolean', 'missing or invalid endian')
+    assert(offset + 7 < buf.length, 'Trying to read beyond buffer length')
+  }
+
+  return ieee754.read(buf, offset, littleEndian, 52, 8)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readDoubleLE = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  return readDouble(this, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readDoubleBE = function (offset, noAssert) {
+  return readDouble(this, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt8 = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(value !== undefined && value !== null, 'missing value')
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null, 'missing offset')
+    assert(offset < this.length, 'trying to write beyond buffer length')
+    verifuint(value, 0xff)
+  }
+
+  if (offset >= this.length) return
+
+  this[offset] = value
+  return offset + 1
+}
+
+function writeUInt16 (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(value !== undefined && value !== null, 'missing value')
+    assert(typeof littleEndian === 'boolean', 'missing or invalid endian')
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null, 'missing offset')
+    assert(offset + 1 < buf.length, 'trying to write beyond buffer length')
+    verifuint(value, 0xffff)
+  }
+
+  var len = buf.length
+  if (offset >= len)
+    return
+
+  for (var i = 0, j = Math.min(len - offset, 2); i < j; i++) {
+    buf[offset + i] =
+        (value & (0xff << (8 * (littleEndian ? i : 1 - i)))) >>>
+            (littleEndian ? i : 1 - i) * 8
+  }
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16LE = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeUInt16(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16BE = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeUInt16(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+function writeUInt32 (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(value !== undefined && value !== null, 'missing value')
+    assert(typeof littleEndian === 'boolean', 'missing or invalid endian')
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null, 'missing offset')
+    assert(offset + 3 < buf.length, 'trying to write beyond buffer length')
+    verifuint(value, 0xffffffff)
+  }
+
+  var len = buf.length
+  if (offset >= len)
+    return
+
+  for (var i = 0, j = Math.min(len - offset, 4); i < j; i++) {
+    buf[offset + i] =
+        (value >>> (littleEndian ? i : 3 - i) * 8) & 0xff
+  }
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32LE = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeUInt32(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32BE = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeUInt32(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt8 = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(value !== undefined && value !== null, 'missing value')
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null, 'missing offset')
+    assert(offset < this.length, 'Trying to write beyond buffer length')
+    verifsint(value, 0x7f, -0x80)
+  }
+
+  if (offset >= this.length)
+    return
+
+  if (value >= 0)
+    this.writeUInt8(value, offset, noAssert)
+  else
+    this.writeUInt8(0xff + value + 1, offset, noAssert)
+  return offset + 1
+}
+
+function writeInt16 (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(value !== undefined && value !== null, 'missing value')
+    assert(typeof littleEndian === 'boolean', 'missing or invalid endian')
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null, 'missing offset')
+    assert(offset + 1 < buf.length, 'Trying to write beyond buffer length')
+    verifsint(value, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
+  }
+
+  var len = buf.length
+  if (offset >= len)
+    return
+
+  if (value >= 0)
+    writeUInt16(buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert)
+  else
+    writeUInt16(buf, 0xffff + value + 1, offset, littleEndian, noAssert)
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt16LE = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeInt16(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt16BE = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeInt16(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+function writeInt32 (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(value !== undefined && value !== null, 'missing value')
+    assert(typeof littleEndian === 'boolean', 'missing or invalid endian')
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null, 'missing offset')
+    assert(offset + 3 < buf.length, 'Trying to write beyond buffer length')
+    verifsint(value, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000)
+  }
+
+  var len = buf.length
+  if (offset >= len)
+    return
+
+  if (value >= 0)
+    writeUInt32(buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert)
+  else
+    writeUInt32(buf, 0xffffffff + value + 1, offset, littleEndian, noAssert)
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt32LE = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeInt32(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt32BE = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeInt32(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+function writeFloat (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(value !== undefined && value !== null, 'missing value')
+    assert(typeof littleEndian === 'boolean', 'missing or invalid endian')
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null, 'missing offset')
+    assert(offset + 3 < buf.length, 'Trying to write beyond buffer length')
+    verifIEEE754(value, 3.4028234663852886e+38, -3.4028234663852886e+38)
+  }
+
+  var len = buf.length
+  if (offset >= len)
+    return
+
+  ieee754.write(buf, value, offset, littleEndian, 23, 4)
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeFloatLE = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeFloat(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeFloatBE = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeFloat(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+function writeDouble (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    assert(value !== undefined && value !== null, 'missing value')
+    assert(typeof littleEndian === 'boolean', 'missing or invalid endian')
+    assert(offset !== undefined && offset !== null, 'missing offset')
+    assert(offset + 7 < buf.length,
+        'Trying to write beyond buffer length')
+    verifIEEE754(value, 1.7976931348623157E+308, -1.7976931348623157E+308)
+  }
+
+  var len = buf.length
+  if (offset >= len)
+    return
+
+  ieee754.write(buf, value, offset, littleEndian, 52, 8)
+  return offset + 8
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeDoubleLE = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeDouble(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeDoubleBE = function (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeDouble(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+// fill(value, start=0, end=buffer.length)
+Buffer.prototype.fill = function (value, start, end) {
+  if (!value) value = 0
+  if (!start) start = 0
+  if (!end) end = this.length
+
+  assert(end >= start, 'end < start')
+
+  // Fill 0 bytes; we're done
+  if (end === start) return
+  if (this.length === 0) return
+
+  assert(start >= 0 && start < this.length, 'start out of bounds')
+  assert(end >= 0 && end <= this.length, 'end out of bounds')
+
+  var i
+  if (typeof value === 'number') {
+    for (i = start; i < end; i++) {
+      this[i] = value
+    }
+  } else {
+    var bytes = utf8ToBytes(value.toString())
+    var len = bytes.length
+    for (i = start; i < end; i++) {
+      this[i] = bytes[i % len]
+    }
+  }
+
+  return this
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.inspect = function () {
+  var out = []
+  var len = this.length
+  for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    out[i] = toHex(this[i])
+    if (i === exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES) {
+      out[i + 1] = '...'
+      break
+    }
+  }
+  return '<Buffer ' + out.join(' ') + '>'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new `ArrayBuffer` with the *copied* memory of the buffer instance.
+ * Added in Node 0.12. Only available in browsers that support ArrayBuffer.
+ */
+Buffer.prototype.toArrayBuffer = function () {
+  if (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined') {
+    if (Buffer._useTypedArrays) {
+      return (new Buffer(this)).buffer
+    } else {
+      var buf = new Uint8Array(this.length)
+      for (var i = 0, len = buf.length; i < len; i += 1) {
+        buf[i] = this[i]
+      }
+      return buf.buffer
+    }
+  } else {
+    throw new Error('Buffer.toArrayBuffer not supported in this browser')
+  }
+}
+
+// HELPER FUNCTIONS
+// ================
+
+var BP = Buffer.prototype
+
+/**
+ * Augment a Uint8Array *instance* (not the Uint8Array class!) with Buffer methods
+ */
+Buffer._augment = function (arr) {
+  arr._isBuffer = true
+
+  // save reference to original Uint8Array get/set methods before overwriting
+  arr._get = arr.get
+  arr._set = arr.set
+
+  // deprecated, will be removed in node 0.13+
+  arr.get = BP.get
+  arr.set = BP.set
+
+  arr.write = BP.write
+  arr.toString = BP.toString
+  arr.toLocaleString = BP.toString
+  arr.toJSON = BP.toJSON
+  arr.equals = BP.equals
+  arr.compare = BP.compare
+  arr.copy = BP.copy
+  arr.slice = BP.slice
+  arr.readUInt8 = BP.readUInt8
+  arr.readUInt16LE = BP.readUInt16LE
+  arr.readUInt16BE = BP.readUInt16BE
+  arr.readUInt32LE = BP.readUInt32LE
+  arr.readUInt32BE = BP.readUInt32BE
+  arr.readInt8 = BP.readInt8
+  arr.readInt16LE = BP.readInt16LE
+  arr.readInt16BE = BP.readInt16BE
+  arr.readInt32LE = BP.readInt32LE
+  arr.readInt32BE = BP.readInt32BE
+  arr.readFloatLE = BP.readFloatLE
+  arr.readFloatBE = BP.readFloatBE
+  arr.readDoubleLE = BP.readDoubleLE
+  arr.readDoubleBE = BP.readDoubleBE
+  arr.writeUInt8 = BP.writeUInt8
+  arr.writeUInt16LE = BP.writeUInt16LE
+  arr.writeUInt16BE = BP.writeUInt16BE
+  arr.writeUInt32LE = BP.writeUInt32LE
+  arr.writeUInt32BE = BP.writeUInt32BE
+  arr.writeInt8 = BP.writeInt8
+  arr.writeInt16LE = BP.writeInt16LE
+  arr.writeInt16BE = BP.writeInt16BE
+  arr.writeInt32LE = BP.writeInt32LE
+  arr.writeInt32BE = BP.writeInt32BE
+  arr.writeFloatLE = BP.writeFloatLE
+  arr.writeFloatBE = BP.writeFloatBE
+  arr.writeDoubleLE = BP.writeDoubleLE
+  arr.writeDoubleBE = BP.writeDoubleBE
+  arr.fill = BP.fill
+  arr.inspect = BP.inspect
+  arr.toArrayBuffer = BP.toArrayBuffer
+
+  return arr
+}
+
+var INVALID_BASE64_RE = /[^+\/0-9A-z]/g
+
+function base64clean (str) {
+  // Node strips out invalid characters like \n and \t from the string, base64-js does not
+  str = stringtrim(str).replace(INVALID_BASE64_RE, '')
+  // Node allows for non-padded base64 strings (missing trailing ===), base64-js does not
+  while (str.length % 4 !== 0) {
+    str = str + '='
+  }
+  return str
+}
+
+function stringtrim (str) {
+  if (str.trim) return str.trim()
+  return str.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, '')
+}
+
+// slice(start, end)
+function clamp (index, len, defaultValue) {
+  if (typeof index !== 'number') return defaultValue
+  index = ~~index;  // Coerce to integer.
+  if (index >= len) return len
+  if (index >= 0) return index
+  index += len
+  if (index >= 0) return index
+  return 0
+}
+
+function coerce (length) {
+  // Coerce length to a number (possibly NaN), round up
+  // in case it's fractional (e.g. 123.456) then do a
+  // double negate to coerce a NaN to 0. Easy, right?
+  length = ~~Math.ceil(+length)
+  return length < 0 ? 0 : length
+}
+
+function isArray (subject) {
+  return (Array.isArray || function (subject) {
+    return Object.prototype.toString.call(subject) === '[object Array]'
+  })(subject)
+}
+
+function isArrayish (subject) {
+  return isArray(subject) || Buffer.isBuffer(subject) ||
+      subject && typeof subject === 'object' &&
+      typeof subject.length === 'number'
+}
+
+function toHex (n) {
+  if (n < 16) return '0' + n.toString(16)
+  return n.toString(16)
+}
+
+function utf8ToBytes (str) {
+  var byteArray = []
+  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+    var b = str.charCodeAt(i)
+    if (b <= 0x7F) {
+      byteArray.push(b)
+    } else {
+      var start = i
+      if (b >= 0xD800 && b <= 0xDFFF) i++
+      var h = encodeURIComponent(str.slice(start, i+1)).substr(1).split('%')
+      for (var j = 0; j < h.length; j++) {
+        byteArray.push(parseInt(h[j], 16))
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return byteArray
+}
+
+function asciiToBytes (str) {
+  var byteArray = []
+  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+    // Node's code seems to be doing this and not & 0x7F..
+    byteArray.push(str.charCodeAt(i) & 0xFF)
+  }
+  return byteArray
+}
+
+function utf16leToBytes (str) {
+  var c, hi, lo
+  var byteArray = []
+  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+    c = str.charCodeAt(i)
+    hi = c >> 8
+    lo = c % 256
+    byteArray.push(lo)
+    byteArray.push(hi)
+  }
+
+  return byteArray
+}
+
+function base64ToBytes (str) {
+  return base64.toByteArray(str)
+}
+
+function blitBuffer (src, dst, offset, length) {
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if ((i + offset >= dst.length) || (i >= src.length))
+      break
+    dst[i + offset] = src[i]
+  }
+  return i
+}
+
+function decodeUtf8Char (str) {
+  try {
+    return decodeURIComponent(str)
+  } catch (err) {
+    return String.fromCharCode(0xFFFD) // UTF 8 invalid char
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * We have to make sure that the value is a valid integer. This means that it
+ * is non-negative. It has no fractional component and that it does not
+ * exceed the maximum allowed value.
+ */
+function verifuint (value, max) {
+  assert(typeof value === 'number', 'cannot write a non-number as a number')
+  assert(value >= 0, 'specified a negative value for writing an unsigned value')
+  assert(value <= max, 'value is larger than maximum value for type')
+  assert(Math.floor(value) === value, 'value has a fractional component')
+}
+
+function verifsint (value, max, min) {
+  assert(typeof value === 'number', 'cannot write a non-number as a number')
+  assert(value <= max, 'value larger than maximum allowed value')
+  assert(value >= min, 'value smaller than minimum allowed value')
+  assert(Math.floor(value) === value, 'value has a fractional component')
+}
+
+function verifIEEE754 (value, max, min) {
+  assert(typeof value === 'number', 'cannot write a non-number as a number')
+  assert(value <= max, 'value larger than maximum allowed value')
+  assert(value >= min, 'value smaller than minimum allowed value')
+}
+
+function assert (test, message) {
+  if (!test) throw new Error(message || 'Failed assertion')
+}
+
+},{"base64-js":7,"ieee754":8}],7:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var lookup = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
+
+;(function (exports) {
+	'use strict';
+
+  var Arr = (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined')
+    ? Uint8Array
+    : Array
+
+	var PLUS   = '+'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var SLASH  = '/'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var NUMBER = '0'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var LOWER  = 'a'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var UPPER  = 'A'.charCodeAt(0)
+
+	function decode (elt) {
+		var code = elt.charCodeAt(0)
+		if (code === PLUS)
+			return 62 // '+'
+		if (code === SLASH)
+			return 63 // '/'
+		if (code < NUMBER)
+			return -1 //no match
+		if (code < NUMBER + 10)
+			return code - NUMBER + 26 + 26
+		if (code < UPPER + 26)
+			return code - UPPER
+		if (code < LOWER + 26)
+			return code - LOWER + 26
+	}
+
+	function b64ToByteArray (b64) {
+		var i, j, l, tmp, placeHolders, arr
+
+		if (b64.length % 4 > 0) {
+			throw new Error('Invalid string. Length must be a multiple of 4')
+		}
+
+		// the number of equal signs (place holders)
+		// if there are two placeholders, than the two characters before it
+		// represent one byte
+		// if there is only one, then the three characters before it represent 2 bytes
+		// this is just a cheap hack to not do indexOf twice
+		var len = b64.length
+		placeHolders = '=' === b64.charAt(len - 2) ? 2 : '=' === b64.charAt(len - 1) ? 1 : 0
+
+		// base64 is 4/3 + up to two characters of the original data
+		arr = new Arr(b64.length * 3 / 4 - placeHolders)
+
+		// if there are placeholders, only get up to the last complete 4 chars
+		l = placeHolders > 0 ? b64.length - 4 : b64.length
+
+		var L = 0
+
+		function push (v) {
+			arr[L++] = v
+		}
+
+		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < l; i += 4, j += 3) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 18) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 12) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) << 6) | decode(b64.charAt(i + 3))
+			push((tmp & 0xFF0000) >> 16)
+			push((tmp & 0xFF00) >> 8)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		if (placeHolders === 2) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 2) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) >> 4)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		} else if (placeHolders === 1) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 10) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 4) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) >> 2)
+			push((tmp >> 8) & 0xFF)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		return arr
+	}
+
+	function uint8ToBase64 (uint8) {
+		var i,
+			extraBytes = uint8.length % 3, // if we have 1 byte left, pad 2 bytes
+			output = "",
+			temp, length
+
+		function encode (num) {
+			return lookup.charAt(num)
+		}
+
+		function tripletToBase64 (num) {
+			return encode(num >> 18 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 12 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 6 & 0x3F) + encode(num & 0x3F)
+		}
+
+		// go through the array every three bytes, we'll deal with trailing stuff later
+		for (i = 0, length = uint8.length - extraBytes; i < length; i += 3) {
+			temp = (uint8[i] << 16) + (uint8[i + 1] << 8) + (uint8[i + 2])
+			output += tripletToBase64(temp)
+		}
+
+		// pad the end with zeros, but make sure to not forget the extra bytes
+		switch (extraBytes) {
+			case 1:
+				temp = uint8[uint8.length - 1]
+				output += encode(temp >> 2)
+				output += encode((temp << 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += '=='
+				break
+			case 2:
+				temp = (uint8[uint8.length - 2] << 8) + (uint8[uint8.length - 1])
+				output += encode(temp >> 10)
+				output += encode((temp >> 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += encode((temp << 2) & 0x3F)
+				output += '='
+				break
+		}
+
+		return output
+	}
+
+	exports.toByteArray = b64ToByteArray
+	exports.fromByteArray = uint8ToBase64
+}(typeof exports === 'undefined' ? (this.base64js = {}) : exports))
+
+},{}],8:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+exports.read = function(buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
+  var e, m,
+      eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1,
+      eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1,
+      eBias = eMax >> 1,
+      nBits = -7,
+      i = isLE ? (nBytes - 1) : 0,
+      d = isLE ? -1 : 1,
+      s = buffer[offset + i];
+
+  i += d;
+
+  e = s & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1);
+  s >>= (-nBits);
+  nBits += eLen;
+  for (; nBits > 0; e = e * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8);
+
+  m = e & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1);
+  e >>= (-nBits);
+  nBits += mLen;
+  for (; nBits > 0; m = m * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8);
+
+  if (e === 0) {
+    e = 1 - eBias;
+  } else if (e === eMax) {
+    return m ? NaN : ((s ? -1 : 1) * Infinity);
+  } else {
+    m = m + Math.pow(2, mLen);
+    e = e - eBias;
+  }
+  return (s ? -1 : 1) * m * Math.pow(2, e - mLen);
+};
+
+exports.write = function(buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
+  var e, m, c,
+      eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1,
+      eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1,
+      eBias = eMax >> 1,
+      rt = (mLen === 23 ? Math.pow(2, -24) - Math.pow(2, -77) : 0),
+      i = isLE ? 0 : (nBytes - 1),
+      d = isLE ? 1 : -1,
+      s = value < 0 || (value === 0 && 1 / value < 0) ? 1 : 0;
+
+  value = Math.abs(value);
+
+  if (isNaN(value) || value === Infinity) {
+    m = isNaN(value) ? 1 : 0;
+    e = eMax;
+  } else {
+    e = Math.floor(Math.log(value) / Math.LN2);
+    if (value * (c = Math.pow(2, -e)) < 1) {
+      e--;
+      c *= 2;
+    }
+    if (e + eBias >= 1) {
+      value += rt / c;
+    } else {
+      value += rt * Math.pow(2, 1 - eBias);
+    }
+    if (value * c >= 2) {
+      e++;
+      c /= 2;
+    }
+
+    if (e + eBias >= eMax) {
+      m = 0;
+      e = eMax;
+    } else if (e + eBias >= 1) {
+      m = (value * c - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen);
+      e = e + eBias;
+    } else {
+      m = value * Math.pow(2, eBias - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen);
+      e = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (; mLen >= 8; buffer[offset + i] = m & 0xff, i += d, m /= 256, mLen -= 8);
+
+  e = (e << mLen) | m;
+  eLen += mLen;
+  for (; eLen > 0; buffer[offset + i] = e & 0xff, i += d, e /= 256, eLen -= 8);
+
+  buffer[offset + i - d] |= s * 128;
+};
+
+},{}],9:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+(function (process){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there
+// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array
+// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish
+// relative and absolute paths)
+function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) {
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    var last = parts[i];
+    if (last === '.') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (allowAboveRoot) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      parts.unshift('..');
+    }
+  }
+
+  return parts;
+}
+
+// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version
+// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing.
+var splitPathRe =
+    /^(\/?|)([\s\S]*?)((?:\.{1,2}|[^\/]+?|)(\.[^.\/]*|))(?:[\/]*)$/;
+var splitPath = function(filename) {
+  return splitPathRe.exec(filename).slice(1);
+};
+
+// path.resolve([from ...], to)
+// posix version
+exports.resolve = function() {
+  var resolvedPath = '',
+      resolvedAbsolute = false;
+
+  for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) {
+    var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : process.cwd();
+
+    // Skip empty and invalid entries
+    if (typeof path !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.resolve must be strings');
+    } else if (!path) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath;
+    resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/';
+  }
+
+  // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but
+  // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails)
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  resolvedPath = normalizeArray(filter(resolvedPath.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.';
+};
+
+// path.normalize(path)
+// posix version
+exports.normalize = function(path) {
+  var isAbsolute = exports.isAbsolute(path),
+      trailingSlash = substr(path, -1) === '/';
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  path = normalizeArray(filter(path.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !isAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  if (!path && !isAbsolute) {
+    path = '.';
+  }
+  if (path && trailingSlash) {
+    path += '/';
+  }
+
+  return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path;
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.isAbsolute = function(path) {
+  return path.charAt(0) === '/';
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.join = function() {
+  var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+  return exports.normalize(filter(paths, function(p, index) {
+    if (typeof p !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.join must be strings');
+    }
+    return p;
+  }).join('/'));
+};
+
+
+// path.relative(from, to)
+// posix version
+exports.relative = function(from, to) {
+  from = exports.resolve(from).substr(1);
+  to = exports.resolve(to).substr(1);
+
+  function trim(arr) {
+    var start = 0;
+    for (; start < arr.length; start++) {
+      if (arr[start] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    var end = arr.length - 1;
+    for (; end >= 0; end--) {
+      if (arr[end] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    if (start > end) return [];
+    return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1);
+  }
+
+  var fromParts = trim(from.split('/'));
+  var toParts = trim(to.split('/'));
+
+  var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length);
+  var samePartsLength = length;
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) {
+      samePartsLength = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  var outputParts = [];
+  for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) {
+    outputParts.push('..');
+  }
+
+  outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength));
+
+  return outputParts.join('/');
+};
+
+exports.sep = '/';
+exports.delimiter = ':';
+
+exports.dirname = function(path) {
+  var result = splitPath(path),
+      root = result[0],
+      dir = result[1];
+
+  if (!root && !dir) {
+    // No dirname whatsoever
+    return '.';
+  }
+
+  if (dir) {
+    // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash
+    dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1);
+  }
+
+  return root + dir;
+};
+
+
+exports.basename = function(path, ext) {
+  var f = splitPath(path)[2];
+  // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows?
+  if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) {
+    f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length);
+  }
+  return f;
+};
+
+
+exports.extname = function(path) {
+  return splitPath(path)[3];
+};
+
+function filter (xs, f) {
+    if (xs.filter) return xs.filter(f);
+    var res = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
+        if (f(xs[i], i, xs)) res.push(xs[i]);
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+// String.prototype.substr - negative index don't work in IE8
+var substr = 'ab'.substr(-1) === 'b'
+    ? function (str, start, len) { return str.substr(start, len) }
+    : function (str, start, len) {
+        if (start < 0) start = str.length + start;
+        return str.substr(start, len);
+    }
+;
+
+}).call(this,_dereq_("JkpR2F"))
+},{"JkpR2F":10}],10:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+// shim for using process in browser
+
+var process = module.exports = {};
+
+process.nextTick = (function () {
+    var canSetImmediate = typeof window !== 'undefined'
+    && window.setImmediate;
+    var canPost = typeof window !== 'undefined'
+    && window.postMessage && window.addEventListener
+    ;
+
+    if (canSetImmediate) {
+        return function (f) { return window.setImmediate(f) };
+    }
+
+    if (canPost) {
+        var queue = [];
+        window.addEventListener('message', function (ev) {
+            var source = ev.source;
+            if ((source === window || source === null) && ev.data === 'process-tick') {
+                ev.stopPropagation();
+                if (queue.length > 0) {
+                    var fn = queue.shift();
+                    fn();
+                }
+            }
+        }, true);
+
+        return function nextTick(fn) {
+            queue.push(fn);
+            window.postMessage('process-tick', '*');
+        };
+    }
+
+    return function nextTick(fn) {
+        setTimeout(fn, 0);
+    };
+})();
+
+process.title = 'browser';
+process.browser = true;
+process.env = {};
+process.argv = [];
+
+function noop() {}
+
+process.on = noop;
+process.addListener = noop;
+process.once = noop;
+process.off = noop;
+process.removeListener = noop;
+process.removeAllListeners = noop;
+process.emit = noop;
+
+process.binding = function (name) {
+    throw new Error('process.binding is not supported');
+}
+
+// TODO(shtylman)
+process.cwd = function () { return '/' };
+process.chdir = function (dir) {
+    throw new Error('process.chdir is not supported');
+};
+
+},{}],11:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+(function (process){
+;(function (_dereq_, exports, module, platform) {
+
+if (module) module.exports = minimatch
+else exports.minimatch = minimatch
+
+if (!_dereq_) {
+  _dereq_ = function (id) {
+    switch (id) {
+      case "sigmund": return function sigmund (obj) {
+        return JSON.stringify(obj)
+      }
+      case "path": return { basename: function (f) {
+        f = f.split(/[\/\\]/)
+        var e = f.pop()
+        if (!e) e = f.pop()
+        return e
+      }}
+      case "lru-cache": return function LRUCache () {
+        // not quite an LRU, but still space-limited.
+        var cache = {}
+        var cnt = 0
+        this.set = function (k, v) {
+          cnt ++
+          if (cnt >= 100) cache = {}
+          cache[k] = v
+        }
+        this.get = function (k) { return cache[k] }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+minimatch.Minimatch = Minimatch
+
+var LRU = _dereq_("lru-cache")
+  , cache = minimatch.cache = new LRU({max: 100})
+  , GLOBSTAR = minimatch.GLOBSTAR = Minimatch.GLOBSTAR = {}
+  , sigmund = _dereq_("sigmund")
+
+var path = _dereq_("path")
+  // any single thing other than /
+  // don't need to escape / when using new RegExp()
+  , qmark = "[^/]"
+
+  // * => any number of characters
+  , star = qmark + "*?"
+
+  // ** when dots are allowed.  Anything goes, except .. and .
+  // not (^ or / followed by one or two dots followed by $ or /),
+  // followed by anything, any number of times.
+  , twoStarDot = "(?:(?!(?:\\\/|^)(?:\\.{1,2})($|\\\/)).)*?"
+
+  // not a ^ or / followed by a dot,
+  // followed by anything, any number of times.
+  , twoStarNoDot = "(?:(?!(?:\\\/|^)\\.).)*?"
+
+  // characters that need to be escaped in RegExp.
+  , reSpecials = charSet("().*{}+?[]^$\\!")
+
+// "abc" -> { a:true, b:true, c:true }
+function charSet (s) {
+  return s.split("").reduce(function (set, c) {
+    set[c] = true
+    return set
+  }, {})
+}
+
+// normalizes slashes.
+var slashSplit = /\/+/
+
+minimatch.filter = filter
+function filter (pattern, options) {
+  options = options || {}
+  return function (p, i, list) {
+    return minimatch(p, pattern, options)
+  }
+}
+
+function ext (a, b) {
+  a = a || {}
+  b = b || {}
+  var t = {}
+  Object.keys(b).forEach(function (k) {
+    t[k] = b[k]
+  })
+  Object.keys(a).forEach(function (k) {
+    t[k] = a[k]
+  })
+  return t
+}
+
+minimatch.defaults = function (def) {
+  if (!def || !Object.keys(def).length) return minimatch
+
+  var orig = minimatch
+
+  var m = function minimatch (p, pattern, options) {
+    return orig.minimatch(p, pattern, ext(def, options))
+  }
+
+  m.Minimatch = function Minimatch (pattern, options) {
+    return new orig.Minimatch(pattern, ext(def, options))
+  }
+
+  return m
+}
+
+Minimatch.defaults = function (def) {
+  if (!def || !Object.keys(def).length) return Minimatch
+  return minimatch.defaults(def).Minimatch
+}
+
+
+function minimatch (p, pattern, options) {
+  if (typeof pattern !== "string") {
+    throw new TypeError("glob pattern string required")
+  }
+
+  if (!options) options = {}
+
+  // shortcut: comments match nothing.
+  if (!options.nocomment && pattern.charAt(0) === "#") {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  // "" only matches ""
+  if (pattern.trim() === "") return p === ""
+
+  return new Minimatch(pattern, options).match(p)
+}
+
+function Minimatch (pattern, options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof Minimatch)) {
+    return new Minimatch(pattern, options, cache)
+  }
+
+  if (typeof pattern !== "string") {
+    throw new TypeError("glob pattern string required")
+  }
+
+  if (!options) options = {}
+  pattern = pattern.trim()
+
+  // windows: need to use /, not \
+  // On other platforms, \ is a valid (albeit bad) filename char.
+  if (platform === "win32") {
+    pattern = pattern.split("\\").join("/")
+  }
+
+  // lru storage.
+  // these things aren't particularly big, but walking down the string
+  // and turning it into a regexp can get pretty costly.
+  var cacheKey = pattern + "\n" + sigmund(options)
+  var cached = minimatch.cache.get(cacheKey)
+  if (cached) return cached
+  minimatch.cache.set(cacheKey, this)
+
+  this.options = options
+  this.set = []
+  this.pattern = pattern
+  this.regexp = null
+  this.negate = false
+  this.comment = false
+  this.empty = false
+
+  // make the set of regexps etc.
+  this.make()
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.debug = function() {}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.make = make
+function make () {
+  // don't do it more than once.
+  if (this._made) return
+
+  var pattern = this.pattern
+  var options = this.options
+
+  // empty patterns and comments match nothing.
+  if (!options.nocomment && pattern.charAt(0) === "#") {
+    this.comment = true
+    return
+  }
+  if (!pattern) {
+    this.empty = true
+    return
+  }
+
+  // step 1: figure out negation, etc.
+  this.parseNegate()
+
+  // step 2: expand braces
+  var set = this.globSet = this.braceExpand()
+
+  if (options.debug) this.debug = console.error
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  // step 3: now we have a set, so turn each one into a series of path-portion
+  // matching patterns.
+  // These will be regexps, except in the case of "**", which is
+  // set to the GLOBSTAR object for globstar behavior,
+  // and will not contain any / characters
+  set = this.globParts = set.map(function (s) {
+    return s.split(slashSplit)
+  })
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  // glob --> regexps
+  set = set.map(function (s, si, set) {
+    return s.map(this.parse, this)
+  }, this)
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  // filter out everything that didn't compile properly.
+  set = set.filter(function (s) {
+    return -1 === s.indexOf(false)
+  })
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  this.set = set
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.parseNegate = parseNegate
+function parseNegate () {
+  var pattern = this.pattern
+    , negate = false
+    , options = this.options
+    , negateOffset = 0
+
+  if (options.nonegate) return
+
+  for ( var i = 0, l = pattern.length
+      ; i < l && pattern.charAt(i) === "!"
+      ; i ++) {
+    negate = !negate
+    negateOffset ++
+  }
+
+  if (negateOffset) this.pattern = pattern.substr(negateOffset)
+  this.negate = negate
+}
+
+// Brace expansion:
+// a{b,c}d -> abd acd
+// a{b,}c -> abc ac
+// a{0..3}d -> a0d a1d a2d a3d
+// a{b,c{d,e}f}g -> abg acdfg acefg
+// a{b,c}d{e,f}g -> abdeg acdeg abdeg abdfg
+//
+// Invalid sets are not expanded.
+// a{2..}b -> a{2..}b
+// a{b}c -> a{b}c
+minimatch.braceExpand = function (pattern, options) {
+  return new Minimatch(pattern, options).braceExpand()
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.braceExpand = braceExpand
+
+function pad(n, width, z) {
+  z = z || '0';
+  n = n + '';
+  return n.length >= width ? n : new Array(width - n.length + 1).join(z) + n;
+}
+
+function braceExpand (pattern, options) {
+  options = options || this.options
+  pattern = typeof pattern === "undefined"
+    ? this.pattern : pattern
+
+  if (typeof pattern === "undefined") {
+    throw new Error("undefined pattern")
+  }
+
+  if (options.nobrace ||
+      !pattern.match(/\{.*\}/)) {
+    // shortcut. no need to expand.
+    return [pattern]
+  }
+
+  var escaping = false
+
+  // examples and comments refer to this crazy pattern:
+  // a{b,c{d,e},{f,g}h}x{y,z}
+  // expected:
+  // abxy
+  // abxz
+  // acdxy
+  // acdxz
+  // acexy
+  // acexz
+  // afhxy
+  // afhxz
+  // aghxy
+  // aghxz
+
+  // everything before the first \{ is just a prefix.
+  // So, we pluck that off, and work with the rest,
+  // and then prepend it to everything we find.
+  if (pattern.charAt(0) !== "{") {
+    this.debug(pattern)
+    var prefix = null
+    for (var i = 0, l = pattern.length; i < l; i ++) {
+      var c = pattern.charAt(i)
+      this.debug(i, c)
+      if (c === "\\") {
+        escaping = !escaping
+      } else if (c === "{" && !escaping) {
+        prefix = pattern.substr(0, i)
+        break
+      }
+    }
+
+    // actually no sets, all { were escaped.
+    if (prefix === null) {
+      this.debug("no sets")
+      return [pattern]
+    }
+
+   var tail = braceExpand.call(this, pattern.substr(i), options)
+    return tail.map(function (t) {
+      return prefix + t
+    })
+  }
+
+  // now we have something like:
+  // {b,c{d,e},{f,g}h}x{y,z}
+  // walk through the set, expanding each part, until
+  // the set ends.  then, we'll expand the suffix.
+  // If the set only has a single member, then'll put the {} back
+
+  // first, handle numeric sets, since they're easier
+  var numset = pattern.match(/^\{(-?[0-9]+)\.\.(-?[0-9]+)\}/)
+  if (numset) {
+    this.debug("numset", numset[1], numset[2])
+    var suf = braceExpand.call(this, pattern.substr(numset[0].length), options)
+      , start = +numset[1]
+      , needPadding = numset[1][0] === '0'
+      , startWidth = numset[1].length
+      , padded
+      , end = +numset[2]
+      , inc = start > end ? -1 : 1
+      , set = []
+
+    for (var i = start; i != (end + inc); i += inc) {
+      padded = needPadding ? pad(i, startWidth) : i + ''
+      // append all the suffixes
+      for (var ii = 0, ll = suf.length; ii < ll; ii ++) {
+        set.push(padded + suf[ii])
+      }
+    }
+    return set
+  }
+
+  // ok, walk through the set
+  // We hope, somewhat optimistically, that there
+  // will be a } at the end.
+  // If the closing brace isn't found, then the pattern is
+  // interpreted as braceExpand("\\" + pattern) so that
+  // the leading \{ will be interpreted literally.
+  var i = 1 // skip the \{
+    , depth = 1
+    , set = []
+    , member = ""
+    , sawEnd = false
+    , escaping = false
+
+  function addMember () {
+    set.push(member)
+    member = ""
+  }
+
+  this.debug("Entering for")
+  FOR: for (i = 1, l = pattern.length; i < l; i ++) {
+    var c = pattern.charAt(i)
+    this.debug("", i, c)
+
+    if (escaping) {
+      escaping = false
+      member += "\\" + c
+    } else {
+      switch (c) {
+        case "\\":
+          escaping = true
+          continue
+
+        case "{":
+          depth ++
+          member += "{"
+          continue
+
+        case "}":
+          depth --
+          // if this closes the actual set, then we're done
+          if (depth === 0) {
+            addMember()
+            // pluck off the close-brace
+            i ++
+            break FOR
+          } else {
+            member += c
+            continue
+          }
+
+        case ",":
+          if (depth === 1) {
+            addMember()
+          } else {
+            member += c
+          }
+          continue
+
+        default:
+          member += c
+          continue
+      } // switch
+    } // else
+  } // for
+
+  // now we've either finished the set, and the suffix is
+  // pattern.substr(i), or we have *not* closed the set,
+  // and need to escape the leading brace
+  if (depth !== 0) {
+    this.debug("didn't close", pattern)
+    return braceExpand.call(this, "\\" + pattern, options)
+  }
+
+  // x{y,z} -> ["xy", "xz"]
+  this.debug("set", set)
+  this.debug("suffix", pattern.substr(i))
+  var suf = braceExpand.call(this, pattern.substr(i), options)
+  // ["b", "c{d,e}","{f,g}h"] ->
+  //   [["b"], ["cd", "ce"], ["fh", "gh"]]
+  var addBraces = set.length === 1
+  this.debug("set pre-expanded", set)
+  set = set.map(function (p) {
+    return braceExpand.call(this, p, options)
+  }, this)
+  this.debug("set expanded", set)
+
+
+  // [["b"], ["cd", "ce"], ["fh", "gh"]] ->
+  //   ["b", "cd", "ce", "fh", "gh"]
+  set = set.reduce(function (l, r) {
+    return l.concat(r)
+  })
+
+  if (addBraces) {
+    set = set.map(function (s) {
+      return "{" + s + "}"
+    })
+  }
+
+  // now attach the suffixes.
+  var ret = []
+  for (var i = 0, l = set.length; i < l; i ++) {
+    for (var ii = 0, ll = suf.length; ii < ll; ii ++) {
+      ret.push(set[i] + suf[ii])
+    }
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+
+// parse a component of the expanded set.
+// At this point, no pattern may contain "/" in it
+// so we're going to return a 2d array, where each entry is the full
+// pattern, split on '/', and then turned into a regular expression.
+// A regexp is made at the end which joins each array with an
+// escaped /, and another full one which joins each regexp with |.
+//
+// Following the lead of Bash 4.1, note that "**" only has special meaning
+// when it is the *only* thing in a path portion.  Otherwise, any series
+// of * is equivalent to a single *.  Globstar behavior is enabled by
+// default, and can be disabled by setting options.noglobstar.
+Minimatch.prototype.parse = parse
+var SUBPARSE = {}
+function parse (pattern, isSub) {
+  var options = this.options
+
+  // shortcuts
+  if (!options.noglobstar && pattern === "**") return GLOBSTAR
+  if (pattern === "") return ""
+
+  var re = ""
+    , hasMagic = !!options.nocase
+    , escaping = false
+    // ? => one single character
+    , patternListStack = []
+    , plType
+    , stateChar
+    , inClass = false
+    , reClassStart = -1
+    , classStart = -1
+    // . and .. never match anything that doesn't start with .,
+    // even when options.dot is set.
+    , patternStart = pattern.charAt(0) === "." ? "" // anything
+      // not (start or / followed by . or .. followed by / or end)
+      : options.dot ? "(?!(?:^|\\\/)\\.{1,2}(?:$|\\\/))"
+      : "(?!\\.)"
+    , self = this
+
+  function clearStateChar () {
+    if (stateChar) {
+      // we had some state-tracking character
+      // that wasn't consumed by this pass.
+      switch (stateChar) {
+        case "*":
+          re += star
+          hasMagic = true
+          break
+        case "?":
+          re += qmark
+          hasMagic = true
+          break
+        default:
+          re += "\\"+stateChar
+          break
+      }
+      self.debug('clearStateChar %j %j', stateChar, re)
+      stateChar = false
+    }
+  }
+
+  for ( var i = 0, len = pattern.length, c
+      ; (i < len) && (c = pattern.charAt(i))
+      ; i ++ ) {
+
+    this.debug("%s\t%s %s %j", pattern, i, re, c)
+
+    // skip over any that are escaped.
+    if (escaping && reSpecials[c]) {
+      re += "\\" + c
+      escaping = false
+      continue
+    }
+
+    SWITCH: switch (c) {
+      case "/":
+        // completely not allowed, even escaped.
+        // Should already be path-split by now.
+        return false
+
+      case "\\":
+        clearStateChar()
+        escaping = true
+        continue
+
+      // the various stateChar values
+      // for the "extglob" stuff.
+      case "?":
+      case "*":
+      case "+":
+      case "@":
+      case "!":
+        this.debug("%s\t%s %s %j <-- stateChar", pattern, i, re, c)
+
+        // all of those are literals inside a class, except that
+        // the glob [!a] means [^a] in regexp
+        if (inClass) {
+          this.debug('  in class')
+          if (c === "!" && i === classStart + 1) c = "^"
+          re += c
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // if we already have a stateChar, then it means
+        // that there was something like ** or +? in there.
+        // Handle the stateChar, then proceed with this one.
+        self.debug('call clearStateChar %j', stateChar)
+        clearStateChar()
+        stateChar = c
+        // if extglob is disabled, then +(asdf|foo) isn't a thing.
+        // just clear the statechar *now*, rather than even diving into
+        // the patternList stuff.
+        if (options.noext) clearStateChar()
+        continue
+
+      case "(":
+        if (inClass) {
+          re += "("
+          continue
+        }
+
+        if (!stateChar) {
+          re += "\\("
+          continue
+        }
+
+        plType = stateChar
+        patternListStack.push({ type: plType
+                              , start: i - 1
+                              , reStart: re.length })
+        // negation is (?:(?!js)[^/]*)
+        re += stateChar === "!" ? "(?:(?!" : "(?:"
+        this.debug('plType %j %j', stateChar, re)
+        stateChar = false
+        continue
+
+      case ")":
+        if (inClass || !patternListStack.length) {
+          re += "\\)"
+          continue
+        }
+
+        clearStateChar()
+        hasMagic = true
+        re += ")"
+        plType = patternListStack.pop().type
+        // negation is (?:(?!js)[^/]*)
+        // The others are (?:<pattern>)<type>
+        switch (plType) {
+          case "!":
+            re += "[^/]*?)"
+            break
+          case "?":
+          case "+":
+          case "*": re += plType
+          case "@": break // the default anyway
+        }
+        continue
+
+      case "|":
+        if (inClass || !patternListStack.length || escaping) {
+          re += "\\|"
+          escaping = false
+          continue
+        }
+
+        clearStateChar()
+        re += "|"
+        continue
+
+      // these are mostly the same in regexp and glob
+      case "[":
+        // swallow any state-tracking char before the [
+        clearStateChar()
+
+        if (inClass) {
+          re += "\\" + c
+          continue
+        }
+
+        inClass = true
+        classStart = i
+        reClassStart = re.length
+        re += c
+        continue
+
+      case "]":
+        //  a right bracket shall lose its special
+        //  meaning and represent itself in
+        //  a bracket expression if it occurs
+        //  first in the list.  -- POSIX.2 2.8.3.2
+        if (i === classStart + 1 || !inClass) {
+          re += "\\" + c
+          escaping = false
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // finish up the class.
+        hasMagic = true
+        inClass = false
+        re += c
+        continue
+
+      default:
+        // swallow any state char that wasn't consumed
+        clearStateChar()
+
+        if (escaping) {
+          // no need
+          escaping = false
+        } else if (reSpecials[c]
+                   && !(c === "^" && inClass)) {
+          re += "\\"
+        }
+
+        re += c
+
+    } // switch
+  } // for
+
+
+  // handle the case where we left a class open.
+  // "[abc" is valid, equivalent to "\[abc"
+  if (inClass) {
+    // split where the last [ was, and escape it
+    // this is a huge pita.  We now have to re-walk
+    // the contents of the would-be class to re-translate
+    // any characters that were passed through as-is
+    var cs = pattern.substr(classStart + 1)
+      , sp = this.parse(cs, SUBPARSE)
+    re = re.substr(0, reClassStart) + "\\[" + sp[0]
+    hasMagic = hasMagic || sp[1]
+  }
+
+  // handle the case where we had a +( thing at the *end*
+  // of the pattern.
+  // each pattern list stack adds 3 chars, and we need to go through
+  // and escape any | chars that were passed through as-is for the regexp.
+  // Go through and escape them, taking care not to double-escape any
+  // | chars that were already escaped.
+  var pl
+  while (pl = patternListStack.pop()) {
+    var tail = re.slice(pl.reStart + 3)
+    // maybe some even number of \, then maybe 1 \, followed by a |
+    tail = tail.replace(/((?:\\{2})*)(\\?)\|/g, function (_, $1, $2) {
+      if (!$2) {
+        // the | isn't already escaped, so escape it.
+        $2 = "\\"
+      }
+
+      // need to escape all those slashes *again*, without escaping the
+      // one that we need for escaping the | character.  As it works out,
+      // escaping an even number of slashes can be done by simply repeating
+      // it exactly after itself.  That's why this trick works.
+      //
+      // I am sorry that you have to see this.
+      return $1 + $1 + $2 + "|"
+    })
+
+    this.debug("tail=%j\n   %s", tail, tail)
+    var t = pl.type === "*" ? star
+          : pl.type === "?" ? qmark
+          : "\\" + pl.type
+
+    hasMagic = true
+    re = re.slice(0, pl.reStart)
+       + t + "\\("
+       + tail
+  }
+
+  // handle trailing things that only matter at the very end.
+  clearStateChar()
+  if (escaping) {
+    // trailing \\
+    re += "\\\\"
+  }
+
+  // only need to apply the nodot start if the re starts with
+  // something that could conceivably capture a dot
+  var addPatternStart = false
+  switch (re.charAt(0)) {
+    case ".":
+    case "[":
+    case "(": addPatternStart = true
+  }
+
+  // if the re is not "" at this point, then we need to make sure
+  // it doesn't match against an empty path part.
+  // Otherwise a/* will match a/, which it should not.
+  if (re !== "" && hasMagic) re = "(?=.)" + re
+
+  if (addPatternStart) re = patternStart + re
+
+  // parsing just a piece of a larger pattern.
+  if (isSub === SUBPARSE) {
+    return [ re, hasMagic ]
+  }
+
+  // skip the regexp for non-magical patterns
+  // unescape anything in it, though, so that it'll be
+  // an exact match against a file etc.
+  if (!hasMagic) {
+    return globUnescape(pattern)
+  }
+
+  var flags = options.nocase ? "i" : ""
+    , regExp = new RegExp("^" + re + "$", flags)
+
+  regExp._glob = pattern
+  regExp._src = re
+
+  return regExp
+}
+
+minimatch.makeRe = function (pattern, options) {
+  return new Minimatch(pattern, options || {}).makeRe()
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.makeRe = makeRe
+function makeRe () {
+  if (this.regexp || this.regexp === false) return this.regexp
+
+  // at this point, this.set is a 2d array of partial
+  // pattern strings, or "**".
+  //
+  // It's better to use .match().  This function shouldn't
+  // be used, really, but it's pretty convenient sometimes,
+  // when you just want to work with a regex.
+  var set = this.set
+
+  if (!set.length) return this.regexp = false
+  var options = this.options
+
+  var twoStar = options.noglobstar ? star
+      : options.dot ? twoStarDot
+      : twoStarNoDot
+    , flags = options.nocase ? "i" : ""
+
+  var re = set.map(function (pattern) {
+    return pattern.map(function (p) {
+      return (p === GLOBSTAR) ? twoStar
+           : (typeof p === "string") ? regExpEscape(p)
+           : p._src
+    }).join("\\\/")
+  }).join("|")
+
+  // must match entire pattern
+  // ending in a * or ** will make it less strict.
+  re = "^(?:" + re + ")$"
+
+  // can match anything, as long as it's not this.
+  if (this.negate) re = "^(?!" + re + ").*$"
+
+  try {
+    return this.regexp = new RegExp(re, flags)
+  } catch (ex) {
+    return this.regexp = false
+  }
+}
+
+minimatch.match = function (list, pattern, options) {
+  options = options || {}
+  var mm = new Minimatch(pattern, options)
+  list = list.filter(function (f) {
+    return mm.match(f)
+  })
+  if (mm.options.nonull && !list.length) {
+    list.push(pattern)
+  }
+  return list
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.match = match
+function match (f, partial) {
+  this.debug("match", f, this.pattern)
+  // short-circuit in the case of busted things.
+  // comments, etc.
+  if (this.comment) return false
+  if (this.empty) return f === ""
+
+  if (f === "/" && partial) return true
+
+  var options = this.options
+
+  // windows: need to use /, not \
+  // On other platforms, \ is a valid (albeit bad) filename char.
+  if (platform === "win32") {
+    f = f.split("\\").join("/")
+  }
+
+  // treat the test path as a set of pathparts.
+  f = f.split(slashSplit)
+  this.debug(this.pattern, "split", f)
+
+  // just ONE of the pattern sets in this.set needs to match
+  // in order for it to be valid.  If negating, then just one
+  // match means that we have failed.
+  // Either way, return on the first hit.
+
+  var set = this.set
+  this.debug(this.pattern, "set", set)
+
+  // Find the basename of the path by looking for the last non-empty segment
+  var filename;
+  for (var i = f.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    filename = f[i]
+    if (filename) break
+  }
+
+  for (var i = 0, l = set.length; i < l; i ++) {
+    var pattern = set[i], file = f
+    if (options.matchBase && pattern.length === 1) {
+      file = [filename]
+    }
+    var hit = this.matchOne(file, pattern, partial)
+    if (hit) {
+      if (options.flipNegate) return true
+      return !this.negate
+    }
+  }
+
+  // didn't get any hits.  this is success if it's a negative
+  // pattern, failure otherwise.
+  if (options.flipNegate) return false
+  return this.negate
+}
+
+// set partial to true to test if, for example,
+// "/a/b" matches the start of "/*/b/*/d"
+// Partial means, if you run out of file before you run
+// out of pattern, then that's fine, as long as all
+// the parts match.
+Minimatch.prototype.matchOne = function (file, pattern, partial) {
+  var options = this.options
+
+  this.debug("matchOne",
+              { "this": this
+              , file: file
+              , pattern: pattern })
+
+  this.debug("matchOne", file.length, pattern.length)
+
+  for ( var fi = 0
+          , pi = 0
+          , fl = file.length
+          , pl = pattern.length
+      ; (fi < fl) && (pi < pl)
+      ; fi ++, pi ++ ) {
+
+    this.debug("matchOne loop")
+    var p = pattern[pi]
+      , f = file[fi]
+
+    this.debug(pattern, p, f)
+
+    // should be impossible.
+    // some invalid regexp stuff in the set.
+    if (p === false) return false
+
+    if (p === GLOBSTAR) {
+      this.debug('GLOBSTAR', [pattern, p, f])
+
+      // "**"
+      // a/**/b/**/c would match the following:
+      // a/b/x/y/z/c
+      // a/x/y/z/b/c
+      // a/b/x/b/x/c
+      // a/b/c
+      // To do this, take the rest of the pattern after
+      // the **, and see if it would match the file remainder.
+      // If so, return success.
+      // If not, the ** "swallows" a segment, and try again.
+      // This is recursively awful.
+      //
+      // a/**/b/**/c matching a/b/x/y/z/c
+      // - a matches a
+      // - doublestar
+      //   - matchOne(b/x/y/z/c, b/**/c)
+      //     - b matches b
+      //     - doublestar
+      //       - matchOne(x/y/z/c, c) -> no
+      //       - matchOne(y/z/c, c) -> no
+      //       - matchOne(z/c, c) -> no
+      //       - matchOne(c, c) yes, hit
+      var fr = fi
+        , pr = pi + 1
+      if (pr === pl) {
+        this.debug('** at the end')
+        // a ** at the end will just swallow the rest.
+        // We have found a match.
+        // however, it will not swallow /.x, unless
+        // options.dot is set.
+        // . and .. are *never* matched by **, for explosively
+        // exponential reasons.
+        for ( ; fi < fl; fi ++) {
+          if (file[fi] === "." || file[fi] === ".." ||
+              (!options.dot && file[fi].charAt(0) === ".")) return false
+        }
+        return true
+      }
+
+      // ok, let's see if we can swallow whatever we can.
+      WHILE: while (fr < fl) {
+        var swallowee = file[fr]
+
+        this.debug('\nglobstar while',
+                    file, fr, pattern, pr, swallowee)
+
+        // XXX remove this slice.  Just pass the start index.
+        if (this.matchOne(file.slice(fr), pattern.slice(pr), partial)) {
+          this.debug('globstar found match!', fr, fl, swallowee)
+          // found a match.
+          return true
+        } else {
+          // can't swallow "." or ".." ever.
+          // can only swallow ".foo" when explicitly asked.
+          if (swallowee === "." || swallowee === ".." ||
+              (!options.dot && swallowee.charAt(0) === ".")) {
+            this.debug("dot detected!", file, fr, pattern, pr)
+            break WHILE
+          }
+
+          // ** swallows a segment, and continue.
+          this.debug('globstar swallow a segment, and continue')
+          fr ++
+        }
+      }
+      // no match was found.
+      // However, in partial mode, we can't say this is necessarily over.
+      // If there's more *pattern* left, then
+      if (partial) {
+        // ran out of file
+        this.debug("\n>>> no match, partial?", file, fr, pattern, pr)
+        if (fr === fl) return true
+      }
+      return false
+    }
+
+    // something other than **
+    // non-magic patterns just have to match exactly
+    // patterns with magic have been turned into regexps.
+    var hit
+    if (typeof p === "string") {
+      if (options.nocase) {
+        hit = f.toLowerCase() === p.toLowerCase()
+      } else {
+        hit = f === p
+      }
+      this.debug("string match", p, f, hit)
+    } else {
+      hit = f.match(p)
+      this.debug("pattern match", p, f, hit)
+    }
+
+    if (!hit) return false
+  }
+
+  // Note: ending in / means that we'll get a final ""
+  // at the end of the pattern.  This can only match a
+  // corresponding "" at the end of the file.
+  // If the file ends in /, then it can only match a
+  // a pattern that ends in /, unless the pattern just
+  // doesn't have any more for it. But, a/b/ should *not*
+  // match "a/b/*", even though "" matches against the
+  // [^/]*? pattern, except in partial mode, where it might
+  // simply not be reached yet.
+  // However, a/b/ should still satisfy a/*
+
+  // now either we fell off the end of the pattern, or we're done.
+  if (fi === fl && pi === pl) {
+    // ran out of pattern and filename at the same time.
+    // an exact hit!
+    return true
+  } else if (fi === fl) {
+    // ran out of file, but still had pattern left.
+    // this is ok if we're doing the match as part of
+    // a glob fs traversal.
+    return partial
+  } else if (pi === pl) {
+    // ran out of pattern, still have file left.
+    // this is only acceptable if we're on the very last
+    // empty segment of a file with a trailing slash.
+    // a/* should match a/b/
+    var emptyFileEnd = (fi === fl - 1) && (file[fi] === "")
+    return emptyFileEnd
+  }
+
+  // should be unreachable.
+  throw new Error("wtf?")
+}
+
+
+// replace stuff like \* with *
+function globUnescape (s) {
+  return s.replace(/\\(.)/g, "$1")
+}
+
+
+function regExpEscape (s) {
+  return s.replace(/[-[\]{}()*+?.,\\^$|#\s]/g, "\\$&")
+}
+
+})( typeof _dereq_ === "function" ? _dereq_ : null,
+    this,
+    typeof module === "object" ? module : null,
+    typeof process === "object" ? process.platform : "win32"
+  )
+
+}).call(this,_dereq_("JkpR2F"))
+},{"JkpR2F":10,"lru-cache":12,"path":9,"sigmund":13}],12:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+;(function () { // closure for web browsers
+
+if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
+  module.exports = LRUCache
+} else {
+  // just set the global for non-node platforms.
+  this.LRUCache = LRUCache
+}
+
+function hOP (obj, key) {
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)
+}
+
+function naiveLength () { return 1 }
+
+function LRUCache (options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof LRUCache))
+    return new LRUCache(options)
+
+  if (typeof options === 'number')
+    options = { max: options }
+
+  if (!options)
+    options = {}
+
+  this._max = options.max
+  // Kind of weird to have a default max of Infinity, but oh well.
+  if (!this._max || !(typeof this._max === "number") || this._max <= 0 )
+    this._max = Infinity
+
+  this._lengthCalculator = options.length || naiveLength
+  if (typeof this._lengthCalculator !== "function")
+    this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
+
+  this._allowStale = options.stale || false
+  this._maxAge = options.maxAge || null
+  this._dispose = options.dispose
+  this.reset()
+}
+
+// resize the cache when the max changes.
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "max",
+  { set : function (mL) {
+      if (!mL || !(typeof mL === "number") || mL <= 0 ) mL = Infinity
+      this._max = mL
+      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
+    }
+  , get : function () { return this._max }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+// resize the cache when the lengthCalculator changes.
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "lengthCalculator",
+  { set : function (lC) {
+      if (typeof lC !== "function") {
+        this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
+        this._length = this._itemCount
+        for (var key in this._cache) {
+          this._cache[key].length = 1
+        }
+      } else {
+        this._lengthCalculator = lC
+        this._length = 0
+        for (var key in this._cache) {
+          this._cache[key].length = this._lengthCalculator(this._cache[key].value)
+          this._length += this._cache[key].length
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
+    }
+  , get : function () { return this._lengthCalculator }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "length",
+  { get : function () { return this._length }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "itemCount",
+  { get : function () { return this._itemCount }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+LRUCache.prototype.forEach = function (fn, thisp) {
+  thisp = thisp || this
+  var i = 0;
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    i++
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    if (this._maxAge && (Date.now() - hit.now > this._maxAge)) {
+      del(this, hit)
+      if (!this._allowStale) hit = undefined
+    }
+    if (hit) {
+      fn.call(thisp, hit.value, hit.key, this)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.keys = function () {
+  var keys = new Array(this._itemCount)
+  var i = 0
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    keys[i++] = hit.key
+  }
+  return keys
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.values = function () {
+  var values = new Array(this._itemCount)
+  var i = 0
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    values[i++] = hit.value
+  }
+  return values
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.reset = function () {
+  if (this._dispose && this._cache) {
+    for (var k in this._cache) {
+      this._dispose(k, this._cache[k].value)
+    }
+  }
+
+  this._cache = Object.create(null) // hash of items by key
+  this._lruList = Object.create(null) // list of items in order of use recency
+  this._mru = 0 // most recently used
+  this._lru = 0 // least recently used
+  this._length = 0 // number of items in the list
+  this._itemCount = 0
+}
+
+// Provided for debugging/dev purposes only. No promises whatsoever that
+// this API stays stable.
+LRUCache.prototype.dump = function () {
+  return this._cache
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.dumpLru = function () {
+  return this._lruList
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.set = function (key, value) {
+  if (hOP(this._cache, key)) {
+    // dispose of the old one before overwriting
+    if (this._dispose) this._dispose(key, this._cache[key].value)
+    if (this._maxAge) this._cache[key].now = Date.now()
+    this._cache[key].value = value
+    this.get(key)
+    return true
+  }
+
+  var len = this._lengthCalculator(value)
+  var age = this._maxAge ? Date.now() : 0
+  var hit = new Entry(key, value, this._mru++, len, age)
+
+  // oversized objects fall out of cache automatically.
+  if (hit.length > this._max) {
+    if (this._dispose) this._dispose(key, value)
+    return false
+  }
+
+  this._length += hit.length
+  this._lruList[hit.lu] = this._cache[key] = hit
+  this._itemCount ++
+
+  if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
+  return true
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.has = function (key) {
+  if (!hOP(this._cache, key)) return false
+  var hit = this._cache[key]
+  if (this._maxAge && (Date.now() - hit.now > this._maxAge)) {
+    return false
+  }
+  return true
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.get = function (key) {
+  return get(this, key, true)
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.peek = function (key) {
+  return get(this, key, false)
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.pop = function () {
+  var hit = this._lruList[this._lru]
+  del(this, hit)
+  return hit || null
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.del = function (key) {
+  del(this, this._cache[key])
+}
+
+function get (self, key, doUse) {
+  var hit = self._cache[key]
+  if (hit) {
+    if (self._maxAge && (Date.now() - hit.now > self._maxAge)) {
+      del(self, hit)
+      if (!self._allowStale) hit = undefined
+    } else {
+      if (doUse) use(self, hit)
+    }
+    if (hit) hit = hit.value
+  }
+  return hit
+}
+
+function use (self, hit) {
+  shiftLU(self, hit)
+  hit.lu = self._mru ++
+  self._lruList[hit.lu] = hit
+}
+
+function trim (self) {
+  while (self._lru < self._mru && self._length > self._max)
+    del(self, self._lruList[self._lru])
+}
+
+function shiftLU (self, hit) {
+  delete self._lruList[ hit.lu ]
+  while (self._lru < self._mru && !self._lruList[self._lru]) self._lru ++
+}
+
+function del (self, hit) {
+  if (hit) {
+    if (self._dispose) self._dispose(hit.key, hit.value)
+    self._length -= hit.length
+    self._itemCount --
+    delete self._cache[ hit.key ]
+    shiftLU(self, hit)
+  }
+}
+
+// classy, since V8 prefers predictable objects.
+function Entry (key, value, lu, length, now) {
+  this.key = key
+  this.value = value
+  this.lu = lu
+  this.length = length
+  this.now = now
+}
+
+})()
+
+},{}],13:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+module.exports = sigmund
+function sigmund (subject, maxSessions) {
+    maxSessions = maxSessions || 10;
+    var notes = [];
+    var analysis = '';
+    var RE = RegExp;
+
+    function psychoAnalyze (subject, session) {
+        if (session > maxSessions) return;
+
+        if (typeof subject === 'function' ||
+            typeof subject === 'undefined') {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (typeof subject !== 'object' || !subject ||
+            (subject instanceof RE)) {
+            analysis += subject;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (notes.indexOf(subject) !== -1 || session === maxSessions) return;
+
+        notes.push(subject);
+        analysis += '{';
+        Object.keys(subject).forEach(function (issue, _, __) {
+            // pseudo-private values.  skip those.
+            if (issue.charAt(0) === '_') return;
+            var to = typeof subject[issue];
+            if (to === 'function' || to === 'undefined') return;
+            analysis += issue;
+            psychoAnalyze(subject[issue], session + 1);
+        });
+    }
+    psychoAnalyze(subject, 0);
+    return analysis;
+}
+
+// vim: set softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4:
+
+},{}],14:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+(function (Buffer){
+var Filer = _dereq_('..');
+var util = _dereq_('../tests/lib/test-utils.js');
+
+function setImmediate(cb) {
+  setTimeout(cb, 0);
+}
+
+function parse_query() {
+  var query = window.location.search.substring(1);
+  var parsed = {};
+  query.split('&').forEach(function(pair) {
+    pair = pair.split('=');
+    var key = decodeURIComponent(pair[0]);
+    var value = decodeURIComponent(pair[1]);
+    parsed[key] = value;
+  });
+  return parsed;
+}
+
+var query = parse_query();
+
+function time(test, cb) {
+  var start = performance.now();
+  function done() {
+    var end = performance.now();
+    cb(end - start);
+  }
+  test(done);
+}
+
+var random_data = new Buffer(1024); // 1kB buffer
+var read_buffer = new Buffer(1024);
+
+function run(iter) {
+  iter = (undefined == iter) ? 0 : iter;
+
+  function before() {
+    util.setup(function() {
+      setImmediate(during);
+    });
+  }
+
+  function during() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    window.crypto.getRandomValues(random_data);
+    time(function(done) {
+      fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(err) {
+        fs.stat('/tmp', function(err, stats) {
+          fs.open('/tmp/test', 'w', function(err, fd) {
+            fs.write(fd, random_data, null, null, null, function(err, nbytes) {
+              fs.close(fd, function(err) {
+                fs.stat('/tmp/test', function(err, stats) {
+                  fs.open('/tmp/test', 'r', function(err, fd) {
+                    fs.read(fd, read_buffer, null, null, null, function(err, nbytes) {
+                      fs.close(fd, function(err) {
+                        fs.unlink('/tmp/test', function(err) {
+                          done();
+                        });});});});});});});});});});
+                      }, after);
+  }
+
+  function after(dt) {
+    util.cleanup(complete.bind(null, iter, dt));
+  }
+
+  before();
+}
+
+var results = [];
+function complete(iter, result) {
+  results.push(result);
+
+  if(++iter < iterations) {
+    setImmediate(run.bind(null, iter));
+  } else {
+    do_stats();
+  }
+
+  progress.value = iter;
+}
+
+function do_stats() {
+  var output = document.getElementById("output");
+  var stats = {
+    mean: ss.mean(results) + " ms",
+    min: ss.min(results),
+    max: ss.max(results),
+    med_abs_dev: ss.median_absolute_deviation(results),
+  };
+
+  var t = document.createElement("table");
+  var tbody = document.createElement("tbody");
+  var keys = Object.keys(stats);
+  keys.forEach(function(key) {
+    var row = document.createElement("tr");
+
+    var key_cell = document.createElement("td");
+    var key_cell_text = document.createTextNode(key);
+    key_cell.appendChild(key_cell_text);
+    row.appendChild(key_cell);
+
+    var val_cell = document.createElement("td");
+    var val_cell_text = document.createTextNode(stats[key]);
+    val_cell.appendChild(val_cell_text);
+    row.appendChild(val_cell);
+
+    tbody.appendChild(row);
+  });
+
+  t.appendChild(tbody);
+  output.appendChild(t);
+}
+
+var query = parse_query();
+var iterations = query.iterations || 10;
+var progress = document.getElementById("progress");
+progress.max = iterations;
+
+run();
+
+}).call(this,_dereq_("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"..":14,"../tests/lib/test-utils.js":38,"buffer":6}],15:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+(function (Buffer){
+function FilerBuffer (subject, encoding, nonZero) {
+
+  // Automatically turn ArrayBuffer into Uint8Array so that underlying
+  // Buffer code doesn't just throw away and ignore ArrayBuffer data.
+  if (subject instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+    subject = new Uint8Array(subject);
+  }
+
+  return new Buffer(subject, encoding, nonZero);
+};
+
+// Inherit prototype from Buffer
+FilerBuffer.prototype = Object.create(Buffer.prototype);
+FilerBuffer.prototype.constructor = FilerBuffer;
+
+// Also copy static methods onto FilerBuffer ctor
+Object.keys(Buffer).forEach(function (p) {
+  if (Buffer.hasOwnProperty(p)) {
+    FilerBuffer[p] = Buffer[p];
+  }
+});
+
+module.exports = FilerBuffer;
+
+}).call(this,_dereq_("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"buffer":6}],16:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var O_READ = 'READ';
+var O_WRITE = 'WRITE';
+var O_CREATE = 'CREATE';
+var O_EXCLUSIVE = 'EXCLUSIVE';
+var O_TRUNCATE = 'TRUNCATE';
+var O_APPEND = 'APPEND';
+var XATTR_CREATE = 'CREATE';
+var XATTR_REPLACE = 'REPLACE';
+
+module.exports = {
+  FILE_SYSTEM_NAME: 'local',
+
+  FILE_STORE_NAME: 'files',
+
+  IDB_RO: 'readonly',
+  IDB_RW: 'readwrite',
+
+  WSQL_VERSION: "1",
+  WSQL_SIZE: 5 * 1024 * 1024,
+  WSQL_DESC: "FileSystem Storage",
+
+  MODE_FILE: 'FILE',
+  MODE_DIRECTORY: 'DIRECTORY',
+  MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK: 'SYMLINK',
+  MODE_META: 'META',
+
+  SYMLOOP_MAX: 10,
+
+  BINARY_MIME_TYPE: 'application/octet-stream',
+  JSON_MIME_TYPE: 'application/json',
+
+  ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME: '/', // basename(normalize(path))
+
+  // FS Mount Flags
+  FS_FORMAT: 'FORMAT',
+  FS_NOCTIME: 'NOCTIME',
+  FS_NOMTIME: 'NOMTIME',
+  FS_NODUPEIDCHECK: 'FS_NODUPEIDCHECK',
+
+  // FS File Open Flags
+  O_READ: O_READ,
+  O_WRITE: O_WRITE,
+  O_CREATE: O_CREATE,
+  O_EXCLUSIVE: O_EXCLUSIVE,
+  O_TRUNCATE: O_TRUNCATE,
+  O_APPEND: O_APPEND,
+
+  O_FLAGS: {
+    'r': [O_READ],
+    'r+': [O_READ, O_WRITE],
+    'w': [O_WRITE, O_CREATE, O_TRUNCATE],
+    'w+': [O_WRITE, O_READ, O_CREATE, O_TRUNCATE],
+    'wx': [O_WRITE, O_CREATE, O_EXCLUSIVE, O_TRUNCATE],
+    'wx+': [O_WRITE, O_READ, O_CREATE, O_EXCLUSIVE, O_TRUNCATE],
+    'a': [O_WRITE, O_CREATE, O_APPEND],
+    'a+': [O_WRITE, O_READ, O_CREATE, O_APPEND],
+    'ax': [O_WRITE, O_CREATE, O_EXCLUSIVE, O_APPEND],
+    'ax+': [O_WRITE, O_READ, O_CREATE, O_EXCLUSIVE, O_APPEND]
+  },
+
+  XATTR_CREATE: XATTR_CREATE,
+  XATTR_REPLACE: XATTR_REPLACE,
+
+  FS_READY: 'READY',
+  FS_PENDING: 'PENDING',
+  FS_ERROR: 'ERROR',
+
+  SUPER_NODE_ID: '00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000',
+
+  // Reserved File Descriptors for streams
+  STDIN: 0,
+  STDOUT: 1,
+  STDERR: 2,
+  FIRST_DESCRIPTOR: 3,
+
+  ENVIRONMENT: {
+    TMP: '/tmp',
+    PATH: ''
+  }
+};
+
+},{}],17:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var MODE_FILE = _dereq_('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+
+module.exports = function DirectoryEntry(id, type) {
+  this.id = id;
+  this.type = type || MODE_FILE;
+};
+
+},{"./constants.js":16}],18:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+(function (Buffer){
+// Adapt encodings to work with Buffer or Uint8Array, they expect the latter
+function decode(buf) {
+  return buf.toString('utf8');
+}
+
+function encode(string) {
+  return new Buffer(string, 'utf8');
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  encode: encode,
+  decode: decode
+};
+
+}).call(this,_dereq_("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"buffer":6}],19:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var errors = {};
+[
+  /**
+   * node.js errors - we only use some of these, add as needed.
+   */
+  //'-1:UNKNOWN:unknown error',
+  //'0:OK:success',
+  //'1:EOF:end of file',
+  //'2:EADDRINFO:getaddrinfo error',
+  //'3:EACCES:permission denied',
+  //'4:EAGAIN:resource temporarily unavailable',
+  //'5:EADDRINUSE:address already in use',
+  //'6:EADDRNOTAVAIL:address not available',
+  //'7:EAFNOSUPPORT:address family not supported',
+  //'8:EALREADY:connection already in progress',
+  '9:EBADF:bad file descriptor',
+  '10:EBUSY:resource busy or locked',
+  //'11:ECONNABORTED:software caused connection abort',
+  //'12:ECONNREFUSED:connection refused',
+  //'13:ECONNRESET:connection reset by peer',
+  //'14:EDESTADDRREQ:destination address required',
+  //'15:EFAULT:bad address in system call argument',
+  //'16:EHOSTUNREACH:host is unreachable',
+  //'17:EINTR:interrupted system call',
+  '18:EINVAL:invalid argument',
+  //'19:EISCONN:socket is already connected',
+  //'20:EMFILE:too many open files',
+  //'21:EMSGSIZE:message too long',
+  //'22:ENETDOWN:network is down',
+  //'23:ENETUNREACH:network is unreachable',
+  //'24:ENFILE:file table overflow',
+  //'25:ENOBUFS:no buffer space available',
+  //'26:ENOMEM:not enough memory',
+  '27:ENOTDIR:not a directory',
+  '28:EISDIR:illegal operation on a directory',
+  //'29:ENONET:machine is not on the network',
+  // errno 30 skipped, as per https://github.com/rvagg/node-errno/blob/master/errno.js
+  //'31:ENOTCONN:socket is not connected',
+  //'32:ENOTSOCK:socket operation on non-socket',
+  //'33:ENOTSUP:operation not supported on socket',
+  '34:ENOENT:no such file or directory',
+  //'35:ENOSYS:function not implemented',
+  //'36:EPIPE:broken pipe',
+  //'37:EPROTO:protocol error',
+  //'38:EPROTONOSUPPORT:protocol not supported',
+  //'39:EPROTOTYPE:protocol wrong type for socket',
+  //'40:ETIMEDOUT:connection timed out',
+  //'41:ECHARSET:invalid Unicode character',
+  //'42:EAIFAMNOSUPPORT:address family for hostname not supported',
+  // errno 43 skipped, as per https://github.com/rvagg/node-errno/blob/master/errno.js
+  //'44:EAISERVICE:servname not supported for ai_socktype',
+  //'45:EAISOCKTYPE:ai_socktype not supported',
+  //'46:ESHUTDOWN:cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown',
+  '47:EEXIST:file already exists',
+  //'48:ESRCH:no such process',
+  //'49:ENAMETOOLONG:name too long',
+  '50:EPERM:operation not permitted',
+  '51:ELOOP:too many symbolic links encountered',
+  //'52:EXDEV:cross-device link not permitted',
+  '53:ENOTEMPTY:directory not empty',
+  //'54:ENOSPC:no space left on device',
+  '55:EIO:i/o error',
+  //'56:EROFS:read-only file system',
+  //'57:ENODEV:no such device',
+  //'58:ESPIPE:invalid seek',
+  //'59:ECANCELED:operation canceled',
+
+  /**
+   * Filer specific errors
+   */
+  '1000:ENOTMOUNTED:not mounted',
+  '1001:EFILESYSTEMERROR:missing super node, use \'FORMAT\' flag to format filesystem.',
+  '1002:ENOATTR:attribute does not exist'
+
+].forEach(function(e) {
+  e = e.split(':');
+  var errno = +e[0];
+  var errName = e[1];
+  var defaultMessage = e[2];
+
+  function FilerError(msg, path) {
+    Error.call(this);
+
+    this.name = errName;
+    this.code = errName;
+    this.errno = errno;
+    this.message = msg || defaultMessage;
+    if(path) {
+      this.path = path;
+    }
+    this.stack = (new Error(this.message)).stack;
+  }
+  FilerError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);
+  FilerError.prototype.constructor = FilerError;
+  FilerError.prototype.toString = function() {
+    var pathInfo = this.path ? (', \'' + this.path + '\'') : '';
+    return this.name + ': ' + this.message + pathInfo;
+  };
+
+  // We expose the error as both Errors.EINVAL and Errors[18]
+  errors[errName] = errors[errno] = FilerError;
+});
+
+module.exports = errors;
+
+},{}],20:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var _ = _dereq_('../../lib/nodash.js');
+
+var Path = _dereq_('../path.js');
+var normalize = Path.normalize;
+var dirname = Path.dirname;
+var basename = Path.basename;
+var isAbsolutePath = Path.isAbsolute;
+var isNullPath = Path.isNull;
+
+var Constants = _dereq_('../constants.js');
+var MODE_FILE = Constants.MODE_FILE;
+var MODE_DIRECTORY = Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
+var MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+var MODE_META = Constants.MODE_META;
+
+var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = Constants.ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
+var SUPER_NODE_ID = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
+var SYMLOOP_MAX = Constants.SYMLOOP_MAX;
+
+var O_READ = Constants.O_READ;
+var O_WRITE = Constants.O_WRITE;
+var O_CREATE = Constants.O_CREATE;
+var O_EXCLUSIVE = Constants.O_EXCLUSIVE;
+var O_TRUNCATE = Constants.O_TRUNCATE;
+var O_APPEND = Constants.O_APPEND;
+var O_FLAGS = Constants.O_FLAGS;
+
+var XATTR_CREATE = Constants.XATTR_CREATE;
+var XATTR_REPLACE = Constants.XATTR_REPLACE;
+var FS_NOMTIME = Constants.FS_NOMTIME;
+var FS_NOCTIME = Constants.FS_NOCTIME;
+
+var Encoding = _dereq_('../encoding.js');
+var Errors = _dereq_('../errors.js');
+var DirectoryEntry = _dereq_('../directory-entry.js');
+var OpenFileDescription = _dereq_('../open-file-description.js');
+var SuperNode = _dereq_('../super-node.js');
+var Node = _dereq_('../node.js');
+var Stats = _dereq_('../stats.js');
+var Buffer = _dereq_('../buffer.js');
+
+/**
+ * Update node times. Only passed times are modified (undefined times are ignored)
+ * and filesystem flags are examined in order to override update logic.
+ */
+function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
+  // Honour mount flags for how we update times
+  var flags = context.flags;
+  if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOCTIME)) {
+    delete times.ctime;
+  }
+  if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
+    delete times.mtime;
+  }
+
+  // Only do the update if required (i.e., times are still present)
+  var update = false;
+  if(times.ctime) {
+    node.ctime = times.ctime;
+    // We don't do atime tracking for perf reasons, but do mirror ctime
+    node.atime = times.ctime;
+    update = true;
+  }
+  if(times.atime) {
+    // The only time we explicitly pass atime is when utimes(), futimes() is called.
+    // Override ctime mirror here if so
+    node.atime = times.atime;
+    update = true;
+  }
+  if(times.mtime) {
+    node.mtime = times.mtime;
+    update = true;
+  }
+
+  function complete(error) {
+    // Queue this change so we can send watch events.
+    // Unlike node.js, we send the full path vs. basename/dirname only.
+    context.changes.push({ event: 'change', path: path });
+    callback(error);
+  }
+
+  if(update) {
+    context.putObject(node.id, node, complete);
+  } else {
+    complete();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * make_node()
+ */
+// in: file or directory path
+// out: new node representing file/directory
+function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
+  if(mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY && mode !== MODE_FILE) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be a directory or file', path));
+  }
+
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+  var parentNode;
+  var parentNodeData;
+  var node;
+
+  // Check if the parent node exists
+  function create_node_in_parent(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
+    } else {
+      parentNode = parentDirectoryNode;
+      find_node(context, path, check_if_node_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Check if the node to be created already exists
+  function check_if_node_exists(error, result) {
+    if(!error && result) {
+      callback(new Errors.EEXIST('path name already exists', path));
+    } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(parentNode.data, create_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Create the new node
+  function create_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentNodeData = result;
+      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: mode}, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+        node = result;
+        node.nlinks += 1;
+        context.putObject(node.id, node, update_parent_node_data);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Update parent node time
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, node, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Update the parent nodes data
+  function update_parent_node_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentNodeData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(node.id, mode);
+      context.putObject(parentNode.data, parentNodeData, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Find the parent node
+  find_node(context, parentPath, create_node_in_parent);
+}
+
+/**
+ * find_node
+ */
+// in: file or directory path
+// out: node structure, or error
+function find_node(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  if(!path) {
+    return callback(new Errors.ENOENT('path is an empty string'));
+  }
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+  var followedCount = 0;
+
+  function read_root_directory_node(error, superNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(!superNode || superNode.mode !== MODE_META || !superNode.rnode) {
+      callback(new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR());
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(superNode.rnode, check_root_directory_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_root_directory_node(error, rootDirectoryNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(!rootDirectoryNode) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOENT());
+    } else {
+      callback(null, rootDirectoryNode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // in: parent directory node
+  // out: parent directory data
+  function read_parent_directory_data(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY || !parentDirectoryNode.data) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, get_node_from_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // in: parent directory data
+  // out: searched node
+  function get_node_from_parent_directory_data(error, parentDirectoryData) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(!_(parentDirectoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
+      } else {
+        var nodeId = parentDirectoryData[name].id;
+        context.getObject(nodeId, is_symbolic_link);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function is_symbolic_link(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+        followedCount++;
+        if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
+          callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
+        } else {
+          follow_symbolic_link(node.data);
+        }
+      } else {
+        callback(null, node);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function follow_symbolic_link(data) {
+    data = normalize(data);
+    parentPath = dirname(data);
+    name = basename(data);
+    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+      context.getObject(SUPER_NODE_ID, read_root_directory_node);
+    } else {
+      find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    context.getObject(SUPER_NODE_ID, read_root_directory_node);
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * set extended attribute (refactor)
+ */
+function set_extended_attribute (context, path, node, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, path, node, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+  if (flag === XATTR_CREATE && xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EEXIST('attribute already exists', path));
+  }
+  else if (flag === XATTR_REPLACE && !xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+    callback(new Errors.ENOATTR(null, path));
+  }
+  else {
+    xattrs[name] = value;
+    context.putObject(node.id, node, update_time);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * ensure_root_directory. Creates a root node if necessary.
+ *
+ * Note: this should only be invoked when formatting a new file system.
+ * Multiple invocations of this by separate instances will still result
+ * in only a single super node.
+ */
+function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
+  var superNode;
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+
+  function ensure_super_node(error, existingNode) {
+    if(!error && existingNode) {
+      // Another instance has beat us and already created the super node.
+      callback();
+    } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      SuperNode.create({guid: context.guid}, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+        superNode = result;
+        context.putObject(superNode.id, superNode, write_directory_node);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_directory_node(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      Node.create({guid: context.guid, id: superNode.rnode, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+        directoryNode = result;
+        directoryNode.nlinks += 1;
+        context.putObject(directoryNode.id, directoryNode, write_directory_data);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = {};
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(SUPER_NODE_ID, ensure_super_node);
+}
+
+/**
+ * make_directory
+ */
+function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var parentDirectoryNode;
+  var parentDirectoryData;
+
+  function check_if_directory_exists(error, result) {
+    if(!error && result) {
+      callback(new Errors.EEXIST(null, path));
+    } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, write_directory_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_directory_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryData = result;
+      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+        directoryNode = result;
+        directoryNode.nlinks += 1;
+        context.putObject(directoryNode.id, directoryNode, write_directory_data);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = {};
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, parentDirectoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_parent_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(directoryNode.id, MODE_DIRECTORY);
+      context.putObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, parentDirectoryData, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, path, check_if_directory_exists);
+}
+
+/**
+ * remove_directory
+ */
+function remove_directory(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var parentDirectoryNode;
+  var parentDirectoryData;
+
+  function read_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, check_if_node_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_node_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+      callback(new Errors.EBUSY(null, path));
+    } else if(!_(result).has(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryData = result;
+      directoryNode = parentDirectoryData[name].id;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode, check_if_node_is_directory);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode != MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_directory_is_empty);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_directory_is_empty(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(_(directoryData).size() > 0) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOTEMPTY(null, path));
+      } else {
+        remove_directory_entry_from_parent_directory_node();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, parentDirectoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, remove_directory_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function remove_directory_entry_from_parent_directory_node() {
+    delete parentDirectoryData[name];
+    context.putObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, parentDirectoryData, update_time);
+  }
+
+  function remove_directory_node(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.delete(directoryNode.id, remove_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function remove_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.delete(directoryNode.data, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+}
+
+function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var directoryEntry;
+  var fileNode;
+  var fileData;
+
+  var followedCount = 0;
+
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    if(_(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+      callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
+    } else {
+      find_node(context, path, set_file_node);
+    }
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        if(_(flags).contains(O_EXCLUSIVE)) {
+          callback(new Errors.ENOENT('O_CREATE and O_EXCLUSIVE are set, and the named file exists', path));
+        } else {
+          directoryEntry = directoryData[name];
+          if(directoryEntry.type == MODE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+            callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
+          } else {
+            context.getObject(directoryEntry.id, check_if_symbolic_link);
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        if(!_(flags).contains(O_CREATE)) {
+          callback(new Errors.ENOENT('O_CREATE is not set and the named file does not exist', path));
+        } else {
+          write_file_node();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_symbolic_link(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var node = result;
+      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+        followedCount++;
+        if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
+          callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
+        } else {
+          follow_symbolic_link(node.data);
+        }
+      } else {
+        set_file_node(undefined, node);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function follow_symbolic_link(data) {
+    data = normalize(data);
+    parentPath = dirname(data);
+    name = basename(data);
+    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+      if(_(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+        callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
+      } else {
+        find_node(context, path, set_file_node);
+      }
+    }
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+  }
+
+  function set_file_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      callback(null, fileNode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_file_node() {
+    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_FILE}, function(error, result) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+      fileNode = result;
+      fileNode.nlinks += 1;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, write_file_data);
+    });
+  }
+
+  function write_file_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileData = new Buffer(0);
+      fileData.fill(0);
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, fileData, update_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, directoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, handle_update_result);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_FILE);
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function handle_update_result(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      callback(null, fileNode);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function replace_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, callback) {
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function return_nbytes(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      callback(null, length);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, fileNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, return_nbytes);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      var newData = new Buffer(length);
+      newData.fill(0);
+      buffer.copy(newData, 0, offset, offset + length);
+      ofd.position = length;
+
+      fileNode.size = length;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
+
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, newData, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(ofd.id, write_file_data);
+}
+
+function write_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
+  var fileNode;
+  var fileData;
+
+  function return_nbytes(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      callback(null, length);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, fileNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, return_nbytes);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileData = result;
+      if(!fileData) {
+        return callback(new Errors.EIO('Expected Buffer'));
+      }
+      var _position = (!(undefined === position || null === position)) ? position : ofd.position;
+      var newSize = Math.max(fileData.length, _position + length);
+      var newData = new Buffer(newSize);
+      newData.fill(0);
+      if(fileData) {
+        fileData.copy(newData);
+      }
+      buffer.copy(newData, _position, offset, offset + length);
+      if(undefined === position) {
+        ofd.position += length;
+      }
+
+      fileNode.size = newSize;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
+
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, newData, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      context.getBuffer(fileNode.data, update_file_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(ofd.id, read_file_data);
+}
+
+function read_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
+  var fileNode;
+  var fileData;
+
+  function handle_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileData = result;
+      if(!fileData) {
+        return callback(new Errors.EIO('Expected Buffer'));
+      }
+      var _position = (!(undefined === position || null === position)) ? position : ofd.position;
+      length = (_position + length > buffer.length) ? length - _position : length;
+      fileData.copy(buffer, offset, _position, _position + length);
+      if(undefined === position) {
+        ofd.position += length;
+      }
+      callback(null, length);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory', ofd.path));
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      context.getBuffer(fileNode.data, handle_file_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(ofd.id, read_file_data);
+}
+
+function stat_file(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  find_node(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function fstat_file(context, ofd, callback) {
+  ofd.getNode(context, callback);
+}
+
+function lstat_file(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    find_node(context, path, callback);
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(!_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of the path does not name an existing file', path));
+      } else {
+        context.getObject(directoryData[name].id, callback);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
+  oldpath = normalize(oldpath);
+  var oldname = basename(oldpath);
+  var oldParentPath = dirname(oldpath);
+
+  newpath = normalize(newpath);
+  var newname = basename(newpath);
+  var newParentPath = dirname(newpath);
+
+  var oldDirectoryNode;
+  var oldDirectoryData;
+  var newDirectoryNode;
+  var newDirectoryData;
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, newpath,  fileNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      fileNode.nlinks += 1;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_entry(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(newDirectoryData[newname].id, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_new_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newDirectoryData = result;
+      if(_(newDirectoryData).has(newname)) {
+        callback(new Errors.EEXIST('newpath resolves to an existing file', newname));
+      } else {
+        newDirectoryData[newname] = oldDirectoryData[oldname];
+        context.putObject(newDirectoryNode.data, newDirectoryData, read_directory_entry);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_new_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newDirectoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(newDirectoryNode.data, check_if_new_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_old_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldDirectoryData = result;
+      if(!_(oldDirectoryData).has(oldname)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of either path prefix does not exist', oldname));
+      } else {
+        find_node(context, newParentPath, read_new_directory_data);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_old_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldDirectoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(oldDirectoryNode.data, check_if_old_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, oldParentPath, read_old_directory_data);
+}
+
+function unlink_node(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function update_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      delete directoryData[name];
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, function(error) {
+        var now = Date.now();
+        update_node_times(context, parentPath, directoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  function delete_file_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.delete(fileNode.data, update_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      fileNode.nlinks -= 1;
+      if(fileNode.nlinks < 1) {
+        context.delete(fileNode.id, delete_file_data);
+      } else {
+        context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, function(error) {
+          update_node_times(context, path, fileNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, update_directory_data);
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      callback(new Errors.EPERM('unlink not permitted on directories', name));
+    } else {
+      update_file_node(null, result);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(!_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of the path does not name an existing file', name));
+      } else {
+        context.getObject(directoryData[name].id, check_if_node_is_directory);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+}
+
+function read_directory(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+
+  function handle_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      var files = Object.keys(directoryData);
+      callback(null, files);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, handle_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, path, read_directory_data);
+}
+
+function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
+  dstpath = normalize(dstpath);
+  var name = basename(dstpath);
+  var parentPath = dirname(dstpath);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var fileNode;
+
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EEXIST(null, name));
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.EEXIST(null, name));
+      } else {
+        write_file_node();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_file_node() {
+    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK}, function(error, result) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+      fileNode = result;
+      fileNode.nlinks += 1;
+      fileNode.size = srcpath.length;
+      fileNode.data = srcpath;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_directory_data);
+    });
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, directoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK);
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function read_link(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+
+  find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(!_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of the path does not name an existing file', name));
+      } else {
+        context.getObject(directoryData[name].id, check_if_symbolic);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_symbolic(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(result.mode != MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+        callback(new Errors.EINVAL('path not a symbolic link', path));
+      } else {
+        callback(null, result.data);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function truncate_file(context, path, length, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function read_file_data (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+      callback(new Errors.EISDIR(null, path));
+    } else{
+      fileNode = node;
+      context.getBuffer(fileNode.data, truncate_file_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function truncate_file_data(error, fileData) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(!fileData) {
+        return callback(new Errors.EIO('Expected Buffer'));
+      }
+      var data = new Buffer(length);
+      data.fill(0);
+      if(fileData) {
+        fileData.copy(data);
+      }
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, data, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, path, fileNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node (error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode.size = length;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(length < 0) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('length cannot be negative'));
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, path, read_file_data);
+  }
+}
+
+function ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback) {
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function read_file_data (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+      callback(new Errors.EISDIR());
+    } else{
+      fileNode = node;
+      context.getBuffer(fileNode.data, truncate_file_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function truncate_file_data(error, fileData) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var data;
+      if(!fileData) {
+        return callback(new Errors.EIO('Expected Buffer'));
+      }
+      if(fileData) {
+        data = fileData.slice(0, length);
+      } else {
+        data = new Buffer(length);
+        data.fill(0);
+      }
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, data, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, fileNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node (error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode.size = length;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(length < 0) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('length cannot be negative'));
+  } else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, read_file_data);
+  }
+}
+
+function utimes_file(context, path, atime, mtime, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function update_times(error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, path, node, { atime: atime, ctime: mtime, mtime: mtime }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof atime != 'number' || typeof mtime != 'number') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be number', path));
+  }
+  else if (atime < 0 || mtime < 0) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be positive integers', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, update_times);
+  }
+}
+
+function futimes_file(context, ofd, atime, mtime, callback) {
+
+  function update_times (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, node, { atime: atime, ctime: mtime, mtime: mtime }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof atime != 'number' || typeof mtime != 'number') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be a number'));
+  }
+  else if (atime < 0 || mtime < 0) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be positive integers'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, update_times);
+  }
+}
+
+function setxattr_file(context, path, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function setxattr(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+    set_extended_attribute(context, path, node, name, value, flag, callback);
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string', path));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string', path));
+  }
+  else if (flag !== null &&
+           flag !== XATTR_CREATE && flag !== XATTR_REPLACE) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('invalid flag, must be null, XATTR_CREATE or XATTR_REPLACE', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, setxattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function fsetxattr_file (context, ofd, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  function setxattr(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+    set_extended_attribute(context, ofd.path, node, name, value, flag, callback);
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string'));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string'));
+  }
+  else if (flag !== null &&
+           flag !== XATTR_CREATE && flag !== XATTR_REPLACE) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('invalid flag, must be null, XATTR_CREATE or XATTR_REPLACE'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, setxattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function getxattr_file (context, path, name, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function get_xattr(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+    if (!xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOATTR(null, path));
+    }
+    else {
+      callback(null, xattrs[name]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string', path));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, get_xattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function fgetxattr_file (context, ofd, name, callback) {
+
+  function get_xattr (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+    if (!xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOATTR());
+    }
+    else {
+      callback(null, xattrs[name]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL());
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, get_xattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function removexattr_file (context, path, name, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function remove_xattr (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    function update_time(error) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+      } else {
+        update_node_times(context, path, node, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      }
+    }
+
+    var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+    if (!xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOATTR(null, path));
+    }
+    else {
+      delete xattrs[name];
+      context.putObject(node.id, node, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string', path));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, remove_xattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function fremovexattr_file (context, ofd, name, callback) {
+
+  function remove_xattr (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    function update_time(error) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+      } else {
+        update_node_times(context, ofd.path, node, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      }
+    }
+
+    var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+    if (!xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOATTR());
+    }
+    else {
+      delete xattrs[name];
+      context.putObject(node.id, node, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string'));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, remove_xattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function validate_flags(flags) {
+  if(!_(O_FLAGS).has(flags)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  return O_FLAGS[flags];
+}
+
+function validate_file_options(options, enc, fileMode){
+  if(!options) {
+    options = { encoding: enc, flag: fileMode };
+  } else if(typeof options === "function") {
+    options = { encoding: enc, flag: fileMode };
+  } else if(typeof options === "string") {
+    options = { encoding: options, flag: fileMode };
+  }
+  return options;
+}
+
+function pathCheck(path, callback) {
+  var err;
+
+  if(!path) {
+    err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be a string', path);
+  } else if(isNullPath(path)) {
+    err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be a string without null bytes.', path);
+  } else if(!isAbsolutePath(path)) {
+    err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be absolute.', path);
+  }
+
+  if(err) {
+    callback(err);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+function open(fs, context, path, flags, mode, callback) {
+  // NOTE: we support the same signature as node with a `mode` arg,
+  // but ignore it.
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  function check_result(error, fileNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var position;
+      if(_(flags).contains(O_APPEND)) {
+        position = fileNode.size;
+      } else {
+        position = 0;
+      }
+      var openFileDescription = new OpenFileDescription(path, fileNode.id, flags, position);
+      var fd = fs.allocDescriptor(openFileDescription);
+      callback(null, fd);
+    }
+  }
+
+  flags = validate_flags(flags);
+  if(!flags) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('flags is not valid'), path);
+  }
+
+  open_file(context, path, flags, check_result);
+}
+
+function close(fs, context, fd, callback) {
+  if(!_(fs.openFiles).has(fd)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else {
+    fs.releaseDescriptor(fd);
+    callback(null);
+  }
+}
+
+function mknod(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  make_node(context, path, mode, callback);
+}
+
+function mkdir(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
+  // NOTE: we support passing a mode arg, but we ignore it internally for now.
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  make_directory(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function rmdir(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  remove_directory(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function stat(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  function check_result(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      callback(null, stats);
+    }
+  }
+
+  stat_file(context, path, check_result);
+}
+
+function fstat(fs, context, fd, callback) {
+  function check_result(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      callback(null, stats);
+    }
+  }
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else {
+    fstat_file(context, ofd, check_result);
+  }
+}
+
+function link(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(oldpath, callback)) return;
+  if(!pathCheck(newpath, callback)) return;
+  link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback);
+}
+
+function unlink(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  unlink_node(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function read(fs, context, fd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
+  // Follow how node.js does this
+  function wrapped_cb(err, bytesRead) {
+    // Retain a reference to buffer so that it can't be GC'ed too soon.
+    callback(err, bytesRead || 0, buffer);
+  }
+
+  offset = (undefined === offset) ? 0 : offset;
+  length = (undefined === length) ? buffer.length - offset : length;
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_READ)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit reading'));
+  } else {
+    read_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, wrapped_cb);
+  }
+}
+
+function readFile(fs, context, path, options, callback) {
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  options = validate_file_options(options, null, 'r');
+
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  var flags = validate_flags(options.flag || 'r');
+  if(!flags) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('flags is not valid', path));
+  }
+
+  open_file(context, path, flags, function(err, fileNode) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+    var ofd = new OpenFileDescription(path, fileNode.id, flags, 0);
+    var fd = fs.allocDescriptor(ofd);
+
+    function cleanup() {
+      fs.releaseDescriptor(fd);
+    }
+
+    fstat_file(context, ofd, function(err, fstatResult) {
+      if(err) {
+        cleanup();
+        return callback(err);
+      }
+
+      var stats = new Stats(fstatResult, fs.name);
+
+      if(stats.isDirectory()) {
+        cleanup();
+        return callback(new Errors.EISDIR('illegal operation on directory', path));
+      }
+
+      var size = stats.size;
+      var buffer = new Buffer(size);
+      buffer.fill(0);
+
+      read_data(context, ofd, buffer, 0, size, 0, function(err, nbytes) {
+        cleanup();
+
+        if(err) {
+          return callback(err);
+        }
+
+        var data;
+        if(options.encoding === 'utf8') {
+          data = Encoding.decode(buffer);
+        } else {
+          data = buffer;
+        }
+        callback(null, data);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+function write(fs, context, fd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  offset = (undefined === offset) ? 0 : offset;
+  length = (undefined === length) ? buffer.length - offset : length;
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  } else if(buffer.length - offset < length) {
+    callback(new Errors.EIO('intput buffer is too small'));
+  } else {
+    write_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function writeFile(fs, context, path, data, options, callback) {
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  options = validate_file_options(options, 'utf8', 'w');
+
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  var flags = validate_flags(options.flag || 'w');
+  if(!flags) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('flags is not valid', path));
+  }
+
+  data = data || '';
+  if(typeof data === "number") {
+    data = '' + data;
+  }
+  if(typeof data === "string" && options.encoding === 'utf8') {
+    data = Encoding.encode(data);
+  }
+
+  open_file(context, path, flags, function(err, fileNode) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+    var ofd = new OpenFileDescription(path, fileNode.id, flags, 0);
+    var fd = fs.allocDescriptor(ofd);
+
+    replace_data(context, ofd, data, 0, data.length, function(err, nbytes) {
+      fs.releaseDescriptor(fd);
+
+      if(err) {
+        return callback(err);
+      }
+      callback(null);
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+function appendFile(fs, context, path, data, options, callback) {
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  options = validate_file_options(options, 'utf8', 'a');
+
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  var flags = validate_flags(options.flag || 'a');
+  if(!flags) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('flags is not valid', path));
+  }
+
+  data = data || '';
+  if(typeof data === "number") {
+    data = '' + data;
+  }
+  if(typeof data === "string" && options.encoding === 'utf8') {
+    data = Encoding.encode(data);
+  }
+
+  open_file(context, path, flags, function(err, fileNode) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+    var ofd = new OpenFileDescription(path, fileNode.id, flags, fileNode.size);
+    var fd = fs.allocDescriptor(ofd);
+
+    write_data(context, ofd, data, 0, data.length, ofd.position, function(err, nbytes) {
+      fs.releaseDescriptor(fd);
+
+      if(err) {
+        return callback(err);
+      }
+      callback(null);
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+function exists(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  function cb(err, stats) {
+    callback(err ? false : true);
+  }
+  stat(fs, context, path, cb);
+}
+
+function getxattr(fs, context, path, name, callback) {
+  if (!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  getxattr_file(context, path, name, callback);
+}
+
+function fgetxattr(fs, context, fd, name, callback) {
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if (!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  }
+  else {
+    fgetxattr_file(context, ofd, name, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function setxattr(fs, context, path, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  if(typeof flag === 'function') {
+    callback = flag;
+    flag = null;
+  }
+
+  if (!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  setxattr_file(context, path, name, value, flag, callback);
+}
+
+function fsetxattr(fs, context, fd, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  if(typeof flag === 'function') {
+    callback = flag;
+    flag = null;
+  }
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if (!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  }
+  else if (!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  }
+  else {
+    fsetxattr_file(context, ofd, name, value, flag, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function removexattr(fs, context, path, name, callback) {
+  if (!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  removexattr_file(context, path, name, callback);
+}
+
+function fremovexattr(fs, context, fd, name, callback) {
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if (!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  }
+  else if (!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  }
+  else {
+    fremovexattr_file(context, ofd, name, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function lseek(fs, context, fd, offset, whence, callback) {
+  function update_descriptor_position(error, stats) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(stats.size + offset < 0) {
+        callback(new Errors.EINVAL('resulting file offset would be negative'));
+      } else {
+        ofd.position = stats.size + offset;
+        callback(null, ofd.position);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  }
+
+  if('SET' === whence) {
+    if(offset < 0) {
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('resulting file offset would be negative'));
+    } else {
+      ofd.position = offset;
+      callback(null, ofd.position);
+    }
+  } else if('CUR' === whence) {
+    if(ofd.position + offset < 0) {
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('resulting file offset would be negative'));
+    } else {
+      ofd.position += offset;
+      callback(null, ofd.position);
+    }
+  } else if('END' === whence) {
+    fstat_file(context, ofd, update_descriptor_position);
+  } else {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('whence argument is not a proper value'));
+  }
+}
+
+function readdir(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  read_directory(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function utimes(fs, context, path, atime, mtime, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  var currentTime = Date.now();
+  atime = (atime) ? atime : currentTime;
+  mtime = (mtime) ? mtime : currentTime;
+
+  utimes_file(context, path, atime, mtime, callback);
+}
+
+function futimes(fs, context, fd, atime, mtime, callback) {
+  var currentTime = Date.now();
+  atime = (atime) ? atime : currentTime;
+  mtime = (mtime) ? mtime : currentTime;
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  } else {
+    futimes_file(context, ofd, atime, mtime, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(oldpath, callback)) return;
+  if(!pathCheck(newpath, callback)) return;
+
+  var oldParentPath = Path.dirname(oldpath);
+  var newParentPath = Path.dirname(oldpath);
+  var oldName = Path.basename(oldpath);
+  var newName = Path.basename(newpath);
+  var oldParentDirectory, oldParentData;
+  var newParentDirectory, newParentData;
+
+  function update_times(error, newNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, newpath,  newNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_new_directory(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(newParentData[newName].id, update_times);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_old_parent_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      delete oldParentData[oldName];
+      context.putObject(oldParentDirectory.data, oldParentData, read_new_directory);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_new_parent_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newParentData[newName] = oldParentData[oldName];
+      context.putObject(newParentDirectory.data, newParentData, update_old_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_new_directory_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newParentData = result;
+      if(_(newParentData).has(newName)) {
+        remove_directory(context, newpath, update_new_parent_directory_data);
+      } else {
+        update_new_parent_directory_data();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_new_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newParentDirectory = result;
+      context.getObject(newParentDirectory.data, check_if_new_directory_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function get_new_parent_directory(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldParentData = result;
+      find_node(context, newParentPath, read_new_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldParentDirectory = result;
+      context.getObject(result.data, get_new_parent_directory);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function unlink_old_file(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      unlink_node(context, oldpath, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_node_type(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(node.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      find_node(context, oldParentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+    } else {
+      link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, unlink_old_file);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, oldpath, check_node_type);
+}
+
+function symlink(fs, context, srcpath, dstpath, type, callback) {
+  // NOTE: we support passing the `type` arg, but ignore it.
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  if(!pathCheck(srcpath, callback)) return;
+  if(!pathCheck(dstpath, callback)) return;
+  make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback);
+}
+
+function readlink(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  read_link(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function lstat(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  function check_result(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      callback(null, stats);
+    }
+  }
+
+  lstat_file(context, path, check_result);
+}
+
+function truncate(fs, context, path, length, callback) {
+  // NOTE: length is optional
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  length = length || 0;
+
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  truncate_file(context, path, length, callback);
+}
+
+function ftruncate(fs, context, fd, length, callback) {
+  // NOTE: length is optional
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  length = length || 0;
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  } else {
+    ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  ensureRootDirectory: ensure_root_directory,
+  open: open,
+  close: close,
+  mknod: mknod,
+  mkdir: mkdir,
+  rmdir: rmdir,
+  unlink: unlink,
+  stat: stat,
+  fstat: fstat,
+  link: link,
+  read: read,
+  readFile: readFile,
+  write: write,
+  writeFile: writeFile,
+  appendFile: appendFile,
+  exists: exists,
+  getxattr: getxattr,
+  fgetxattr: fgetxattr,
+  setxattr: setxattr,
+  fsetxattr: fsetxattr,
+  removexattr: removexattr,
+  fremovexattr: fremovexattr,
+  lseek: lseek,
+  readdir: readdir,
+  utimes: utimes,
+  futimes: futimes,
+  rename: rename,
+  symlink: symlink,
+  readlink: readlink,
+  lstat: lstat,
+  truncate: truncate,
+  ftruncate: ftruncate
+};
+
+},{"../../lib/nodash.js":4,"../buffer.js":15,"../constants.js":16,"../directory-entry.js":17,"../encoding.js":18,"../errors.js":19,"../node.js":24,"../open-file-description.js":25,"../path.js":26,"../stats.js":34,"../super-node.js":35}],21:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var _ = _dereq_('../../lib/nodash.js');
+
+var isNullPath = _dereq_('../path.js').isNull;
+var nop = _dereq_('../shared.js').nop;
+
+var Constants = _dereq_('../constants.js');
+var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = Constants.FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+var FS_FORMAT = Constants.FS_FORMAT;
+var FS_READY = Constants.FS_READY;
+var FS_PENDING = Constants.FS_PENDING;
+var FS_ERROR = Constants.FS_ERROR;
+var FS_NODUPEIDCHECK = Constants.FS_NODUPEIDCHECK;
+
+var providers = _dereq_('../providers/index.js');
+
+var Shell = _dereq_('../shell/shell.js');
+var Intercom = _dereq_('../../lib/intercom.js');
+var FSWatcher = _dereq_('../fs-watcher.js');
+var Errors = _dereq_('../errors.js');
+var defaultGuidFn = _dereq_('../shared.js').guid;
+
+var STDIN = Constants.STDIN;
+var STDOUT = Constants.STDOUT;
+var STDERR = Constants.STDERR;
+var FIRST_DESCRIPTOR = Constants.FIRST_DESCRIPTOR;
+
+// The core fs operations live on impl
+var impl = _dereq_('./implementation.js');
+
+// node.js supports a calling pattern that leaves off a callback.
+function maybeCallback(callback) {
+  if(typeof callback === "function") {
+    return callback;
+  }
+  return function(err) {
+    if(err) {
+      throw err;
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+// Default callback that logs an error if passed in
+function defaultCallback(err) {
+  if(err) {
+    console.error('Filer error: ', err);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * FileSystem
+ *
+ * A FileSystem takes an `options` object, which can specify a number of,
+ * options.  All options are optional, and include:
+ *
+ * name: the name of the file system, defaults to "local"
+ *
+ * flags: one or more flags to use when creating/opening the file system.
+ *        For example: "FORMAT" will cause the file system to be formatted.
+ *        No explicit flags are set by default.
+ *
+ * provider: an explicit storage provider to use for the file
+ *           system's database context provider.  A number of context
+ *           providers are included (see /src/providers), and users
+ *           can write one of their own and pass it in to be used.
+ *           By default an IndexedDB provider is used.
+ *
+ * guid: a function for generating unique IDs for nodes in the filesystem.
+ *       Use this to override the built-in UUID generation. (Used mainly for tests).
+ *
+ * callback: a callback function to be executed when the file system becomes
+ *           ready for use. Depending on the context provider used, this might
+ *           be right away, or could take some time. The callback should expect
+ *           an `error` argument, which will be null if everything worked.  Also
+ *           users should check the file system's `readyState` and `error`
+ *           properties to make sure it is usable.
+ */
+function FileSystem(options, callback) {
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || defaultCallback;
+
+  var flags = options.flags;
+  var guid = options.guid ? options.guid : defaultGuidFn;
+  var provider = options.provider || new providers.Default(options.name || FILE_SYSTEM_NAME);
+  // If we're given a provider, match its name unless we get an explicit name
+  var name = options.name || provider.name;
+  var forceFormatting = _(flags).contains(FS_FORMAT);
+
+  var fs = this;
+  fs.readyState = FS_PENDING;
+  fs.name = name;
+  fs.error = null;
+
+  fs.stdin = STDIN;
+  fs.stdout = STDOUT;
+  fs.stderr = STDERR;
+
+  // Expose Shell constructor
+  this.Shell = Shell.bind(undefined, this);
+
+  // Safely expose the list of open files and file
+  // descriptor management functions
+  var openFiles = {};
+  var nextDescriptor = FIRST_DESCRIPTOR;
+  Object.defineProperty(this, "openFiles", {
+    get: function() { return openFiles; }
+  });
+  this.allocDescriptor = function(openFileDescription) {
+    var fd = nextDescriptor ++;
+    openFiles[fd] = openFileDescription;
+    return fd;
+  };
+  this.releaseDescriptor = function(fd) {
+    delete openFiles[fd];
+  };
+
+  // Safely expose the operation queue
+  var queue = [];
+  this.queueOrRun = function(operation) {
+    var error;
+
+    if(FS_READY == fs.readyState) {
+      operation.call(fs);
+    } else if(FS_ERROR == fs.readyState) {
+      error = new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR('unknown error');
+    } else {
+      queue.push(operation);
+    }
+
+    return error;
+  };
+  function runQueued() {
+    queue.forEach(function(operation) {
+      operation.call(this);
+    }.bind(fs));
+    queue = null;
+  }
+
+  // We support the optional `options` arg from node, but ignore it
+  this.watch = function(filename, options, listener) {
+    if(isNullPath(filename)) {
+      throw new Error('Path must be a string without null bytes.');
+    }
+    if(typeof options === 'function') {
+      listener = options;
+      options = {};
+    }
+    options = options || {};
+    listener = listener || nop;
+
+    var watcher = new FSWatcher();
+    watcher.start(filename, false, options.recursive);
+    watcher.on('change', listener);
+
+    return watcher;
+  };
+
+  // Deal with various approaches to node ID creation
+  function wrappedGuidFn(context) {
+    return function(callback) {
+      // Skip the duplicate ID check if asked to
+      if(_(flags).contains(FS_NODUPEIDCHECK)) {
+        callback(null, guid());
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Otherwise (default) make sure this id is unused first
+      function guidWithCheck(callback) {
+        var id = guid();
+        context.getObject(id, function(err, value) {
+          if(err) {
+            callback(err);
+            return;
+          }
+
+          // If this id is unused, use it, otherwise find another
+          if(!value) {
+            callback(null, id);
+          } else {
+            guidWithCheck(callback);
+          }
+        });
+      }
+      guidWithCheck(callback);
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Let other instances (in this or other windows) know about
+  // any changes to this fs instance.
+  function broadcastChanges(changes) {
+    if(!changes.length) {
+      return;
+    }
+    var intercom = Intercom.getInstance();
+    changes.forEach(function(change) {
+      intercom.emit(change.event, change.path);
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Open file system storage provider
+  provider.open(function(err) {
+    function complete(error) {
+      function wrappedContext(methodName) {
+        var context = provider[methodName]();
+        context.flags = flags;
+        context.changes = [];
+        context.guid = wrappedGuidFn(context);
+
+        // When the context is finished, let the fs deal with any change events
+        context.close = function() {
+          var changes = context.changes;
+          broadcastChanges(changes);
+          changes.length = 0;
+        };
+
+        return context;
+      }
+
+      // Wrap the provider so we can extend the context with fs flags and
+      // an array of changes (e.g., watch event 'change' and 'rename' events
+      // for paths updated during the lifetime of the context). From this
+      // point forward we won't call open again, so it's safe to drop it.
+      fs.provider = {
+        openReadWriteContext: function() {
+          return wrappedContext('getReadWriteContext');
+        },
+        openReadOnlyContext: function() {
+          return wrappedContext('getReadOnlyContext');
+        }
+      };
+
+      if(error) {
+        fs.readyState = FS_ERROR;
+      } else {
+        fs.readyState = FS_READY;
+      }
+      runQueued();
+      callback(error, fs);
+    }
+
+    if(err) {
+      return complete(err);
+    }
+
+    var context = provider.getReadWriteContext();
+    context.guid = wrappedGuidFn(context);
+
+    // Mount the filesystem, formatting if necessary
+    if(forceFormatting) {
+      // Wipe the storage provider, then write root block
+      context.clear(function(err) {
+        if(err) {
+          return complete(err);
+        }
+        impl.ensureRootDirectory(context, complete);
+      });
+    } else {
+      // Use existing (or create new) root and mount
+      impl.ensureRootDirectory(context, complete);
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+// Expose storage providers on FileSystem constructor
+FileSystem.providers = providers;
+
+/**
+ * Public API for FileSystem
+ */
+[
+  'open',
+  'close',
+  'mknod',
+  'mkdir',
+  'rmdir',
+  'stat',
+  'fstat',
+  'link',
+  'unlink',
+  'read',
+  'readFile',
+  'write',
+  'writeFile',
+  'appendFile',
+  'exists',
+  'lseek',
+  'readdir',
+  'rename',
+  'readlink',
+  'symlink',
+  'lstat',
+  'truncate',
+  'ftruncate',
+  'utimes',
+  'futimes',
+  'setxattr',
+  'getxattr',
+  'fsetxattr',
+  'fgetxattr',
+  'removexattr',
+  'fremovexattr'
+].forEach(function(methodName) {
+  FileSystem.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+    var fs = this;
+    var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+    var lastArgIndex = args.length - 1;
+
+    // We may or may not get a callback, and since node.js supports
+    // fire-and-forget style fs operations, we have to dance a bit here.
+    var missingCallback = typeof args[lastArgIndex] !== 'function';
+    var callback = maybeCallback(args[lastArgIndex]);
+
+    var error = fs.queueOrRun(function() {
+      var context = fs.provider.openReadWriteContext();
+
+      // Fail early if the filesystem is in an error state (e.g.,
+      // provider failed to open.
+      if(FS_ERROR === fs.readyState) {
+        var err = new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR('filesystem unavailable, operation canceled');
+        return callback.call(fs, err);
+      }
+
+      // Wrap the callback so we can explicitly close the context
+      function complete() {
+        context.close();
+        callback.apply(fs, arguments);
+      }
+
+      // Either add or replace the callback with our wrapper complete()
+      if(missingCallback) {
+        args.push(complete);
+      } else {
+        args[lastArgIndex] = complete;
+      }
+
+      // Forward this call to the impl's version, using the following
+      // call signature, with complete() as the callback/last-arg now:
+      // fn(fs, context, arg0, arg1, ... , complete);
+      var fnArgs = [fs, context].concat(args);
+      impl[methodName].apply(null, fnArgs);
+    });
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    }
+  };
+});
+
+module.exports = FileSystem;
+
+},{"../../lib/intercom.js":3,"../../lib/nodash.js":4,"../constants.js":16,"../errors.js":19,"../fs-watcher.js":22,"../path.js":26,"../providers/index.js":27,"../shared.js":31,"../shell/shell.js":33,"./implementation.js":20}],22:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var EventEmitter = _dereq_('../lib/eventemitter.js');
+var Path = _dereq_('./path.js');
+var Intercom = _dereq_('../lib/intercom.js');
+
+/**
+ * FSWatcher based on node.js' FSWatcher
+ * see https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/lib/fs.js
+ */
+function FSWatcher() {
+  EventEmitter.call(this);
+  var self = this;
+  var recursive = false;
+  var recursivePathPrefix;
+  var filename;
+
+  function onchange(path) {
+    // Watch for exact filename, or parent path when recursive is true.
+    if(filename === path || (recursive && path.indexOf(recursivePathPrefix) === 0)) {
+      self.trigger('change', 'change', path);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // We support, but ignore the second arg, which node.js uses.
+  self.start = function(filename_, persistent_, recursive_) {
+    // Bail if we've already started (and therefore have a filename);
+    if(filename) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if(Path.isNull(filename_)) {
+      throw new Error('Path must be a string without null bytes.');
+    }
+
+    // TODO: get realpath for symlinks on filename...
+
+    // Filer's Path.normalize strips trailing slashes, which we use here.
+    // See https://github.com/js-platform/filer/issues/105
+    filename = Path.normalize(filename_);
+
+    // Whether to watch beneath this path or not
+    recursive = recursive_ === true;
+    // If recursive, construct a path prefix portion for comparisons later
+    // (i.e., '/path' becomes '/path/' so we can search within a filename for the
+    // prefix). We also take care to allow for '/' on its own.
+    if(recursive) {
+      recursivePathPrefix = filename === '/' ? '/' : filename + '/';
+    }
+
+    var intercom = Intercom.getInstance();
+    intercom.on('change', onchange);
+  };
+
+  self.close = function() {
+    var intercom = Intercom.getInstance();
+    intercom.off('change', onchange);
+    self.removeAllListeners('change');
+  };
+}
+FSWatcher.prototype = new EventEmitter();
+FSWatcher.prototype.constructor = FSWatcher;
+
+module.exports = FSWatcher;
+
+},{"../lib/eventemitter.js":2,"../lib/intercom.js":3,"./path.js":26}],23:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+module.exports = {
+  FileSystem: _dereq_('./filesystem/interface.js'),
+  Buffer: _dereq_('./buffer.js'),
+  Path: _dereq_('./path.js'),
+  Errors: _dereq_('./errors.js'),
+  Shell: _dereq_('./shell/shell.js')
+};
+
+},{"./buffer.js":15,"./errors.js":19,"./filesystem/interface.js":21,"./path.js":26,"./shell/shell.js":33}],24:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var MODE_FILE = _dereq_('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+
+function Node(options) {
+  var now = Date.now();
+
+  this.id = options.id;
+  this.mode = options.mode || MODE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
+  this.size = options.size || 0; // size (bytes for files, entries for directories)
+  this.atime = options.atime || now; // access time (will mirror ctime after creation)
+  this.ctime = options.ctime || now; // creation/change time
+  this.mtime = options.mtime || now; // modified time
+  this.flags = options.flags || []; // file flags
+  this.xattrs = options.xattrs || {}; // extended attributes
+  this.nlinks = options.nlinks || 0; // links count
+  this.version = options.version || 0; // node version
+  this.blksize = undefined; // block size
+  this.nblocks = 1; // blocks count
+  this.data = options.data; // id for data object
+}
+
+// Make sure the options object has an id on property,
+// either from caller or one we generate using supplied guid fn.
+function ensureID(options, prop, callback) {
+  if(options[prop]) {
+    callback(null);
+  } else {
+    options.guid(function(err, id) {
+      options[prop] = id;
+      callback(err);
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+Node.create = function(options, callback) {
+  // We expect both options.id and options.data to be provided/generated.
+  ensureID(options, 'id', function(err) {
+    if(err) {
+      callback(err);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    ensureID(options, 'data', function(err) {
+      if(err) {
+        callback(err);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      callback(null, new Node(options));
+    });
+  });
+};
+
+module.exports = Node;
+
+},{"./constants.js":16}],25:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var Errors = _dereq_('./errors.js');
+
+function OpenFileDescription(path, id, flags, position) {
+  this.path = path;
+  this.id = id;
+  this.flags = flags;
+  this.position = position;
+}
+
+// Tries to find the node associated with an ofd's `id`.
+// If not found, an error is returned on the callback.
+OpenFileDescription.prototype.getNode = function(context, callback) {
+  var id = this.id;
+  var path = this.path;
+
+  function check_if_node_exists(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    if(!node) {
+      return callback(new Errors.EBADF('file descriptor refers to unknown node', path));
+    }
+
+    callback(null, node);
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(id, check_if_node_exists);
+};
+
+module.exports = OpenFileDescription;
+
+},{"./errors.js":19}],26:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+// Based on https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/41e53e557992a7d552a8e23de035f9463da25c99/lib/path.js
+
+// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there
+// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array
+// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish
+// relative and absolute paths)
+function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) {
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    var last = parts[i];
+    if (last === '.') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (allowAboveRoot) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      parts.unshift('..');
+    }
+  }
+
+  return parts;
+}
+
+// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version
+// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing.
+var splitPathRe =
+      /^(\/?)([\s\S]+\/(?!$)|\/)?((?:\.{1,2}$|[\s\S]+?)?(\.[^.\/]*)?)$/;
+var splitPath = function(filename) {
+  var result = splitPathRe.exec(filename);
+  return [result[1] || '', result[2] || '', result[3] || '', result[4] || ''];
+};
+
+// path.resolve([from ...], to)
+function resolve() {
+  var resolvedPath = '',
+      resolvedAbsolute = false;
+
+  for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) {
+    // XXXfiler: we don't have process.cwd() so we use '/' as a fallback
+    var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : '/';
+
+    // Skip empty and invalid entries
+    if (typeof path !== 'string' || !path) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath;
+    resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/';
+  }
+
+  // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but
+  // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails)
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  resolvedPath = normalizeArray(resolvedPath.split('/').filter(function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.';
+}
+
+// path.normalize(path)
+function normalize(path) {
+  var isAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/',
+      trailingSlash = path.substr(-1) === '/';
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  path = normalizeArray(path.split('/').filter(function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !isAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  if (!path && !isAbsolute) {
+    path = '.';
+  }
+  /*
+   if (path && trailingSlash) {
+   path += '/';
+   }
+   */
+
+  return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path;
+}
+
+function join() {
+  var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+  return normalize(paths.filter(function(p, index) {
+    return p && typeof p === 'string';
+  }).join('/'));
+}
+
+// path.relative(from, to)
+function relative(from, to) {
+  from = exports.resolve(from).substr(1);
+  to = exports.resolve(to).substr(1);
+
+  function trim(arr) {
+    var start = 0;
+    for (; start < arr.length; start++) {
+      if (arr[start] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    var end = arr.length - 1;
+    for (; end >= 0; end--) {
+      if (arr[end] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    if (start > end) return [];
+    return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1);
+  }
+
+  var fromParts = trim(from.split('/'));
+  var toParts = trim(to.split('/'));
+
+  var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length);
+  var samePartsLength = length;
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) {
+      samePartsLength = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  var outputParts = [];
+  for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) {
+    outputParts.push('..');
+  }
+
+  outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength));
+
+  return outputParts.join('/');
+}
+
+function dirname(path) {
+  var result = splitPath(path),
+      root = result[0],
+      dir = result[1];
+
+  if (!root && !dir) {
+    // No dirname whatsoever
+    return '.';
+  }
+
+  if (dir) {
+    // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash
+    dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1);
+  }
+
+  return root + dir;
+}
+
+function basename(path, ext) {
+  var f = splitPath(path)[2];
+  // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows?
+  if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) {
+    f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length);
+  }
+  // XXXfiler: node.js just does `return f`
+  return f === "" ? "/" : f;
+}
+
+function extname(path) {
+  return splitPath(path)[3];
+}
+
+function isAbsolute(path) {
+  if(path.charAt(0) === '/') {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+function isNull(path) {
+  if (('' + path).indexOf('\u0000') !== -1) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Make sure we don't double-add a trailing slash (e.g., '/' -> '//')
+function addTrailing(path) {
+  return path.replace(/\/*$/, '/');
+}
+
+// Deal with multiple slashes at the end, one, or none
+// and make sure we don't return the empty string.
+function removeTrailing(path) {
+  path = path.replace(/\/*$/, '');
+  return path === '' ? '/' : path;
+}
+
+// XXXfiler: we don't support path.exists() or path.existsSync(), which
+// are deprecated, and need a FileSystem instance to work. Use fs.stat().
+
+module.exports = {
+  normalize: normalize,
+  resolve: resolve,
+  join: join,
+  relative: relative,
+  sep: '/',
+  delimiter: ':',
+  dirname: dirname,
+  basename: basename,
+  extname: extname,
+  isAbsolute: isAbsolute,
+  isNull: isNull,
+  // Non-node but useful...
+  addTrailing: addTrailing,
+  removeTrailing: removeTrailing
+};
+
+},{}],27:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var IndexedDB = _dereq_('./indexeddb.js');
+var WebSQL = _dereq_('./websql.js');
+var Memory = _dereq_('./memory.js');
+
+module.exports = {
+  IndexedDB: IndexedDB,
+  WebSQL: WebSQL,
+  Memory: Memory,
+
+  /**
+   * Convenience Provider references
+   */
+
+  // The default provider to use when none is specified
+  Default: IndexedDB,
+
+  // The Fallback provider does automatic fallback checks
+  Fallback: (function() {
+    if(IndexedDB.isSupported()) {
+      return IndexedDB;
+    }
+
+    if(WebSQL.isSupported()) {
+      return WebSQL;
+    }
+
+    function NotSupported() {
+      throw "[Filer Error] Your browser doesn't support IndexedDB or WebSQL.";
+    }
+    NotSupported.isSupported = function() {
+      return false;
+    };
+    return NotSupported;
+  }())
+};
+
+},{"./indexeddb.js":28,"./memory.js":29,"./websql.js":30}],28:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+(function (global,Buffer){
+var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = _dereq_('../constants.js').FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+var FILE_STORE_NAME = _dereq_('../constants.js').FILE_STORE_NAME;
+var IDB_RW = _dereq_('../constants.js').IDB_RW;
+var IDB_RO = _dereq_('../constants.js').IDB_RO;
+var Errors = _dereq_('../errors.js');
+var FilerBuffer = _dereq_('../buffer.js');
+
+var indexedDB = global.indexedDB       ||
+                global.mozIndexedDB    ||
+                global.webkitIndexedDB ||
+                global.msIndexedDB;
+
+function IndexedDBContext(db, mode) {
+  var transaction = db.transaction(FILE_STORE_NAME, mode);
+  this.objectStore = transaction.objectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+}
+
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.clear = function(callback) {
+  try {
+    var request = this.objectStore.clear();
+    request.onsuccess = function(event) {
+      callback();
+    };
+    request.onerror = function(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    };
+  } catch(e) {
+    callback(e);
+  }
+};
+
+function _get(objectStore, key, callback) {
+  try {
+    var request = objectStore.get(key);
+    request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+      var result = event.target.result;
+      callback(null, result);
+    };
+    request.onerror = function onerror(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    };
+  } catch(e) {
+    callback(e);
+  }
+}
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.getObject = function(key, callback) {
+  _get(this.objectStore, key, callback);
+};
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.getBuffer = function(key, callback) {
+  _get(this.objectStore, key, function(err, arrayBuffer) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+    callback(null, new FilerBuffer(arrayBuffer));
+  });
+};
+
+function _put(objectStore, key, value, callback) {
+  try {
+    var request = objectStore.put(value, key);
+    request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+      var result = event.target.result;
+      callback(null, result);
+    };
+    request.onerror = function onerror(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    };
+  } catch(e) {
+    callback(e);
+  }
+}
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.putObject = function(key, value, callback) {
+  _put(this.objectStore, key, value, callback);
+};
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.putBuffer = function(key, uint8BackedBuffer, callback) {
+  var buf;
+  if(!Buffer._useTypedArrays) { // workaround for fxos 1.3
+    buf = uint8BackedBuffer.toArrayBuffer();
+  } else {
+    buf = uint8BackedBuffer.buffer;
+  }
+  _put(this.objectStore, key, buf, callback);
+};
+
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.delete = function(key, callback) {
+  try {
+    var request = this.objectStore.delete(key);
+    request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+      var result = event.target.result;
+      callback(null, result);
+    };
+    request.onerror = function(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    };
+  } catch(e) {
+    callback(e);
+  }
+};
+
+
+function IndexedDB(name) {
+  this.name = name || FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+  this.db = null;
+}
+IndexedDB.isSupported = function() {
+  return !!indexedDB;
+};
+
+IndexedDB.prototype.open = function(callback) {
+  var that = this;
+
+  // Bail if we already have a db open
+  if(that.db) {
+    return callback();
+  }
+
+  // NOTE: we're not using versioned databases.
+  var openRequest = indexedDB.open(that.name);
+
+  // If the db doesn't exist, we'll create it
+  openRequest.onupgradeneeded = function onupgradeneeded(event) {
+    var db = event.target.result;
+
+    if(db.objectStoreNames.contains(FILE_STORE_NAME)) {
+      db.deleteObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+    }
+    db.createObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+  };
+
+  openRequest.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+    that.db = event.target.result;
+    callback();
+  };
+  openRequest.onerror = function onerror(error) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('IndexedDB cannot be accessed. If private browsing is enabled, disable it.'));
+  };
+};
+IndexedDB.prototype.getReadOnlyContext = function() {
+  // Due to timing issues in Chrome with readwrite vs. readonly indexeddb transactions
+  // always use readwrite so we can make sure pending commits finish before callbacks.
+  // See https://github.com/js-platform/filer/issues/128
+  return new IndexedDBContext(this.db, IDB_RW);
+};
+IndexedDB.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
+  return new IndexedDBContext(this.db, IDB_RW);
+};
+
+module.exports = IndexedDB;
+
+}).call(this,typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {},_dereq_("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"../buffer.js":15,"../constants.js":16,"../errors.js":19,"buffer":6}],29:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = _dereq_('../constants.js').FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+// NOTE: prefer setImmediate to nextTick for proper recursion yielding.
+// see https://github.com/js-platform/filer/pull/24
+var asyncCallback = _dereq_('../../lib/async.js').setImmediate;
+
+/**
+ * Make shared in-memory DBs possible when using the same name.
+ */
+var createDB = (function() {
+  var pool = {};
+  return function getOrCreate(name) {
+    if(!pool.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      pool[name] = {};
+    }
+    return pool[name];
+  };
+}());
+
+function MemoryContext(db, readOnly) {
+  this.readOnly = readOnly;
+  this.objectStore = db;
+}
+
+MemoryContext.prototype.clear = function(callback) {
+  if(this.readOnly) {
+    asyncCallback(function() {
+      callback("[MemoryContext] Error: write operation on read only context");
+    });
+    return;
+  }
+  var objectStore = this.objectStore;
+  Object.keys(objectStore).forEach(function(key){
+    delete objectStore[key];
+  });
+  asyncCallback(callback);
+};
+
+// Memory context doesn't care about differences between Object and Buffer
+MemoryContext.prototype.getObject =
+MemoryContext.prototype.getBuffer =
+function(key, callback) {
+  var that = this;
+  asyncCallback(function() {
+    callback(null, that.objectStore[key]);
+  });
+};
+MemoryContext.prototype.putObject =
+MemoryContext.prototype.putBuffer =
+function(key, value, callback) {
+  if(this.readOnly) {
+    asyncCallback(function() {
+      callback("[MemoryContext] Error: write operation on read only context");
+    });
+    return;
+  }
+  this.objectStore[key] = value;
+  asyncCallback(callback);
+};
+
+MemoryContext.prototype.delete = function(key, callback) {
+  if(this.readOnly) {
+    asyncCallback(function() {
+      callback("[MemoryContext] Error: write operation on read only context");
+    });
+    return;
+  }
+  delete this.objectStore[key];
+  asyncCallback(callback);
+};
+
+
+function Memory(name) {
+  this.name = name || FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+}
+Memory.isSupported = function() {
+  return true;
+};
+
+Memory.prototype.open = function(callback) {
+  this.db = createDB(this.name);
+  asyncCallback(callback);
+};
+Memory.prototype.getReadOnlyContext = function() {
+  return new MemoryContext(this.db, true);
+};
+Memory.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
+  return new MemoryContext(this.db, false);
+};
+
+module.exports = Memory;
+
+},{"../../lib/async.js":1,"../constants.js":16}],30:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = _dereq_('../constants.js').FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+var FILE_STORE_NAME = _dereq_('../constants.js').FILE_STORE_NAME;
+var WSQL_VERSION = _dereq_('../constants.js').WSQL_VERSION;
+var WSQL_SIZE = _dereq_('../constants.js').WSQL_SIZE;
+var WSQL_DESC = _dereq_('../constants.js').WSQL_DESC;
+var Errors = _dereq_('../errors.js');
+var FilerBuffer = _dereq_('../buffer.js');
+var base64ArrayBuffer = _dereq_('base64-arraybuffer');
+
+function WebSQLContext(db, isReadOnly) {
+  var that = this;
+  this.getTransaction = function(callback) {
+    if(that.transaction) {
+      callback(that.transaction);
+      return;
+    }
+    // Either do readTransaction() (read-only) or transaction() (read/write)
+    db[isReadOnly ? 'readTransaction' : 'transaction'](function(transaction) {
+      that.transaction = transaction;
+      callback(transaction);
+    });
+  };
+}
+
+WebSQLContext.prototype.clear = function(callback) {
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    callback(null);
+  }
+  this.getTransaction(function(transaction) {
+    transaction.executeSql("DELETE FROM " + FILE_STORE_NAME + ";",
+                           [], onSuccess, onError);
+  });
+};
+
+function _get(getTransaction, key, callback) {
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    // If the key isn't found, return null
+    var value = result.rows.length === 0 ? null : result.rows.item(0).data;
+    callback(null, value);
+  }
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  getTransaction(function(transaction) {
+    transaction.executeSql("SELECT data FROM " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " WHERE id = ? LIMIT 1;",
+                           [key], onSuccess, onError);
+  });
+}
+WebSQLContext.prototype.getObject = function(key, callback) {
+  _get(this.getTransaction, key, function(err, result) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if(result) {
+        result = JSON.parse(result);
+      }
+    } catch(e) {
+      return callback(e);
+    }
+
+    callback(null, result);
+  });
+};
+WebSQLContext.prototype.getBuffer = function(key, callback) {
+  _get(this.getTransaction, key, function(err, result) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+
+    // Deal with zero-length ArrayBuffers, which will be encoded as ''
+    if(result || result === '') {
+      var arrayBuffer = base64ArrayBuffer.decode(result);
+      result = new FilerBuffer(arrayBuffer);
+    }
+
+    callback(null, result);
+  });
+};
+
+function _put(getTransaction, key, value, callback) {
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    callback(null);
+  }
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  getTransaction(function(transaction) {
+    transaction.executeSql("INSERT OR REPLACE INTO " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " (id, data) VALUES (?, ?);",
+                           [key, value], onSuccess, onError);
+  });
+}
+WebSQLContext.prototype.putObject = function(key, value, callback) {
+  var json = JSON.stringify(value);
+  _put(this.getTransaction, key, json, callback);
+};
+WebSQLContext.prototype.putBuffer = function(key, uint8BackedBuffer, callback) {
+  var base64 = base64ArrayBuffer.encode(uint8BackedBuffer.buffer);
+  _put(this.getTransaction, key, base64, callback);
+};
+
+WebSQLContext.prototype.delete = function(key, callback) {
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    callback(null);
+  }
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  this.getTransaction(function(transaction) {
+    transaction.executeSql("DELETE FROM " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " WHERE id = ?;",
+                           [key], onSuccess, onError);
+  });
+};
+
+
+function WebSQL(name) {
+  this.name = name || FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+  this.db = null;
+}
+WebSQL.isSupported = function() {
+  return !!global.openDatabase;
+};
+
+WebSQL.prototype.open = function(callback) {
+  var that = this;
+
+  // Bail if we already have a db open
+  if(that.db) {
+    return callback();
+  }
+
+  var db = global.openDatabase(that.name, WSQL_VERSION, WSQL_DESC, WSQL_SIZE);
+  if(!db) {
+    callback("[WebSQL] Unable to open database.");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    if (error.code === 5) {
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('WebSQL cannot be accessed. If private browsing is enabled, disable it.'));
+    }
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    that.db = db;
+    callback();
+  }
+
+  // Create the table and index we'll need to store the fs data.
+  db.transaction(function(transaction) {
+    function createIndex(transaction) {
+      transaction.executeSql("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_" + FILE_STORE_NAME + "_id" +
+                             " on " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " (id);",
+                             [], onSuccess, onError);
+    }
+    transaction.executeSql("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " (id unique, data TEXT);",
+                           [], createIndex, onError);
+  });
+};
+WebSQL.prototype.getReadOnlyContext = function() {
+  return new WebSQLContext(this.db, true);
+};
+WebSQL.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
+  return new WebSQLContext(this.db, false);
+};
+
+module.exports = WebSQL;
+
+}).call(this,typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../buffer.js":15,"../constants.js":16,"../errors.js":19,"base64-arraybuffer":5}],31:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+function guid() {
+  return 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/[xy]/g, function(c) {
+    var r = Math.random()*16|0, v = c == 'x' ? r : (r&0x3|0x8);
+    return v.toString(16);
+  }).toUpperCase();
+}
+
+function nop() {}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a Uint8Array to a regular array
+ */
+function u8toArray(u8) {
+  var array = [];
+  var len = u8.length;
+  for(var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    array[i] = u8[i];
+  }
+  return array;
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  guid: guid,
+  u8toArray: u8toArray,
+  nop: nop
+};
+
+},{}],32:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var defaults = _dereq_('../constants.js').ENVIRONMENT;
+
+module.exports = function Environment(env) {
+  env = env || {};
+  env.TMP = env.TMP || defaults.TMP;
+  env.PATH = env.PATH || defaults.PATH;
+
+  this.get = function(name) {
+    return env[name];
+  };
+
+  this.set = function(name, value) {
+    env[name] = value;
+  };
+};
+
+},{"../constants.js":16}],33:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var Path = _dereq_('../path.js');
+var Errors = _dereq_('../errors.js');
+var Environment = _dereq_('./environment.js');
+var async = _dereq_('../../lib/async.js');
+var Encoding = _dereq_('../encoding.js');
+var minimatch = _dereq_('minimatch');
+
+function Shell(fs, options) {
+  options = options || {};
+
+  var env = new Environment(options.env);
+  var cwd = '/';
+
+  /**
+   * The bound FileSystem (cannot be changed)
+   */
+  Object.defineProperty(this, 'fs', {
+    get: function() { return fs; },
+    enumerable: true
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * The shell's environment (e.g., for things like
+   * path, tmp, and other env vars). Use env.get()
+   * and env.set() to work with variables.
+   */
+  Object.defineProperty(this, 'env', {
+    get: function() { return env; },
+    enumerable: true
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * Change the current working directory. We
+   * include `cd` on the `this` vs. proto so that
+   * we can access cwd without exposing it externally.
+   */
+  this.cd = function(path, callback) {
+    path = Path.resolve(cwd, path);
+    // Make sure the path actually exists, and is a dir
+    fs.stat(path, function(err, stats) {
+      if(err) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+        return;
+      }
+      if(stats.type === 'DIRECTORY') {
+        cwd = path;
+        callback();
+      } else {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+      }
+    });
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Get the current working directory (changed with `cd()`)
+   */
+  this.pwd = function() {
+    return cwd;
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Execute the .js command located at `path`. Such commands
+ * should assume the existence of 3 arguments, which will be
+ * defined at runtime:
+ *
+ *   * fs - the current shell's bound filesystem object
+ *   * args - a list of arguments for the command, or an empty list if none
+ *   * callback - a callback function(error, result) to call when done.
+ *
+ * The .js command's contents should be the body of a function
+ * that looks like this:
+ *
+ * function(fs, args, callback) {
+ *   // .js code here
+ * }
+ */
+Shell.prototype.exec = function(path, args, callback) {
+  /* jshint evil:true */
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof args === 'function') {
+    callback = args;
+    args = [];
+  }
+  args = args || [];
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+  path = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), path);
+
+  fs.readFile(path, "utf8", function(error, data) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      var cmd = new Function('fs', 'args', 'callback', data);
+      cmd(fs, args, callback);
+    } catch(e) {
+      callback(e);
+    }
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Create a file if it does not exist, or update access and
+ * modified times if it does. Valid options include:
+ *
+ *  * updateOnly - whether to create the file if missing (defaults to false)
+ *  * date - use the provided Date value instead of current date/time
+ */
+Shell.prototype.touch = function(path, options, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof options === 'function') {
+    callback = options;
+    options = {};
+  }
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+  path = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), path);
+
+  function createFile(path) {
+    fs.writeFile(path, '', callback);
+  }
+
+  function updateTimes(path) {
+    var now = Date.now();
+    var atime = options.date || now;
+    var mtime = options.date || now;
+
+    fs.utimes(path, atime, mtime, callback);
+  }
+
+  fs.stat(path, function(error, stats) {
+    if(error) {
+      if(options.updateOnly === true) {
+        callback();
+      } else {
+        createFile(path);
+      }
+    } else {
+      updateTimes(path);
+    }
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Concatenate multiple files into a single String, with each
+ * file separated by a newline. The `files` argument should
+ * be a String (path to single file) or an Array of Strings
+ * (multiple file paths).
+ */
+Shell.prototype.cat = function(files, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  var all = '';
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  if(!files) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing files argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  files = typeof files === 'string' ? [ files ] : files;
+
+  function append(item, callback) {
+    var filename = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), item);
+    fs.readFile(filename, 'utf8', function(error, data) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+      all += data + '\n';
+      callback();
+    });
+  }
+
+  async.eachSeries(files, append, function(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      callback(null, all.replace(/\n$/, ''));
+    }
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Get the listing of a directory, returning an array of
+ * file entries in the following form:
+ *
+ * {
+ *   path: <String> the basename of the directory entry
+ *   links: <Number> the number of links to the entry
+ *   size: <Number> the size in bytes of the entry
+ *   modified: <Number> the last modified date/time
+ *   type: <String> the type of the entry
+ *   contents: <Array> an optional array of child entries
+ * }
+ *
+ * By default ls() gives a shallow listing. If you want
+ * to follow directories as they are encountered, use
+ * the `recursive=true` option.
+ */
+Shell.prototype.ls = function(dir, options, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof options === 'function') {
+    callback = options;
+    options = {};
+  }
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  if(!dir) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing dir argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  function list(path, callback) {
+    var pathname = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), path);
+    var result = [];
+
+    fs.readdir(pathname, function(error, entries) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      function getDirEntry(name, callback) {
+        name = Path.join(pathname, name);
+        fs.stat(name, function(error, stats) {
+          if(error) {
+            callback(error);
+            return;
+          }
+          var entry = {
+            path: Path.basename(name),
+            links: stats.nlinks,
+            size: stats.size,
+            modified: stats.mtime,
+            type: stats.type
+          };
+
+          if(options.recursive && stats.type === 'DIRECTORY') {
+            list(Path.join(pathname, entry.path), function(error, items) {
+              if(error) {
+                callback(error);
+                return;
+              }
+              entry.contents = items;
+              result.push(entry);
+              callback();
+            });
+          } else {
+            result.push(entry);
+            callback();
+          }
+        });
+      }
+
+      async.eachSeries(entries, getDirEntry, function(error) {
+        callback(error, result);
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  list(dir, callback);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Removes the file or directory at `path`. If `path` is a file
+ * it will be removed. If `path` is a directory, it will be
+ * removed if it is empty, otherwise the callback will receive
+ * an error. In order to remove non-empty directories, use the
+ * `recursive=true` option.
+ */
+Shell.prototype.rm = function(path, options, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof options === 'function') {
+    callback = options;
+    options = {};
+  }
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  if(!path) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing path argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  function remove(pathname, callback) {
+    pathname = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), pathname);
+    fs.stat(pathname, function(error, stats) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // If this is a file, delete it and we're done
+      if(stats.type === 'FILE') {
+        fs.unlink(pathname, callback);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // If it's a dir, check if it's empty
+      fs.readdir(pathname, function(error, entries) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // If dir is empty, delete it and we're done
+        if(entries.length === 0) {
+          fs.rmdir(pathname, callback);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // If not, see if we're allowed to delete recursively
+        if(!options.recursive) {
+          callback(new Errors.ENOTEMPTY(null, pathname));
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // Remove each dir entry recursively, then delete the dir.
+        entries = entries.map(function(filename) {
+          // Root dir entries absolutely
+          return Path.join(pathname, filename);
+        });
+        async.eachSeries(entries, remove, function(error) {
+          if(error) {
+            callback(error);
+            return;
+          }
+          fs.rmdir(pathname, callback);
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  remove(path, callback);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets the path to the temporary directory, creating it if not
+ * present. The directory used is the one specified in
+ * env.TMP. The callback receives (error, tempDirName).
+ */
+Shell.prototype.tempDir = function(callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  var tmp = sh.env.get('TMP');
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  // Try and create it, and it will either work or fail
+  // but either way it's now there.
+  fs.mkdir(tmp, function(err) {
+    callback(null, tmp);
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Recursively creates the directory at `path`. If the parent
+ * of `path` does not exist, it will be created.
+ * Based off EnsureDir by Sam X. Xu
+ * https://www.npmjs.org/package/ensureDir
+ * MIT License
+ */
+Shell.prototype.mkdirp = function(path, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  if(!path) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing path argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+  else if (path === '/') {
+    callback();
+    return;
+  }
+  function _mkdirp(path, callback) {
+    fs.stat(path, function (err, stat) {
+      if(stat) {
+        if(stat.isDirectory()) {
+          callback();
+          return;
+        }
+        else if (stat.isFile()) {
+          callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+      else if (err && err.code !== 'ENOENT') {
+        callback(err);
+        return;
+      }
+      else {
+        var parent = Path.dirname(path);
+        if(parent === '/') {
+          fs.mkdir(path, function (err) {
+            if (err && err.code != 'EEXIST') {
+              callback(err);
+              return;
+            }
+            callback();
+            return;
+          });
+        }
+        else {
+          _mkdirp(parent, function (err) {
+            if (err) return callback(err);
+            fs.mkdir(path, function (err) {
+              if (err && err.code != 'EEXIST') {
+                callback(err);
+                return;
+              }
+              callback();
+              return;
+            });
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  _mkdirp(path, callback);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Recursively walk a directory tree, reporting back all paths
+ * that were found along the way. The `path` must be a dir.
+ * Valid options include a `regex` for pattern matching paths
+ * and an `exec` function of the form `function(path, next)` where
+ * `path` is the current path that was found (dir paths have an '/'
+ * appended) and `next` is a callback to call when done processing
+ * the current path, passing any error object back as the first argument.
+ * `find` returns a flat array of absolute paths for all matching/found
+ * paths as the final argument to the callback.
+ */
+ Shell.prototype.find = function(path, options, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof options === 'function') {
+    callback = options;
+    options = {};
+  }
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  var exec = options.exec || function(path, next) { next(); };
+  var found = [];
+
+  if(!path) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing path argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  function processPath(path, callback) {
+    exec(path, function(err) {
+      if(err) {
+        callback(err);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      found.push(path);
+      callback();
+    });
+  }
+
+  function maybeProcessPath(path, callback) {
+    // Test the path against the user's regex, name, path primaries (if any)
+    // and remove any trailing slashes added previously.
+    var rawPath = Path.removeTrailing(path);
+
+    // Check entire path against provided regex, if any
+    if(options.regex && !options.regex.test(rawPath)) {
+      callback();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Check basename for matches against name primary, if any
+    if(options.name && !minimatch(Path.basename(rawPath), options.name)) {
+      callback();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Check dirname for matches against path primary, if any
+    if(options.path && !minimatch(Path.dirname(rawPath), options.path)) {
+      callback();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    processPath(path, callback);
+  }
+
+  function walk(path, callback) {
+    path = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), path);
+
+    // The path is either a file or dir, and instead of doing
+    // a stat() to determine it first, we just try to readdir()
+    // and it will either work or not, and we handle the non-dir error.
+    fs.readdir(path, function(err, entries) {
+      if(err) {
+        if(err.code === 'ENOTDIR' /* file case, ignore error */) {
+          maybeProcessPath(path, callback);
+        } else {
+          callback(err);
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Path is really a dir, add a trailing / and report it found
+      maybeProcessPath(Path.addTrailing(path), function(err) {
+        if(err) {
+          callback(err);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        entries = entries.map(function(entry) {
+          return Path.join(path, entry);
+        });
+
+        async.eachSeries(entries, walk, function(err) {
+          callback(err, found);
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Make sure we are starting with a dir path
+  fs.stat(path, function(err, stats) {
+    if(err) {
+      callback(err);
+      return;
+    }
+    if(!stats.isDirectory()) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+      return;
+    }
+
+    walk(path, callback);
+  });
+};
+
+module.exports = Shell;
+
+},{"../../lib/async.js":1,"../encoding.js":18,"../errors.js":19,"../path.js":26,"./environment.js":32,"minimatch":11}],34:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var Constants = _dereq_('./constants.js');
+
+function Stats(fileNode, devName) {
+  this.node = fileNode.id;
+  this.dev = devName;
+  this.size = fileNode.size;
+  this.nlinks = fileNode.nlinks;
+  this.atime = fileNode.atime;
+  this.mtime = fileNode.mtime;
+  this.ctime = fileNode.ctime;
+  this.type = fileNode.mode;
+}
+
+Stats.prototype.isFile = function() {
+  return this.type === Constants.MODE_FILE;
+};
+
+Stats.prototype.isDirectory = function() {
+  return this.type === Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
+};
+
+Stats.prototype.isSymbolicLink = function() {
+  return this.type === Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+};
+
+// These will always be false in Filer.
+Stats.prototype.isSocket          =
+Stats.prototype.isFIFO            =
+Stats.prototype.isCharacterDevice =
+Stats.prototype.isBlockDevice     =
+function() {
+  return false;
+};
+
+module.exports = Stats;
+
+},{"./constants.js":16}],35:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var Constants = _dereq_('./constants.js');
+
+function SuperNode(options) {
+  var now = Date.now();
+
+  this.id = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
+  this.mode = Constants.MODE_META;
+  this.atime = options.atime || now;
+  this.ctime = options.ctime || now;
+  this.mtime = options.mtime || now;
+  // root node id (randomly generated)
+  this.rnode = options.rnode;
+}
+
+SuperNode.create = function(options, callback) {
+  options.guid(function(err, rnode) {
+    if(err) {
+      callback(err);
+      return;
+    }
+    options.rnode = options.rnode || rnode;
+    callback(null, new SuperNode(options));
+  });
+};
+
+module.exports = SuperNode;
+
+},{"./constants.js":16}],36:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+var Filer = _dereq_("../..");
+
+var indexedDB = global.indexedDB       ||
+                global.mozIndexedDB    ||
+                global.webkitIndexedDB ||
+                global.msIndexedDB;
+
+var needsCleanup = [];
+if(global.addEventListener) {
+  global.addEventListener('beforeunload', function() {
+    needsCleanup.forEach(function(f) { f(); });
+  });
+}
+
+function IndexedDBTestProvider(name) {
+  var _done = false;
+  var that = this;
+
+  function cleanup(callback) {
+    callback = callback || function(){};
+
+    if(!that.provider || _done) {
+      return callback();
+    }
+
+    // We have to force any other connections to close
+    // before we can delete a db.
+    if(that.provider.db) {
+      that.provider.db.close();
+    }
+
+    var request = indexedDB.deleteDatabase(name);
+    function finished() {
+      that.provider = null;
+      _done = true;
+      callback();
+    }
+    request.onsuccess = finished;
+    request.onerror = finished;
+  }
+
+  function init() {
+    if(that.provider) {
+      return;
+    }
+    that.provider = new Filer.FileSystem.providers.IndexedDB(name);
+    needsCleanup.push(cleanup);
+  }
+
+  this.init = init;
+  this.cleanup = cleanup;
+}
+IndexedDBTestProvider.isSupported = function() {
+  return Filer.FileSystem.providers.IndexedDB.isSupported();
+};
+
+module.exports = IndexedDBTestProvider;
+
+}).call(this,typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../..":23}],37:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+var Filer = _dereq_('../..');
+
+function MemoryTestProvider(name) {
+  var that = this;
+
+  function cleanup(callback) {
+    callback = callback || function(){};
+
+    that.provider = null;
+    callback();
+  }
+
+  function init() {
+    if(that.provider) {
+      return;
+    }
+    that.provider = new Filer.FileSystem.providers.Memory(name);
+  }
+
+  this.init = init;
+  this.cleanup = cleanup;
+}
+MemoryTestProvider.isSupported = function() {
+  return Filer.FileSystem.providers.Memory.isSupported();
+};
+
+module.exports = MemoryTestProvider;
+
+},{"../..":23}],38:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+(function(global) {
+
+  var Filer = _dereq_('../..');
+  var IndexedDBTestProvider = _dereq_('./indexeddb.js');
+  var WebSQLTestProvider = _dereq_('./websql.js');
+  var MemoryTestProvider = _dereq_('./memory.js');
+
+  var _provider;
+  var _fs;
+
+  function uniqueName() {
+    if(!uniqueName.seed) {
+      uniqueName.seed = Date.now();
+    }
+    return 'filer-testdb-' + uniqueName.seed++;
+  }
+
+  function findBestProvider() {
+    var providers = Filer.FileSystem.providers;
+    if(providers.IndexedDB.isSupported()) {
+      return IndexedDBTestProvider;
+    }
+    if(providers.WebSQL.isSupported()) {
+      return WebSQLTestProvider;
+    }
+    return MemoryTestProvider;
+  }
+
+  function setup(callback) {
+    // In browser we support specifying the provider via the query string
+    // (e.g., ?filer-provider=IndexedDB). If not specified, we use
+    // the Memory provider by default.  See test/require-config.js
+    // for definition of window.filerArgs.
+    var providerType = global.filerArgs && global.filerArgs.provider ?
+      global.filerArgs.provider : 'Memory';
+
+    var name = uniqueName();
+
+    switch(providerType.toLowerCase()) {
+      case 'indexeddb':
+        _provider = new IndexedDBTestProvider(name);
+        break;
+      case 'websql':
+        _provider = new WebSQLTestProvider(name);
+        break;
+      case 'memory':
+      /* falls through */
+      default:
+        var BestProvider = findBestProvider();
+        _provider = new BestProvider(name);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    // Allow passing FS flags on query string
+    var flags = global.filerArgs && global.filerArgs.flags ?
+      global.filerArgs.flags : 'FORMAT';
+
+    // Create a file system and wait for it to get setup
+    _provider.init();
+
+    function complete(err, fs) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+      _fs = fs;
+      callback();
+    }
+    return new Filer.FileSystem({
+      name: name,
+      provider: _provider.provider,
+      flags: flags
+    }, complete);
+  }
+
+  function fs() {
+    if(!_fs) {
+      throw "TestUtil: call setup() before fs()";
+    }
+    return _fs;
+  }
+
+  function provider() {
+    if(!_provider) {
+      throw "TestUtil: call setup() before provider()";
+    }
+    return _provider;
+  }
+
+  function shell(options) {
+    var _fs = fs();
+    return new _fs.Shell(options);
+  }
+
+  function cleanup(callback) {
+    if(!_provider) {
+      return;
+    }
+    _provider.cleanup(function() {
+      _provider = null;
+      _fs = null;
+      callback();
+    });
+  }
+
+  function typedArrayEqual(a, b) {
+    if(!(a && b)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if(a.length !== b.length) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    for(var i = 0; i < a.length; ++ i) {
+      if(a[i] !== b[i]) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  module.exports = {
+    uniqueName: uniqueName,
+    setup: setup,
+    fs: fs,
+    shell: shell,
+    provider: provider,
+    providers: {
+      IndexedDB: IndexedDBTestProvider,
+      WebSQL: WebSQLTestProvider,
+      Memory: MemoryTestProvider
+    },
+    cleanup: cleanup,
+    typedArrayEqual: typedArrayEqual
+  };
+
+}(this));
+
+},{"../..":23,"./indexeddb.js":36,"./memory.js":37,"./websql.js":39}],39:[function(_dereq_,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+var Filer = _dereq_('../..');
+
+var needsCleanup = [];
+if(global.addEventListener) {
+  global.addEventListener('beforeunload', function() {
+    needsCleanup.forEach(function(f) { f(); });
+  });
+}
+
+function WebSQLTestProvider(name) {
+  var _done = false;
+  var that = this;
+
+  function cleanup(callback) {
+    callback = callback || function(){};
+
+    if(!that.provider || _done) {
+      return callback();
+    }
+
+    // Provider is there, but db was never touched
+    if(!that.provider.db) {
+      return callback();
+    }
+
+    var context = that.provider.getReadWriteContext();
+    context.clear(function() {
+      that.provider = null;
+      _done = true;
+      callback();
+    });
+  }
+
+  function init() {
+    if(that.provider) {
+      return;
+    }
+    that.provider = new Filer.FileSystem.providers.WebSQL(name);
+    needsCleanup.push(cleanup);
+  }
+
+  this.init = init;
+  this.cleanup = cleanup;
+}
+WebSQLTestProvider.isSupported = function() {
+  return Filer.FileSystem.providers.WebSQL.isSupported();
+};
+
+module.exports = WebSQLTestProvider;
+
+}).call(this,typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../..":23}]},{},[14])
+(14)
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dist/filer-test.js b/dist/filer-test.js
index 41b5180..dffbc31 100644
--- a/dist/filer-test.js
+++ b/dist/filer-test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* Test file for filerjs v0.0.36*/
+/* Test file for filerjs v0.0.37*/
 (function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);throw new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'")}var f=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(f.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},f,f.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++)s(r[o]);return s})({1:[function(require,module,exports){
 (function (process){
 /*global setImmediate: false, setTimeout: false, console: false */
@@ -10425,7 +10425,88 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   if(!pathCheck(oldpath, callback)) return;
   if(!pathCheck(newpath, callback)) return;
 
-  function unlink_old_node(error) {
+  var oldParentPath = Path.dirname(oldpath);
+  var newParentPath = Path.dirname(oldpath);
+  var oldName = Path.basename(oldpath);
+  var newName = Path.basename(newpath);
+  var oldParentDirectory, oldParentData;
+  var newParentDirectory, newParentData;
+
+  function update_times(error, newNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, newpath,  newNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_new_directory(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(newParentData[newName].id, update_times);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_old_parent_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      delete oldParentData[oldName];
+      context.putObject(oldParentDirectory.data, oldParentData, read_new_directory);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_new_parent_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newParentData[newName] = oldParentData[oldName];
+      context.putObject(newParentDirectory.data, newParentData, update_old_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_new_directory_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newParentData = result;
+      if(_(newParentData).has(newName)) {
+        remove_directory(context, newpath, update_new_parent_directory_data);
+      } else {
+        update_new_parent_directory_data();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_new_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newParentDirectory = result;
+      context.getObject(newParentDirectory.data, check_if_new_directory_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function get_new_parent_directory(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldParentData = result;
+      find_node(context, newParentPath, read_new_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldParentDirectory = result;
+      context.getObject(result.data, get_new_parent_directory);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function unlink_old_file(error) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
@@ -10433,7 +10514,17 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, unlink_old_node);
+  function check_node_type(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(node.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      find_node(context, oldParentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+    } else {
+      link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, unlink_old_file);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, oldpath, check_node_type);
 }
 
 function symlink(fs, context, srcpath, dstpath, type, callback) {
@@ -10565,6 +10656,13 @@ function maybeCallback(callback) {
   };
 }
 
+// Default callback that logs an error if passed in
+function defaultCallback(err) {
+  if(err) {
+    console.error('Filer error: ', err);
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * FileSystem
  *
@@ -10595,7 +10693,7 @@ function maybeCallback(callback) {
  */
 function FileSystem(options, callback) {
   options = options || {};
-  callback = callback || nop;
+  callback = callback || defaultCallback;
 
   var flags = options.flags;
   var guid = options.guid ? options.guid : defaultGuidFn;
@@ -14470,6 +14568,110 @@ describe('fs.rename', function() {
       });
     });
   });
+
+  it('should rename an existing directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/mydir', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.rename('/mydir', '/myotherdir', function(error) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        fs.stat('/mydir', function(error) {
+          expect(error).to.exist;
+          expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOENT');
+
+          fs.stat('/myotherdir', function(error, result) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+            expect(result.nlinks).to.equal(1);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should rename an existing directory if the new path points to an existing directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/mydir', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.mkdir('/myotherdir', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.rename('/mydir', '/myotherdir', function(error) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          fs.stat('/mydir', function(error) {
+            expect(error).to.exist;
+            expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOENT');
+
+            fs.stat('/myotherdir', function(error, result) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+              expect(result.nlinks).to.equal(1);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail to rename an existing directory if the new path points to an existing directory that is not empty', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/mydir', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.mkdir('/myotherdir', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.writeFile('/myotherdir/myfile', 'This is a file', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.rename('/mydir', '/myotherdir', function(error) {
+            expect(error).to.exist;
+            expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOTEMPTY');
+
+            fs.stat('/mydir', function(error) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+              fs.stat('/myotherdir', function(error) {
+                expect(error).not.to.exist;
+                done();
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail to rename an existing directory if the new path points to an existing file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/mydir', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.writeFile('/myfile', 'This is a file', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.rename('/mydir', '/myfile', function(error) {
+          expect(error).to.exist;
+          expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOTDIR');
+
+          fs.stat('/mydir', function(error) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+            fs.stat('/myfile', function(error) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
 });
 
 },{"../..":54,"../lib/test-utils.js":80,"chai":6}],98:[function(require,module,exports){