diff --git a/dist/filer-perf.js b/dist/filer-perf.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..180846a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dist/filer-perf.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10076 @@
+(function(f){if(typeof exports==="object"&&typeof module!=="undefined"){module.exports=f()}else if(typeof define==="function"&&define.amd){define([],f)}else{var g;if(typeof window!=="undefined"){g=window}else if(typeof global!=="undefined"){g=global}else if(typeof self!=="undefined"){g=self}else{g=this}g.Filer = f()}})(function(){var define,module,exports;return (function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'");throw f.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++)s(r[o]);return s})({1:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*global setImmediate: false, setTimeout: false, console: false */
+
+/**
+ * async.js shim, based on https://raw.github.com/caolan/async/master/lib/async.js Feb 18, 2014
+ * Used under MIT - https://github.com/caolan/async/blob/master/LICENSE
+ */
+
+(function () {
+
+    var async = {};
+
+    // async.js functions used in Filer
+
+    //// nextTick implementation with browser-compatible fallback ////
+    if (typeof process === 'undefined' || !(process.nextTick)) {
+        if (typeof setImmediate === 'function') {
+            async.nextTick = function (fn) {
+                // not a direct alias for IE10 compatibility
+                setImmediate(fn);
+            };
+            async.setImmediate = async.nextTick;
+        }
+        else {
+            async.nextTick = function (fn) {
+                setTimeout(fn, 0);
+            };
+            async.setImmediate = async.nextTick;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        async.nextTick = process.nextTick;
+        if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined') {
+            async.setImmediate = function (fn) {
+              // not a direct alias for IE10 compatibility
+              setImmediate(fn);
+            };
+        }
+        else {
+            async.setImmediate = async.nextTick;
+        }
+    }
+
+    async.eachSeries = function (arr, iterator, callback) {
+        callback = callback || function () {};
+        if (!arr.length) {
+            return callback();
+        }
+        var completed = 0;
+        var iterate = function () {
+            iterator(arr[completed], function (err) {
+                if (err) {
+                    callback(err);
+                    callback = function () {};
+                }
+                else {
+                    completed += 1;
+                    if (completed >= arr.length) {
+                        callback();
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        iterate();
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        };
+        iterate();
+    };
+    async.forEachSeries = async.eachSeries;
+
+    // AMD / RequireJS
+    if (typeof define !== 'undefined' && define.amd) {
+        define([], function () {
+            return async;
+        });
+    }
+    // Node.js
+    else if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
+        module.exports = async;
+    }
+    // included directly via <script> tag
+    else {
+        root.async = async;
+    }
+
+}());
+
+},{}],2:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Based on https://github.com/diy/intercom.js/blob/master/lib/events.js
+// Copyright 2012 DIY Co Apache License, Version 2.0
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+function removeItem(item, array) {
+  for (var i = array.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    if (array[i] === item) {
+      array.splice(i, 1);
+    }
+  }
+  return array;
+}
+
+var EventEmitter = function() {};
+
+EventEmitter.createInterface = function(space) {
+  var methods = {};
+
+  methods.on = function(name, fn) {
+    if (typeof this[space] === 'undefined') {
+      this[space] = {};
+    }
+    if (!this[space].hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      this[space][name] = [];
+    }
+    this[space][name].push(fn);
+  };
+
+  methods.off = function(name, fn) {
+    if (typeof this[space] === 'undefined') return;
+    if (this[space].hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      removeItem(fn, this[space][name]);
+    }
+  };
+
+  methods.trigger = function(name) {
+    if (typeof this[space] !== 'undefined' && this[space].hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1);
+      for (var i = 0; i < this[space][name].length; i++) {
+        this[space][name][i].apply(this[space][name][i], args);
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  methods.removeAllListeners = function(name) {
+    if (typeof this[space] === 'undefined') return;
+    var self = this;
+    self[space][name].forEach(function(fn) {
+      self.off(name, fn);
+    });
+  };
+
+  return methods;
+};
+
+var pvt = EventEmitter.createInterface('_handlers');
+EventEmitter.prototype._on = pvt.on;
+EventEmitter.prototype._off = pvt.off;
+EventEmitter.prototype._trigger = pvt.trigger;
+
+var pub = EventEmitter.createInterface('handlers');
+EventEmitter.prototype.on = function() {
+  pub.on.apply(this, arguments);
+  Array.prototype.unshift.call(arguments, 'on');
+  this._trigger.apply(this, arguments);
+};
+EventEmitter.prototype.off = pub.off;
+EventEmitter.prototype.trigger = pub.trigger;
+EventEmitter.prototype.removeAllListeners = pub.removeAllListeners;
+
+module.exports = EventEmitter;
+
+},{}],3:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+// Based on https://github.com/diy/intercom.js/blob/master/lib/intercom.js
+// Copyright 2012 DIY Co Apache License, Version 2.0
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+var EventEmitter = require('./eventemitter.js');
+var guid = require('../src/shared.js').guid;
+
+function throttle(delay, fn) {
+  var last = 0;
+  return function() {
+    var now = Date.now();
+    if (now - last > delay) {
+      last = now;
+      fn.apply(this, arguments);
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+function extend(a, b) {
+  if (typeof a === 'undefined' || !a) { a = {}; }
+  if (typeof b === 'object') {
+    for (var key in b) {
+      if (b.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+        a[key] = b[key];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return a;
+}
+
+var localStorage = (function(window) {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined' ||
+      typeof window.localStorage === 'undefined') {
+    return {
+      getItem : function() {},
+      setItem : function() {},
+      removeItem : function() {}
+    };
+  }
+  return window.localStorage;
+}(global));
+
+function Intercom() {
+  var self = this;
+  var now = Date.now();
+
+  this.origin         = guid();
+  this.lastMessage    = now;
+  this.receivedIDs    = {};
+  this.previousValues = {};
+
+  var storageHandler = function() {
+    self._onStorageEvent.apply(self, arguments);
+  };
+
+  // If we're in node.js, skip event registration
+  if (typeof document === 'undefined') {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (document.attachEvent) {
+    document.attachEvent('onstorage', storageHandler);
+  } else {
+    global.addEventListener('storage', storageHandler, false);
+  }
+}
+
+Intercom.prototype._transaction = function(fn) {
+  var TIMEOUT   = 1000;
+  var WAIT      = 20;
+  var self      = this;
+  var executed  = false;
+  var listening = false;
+  var waitTimer = null;
+
+  function lock() {
+    if (executed) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    var now = Date.now();
+    var activeLock = localStorage.getItem(INDEX_LOCK)|0;
+    if (activeLock && now - activeLock < TIMEOUT) {
+      if (!listening) {
+        self._on('storage', lock);
+        listening = true;
+      }
+      waitTimer = setTimeout(lock, WAIT);
+      return;
+    }
+    executed = true;
+    localStorage.setItem(INDEX_LOCK, now);
+
+    fn();
+    unlock();
+  }
+
+  function unlock() {
+    if (listening) {
+      self._off('storage', lock);
+    }
+    if (waitTimer) {
+      clearTimeout(waitTimer);
+    }
+    localStorage.removeItem(INDEX_LOCK);
+  }
+
+  lock();
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype._cleanup_emit = throttle(100, function() {
+  var self = this;
+
+  self._transaction(function() {
+    var now = Date.now();
+    var threshold = now - THRESHOLD_TTL_EMIT;
+    var changed = 0;
+    var messages;
+
+    try {
+      messages = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(INDEX_EMIT) || '[]');
+    } catch(e) {
+      messages = [];
+    }
+    for (var i = messages.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      if (messages[i].timestamp < threshold) {
+        messages.splice(i, 1);
+        changed++;
+      }
+    }
+    if (changed > 0) {
+      localStorage.setItem(INDEX_EMIT, JSON.stringify(messages));
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+Intercom.prototype._cleanup_once = throttle(100, function() {
+  var self = this;
+
+  self._transaction(function() {
+    var timestamp, ttl, key;
+    var table;
+    var now  = Date.now();
+    var changed = 0;
+
+    try {
+      table = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(INDEX_ONCE) || '{}');
+    } catch(e) {
+      table = {};
+    }
+    for (key in table) {
+      if (self._once_expired(key, table)) {
+        delete table[key];
+        changed++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (changed > 0) {
+      localStorage.setItem(INDEX_ONCE, JSON.stringify(table));
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+Intercom.prototype._once_expired = function(key, table) {
+  if (!table) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (!table.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (typeof table[key] !== 'object') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  var ttl = table[key].ttl || THRESHOLD_TTL_ONCE;
+  var now = Date.now();
+  var timestamp = table[key].timestamp;
+  return timestamp < now - ttl;
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype._localStorageChanged = function(event, field) {
+  if (event && event.key) {
+    return event.key === field;
+  }
+
+  var currentValue = localStorage.getItem(field);
+  if (currentValue === this.previousValues[field]) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  this.previousValues[field] = currentValue;
+  return true;
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype._onStorageEvent = function(event) {
+  event = event || global.event;
+  var self = this;
+
+  if (this._localStorageChanged(event, INDEX_EMIT)) {
+    this._transaction(function() {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      var data = localStorage.getItem(INDEX_EMIT);
+      var messages;
+
+      try {
+        messages = JSON.parse(data || '[]');
+      } catch(e) {
+        messages = [];
+      }
+      for (var i = 0; i < messages.length; i++) {
+        if (messages[i].origin === self.origin) continue;
+        if (messages[i].timestamp < self.lastMessage) continue;
+        if (messages[i].id) {
+          if (self.receivedIDs.hasOwnProperty(messages[i].id)) continue;
+          self.receivedIDs[messages[i].id] = true;
+        }
+        self.trigger(messages[i].name, messages[i].payload);
+      }
+      self.lastMessage = now;
+    });
+  }
+
+  this._trigger('storage', event);
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype._emit = function(name, message, id) {
+  id = (typeof id === 'string' || typeof id === 'number') ? String(id) : null;
+  if (id && id.length) {
+    if (this.receivedIDs.hasOwnProperty(id)) return;
+    this.receivedIDs[id] = true;
+  }
+
+  var packet = {
+    id        : id,
+    name      : name,
+    origin    : this.origin,
+    timestamp : Date.now(),
+    payload   : message
+  };
+
+  var self = this;
+  this._transaction(function() {
+    var data = localStorage.getItem(INDEX_EMIT) || '[]';
+    var delimiter = (data === '[]') ? '' : ',';
+    data = [data.substring(0, data.length - 1), delimiter, JSON.stringify(packet), ']'].join('');
+    localStorage.setItem(INDEX_EMIT, data);
+    self.trigger(name, message);
+
+    setTimeout(function() {
+      self._cleanup_emit();
+    }, 50);
+  });
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype.emit = function(name, message) {
+  this._emit.apply(this, arguments);
+  this._trigger('emit', name, message);
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype.once = function(key, fn, ttl) {
+  if (!Intercom.supported) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  var self = this;
+  this._transaction(function() {
+    var data;
+    try {
+      data = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(INDEX_ONCE) || '{}');
+    } catch(e) {
+      data = {};
+    }
+    if (!self._once_expired(key, data)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    data[key] = {};
+    data[key].timestamp = Date.now();
+    if (typeof ttl === 'number') {
+      data[key].ttl = ttl * 1000;
+    }
+
+    localStorage.setItem(INDEX_ONCE, JSON.stringify(data));
+    fn();
+
+    setTimeout(function() {
+      self._cleanup_once();
+    }, 50);
+  });
+};
+
+extend(Intercom.prototype, EventEmitter.prototype);
+
+Intercom.supported = (typeof localStorage !== 'undefined');
+
+var INDEX_EMIT = 'intercom';
+var INDEX_ONCE = 'intercom_once';
+var INDEX_LOCK = 'intercom_lock';
+
+var THRESHOLD_TTL_EMIT = 50000;
+var THRESHOLD_TTL_ONCE = 1000 * 3600;
+
+Intercom.destroy = function() {
+  localStorage.removeItem(INDEX_LOCK);
+  localStorage.removeItem(INDEX_EMIT);
+  localStorage.removeItem(INDEX_ONCE);
+};
+
+Intercom.getInstance = (function() {
+  var intercom;
+  return function() {
+    if (!intercom) {
+      intercom = new Intercom();
+    }
+    return intercom;
+  };
+})();
+
+module.exports = Intercom;
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../src/shared.js":36,"./eventemitter.js":2}],4:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Cherry-picked bits of underscore.js, lodash.js
+
+/**
+ * Lo-Dash 2.4.0 <http://lodash.com/>
+ * Copyright 2012-2013 The Dojo Foundation <http://dojofoundation.org/>
+ * Based on Underscore.js 1.5.2 <http://underscorejs.org/LICENSE>
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
+ * Available under MIT license <http://lodash.com/license>
+ */
+var ArrayProto = Array.prototype;
+var nativeForEach = ArrayProto.forEach;
+var nativeIndexOf = ArrayProto.indexOf;
+var nativeSome = ArrayProto.some;
+
+var ObjProto = Object.prototype;
+var hasOwnProperty = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
+var nativeKeys = Object.keys;
+
+var breaker = {};
+
+function has(obj, key) {
+  return hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
+}
+
+var keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
+  if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object');
+  var keys = [];
+  for (var key in obj) if (has(obj, key)) keys.push(key);
+  return keys;
+};
+
+function size(obj) {
+  if (obj == null) return 0;
+  return (obj.length === +obj.length) ? obj.length : keys(obj).length;
+}
+
+function identity(value) {
+  return value;
+}
+
+function each(obj, iterator, context) {
+  var i, length;
+  if (obj == null) return;
+  if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
+    obj.forEach(iterator, context);
+  } else if (obj.length === +obj.length) {
+    for (i = 0, length = obj.length; i < length; i++) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj) === breaker) return;
+    }
+  } else {
+    var keys = keys(obj);
+    for (i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, obj[keys[i]], keys[i], obj) === breaker) return;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+function any(obj, iterator, context) {
+  iterator || (iterator = identity);
+  var result = false;
+  if (obj == null) return result;
+  if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
+  each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+    if (result || (result = iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
+  });
+  return !!result;
+};
+
+function contains(obj, target) {
+  if (obj == null) return false;
+  if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
+  return any(obj, function(value) {
+    return value === target;
+  });
+};
+
+function Wrapped(value) {
+  this.value = value;
+}
+Wrapped.prototype.has = function(key) {
+  return has(this.value, key);
+};
+Wrapped.prototype.contains = function(target) {
+  return contains(this.value, target);
+};
+Wrapped.prototype.size = function() {
+  return size(this.value);
+};
+
+function nodash(value) {
+  // don't wrap if already wrapped, even if wrapped by a different `lodash` constructor
+  return (value && typeof value == 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) && hasOwnProperty.call(value, '__wrapped__'))
+    ? value
+    : new Wrapped(value);
+}
+
+module.exports = nodash;
+
+},{}],5:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*
+ * base64-arraybuffer
+ * https://github.com/niklasvh/base64-arraybuffer
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2012 Niklas von Hertzen
+ * Licensed under the MIT license.
+ */
+(function(chars){
+  "use strict";
+
+  exports.encode = function(arraybuffer) {
+    var bytes = new Uint8Array(arraybuffer),
+    i, len = bytes.length, base64 = "";
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i+=3) {
+      base64 += chars[bytes[i] >> 2];
+      base64 += chars[((bytes[i] & 3) << 4) | (bytes[i + 1] >> 4)];
+      base64 += chars[((bytes[i + 1] & 15) << 2) | (bytes[i + 2] >> 6)];
+      base64 += chars[bytes[i + 2] & 63];
+    }
+
+    if ((len % 3) === 2) {
+      base64 = base64.substring(0, base64.length - 1) + "=";
+    } else if (len % 3 === 1) {
+      base64 = base64.substring(0, base64.length - 2) + "==";
+    }
+
+    return base64;
+  };
+
+  exports.decode =  function(base64) {
+    var bufferLength = base64.length * 0.75,
+    len = base64.length, i, p = 0,
+    encoded1, encoded2, encoded3, encoded4;
+
+    if (base64[base64.length - 1] === "=") {
+      bufferLength--;
+      if (base64[base64.length - 2] === "=") {
+        bufferLength--;
+      }
+    }
+
+    var arraybuffer = new ArrayBuffer(bufferLength),
+    bytes = new Uint8Array(arraybuffer);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i+=4) {
+      encoded1 = chars.indexOf(base64[i]);
+      encoded2 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+1]);
+      encoded3 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+2]);
+      encoded4 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+3]);
+
+      bytes[p++] = (encoded1 << 2) | (encoded2 >> 4);
+      bytes[p++] = ((encoded2 & 15) << 4) | (encoded3 >> 2);
+      bytes[p++] = ((encoded3 & 3) << 6) | (encoded4 & 63);
+    }
+
+    return arraybuffer;
+  };
+})("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/");
+
+},{}],6:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * The buffer module from node.js, for the browser.
+ *
+ * @author   Feross Aboukhadijeh <feross@feross.org> <http://feross.org>
+ * @license  MIT
+ */
+
+var base64 = require('base64-js')
+var ieee754 = require('ieee754')
+var isArray = require('is-array')
+
+exports.Buffer = Buffer
+exports.SlowBuffer = SlowBuffer
+exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES = 50
+Buffer.poolSize = 8192 // not used by this implementation
+
+var rootParent = {}
+
+/**
+ * If `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT`:
+ *   === true    Use Uint8Array implementation (fastest)
+ *   === false   Use Object implementation (most compatible, even IE6)
+ *
+ * Browsers that support typed arrays are IE 10+, Firefox 4+, Chrome 7+, Safari 5.1+,
+ * Opera 11.6+, iOS 4.2+.
+ *
+ * Note:
+ *
+ * - Implementation must support adding new properties to `Uint8Array` instances.
+ *   Firefox 4-29 lacked support, fixed in Firefox 30+.
+ *   See: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=695438.
+ *
+ *  - Chrome 9-10 is missing the `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function.
+ *
+ *  - IE10 has a broken `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function which returns arrays of
+ *    incorrect length in some situations.
+ *
+ * We detect these buggy browsers and set `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT` to `false` so they will
+ * get the Object implementation, which is slower but will work correctly.
+ */
+Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT = (function () {
+  function Foo () {}
+  try {
+    var buf = new ArrayBuffer(0)
+    var arr = new Uint8Array(buf)
+    arr.foo = function () { return 42 }
+    arr.constructor = Foo
+    return arr.foo() === 42 && // typed array instances can be augmented
+        arr.constructor === Foo && // constructor can be set
+        typeof arr.subarray === 'function' && // chrome 9-10 lack `subarray`
+        new Uint8Array(1).subarray(1, 1).byteLength === 0 // ie10 has broken `subarray`
+  } catch (e) {
+    return false
+  }
+})()
+
+function kMaxLength () {
+  return Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT
+    ? 0x7fffffff
+    : 0x3fffffff
+}
+
+/**
+ * Class: Buffer
+ * =============
+ *
+ * The Buffer constructor returns instances of `Uint8Array` that are augmented
+ * with function properties for all the node `Buffer` API functions. We use
+ * `Uint8Array` so that square bracket notation works as expected -- it returns
+ * a single octet.
+ *
+ * By augmenting the instances, we can avoid modifying the `Uint8Array`
+ * prototype.
+ */
+function Buffer (arg) {
+  if (!(this instanceof Buffer)) {
+    // Avoid going through an ArgumentsAdaptorTrampoline in the common case.
+    if (arguments.length > 1) return new Buffer(arg, arguments[1])
+    return new Buffer(arg)
+  }
+
+  this.length = 0
+  this.parent = undefined
+
+  // Common case.
+  if (typeof arg === 'number') {
+    return fromNumber(this, arg)
+  }
+
+  // Slightly less common case.
+  if (typeof arg === 'string') {
+    return fromString(this, arg, arguments.length > 1 ? arguments[1] : 'utf8')
+  }
+
+  // Unusual.
+  return fromObject(this, arg)
+}
+
+function fromNumber (that, length) {
+  that = allocate(that, length < 0 ? 0 : checked(length) | 0)
+  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      that[i] = 0
+    }
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+function fromString (that, string, encoding) {
+  if (typeof encoding !== 'string' || encoding === '') encoding = 'utf8'
+
+  // Assumption: byteLength() return value is always < kMaxLength.
+  var length = byteLength(string, encoding) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+
+  that.write(string, encoding)
+  return that
+}
+
+function fromObject (that, object) {
+  if (Buffer.isBuffer(object)) return fromBuffer(that, object)
+
+  if (isArray(object)) return fromArray(that, object)
+
+  if (object == null) {
+    throw new TypeError('must start with number, buffer, array or string')
+  }
+
+  if (typeof ArrayBuffer !== 'undefined' && object.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+    return fromTypedArray(that, object)
+  }
+
+  if (object.length) return fromArrayLike(that, object)
+
+  return fromJsonObject(that, object)
+}
+
+function fromBuffer (that, buffer) {
+  var length = checked(buffer.length) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+  buffer.copy(that, 0, 0, length)
+  return that
+}
+
+function fromArray (that, array) {
+  var length = checked(array.length) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+    that[i] = array[i] & 255
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+// Duplicate of fromArray() to keep fromArray() monomorphic.
+function fromTypedArray (that, array) {
+  var length = checked(array.length) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+  // Truncating the elements is probably not what people expect from typed
+  // arrays with BYTES_PER_ELEMENT > 1 but it's compatible with the behavior
+  // of the old Buffer constructor.
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+    that[i] = array[i] & 255
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+function fromArrayLike (that, array) {
+  var length = checked(array.length) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+    that[i] = array[i] & 255
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+// Deserialize { type: 'Buffer', data: [1,2,3,...] } into a Buffer object.
+// Returns a zero-length buffer for inputs that don't conform to the spec.
+function fromJsonObject (that, object) {
+  var array
+  var length = 0
+
+  if (object.type === 'Buffer' && isArray(object.data)) {
+    array = object.data
+    length = checked(array.length) | 0
+  }
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+    that[i] = array[i] & 255
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+function allocate (that, length) {
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    // Return an augmented `Uint8Array` instance, for best performance
+    that = Buffer._augment(new Uint8Array(length))
+  } else {
+    // Fallback: Return an object instance of the Buffer class
+    that.length = length
+    that._isBuffer = true
+  }
+
+  var fromPool = length !== 0 && length <= Buffer.poolSize >>> 1
+  if (fromPool) that.parent = rootParent
+
+  return that
+}
+
+function checked (length) {
+  // Note: cannot use `length < kMaxLength` here because that fails when
+  // length is NaN (which is otherwise coerced to zero.)
+  if (length >= kMaxLength()) {
+    throw new RangeError('Attempt to allocate Buffer larger than maximum ' +
+                         'size: 0x' + kMaxLength().toString(16) + ' bytes')
+  }
+  return length | 0
+}
+
+function SlowBuffer (subject, encoding) {
+  if (!(this instanceof SlowBuffer)) return new SlowBuffer(subject, encoding)
+
+  var buf = new Buffer(subject, encoding)
+  delete buf.parent
+  return buf
+}
+
+Buffer.isBuffer = function isBuffer (b) {
+  return !!(b != null && b._isBuffer)
+}
+
+Buffer.compare = function compare (a, b) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(a) || !Buffer.isBuffer(b)) {
+    throw new TypeError('Arguments must be Buffers')
+  }
+
+  if (a === b) return 0
+
+  var x = a.length
+  var y = b.length
+
+  var i = 0
+  var len = Math.min(x, y)
+  while (i < len) {
+    if (a[i] !== b[i]) break
+
+    ++i
+  }
+
+  if (i !== len) {
+    x = a[i]
+    y = b[i]
+  }
+
+  if (x < y) return -1
+  if (y < x) return 1
+  return 0
+}
+
+Buffer.isEncoding = function isEncoding (encoding) {
+  switch (String(encoding).toLowerCase()) {
+    case 'hex':
+    case 'utf8':
+    case 'utf-8':
+    case 'ascii':
+    case 'binary':
+    case 'base64':
+    case 'raw':
+    case 'ucs2':
+    case 'ucs-2':
+    case 'utf16le':
+    case 'utf-16le':
+      return true
+    default:
+      return false
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.concat = function concat (list, length) {
+  if (!isArray(list)) throw new TypeError('list argument must be an Array of Buffers.')
+
+  if (list.length === 0) {
+    return new Buffer(0)
+  } else if (list.length === 1) {
+    return list[0]
+  }
+
+  var i
+  if (length === undefined) {
+    length = 0
+    for (i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
+      length += list[i].length
+    }
+  }
+
+  var buf = new Buffer(length)
+  var pos = 0
+  for (i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
+    var item = list[i]
+    item.copy(buf, pos)
+    pos += item.length
+  }
+  return buf
+}
+
+function byteLength (string, encoding) {
+  if (typeof string !== 'string') string = '' + string
+
+  var len = string.length
+  if (len === 0) return 0
+
+  // Use a for loop to avoid recursion
+  var loweredCase = false
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (encoding) {
+      case 'ascii':
+      case 'binary':
+      // Deprecated
+      case 'raw':
+      case 'raws':
+        return len
+      case 'utf8':
+      case 'utf-8':
+        return utf8ToBytes(string).length
+      case 'ucs2':
+      case 'ucs-2':
+      case 'utf16le':
+      case 'utf-16le':
+        return len * 2
+      case 'hex':
+        return len >>> 1
+      case 'base64':
+        return base64ToBytes(string).length
+      default:
+        if (loweredCase) return utf8ToBytes(string).length // assume utf8
+        encoding = ('' + encoding).toLowerCase()
+        loweredCase = true
+    }
+  }
+}
+Buffer.byteLength = byteLength
+
+// pre-set for values that may exist in the future
+Buffer.prototype.length = undefined
+Buffer.prototype.parent = undefined
+
+function slowToString (encoding, start, end) {
+  var loweredCase = false
+
+  start = start | 0
+  end = end === undefined || end === Infinity ? this.length : end | 0
+
+  if (!encoding) encoding = 'utf8'
+  if (start < 0) start = 0
+  if (end > this.length) end = this.length
+  if (end <= start) return ''
+
+  while (true) {
+    switch (encoding) {
+      case 'hex':
+        return hexSlice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'utf8':
+      case 'utf-8':
+        return utf8Slice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'ascii':
+        return asciiSlice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'binary':
+        return binarySlice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'base64':
+        return base64Slice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'ucs2':
+      case 'ucs-2':
+      case 'utf16le':
+      case 'utf-16le':
+        return utf16leSlice(this, start, end)
+
+      default:
+        if (loweredCase) throw new TypeError('Unknown encoding: ' + encoding)
+        encoding = (encoding + '').toLowerCase()
+        loweredCase = true
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.toString = function toString () {
+  var length = this.length | 0
+  if (length === 0) return ''
+  if (arguments.length === 0) return utf8Slice(this, 0, length)
+  return slowToString.apply(this, arguments)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.equals = function equals (b) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) throw new TypeError('Argument must be a Buffer')
+  if (this === b) return true
+  return Buffer.compare(this, b) === 0
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.inspect = function inspect () {
+  var str = ''
+  var max = exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES
+  if (this.length > 0) {
+    str = this.toString('hex', 0, max).match(/.{2}/g).join(' ')
+    if (this.length > max) str += ' ... '
+  }
+  return '<Buffer ' + str + '>'
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.compare = function compare (b) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) throw new TypeError('Argument must be a Buffer')
+  if (this === b) return 0
+  return Buffer.compare(this, b)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.indexOf = function indexOf (val, byteOffset) {
+  if (byteOffset > 0x7fffffff) byteOffset = 0x7fffffff
+  else if (byteOffset < -0x80000000) byteOffset = -0x80000000
+  byteOffset >>= 0
+
+  if (this.length === 0) return -1
+  if (byteOffset >= this.length) return -1
+
+  // Negative offsets start from the end of the buffer
+  if (byteOffset < 0) byteOffset = Math.max(this.length + byteOffset, 0)
+
+  if (typeof val === 'string') {
+    if (val.length === 0) return -1 // special case: looking for empty string always fails
+    return String.prototype.indexOf.call(this, val, byteOffset)
+  }
+  if (Buffer.isBuffer(val)) {
+    return arrayIndexOf(this, val, byteOffset)
+  }
+  if (typeof val === 'number') {
+    if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT && Uint8Array.prototype.indexOf === 'function') {
+      return Uint8Array.prototype.indexOf.call(this, val, byteOffset)
+    }
+    return arrayIndexOf(this, [ val ], byteOffset)
+  }
+
+  function arrayIndexOf (arr, val, byteOffset) {
+    var foundIndex = -1
+    for (var i = 0; byteOffset + i < arr.length; i++) {
+      if (arr[byteOffset + i] === val[foundIndex === -1 ? 0 : i - foundIndex]) {
+        if (foundIndex === -1) foundIndex = i
+        if (i - foundIndex + 1 === val.length) return byteOffset + foundIndex
+      } else {
+        foundIndex = -1
+      }
+    }
+    return -1
+  }
+
+  throw new TypeError('val must be string, number or Buffer')
+}
+
+// `get` will be removed in Node 0.13+
+Buffer.prototype.get = function get (offset) {
+  console.log('.get() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
+  return this.readUInt8(offset)
+}
+
+// `set` will be removed in Node 0.13+
+Buffer.prototype.set = function set (v, offset) {
+  console.log('.set() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
+  return this.writeUInt8(v, offset)
+}
+
+function hexWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  offset = Number(offset) || 0
+  var remaining = buf.length - offset
+  if (!length) {
+    length = remaining
+  } else {
+    length = Number(length)
+    if (length > remaining) {
+      length = remaining
+    }
+  }
+
+  // must be an even number of digits
+  var strLen = string.length
+  if (strLen % 2 !== 0) throw new Error('Invalid hex string')
+
+  if (length > strLen / 2) {
+    length = strLen / 2
+  }
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    var parsed = parseInt(string.substr(i * 2, 2), 16)
+    if (isNaN(parsed)) throw new Error('Invalid hex string')
+    buf[offset + i] = parsed
+  }
+  return i
+}
+
+function utf8Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return blitBuffer(utf8ToBytes(string, buf.length - offset), buf, offset, length)
+}
+
+function asciiWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return blitBuffer(asciiToBytes(string), buf, offset, length)
+}
+
+function binaryWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return asciiWrite(buf, string, offset, length)
+}
+
+function base64Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return blitBuffer(base64ToBytes(string), buf, offset, length)
+}
+
+function ucs2Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return blitBuffer(utf16leToBytes(string, buf.length - offset), buf, offset, length)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.write = function write (string, offset, length, encoding) {
+  // Buffer#write(string)
+  if (offset === undefined) {
+    encoding = 'utf8'
+    length = this.length
+    offset = 0
+  // Buffer#write(string, encoding)
+  } else if (length === undefined && typeof offset === 'string') {
+    encoding = offset
+    length = this.length
+    offset = 0
+  // Buffer#write(string, offset[, length][, encoding])
+  } else if (isFinite(offset)) {
+    offset = offset | 0
+    if (isFinite(length)) {
+      length = length | 0
+      if (encoding === undefined) encoding = 'utf8'
+    } else {
+      encoding = length
+      length = undefined
+    }
+  // legacy write(string, encoding, offset, length) - remove in v0.13
+  } else {
+    var swap = encoding
+    encoding = offset
+    offset = length | 0
+    length = swap
+  }
+
+  var remaining = this.length - offset
+  if (length === undefined || length > remaining) length = remaining
+
+  if ((string.length > 0 && (length < 0 || offset < 0)) || offset > this.length) {
+    throw new RangeError('attempt to write outside buffer bounds')
+  }
+
+  if (!encoding) encoding = 'utf8'
+
+  var loweredCase = false
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (encoding) {
+      case 'hex':
+        return hexWrite(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'utf8':
+      case 'utf-8':
+        return utf8Write(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'ascii':
+        return asciiWrite(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'binary':
+        return binaryWrite(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'base64':
+        // Warning: maxLength not taken into account in base64Write
+        return base64Write(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'ucs2':
+      case 'ucs-2':
+      case 'utf16le':
+      case 'utf-16le':
+        return ucs2Write(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      default:
+        if (loweredCase) throw new TypeError('Unknown encoding: ' + encoding)
+        encoding = ('' + encoding).toLowerCase()
+        loweredCase = true
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.toJSON = function toJSON () {
+  return {
+    type: 'Buffer',
+    data: Array.prototype.slice.call(this._arr || this, 0)
+  }
+}
+
+function base64Slice (buf, start, end) {
+  if (start === 0 && end === buf.length) {
+    return base64.fromByteArray(buf)
+  } else {
+    return base64.fromByteArray(buf.slice(start, end))
+  }
+}
+
+function utf8Slice (buf, start, end) {
+  var res = ''
+  var tmp = ''
+  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    if (buf[i] <= 0x7F) {
+      res += decodeUtf8Char(tmp) + String.fromCharCode(buf[i])
+      tmp = ''
+    } else {
+      tmp += '%' + buf[i].toString(16)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return res + decodeUtf8Char(tmp)
+}
+
+function asciiSlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var ret = ''
+  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    ret += String.fromCharCode(buf[i] & 0x7F)
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+
+function binarySlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var ret = ''
+  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    ret += String.fromCharCode(buf[i])
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+
+function hexSlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var len = buf.length
+
+  if (!start || start < 0) start = 0
+  if (!end || end < 0 || end > len) end = len
+
+  var out = ''
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    out += toHex(buf[i])
+  }
+  return out
+}
+
+function utf16leSlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var bytes = buf.slice(start, end)
+  var res = ''
+  for (var i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 2) {
+    res += String.fromCharCode(bytes[i] + bytes[i + 1] * 256)
+  }
+  return res
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.slice = function slice (start, end) {
+  var len = this.length
+  start = ~~start
+  end = end === undefined ? len : ~~end
+
+  if (start < 0) {
+    start += len
+    if (start < 0) start = 0
+  } else if (start > len) {
+    start = len
+  }
+
+  if (end < 0) {
+    end += len
+    if (end < 0) end = 0
+  } else if (end > len) {
+    end = len
+  }
+
+  if (end < start) end = start
+
+  var newBuf
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    newBuf = Buffer._augment(this.subarray(start, end))
+  } else {
+    var sliceLen = end - start
+    newBuf = new Buffer(sliceLen, undefined)
+    for (var i = 0; i < sliceLen; i++) {
+      newBuf[i] = this[i + start]
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (newBuf.length) newBuf.parent = this.parent || this
+
+  return newBuf
+}
+
+/*
+ * Need to make sure that buffer isn't trying to write out of bounds.
+ */
+function checkOffset (offset, ext, length) {
+  if ((offset % 1) !== 0 || offset < 0) throw new RangeError('offset is not uint')
+  if (offset + ext > length) throw new RangeError('Trying to access beyond buffer length')
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUIntLE = function readUIntLE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
+
+  var val = this[offset]
+  var mul = 1
+  var i = 0
+  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    val += this[offset + i] * mul
+  }
+
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUIntBE = function readUIntBE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
+  }
+
+  var val = this[offset + --byteLength]
+  var mul = 1
+  while (byteLength > 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    val += this[offset + --byteLength] * mul
+  }
+
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt8 = function readUInt8 (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 1, this.length)
+  return this[offset]
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt16LE = function readUInt16LE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
+  return this[offset] | (this[offset + 1] << 8)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt16BE = function readUInt16BE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
+  return (this[offset] << 8) | this[offset + 1]
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt32LE = function readUInt32LE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+
+  return ((this[offset]) |
+      (this[offset + 1] << 8) |
+      (this[offset + 2] << 16)) +
+      (this[offset + 3] * 0x1000000)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt32BE = function readUInt32BE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+
+  return (this[offset] * 0x1000000) +
+    ((this[offset + 1] << 16) |
+    (this[offset + 2] << 8) |
+    this[offset + 3])
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readIntLE = function readIntLE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
+
+  var val = this[offset]
+  var mul = 1
+  var i = 0
+  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    val += this[offset + i] * mul
+  }
+  mul *= 0x80
+
+  if (val >= mul) val -= Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength)
+
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readIntBE = function readIntBE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
+
+  var i = byteLength
+  var mul = 1
+  var val = this[offset + --i]
+  while (i > 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    val += this[offset + --i] * mul
+  }
+  mul *= 0x80
+
+  if (val >= mul) val -= Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength)
+
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt8 = function readInt8 (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 1, this.length)
+  if (!(this[offset] & 0x80)) return (this[offset])
+  return ((0xff - this[offset] + 1) * -1)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt16LE = function readInt16LE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
+  var val = this[offset] | (this[offset + 1] << 8)
+  return (val & 0x8000) ? val | 0xFFFF0000 : val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt16BE = function readInt16BE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
+  var val = this[offset + 1] | (this[offset] << 8)
+  return (val & 0x8000) ? val | 0xFFFF0000 : val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt32LE = function readInt32LE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+
+  return (this[offset]) |
+    (this[offset + 1] << 8) |
+    (this[offset + 2] << 16) |
+    (this[offset + 3] << 24)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt32BE = function readInt32BE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+
+  return (this[offset] << 24) |
+    (this[offset + 1] << 16) |
+    (this[offset + 2] << 8) |
+    (this[offset + 3])
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readFloatLE = function readFloatLE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+  return ieee754.read(this, offset, true, 23, 4)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readFloatBE = function readFloatBE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+  return ieee754.read(this, offset, false, 23, 4)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readDoubleLE = function readDoubleLE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 8, this.length)
+  return ieee754.read(this, offset, true, 52, 8)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readDoubleBE = function readDoubleBE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 8, this.length)
+  return ieee754.read(this, offset, false, 52, 8)
+}
+
+function checkInt (buf, value, offset, ext, max, min) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(buf)) throw new TypeError('buffer must be a Buffer instance')
+  if (value > max || value < min) throw new RangeError('value is out of bounds')
+  if (offset + ext > buf.length) throw new RangeError('index out of range')
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUIntLE = function writeUIntLE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength), 0)
+
+  var mul = 1
+  var i = 0
+  this[offset] = value & 0xFF
+  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    this[offset + i] = (value / mul) & 0xFF
+  }
+
+  return offset + byteLength
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUIntBE = function writeUIntBE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength), 0)
+
+  var i = byteLength - 1
+  var mul = 1
+  this[offset + i] = value & 0xFF
+  while (--i >= 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    this[offset + i] = (value / mul) & 0xFF
+  }
+
+  return offset + byteLength
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt8 = function writeUInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0xff, 0)
+  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
+  this[offset] = value
+  return offset + 1
+}
+
+function objectWriteUInt16 (buf, value, offset, littleEndian) {
+  if (value < 0) value = 0xffff + value + 1
+  for (var i = 0, j = Math.min(buf.length - offset, 2); i < j; i++) {
+    buf[offset + i] = (value & (0xff << (8 * (littleEndian ? i : 1 - i)))) >>>
+      (littleEndian ? i : 1 - i) * 8
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16LE = function writeUInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
+  }
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16BE = function writeUInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 1] = value
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
+  }
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+function objectWriteUInt32 (buf, value, offset, littleEndian) {
+  if (value < 0) value = 0xffffffff + value + 1
+  for (var i = 0, j = Math.min(buf.length - offset, 4); i < j; i++) {
+    buf[offset + i] = (value >>> (littleEndian ? i : 3 - i) * 8) & 0xff
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32LE = function writeUInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0xffffffff, 0)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
+    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset] = value
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, true)
+  }
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32BE = function writeUInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0xffffffff, 0)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
+    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 3] = value
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
+  }
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeIntLE = function writeIntLE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    var limit = Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength - 1)
+
+    checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, limit - 1, -limit)
+  }
+
+  var i = 0
+  var mul = 1
+  var sub = value < 0 ? 1 : 0
+  this[offset] = value & 0xFF
+  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    this[offset + i] = ((value / mul) >> 0) - sub & 0xFF
+  }
+
+  return offset + byteLength
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeIntBE = function writeIntBE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    var limit = Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength - 1)
+
+    checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, limit - 1, -limit)
+  }
+
+  var i = byteLength - 1
+  var mul = 1
+  var sub = value < 0 ? 1 : 0
+  this[offset + i] = value & 0xFF
+  while (--i >= 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    this[offset + i] = ((value / mul) >> 0) - sub & 0xFF
+  }
+
+  return offset + byteLength
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt8 = function writeInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0x7f, -0x80)
+  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
+  if (value < 0) value = 0xff + value + 1
+  this[offset] = value
+  return offset + 1
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt16LE = function writeInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
+  }
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt16BE = function writeInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 1] = value
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
+  }
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt32LE = function writeInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
+    this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, true)
+  }
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt32BE = function writeInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000)
+  if (value < 0) value = 0xffffffff + value + 1
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
+    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 3] = value
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
+  }
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+function checkIEEE754 (buf, value, offset, ext, max, min) {
+  if (value > max || value < min) throw new RangeError('value is out of bounds')
+  if (offset + ext > buf.length) throw new RangeError('index out of range')
+  if (offset < 0) throw new RangeError('index out of range')
+}
+
+function writeFloat (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    checkIEEE754(buf, value, offset, 4, 3.4028234663852886e+38, -3.4028234663852886e+38)
+  }
+  ieee754.write(buf, value, offset, littleEndian, 23, 4)
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeFloatLE = function writeFloatLE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeFloat(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeFloatBE = function writeFloatBE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeFloat(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+function writeDouble (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    checkIEEE754(buf, value, offset, 8, 1.7976931348623157E+308, -1.7976931348623157E+308)
+  }
+  ieee754.write(buf, value, offset, littleEndian, 52, 8)
+  return offset + 8
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeDoubleLE = function writeDoubleLE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeDouble(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeDoubleBE = function writeDoubleBE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeDouble(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+// copy(targetBuffer, targetStart=0, sourceStart=0, sourceEnd=buffer.length)
+Buffer.prototype.copy = function copy (target, targetStart, start, end) {
+  if (!start) start = 0
+  if (!end && end !== 0) end = this.length
+  if (targetStart >= target.length) targetStart = target.length
+  if (!targetStart) targetStart = 0
+  if (end > 0 && end < start) end = start
+
+  // Copy 0 bytes; we're done
+  if (end === start) return 0
+  if (target.length === 0 || this.length === 0) return 0
+
+  // Fatal error conditions
+  if (targetStart < 0) {
+    throw new RangeError('targetStart out of bounds')
+  }
+  if (start < 0 || start >= this.length) throw new RangeError('sourceStart out of bounds')
+  if (end < 0) throw new RangeError('sourceEnd out of bounds')
+
+  // Are we oob?
+  if (end > this.length) end = this.length
+  if (target.length - targetStart < end - start) {
+    end = target.length - targetStart + start
+  }
+
+  var len = end - start
+
+  if (len < 1000 || !Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+      target[i + targetStart] = this[i + start]
+    }
+  } else {
+    target._set(this.subarray(start, start + len), targetStart)
+  }
+
+  return len
+}
+
+// fill(value, start=0, end=buffer.length)
+Buffer.prototype.fill = function fill (value, start, end) {
+  if (!value) value = 0
+  if (!start) start = 0
+  if (!end) end = this.length
+
+  if (end < start) throw new RangeError('end < start')
+
+  // Fill 0 bytes; we're done
+  if (end === start) return
+  if (this.length === 0) return
+
+  if (start < 0 || start >= this.length) throw new RangeError('start out of bounds')
+  if (end < 0 || end > this.length) throw new RangeError('end out of bounds')
+
+  var i
+  if (typeof value === 'number') {
+    for (i = start; i < end; i++) {
+      this[i] = value
+    }
+  } else {
+    var bytes = utf8ToBytes(value.toString())
+    var len = bytes.length
+    for (i = start; i < end; i++) {
+      this[i] = bytes[i % len]
+    }
+  }
+
+  return this
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new `ArrayBuffer` with the *copied* memory of the buffer instance.
+ * Added in Node 0.12. Only available in browsers that support ArrayBuffer.
+ */
+Buffer.prototype.toArrayBuffer = function toArrayBuffer () {
+  if (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined') {
+    if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+      return (new Buffer(this)).buffer
+    } else {
+      var buf = new Uint8Array(this.length)
+      for (var i = 0, len = buf.length; i < len; i += 1) {
+        buf[i] = this[i]
+      }
+      return buf.buffer
+    }
+  } else {
+    throw new TypeError('Buffer.toArrayBuffer not supported in this browser')
+  }
+}
+
+// HELPER FUNCTIONS
+// ================
+
+var BP = Buffer.prototype
+
+/**
+ * Augment a Uint8Array *instance* (not the Uint8Array class!) with Buffer methods
+ */
+Buffer._augment = function _augment (arr) {
+  arr.constructor = Buffer
+  arr._isBuffer = true
+
+  // save reference to original Uint8Array set method before overwriting
+  arr._set = arr.set
+
+  // deprecated, will be removed in node 0.13+
+  arr.get = BP.get
+  arr.set = BP.set
+
+  arr.write = BP.write
+  arr.toString = BP.toString
+  arr.toLocaleString = BP.toString
+  arr.toJSON = BP.toJSON
+  arr.equals = BP.equals
+  arr.compare = BP.compare
+  arr.indexOf = BP.indexOf
+  arr.copy = BP.copy
+  arr.slice = BP.slice
+  arr.readUIntLE = BP.readUIntLE
+  arr.readUIntBE = BP.readUIntBE
+  arr.readUInt8 = BP.readUInt8
+  arr.readUInt16LE = BP.readUInt16LE
+  arr.readUInt16BE = BP.readUInt16BE
+  arr.readUInt32LE = BP.readUInt32LE
+  arr.readUInt32BE = BP.readUInt32BE
+  arr.readIntLE = BP.readIntLE
+  arr.readIntBE = BP.readIntBE
+  arr.readInt8 = BP.readInt8
+  arr.readInt16LE = BP.readInt16LE
+  arr.readInt16BE = BP.readInt16BE
+  arr.readInt32LE = BP.readInt32LE
+  arr.readInt32BE = BP.readInt32BE
+  arr.readFloatLE = BP.readFloatLE
+  arr.readFloatBE = BP.readFloatBE
+  arr.readDoubleLE = BP.readDoubleLE
+  arr.readDoubleBE = BP.readDoubleBE
+  arr.writeUInt8 = BP.writeUInt8
+  arr.writeUIntLE = BP.writeUIntLE
+  arr.writeUIntBE = BP.writeUIntBE
+  arr.writeUInt16LE = BP.writeUInt16LE
+  arr.writeUInt16BE = BP.writeUInt16BE
+  arr.writeUInt32LE = BP.writeUInt32LE
+  arr.writeUInt32BE = BP.writeUInt32BE
+  arr.writeIntLE = BP.writeIntLE
+  arr.writeIntBE = BP.writeIntBE
+  arr.writeInt8 = BP.writeInt8
+  arr.writeInt16LE = BP.writeInt16LE
+  arr.writeInt16BE = BP.writeInt16BE
+  arr.writeInt32LE = BP.writeInt32LE
+  arr.writeInt32BE = BP.writeInt32BE
+  arr.writeFloatLE = BP.writeFloatLE
+  arr.writeFloatBE = BP.writeFloatBE
+  arr.writeDoubleLE = BP.writeDoubleLE
+  arr.writeDoubleBE = BP.writeDoubleBE
+  arr.fill = BP.fill
+  arr.inspect = BP.inspect
+  arr.toArrayBuffer = BP.toArrayBuffer
+
+  return arr
+}
+
+var INVALID_BASE64_RE = /[^+\/0-9A-z\-]/g
+
+function base64clean (str) {
+  // Node strips out invalid characters like \n and \t from the string, base64-js does not
+  str = stringtrim(str).replace(INVALID_BASE64_RE, '')
+  // Node converts strings with length < 2 to ''
+  if (str.length < 2) return ''
+  // Node allows for non-padded base64 strings (missing trailing ===), base64-js does not
+  while (str.length % 4 !== 0) {
+    str = str + '='
+  }
+  return str
+}
+
+function stringtrim (str) {
+  if (str.trim) return str.trim()
+  return str.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, '')
+}
+
+function toHex (n) {
+  if (n < 16) return '0' + n.toString(16)
+  return n.toString(16)
+}
+
+function utf8ToBytes (string, units) {
+  units = units || Infinity
+  var codePoint
+  var length = string.length
+  var leadSurrogate = null
+  var bytes = []
+  var i = 0
+
+  for (; i < length; i++) {
+    codePoint = string.charCodeAt(i)
+
+    // is surrogate component
+    if (codePoint > 0xD7FF && codePoint < 0xE000) {
+      // last char was a lead
+      if (leadSurrogate) {
+        // 2 leads in a row
+        if (codePoint < 0xDC00) {
+          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+          leadSurrogate = codePoint
+          continue
+        } else {
+          // valid surrogate pair
+          codePoint = leadSurrogate - 0xD800 << 10 | codePoint - 0xDC00 | 0x10000
+          leadSurrogate = null
+        }
+      } else {
+        // no lead yet
+
+        if (codePoint > 0xDBFF) {
+          // unexpected trail
+          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+          continue
+        } else if (i + 1 === length) {
+          // unpaired lead
+          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+          continue
+        } else {
+          // valid lead
+          leadSurrogate = codePoint
+          continue
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (leadSurrogate) {
+      // valid bmp char, but last char was a lead
+      if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+      leadSurrogate = null
+    }
+
+    // encode utf8
+    if (codePoint < 0x80) {
+      if ((units -= 1) < 0) break
+      bytes.push(codePoint)
+    } else if (codePoint < 0x800) {
+      if ((units -= 2) < 0) break
+      bytes.push(
+        codePoint >> 0x6 | 0xC0,
+        codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
+      )
+    } else if (codePoint < 0x10000) {
+      if ((units -= 3) < 0) break
+      bytes.push(
+        codePoint >> 0xC | 0xE0,
+        codePoint >> 0x6 & 0x3F | 0x80,
+        codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
+      )
+    } else if (codePoint < 0x200000) {
+      if ((units -= 4) < 0) break
+      bytes.push(
+        codePoint >> 0x12 | 0xF0,
+        codePoint >> 0xC & 0x3F | 0x80,
+        codePoint >> 0x6 & 0x3F | 0x80,
+        codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
+      )
+    } else {
+      throw new Error('Invalid code point')
+    }
+  }
+
+  return bytes
+}
+
+function asciiToBytes (str) {
+  var byteArray = []
+  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+    // Node's code seems to be doing this and not & 0x7F..
+    byteArray.push(str.charCodeAt(i) & 0xFF)
+  }
+  return byteArray
+}
+
+function utf16leToBytes (str, units) {
+  var c, hi, lo
+  var byteArray = []
+  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+    if ((units -= 2) < 0) break
+
+    c = str.charCodeAt(i)
+    hi = c >> 8
+    lo = c % 256
+    byteArray.push(lo)
+    byteArray.push(hi)
+  }
+
+  return byteArray
+}
+
+function base64ToBytes (str) {
+  return base64.toByteArray(base64clean(str))
+}
+
+function blitBuffer (src, dst, offset, length) {
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if ((i + offset >= dst.length) || (i >= src.length)) break
+    dst[i + offset] = src[i]
+  }
+  return i
+}
+
+function decodeUtf8Char (str) {
+  try {
+    return decodeURIComponent(str)
+  } catch (err) {
+    return String.fromCharCode(0xFFFD) // UTF 8 invalid char
+  }
+}
+
+},{"base64-js":7,"ieee754":8,"is-array":9}],7:[function(require,module,exports){
+var lookup = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
+
+;(function (exports) {
+	'use strict';
+
+  var Arr = (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined')
+    ? Uint8Array
+    : Array
+
+	var PLUS   = '+'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var SLASH  = '/'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var NUMBER = '0'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var LOWER  = 'a'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var UPPER  = 'A'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var PLUS_URL_SAFE = '-'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var SLASH_URL_SAFE = '_'.charCodeAt(0)
+
+	function decode (elt) {
+		var code = elt.charCodeAt(0)
+		if (code === PLUS ||
+		    code === PLUS_URL_SAFE)
+			return 62 // '+'
+		if (code === SLASH ||
+		    code === SLASH_URL_SAFE)
+			return 63 // '/'
+		if (code < NUMBER)
+			return -1 //no match
+		if (code < NUMBER + 10)
+			return code - NUMBER + 26 + 26
+		if (code < UPPER + 26)
+			return code - UPPER
+		if (code < LOWER + 26)
+			return code - LOWER + 26
+	}
+
+	function b64ToByteArray (b64) {
+		var i, j, l, tmp, placeHolders, arr
+
+		if (b64.length % 4 > 0) {
+			throw new Error('Invalid string. Length must be a multiple of 4')
+		}
+
+		// the number of equal signs (place holders)
+		// if there are two placeholders, than the two characters before it
+		// represent one byte
+		// if there is only one, then the three characters before it represent 2 bytes
+		// this is just a cheap hack to not do indexOf twice
+		var len = b64.length
+		placeHolders = '=' === b64.charAt(len - 2) ? 2 : '=' === b64.charAt(len - 1) ? 1 : 0
+
+		// base64 is 4/3 + up to two characters of the original data
+		arr = new Arr(b64.length * 3 / 4 - placeHolders)
+
+		// if there are placeholders, only get up to the last complete 4 chars
+		l = placeHolders > 0 ? b64.length - 4 : b64.length
+
+		var L = 0
+
+		function push (v) {
+			arr[L++] = v
+		}
+
+		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < l; i += 4, j += 3) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 18) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 12) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) << 6) | decode(b64.charAt(i + 3))
+			push((tmp & 0xFF0000) >> 16)
+			push((tmp & 0xFF00) >> 8)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		if (placeHolders === 2) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 2) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) >> 4)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		} else if (placeHolders === 1) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 10) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 4) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) >> 2)
+			push((tmp >> 8) & 0xFF)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		return arr
+	}
+
+	function uint8ToBase64 (uint8) {
+		var i,
+			extraBytes = uint8.length % 3, // if we have 1 byte left, pad 2 bytes
+			output = "",
+			temp, length
+
+		function encode (num) {
+			return lookup.charAt(num)
+		}
+
+		function tripletToBase64 (num) {
+			return encode(num >> 18 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 12 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 6 & 0x3F) + encode(num & 0x3F)
+		}
+
+		// go through the array every three bytes, we'll deal with trailing stuff later
+		for (i = 0, length = uint8.length - extraBytes; i < length; i += 3) {
+			temp = (uint8[i] << 16) + (uint8[i + 1] << 8) + (uint8[i + 2])
+			output += tripletToBase64(temp)
+		}
+
+		// pad the end with zeros, but make sure to not forget the extra bytes
+		switch (extraBytes) {
+			case 1:
+				temp = uint8[uint8.length - 1]
+				output += encode(temp >> 2)
+				output += encode((temp << 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += '=='
+				break
+			case 2:
+				temp = (uint8[uint8.length - 2] << 8) + (uint8[uint8.length - 1])
+				output += encode(temp >> 10)
+				output += encode((temp >> 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += encode((temp << 2) & 0x3F)
+				output += '='
+				break
+		}
+
+		return output
+	}
+
+	exports.toByteArray = b64ToByteArray
+	exports.fromByteArray = uint8ToBase64
+}(typeof exports === 'undefined' ? (this.base64js = {}) : exports))
+
+},{}],8:[function(require,module,exports){
+exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
+  var e, m
+  var eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1
+  var eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1
+  var eBias = eMax >> 1
+  var nBits = -7
+  var i = isLE ? (nBytes - 1) : 0
+  var d = isLE ? -1 : 1
+  var s = buffer[offset + i]
+
+  i += d
+
+  e = s & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1)
+  s >>= (-nBits)
+  nBits += eLen
+  for (; nBits > 0; e = e * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
+
+  m = e & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1)
+  e >>= (-nBits)
+  nBits += mLen
+  for (; nBits > 0; m = m * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
+
+  if (e === 0) {
+    e = 1 - eBias
+  } else if (e === eMax) {
+    return m ? NaN : ((s ? -1 : 1) * Infinity)
+  } else {
+    m = m + Math.pow(2, mLen)
+    e = e - eBias
+  }
+  return (s ? -1 : 1) * m * Math.pow(2, e - mLen)
+}
+
+exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
+  var e, m, c
+  var eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1
+  var eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1
+  var eBias = eMax >> 1
+  var rt = (mLen === 23 ? Math.pow(2, -24) - Math.pow(2, -77) : 0)
+  var i = isLE ? 0 : (nBytes - 1)
+  var d = isLE ? 1 : -1
+  var s = value < 0 || (value === 0 && 1 / value < 0) ? 1 : 0
+
+  value = Math.abs(value)
+
+  if (isNaN(value) || value === Infinity) {
+    m = isNaN(value) ? 1 : 0
+    e = eMax
+  } else {
+    e = Math.floor(Math.log(value) / Math.LN2)
+    if (value * (c = Math.pow(2, -e)) < 1) {
+      e--
+      c *= 2
+    }
+    if (e + eBias >= 1) {
+      value += rt / c
+    } else {
+      value += rt * Math.pow(2, 1 - eBias)
+    }
+    if (value * c >= 2) {
+      e++
+      c /= 2
+    }
+
+    if (e + eBias >= eMax) {
+      m = 0
+      e = eMax
+    } else if (e + eBias >= 1) {
+      m = (value * c - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
+      e = e + eBias
+    } else {
+      m = value * Math.pow(2, eBias - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
+      e = 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (; mLen >= 8; buffer[offset + i] = m & 0xff, i += d, m /= 256, mLen -= 8) {}
+
+  e = (e << mLen) | m
+  eLen += mLen
+  for (; eLen > 0; buffer[offset + i] = e & 0xff, i += d, e /= 256, eLen -= 8) {}
+
+  buffer[offset + i - d] |= s * 128
+}
+
+},{}],9:[function(require,module,exports){
+
+/**
+ * isArray
+ */
+
+var isArray = Array.isArray;
+
+/**
+ * toString
+ */
+
+var str = Object.prototype.toString;
+
+/**
+ * Whether or not the given `val`
+ * is an array.
+ *
+ * example:
+ *
+ *        isArray([]);
+ *        // > true
+ *        isArray(arguments);
+ *        // > false
+ *        isArray('');
+ *        // > false
+ *
+ * @param {mixed} val
+ * @return {bool}
+ */
+
+module.exports = isArray || function (val) {
+  return !! val && '[object Array]' == str.call(val);
+};
+
+},{}],10:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there
+// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array
+// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish
+// relative and absolute paths)
+function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) {
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    var last = parts[i];
+    if (last === '.') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (allowAboveRoot) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      parts.unshift('..');
+    }
+  }
+
+  return parts;
+}
+
+// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version
+// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing.
+var splitPathRe =
+    /^(\/?|)([\s\S]*?)((?:\.{1,2}|[^\/]+?|)(\.[^.\/]*|))(?:[\/]*)$/;
+var splitPath = function(filename) {
+  return splitPathRe.exec(filename).slice(1);
+};
+
+// path.resolve([from ...], to)
+// posix version
+exports.resolve = function() {
+  var resolvedPath = '',
+      resolvedAbsolute = false;
+
+  for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) {
+    var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : process.cwd();
+
+    // Skip empty and invalid entries
+    if (typeof path !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.resolve must be strings');
+    } else if (!path) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath;
+    resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/';
+  }
+
+  // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but
+  // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails)
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  resolvedPath = normalizeArray(filter(resolvedPath.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.';
+};
+
+// path.normalize(path)
+// posix version
+exports.normalize = function(path) {
+  var isAbsolute = exports.isAbsolute(path),
+      trailingSlash = substr(path, -1) === '/';
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  path = normalizeArray(filter(path.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !isAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  if (!path && !isAbsolute) {
+    path = '.';
+  }
+  if (path && trailingSlash) {
+    path += '/';
+  }
+
+  return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path;
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.isAbsolute = function(path) {
+  return path.charAt(0) === '/';
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.join = function() {
+  var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+  return exports.normalize(filter(paths, function(p, index) {
+    if (typeof p !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.join must be strings');
+    }
+    return p;
+  }).join('/'));
+};
+
+
+// path.relative(from, to)
+// posix version
+exports.relative = function(from, to) {
+  from = exports.resolve(from).substr(1);
+  to = exports.resolve(to).substr(1);
+
+  function trim(arr) {
+    var start = 0;
+    for (; start < arr.length; start++) {
+      if (arr[start] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    var end = arr.length - 1;
+    for (; end >= 0; end--) {
+      if (arr[end] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    if (start > end) return [];
+    return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1);
+  }
+
+  var fromParts = trim(from.split('/'));
+  var toParts = trim(to.split('/'));
+
+  var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length);
+  var samePartsLength = length;
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) {
+      samePartsLength = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  var outputParts = [];
+  for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) {
+    outputParts.push('..');
+  }
+
+  outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength));
+
+  return outputParts.join('/');
+};
+
+exports.sep = '/';
+exports.delimiter = ':';
+
+exports.dirname = function(path) {
+  var result = splitPath(path),
+      root = result[0],
+      dir = result[1];
+
+  if (!root && !dir) {
+    // No dirname whatsoever
+    return '.';
+  }
+
+  if (dir) {
+    // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash
+    dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1);
+  }
+
+  return root + dir;
+};
+
+
+exports.basename = function(path, ext) {
+  var f = splitPath(path)[2];
+  // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows?
+  if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) {
+    f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length);
+  }
+  return f;
+};
+
+
+exports.extname = function(path) {
+  return splitPath(path)[3];
+};
+
+function filter (xs, f) {
+    if (xs.filter) return xs.filter(f);
+    var res = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
+        if (f(xs[i], i, xs)) res.push(xs[i]);
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+// String.prototype.substr - negative index don't work in IE8
+var substr = 'ab'.substr(-1) === 'b'
+    ? function (str, start, len) { return str.substr(start, len) }
+    : function (str, start, len) {
+        if (start < 0) start = str.length + start;
+        return str.substr(start, len);
+    }
+;
+
+},{}],11:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+/*! https://mths.be/punycode v1.3.2 by @mathias */
+;(function(root) {
+
+	/** Detect free variables */
+	var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports &&
+		!exports.nodeType && exports;
+	var freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module &&
+		!module.nodeType && module;
+	var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global;
+	if (
+		freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal ||
+		freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal ||
+		freeGlobal.self === freeGlobal
+	) {
+		root = freeGlobal;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The `punycode` object.
+	 * @name punycode
+	 * @type Object
+	 */
+	var punycode,
+
+	/** Highest positive signed 32-bit float value */
+	maxInt = 2147483647, // aka. 0x7FFFFFFF or 2^31-1
+
+	/** Bootstring parameters */
+	base = 36,
+	tMin = 1,
+	tMax = 26,
+	skew = 38,
+	damp = 700,
+	initialBias = 72,
+	initialN = 128, // 0x80
+	delimiter = '-', // '\x2D'
+
+	/** Regular expressions */
+	regexPunycode = /^xn--/,
+	regexNonASCII = /[^\x20-\x7E]/, // unprintable ASCII chars + non-ASCII chars
+	regexSeparators = /[\x2E\u3002\uFF0E\uFF61]/g, // RFC 3490 separators
+
+	/** Error messages */
+	errors = {
+		'overflow': 'Overflow: input needs wider integers to process',
+		'not-basic': 'Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)',
+		'invalid-input': 'Invalid input'
+	},
+
+	/** Convenience shortcuts */
+	baseMinusTMin = base - tMin,
+	floor = Math.floor,
+	stringFromCharCode = String.fromCharCode,
+
+	/** Temporary variable */
+	key;
+
+	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+	/**
+	 * A generic error utility function.
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {String} type The error type.
+	 * @returns {Error} Throws a `RangeError` with the applicable error message.
+	 */
+	function error(type) {
+		throw RangeError(errors[type]);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A generic `Array#map` utility function.
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every array
+	 * item.
+	 * @returns {Array} A new array of values returned by the callback function.
+	 */
+	function map(array, fn) {
+		var length = array.length;
+		var result = [];
+		while (length--) {
+			result[length] = fn(array[length]);
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A simple `Array#map`-like wrapper to work with domain name strings or email
+	 * addresses.
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {String} domain The domain name or email address.
+	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every
+	 * character.
+	 * @returns {Array} A new string of characters returned by the callback
+	 * function.
+	 */
+	function mapDomain(string, fn) {
+		var parts = string.split('@');
+		var result = '';
+		if (parts.length > 1) {
+			// In email addresses, only the domain name should be punycoded. Leave
+			// the local part (i.e. everything up to `@`) intact.
+			result = parts[0] + '@';
+			string = parts[1];
+		}
+		// Avoid `split(regex)` for IE8 compatibility. See #17.
+		string = string.replace(regexSeparators, '\x2E');
+		var labels = string.split('.');
+		var encoded = map(labels, fn).join('.');
+		return result + encoded;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates an array containing the numeric code points of each Unicode
+	 * character in the string. While JavaScript uses UCS-2 internally,
+	 * this function will convert a pair of surrogate halves (each of which
+	 * UCS-2 exposes as separate characters) into a single code point,
+	 * matching UTF-16.
+	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.encode`
+	 * @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
+	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
+	 * @name decode
+	 * @param {String} string The Unicode input string (UCS-2).
+	 * @returns {Array} The new array of code points.
+	 */
+	function ucs2decode(string) {
+		var output = [],
+		    counter = 0,
+		    length = string.length,
+		    value,
+		    extra;
+		while (counter < length) {
+			value = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
+			if (value >= 0xD800 && value <= 0xDBFF && counter < length) {
+				// high surrogate, and there is a next character
+				extra = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
+				if ((extra & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) { // low surrogate
+					output.push(((value & 0x3FF) << 10) + (extra & 0x3FF) + 0x10000);
+				} else {
+					// unmatched surrogate; only append this code unit, in case the next
+					// code unit is the high surrogate of a surrogate pair
+					output.push(value);
+					counter--;
+				}
+			} else {
+				output.push(value);
+			}
+		}
+		return output;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a string based on an array of numeric code points.
+	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.decode`
+	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
+	 * @name encode
+	 * @param {Array} codePoints The array of numeric code points.
+	 * @returns {String} The new Unicode string (UCS-2).
+	 */
+	function ucs2encode(array) {
+		return map(array, function(value) {
+			var output = '';
+			if (value > 0xFFFF) {
+				value -= 0x10000;
+				output += stringFromCharCode(value >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800);
+				value = 0xDC00 | value & 0x3FF;
+			}
+			output += stringFromCharCode(value);
+			return output;
+		}).join('');
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a basic code point into a digit/integer.
+	 * @see `digitToBasic()`
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Number} codePoint The basic numeric code point value.
+	 * @returns {Number} The numeric value of a basic code point (for use in
+	 * representing integers) in the range `0` to `base - 1`, or `base` if
+	 * the code point does not represent a value.
+	 */
+	function basicToDigit(codePoint) {
+		if (codePoint - 48 < 10) {
+			return codePoint - 22;
+		}
+		if (codePoint - 65 < 26) {
+			return codePoint - 65;
+		}
+		if (codePoint - 97 < 26) {
+			return codePoint - 97;
+		}
+		return base;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a digit/integer into a basic code point.
+	 * @see `basicToDigit()`
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Number} digit The numeric value of a basic code point.
+	 * @returns {Number} The basic code point whose value (when used for
+	 * representing integers) is `digit`, which needs to be in the range
+	 * `0` to `base - 1`. If `flag` is non-zero, the uppercase form is
+	 * used; else, the lowercase form is used. The behavior is undefined
+	 * if `flag` is non-zero and `digit` has no uppercase form.
+	 */
+	function digitToBasic(digit, flag) {
+		//  0..25 map to ASCII a..z or A..Z
+		// 26..35 map to ASCII 0..9
+		return digit + 22 + 75 * (digit < 26) - ((flag != 0) << 5);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Bias adaptation function as per section 3.4 of RFC 3492.
+	 * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492#section-3.4
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	function adapt(delta, numPoints, firstTime) {
+		var k = 0;
+		delta = firstTime ? floor(delta / damp) : delta >> 1;
+		delta += floor(delta / numPoints);
+		for (/* no initialization */; delta > baseMinusTMin * tMax >> 1; k += base) {
+			delta = floor(delta / baseMinusTMin);
+		}
+		return floor(k + (baseMinusTMin + 1) * delta / (delta + skew));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols to a string of Unicode
+	 * symbols.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
+	 * @returns {String} The resulting string of Unicode symbols.
+	 */
+	function decode(input) {
+		// Don't use UCS-2
+		var output = [],
+		    inputLength = input.length,
+		    out,
+		    i = 0,
+		    n = initialN,
+		    bias = initialBias,
+		    basic,
+		    j,
+		    index,
+		    oldi,
+		    w,
+		    k,
+		    digit,
+		    t,
+		    /** Cached calculation results */
+		    baseMinusT;
+
+		// Handle the basic code points: let `basic` be the number of input code
+		// points before the last delimiter, or `0` if there is none, then copy
+		// the first basic code points to the output.
+
+		basic = input.lastIndexOf(delimiter);
+		if (basic < 0) {
+			basic = 0;
+		}
+
+		for (j = 0; j < basic; ++j) {
+			// if it's not a basic code point
+			if (input.charCodeAt(j) >= 0x80) {
+				error('not-basic');
+			}
+			output.push(input.charCodeAt(j));
+		}
+
+		// Main decoding loop: start just after the last delimiter if any basic code
+		// points were copied; start at the beginning otherwise.
+
+		for (index = basic > 0 ? basic + 1 : 0; index < inputLength; /* no final expression */) {
+
+			// `index` is the index of the next character to be consumed.
+			// Decode a generalized variable-length integer into `delta`,
+			// which gets added to `i`. The overflow checking is easier
+			// if we increase `i` as we go, then subtract off its starting
+			// value at the end to obtain `delta`.
+			for (oldi = i, w = 1, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
+
+				if (index >= inputLength) {
+					error('invalid-input');
+				}
+
+				digit = basicToDigit(input.charCodeAt(index++));
+
+				if (digit >= base || digit > floor((maxInt - i) / w)) {
+					error('overflow');
+				}
+
+				i += digit * w;
+				t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
+
+				if (digit < t) {
+					break;
+				}
+
+				baseMinusT = base - t;
+				if (w > floor(maxInt / baseMinusT)) {
+					error('overflow');
+				}
+
+				w *= baseMinusT;
+
+			}
+
+			out = output.length + 1;
+			bias = adapt(i - oldi, out, oldi == 0);
+
+			// `i` was supposed to wrap around from `out` to `0`,
+			// incrementing `n` each time, so we'll fix that now:
+			if (floor(i / out) > maxInt - n) {
+				error('overflow');
+			}
+
+			n += floor(i / out);
+			i %= out;
+
+			// Insert `n` at position `i` of the output
+			output.splice(i++, 0, n);
+
+		}
+
+		return ucs2encode(output);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a string of Unicode symbols (e.g. a domain name label) to a
+	 * Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The string of Unicode symbols.
+	 * @returns {String} The resulting Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
+	 */
+	function encode(input) {
+		var n,
+		    delta,
+		    handledCPCount,
+		    basicLength,
+		    bias,
+		    j,
+		    m,
+		    q,
+		    k,
+		    t,
+		    currentValue,
+		    output = [],
+		    /** `inputLength` will hold the number of code points in `input`. */
+		    inputLength,
+		    /** Cached calculation results */
+		    handledCPCountPlusOne,
+		    baseMinusT,
+		    qMinusT;
+
+		// Convert the input in UCS-2 to Unicode
+		input = ucs2decode(input);
+
+		// Cache the length
+		inputLength = input.length;
+
+		// Initialize the state
+		n = initialN;
+		delta = 0;
+		bias = initialBias;
+
+		// Handle the basic code points
+		for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
+			currentValue = input[j];
+			if (currentValue < 0x80) {
+				output.push(stringFromCharCode(currentValue));
+			}
+		}
+
+		handledCPCount = basicLength = output.length;
+
+		// `handledCPCount` is the number of code points that have been handled;
+		// `basicLength` is the number of basic code points.
+
+		// Finish the basic string - if it is not empty - with a delimiter
+		if (basicLength) {
+			output.push(delimiter);
+		}
+
+		// Main encoding loop:
+		while (handledCPCount < inputLength) {
+
+			// All non-basic code points < n have been handled already. Find the next
+			// larger one:
+			for (m = maxInt, j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
+				currentValue = input[j];
+				if (currentValue >= n && currentValue < m) {
+					m = currentValue;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Increase `delta` enough to advance the decoder's <n,i> state to <m,0>,
+			// but guard against overflow
+			handledCPCountPlusOne = handledCPCount + 1;
+			if (m - n > floor((maxInt - delta) / handledCPCountPlusOne)) {
+				error('overflow');
+			}
+
+			delta += (m - n) * handledCPCountPlusOne;
+			n = m;
+
+			for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
+				currentValue = input[j];
+
+				if (currentValue < n && ++delta > maxInt) {
+					error('overflow');
+				}
+
+				if (currentValue == n) {
+					// Represent delta as a generalized variable-length integer
+					for (q = delta, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
+						t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
+						if (q < t) {
+							break;
+						}
+						qMinusT = q - t;
+						baseMinusT = base - t;
+						output.push(
+							stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(t + qMinusT % baseMinusT, 0))
+						);
+						q = floor(qMinusT / baseMinusT);
+					}
+
+					output.push(stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(q, 0)));
+					bias = adapt(delta, handledCPCountPlusOne, handledCPCount == basicLength);
+					delta = 0;
+					++handledCPCount;
+				}
+			}
+
+			++delta;
+			++n;
+
+		}
+		return output.join('');
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a Punycode string representing a domain name or an email address
+	 * to Unicode. Only the Punycoded parts of the input will be converted, i.e.
+	 * it doesn't matter if you call it on a string that has already been
+	 * converted to Unicode.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The Punycoded domain name or email address to
+	 * convert to Unicode.
+	 * @returns {String} The Unicode representation of the given Punycode
+	 * string.
+	 */
+	function toUnicode(input) {
+		return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
+			return regexPunycode.test(string)
+				? decode(string.slice(4).toLowerCase())
+				: string;
+		});
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a Unicode string representing a domain name or an email address to
+	 * Punycode. Only the non-ASCII parts of the domain name will be converted,
+	 * i.e. it doesn't matter if you call it with a domain that's already in
+	 * ASCII.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The domain name or email address to convert, as a
+	 * Unicode string.
+	 * @returns {String} The Punycode representation of the given domain name or
+	 * email address.
+	 */
+	function toASCII(input) {
+		return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
+			return regexNonASCII.test(string)
+				? 'xn--' + encode(string)
+				: string;
+		});
+	}
+
+	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+	/** Define the public API */
+	punycode = {
+		/**
+		 * A string representing the current Punycode.js version number.
+		 * @memberOf punycode
+		 * @type String
+		 */
+		'version': '1.3.2',
+		/**
+		 * An object of methods to convert from JavaScript's internal character
+		 * representation (UCS-2) to Unicode code points, and back.
+		 * @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
+		 * @memberOf punycode
+		 * @type Object
+		 */
+		'ucs2': {
+			'decode': ucs2decode,
+			'encode': ucs2encode
+		},
+		'decode': decode,
+		'encode': encode,
+		'toASCII': toASCII,
+		'toUnicode': toUnicode
+	};
+
+	/** Expose `punycode` */
+	// Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns
+	// like the following:
+	if (
+		typeof define == 'function' &&
+		typeof define.amd == 'object' &&
+		define.amd
+	) {
+		define('punycode', function() {
+			return punycode;
+		});
+	} else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
+		if (module.exports == freeExports) { // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+
+			freeModule.exports = punycode;
+		} else { // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-
+			for (key in punycode) {
+				punycode.hasOwnProperty(key) && (freeExports[key] = punycode[key]);
+			}
+		}
+	} else { // in Rhino or a web browser
+		root.punycode = punycode;
+	}
+
+}(this));
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{}],12:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+'use strict';
+
+// If obj.hasOwnProperty has been overridden, then calling
+// obj.hasOwnProperty(prop) will break.
+// See: https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/1707
+function hasOwnProperty(obj, prop) {
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop);
+}
+
+module.exports = function(qs, sep, eq, options) {
+  sep = sep || '&';
+  eq = eq || '=';
+  var obj = {};
+
+  if (typeof qs !== 'string' || qs.length === 0) {
+    return obj;
+  }
+
+  var regexp = /\+/g;
+  qs = qs.split(sep);
+
+  var maxKeys = 1000;
+  if (options && typeof options.maxKeys === 'number') {
+    maxKeys = options.maxKeys;
+  }
+
+  var len = qs.length;
+  // maxKeys <= 0 means that we should not limit keys count
+  if (maxKeys > 0 && len > maxKeys) {
+    len = maxKeys;
+  }
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+    var x = qs[i].replace(regexp, '%20'),
+        idx = x.indexOf(eq),
+        kstr, vstr, k, v;
+
+    if (idx >= 0) {
+      kstr = x.substr(0, idx);
+      vstr = x.substr(idx + 1);
+    } else {
+      kstr = x;
+      vstr = '';
+    }
+
+    k = decodeURIComponent(kstr);
+    v = decodeURIComponent(vstr);
+
+    if (!hasOwnProperty(obj, k)) {
+      obj[k] = v;
+    } else if (isArray(obj[k])) {
+      obj[k].push(v);
+    } else {
+      obj[k] = [obj[k], v];
+    }
+  }
+
+  return obj;
+};
+
+var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) {
+  return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]';
+};
+
+},{}],13:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+'use strict';
+
+var stringifyPrimitive = function(v) {
+  switch (typeof v) {
+    case 'string':
+      return v;
+
+    case 'boolean':
+      return v ? 'true' : 'false';
+
+    case 'number':
+      return isFinite(v) ? v : '';
+
+    default:
+      return '';
+  }
+};
+
+module.exports = function(obj, sep, eq, name) {
+  sep = sep || '&';
+  eq = eq || '=';
+  if (obj === null) {
+    obj = undefined;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof obj === 'object') {
+    return map(objectKeys(obj), function(k) {
+      var ks = encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(k)) + eq;
+      if (isArray(obj[k])) {
+        return map(obj[k], function(v) {
+          return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(v));
+        }).join(sep);
+      } else {
+        return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj[k]));
+      }
+    }).join(sep);
+
+  }
+
+  if (!name) return '';
+  return encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(name)) + eq +
+         encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj));
+};
+
+var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) {
+  return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]';
+};
+
+function map (xs, f) {
+  if (xs.map) return xs.map(f);
+  var res = [];
+  for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
+    res.push(f(xs[i], i));
+  }
+  return res;
+}
+
+var objectKeys = Object.keys || function (obj) {
+  var res = [];
+  for (var key in obj) {
+    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) res.push(key);
+  }
+  return res;
+};
+
+},{}],14:[function(require,module,exports){
+'use strict';
+
+exports.decode = exports.parse = require('./decode');
+exports.encode = exports.stringify = require('./encode');
+
+},{"./decode":12,"./encode":13}],15:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+var punycode = require('punycode');
+
+exports.parse = urlParse;
+exports.resolve = urlResolve;
+exports.resolveObject = urlResolveObject;
+exports.format = urlFormat;
+
+exports.Url = Url;
+
+function Url() {
+  this.protocol = null;
+  this.slashes = null;
+  this.auth = null;
+  this.host = null;
+  this.port = null;
+  this.hostname = null;
+  this.hash = null;
+  this.search = null;
+  this.query = null;
+  this.pathname = null;
+  this.path = null;
+  this.href = null;
+}
+
+// Reference: RFC 3986, RFC 1808, RFC 2396
+
+// define these here so at least they only have to be
+// compiled once on the first module load.
+var protocolPattern = /^([a-z0-9.+-]+:)/i,
+    portPattern = /:[0-9]*$/,
+
+    // RFC 2396: characters reserved for delimiting URLs.
+    // We actually just auto-escape these.
+    delims = ['<', '>', '"', '`', ' ', '\r', '\n', '\t'],
+
+    // RFC 2396: characters not allowed for various reasons.
+    unwise = ['{', '}', '|', '\\', '^', '`'].concat(delims),
+
+    // Allowed by RFCs, but cause of XSS attacks.  Always escape these.
+    autoEscape = ['\''].concat(unwise),
+    // Characters that are never ever allowed in a hostname.
+    // Note that any invalid chars are also handled, but these
+    // are the ones that are *expected* to be seen, so we fast-path
+    // them.
+    nonHostChars = ['%', '/', '?', ';', '#'].concat(autoEscape),
+    hostEndingChars = ['/', '?', '#'],
+    hostnameMaxLen = 255,
+    hostnamePartPattern = /^[a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63}$/,
+    hostnamePartStart = /^([a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63})(.*)$/,
+    // protocols that can allow "unsafe" and "unwise" chars.
+    unsafeProtocol = {
+      'javascript': true,
+      'javascript:': true
+    },
+    // protocols that never have a hostname.
+    hostlessProtocol = {
+      'javascript': true,
+      'javascript:': true
+    },
+    // protocols that always contain a // bit.
+    slashedProtocol = {
+      'http': true,
+      'https': true,
+      'ftp': true,
+      'gopher': true,
+      'file': true,
+      'http:': true,
+      'https:': true,
+      'ftp:': true,
+      'gopher:': true,
+      'file:': true
+    },
+    querystring = require('querystring');
+
+function urlParse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) {
+  if (url && isObject(url) && url instanceof Url) return url;
+
+  var u = new Url;
+  u.parse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost);
+  return u;
+}
+
+Url.prototype.parse = function(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) {
+  if (!isString(url)) {
+    throw new TypeError("Parameter 'url' must be a string, not " + typeof url);
+  }
+
+  var rest = url;
+
+  // trim before proceeding.
+  // This is to support parse stuff like "  http://foo.com  \n"
+  rest = rest.trim();
+
+  var proto = protocolPattern.exec(rest);
+  if (proto) {
+    proto = proto[0];
+    var lowerProto = proto.toLowerCase();
+    this.protocol = lowerProto;
+    rest = rest.substr(proto.length);
+  }
+
+  // figure out if it's got a host
+  // user@server is *always* interpreted as a hostname, and url
+  // resolution will treat //foo/bar as host=foo,path=bar because that's
+  // how the browser resolves relative URLs.
+  if (slashesDenoteHost || proto || rest.match(/^\/\/[^@\/]+@[^@\/]+/)) {
+    var slashes = rest.substr(0, 2) === '//';
+    if (slashes && !(proto && hostlessProtocol[proto])) {
+      rest = rest.substr(2);
+      this.slashes = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!hostlessProtocol[proto] &&
+      (slashes || (proto && !slashedProtocol[proto]))) {
+
+    // there's a hostname.
+    // the first instance of /, ?, ;, or # ends the host.
+    //
+    // If there is an @ in the hostname, then non-host chars *are* allowed
+    // to the left of the last @ sign, unless some host-ending character
+    // comes *before* the @-sign.
+    // URLs are obnoxious.
+    //
+    // ex:
+    // http://a@b@c/ => user:a@b host:c
+    // http://a@b?@c => user:a host:c path:/?@c
+
+    // v0.12 TODO(isaacs): This is not quite how Chrome does things.
+    // Review our test case against browsers more comprehensively.
+
+    // find the first instance of any hostEndingChars
+    var hostEnd = -1;
+    for (var i = 0; i < hostEndingChars.length; i++) {
+      var hec = rest.indexOf(hostEndingChars[i]);
+      if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd))
+        hostEnd = hec;
+    }
+
+    // at this point, either we have an explicit point where the
+    // auth portion cannot go past, or the last @ char is the decider.
+    var auth, atSign;
+    if (hostEnd === -1) {
+      // atSign can be anywhere.
+      atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@');
+    } else {
+      // atSign must be in auth portion.
+      // http://a@b/c@d => host:b auth:a path:/c@d
+      atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@', hostEnd);
+    }
+
+    // Now we have a portion which is definitely the auth.
+    // Pull that off.
+    if (atSign !== -1) {
+      auth = rest.slice(0, atSign);
+      rest = rest.slice(atSign + 1);
+      this.auth = decodeURIComponent(auth);
+    }
+
+    // the host is the remaining to the left of the first non-host char
+    hostEnd = -1;
+    for (var i = 0; i < nonHostChars.length; i++) {
+      var hec = rest.indexOf(nonHostChars[i]);
+      if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd))
+        hostEnd = hec;
+    }
+    // if we still have not hit it, then the entire thing is a host.
+    if (hostEnd === -1)
+      hostEnd = rest.length;
+
+    this.host = rest.slice(0, hostEnd);
+    rest = rest.slice(hostEnd);
+
+    // pull out port.
+    this.parseHost();
+
+    // we've indicated that there is a hostname,
+    // so even if it's empty, it has to be present.
+    this.hostname = this.hostname || '';
+
+    // if hostname begins with [ and ends with ]
+    // assume that it's an IPv6 address.
+    var ipv6Hostname = this.hostname[0] === '[' &&
+        this.hostname[this.hostname.length - 1] === ']';
+
+    // validate a little.
+    if (!ipv6Hostname) {
+      var hostparts = this.hostname.split(/\./);
+      for (var i = 0, l = hostparts.length; i < l; i++) {
+        var part = hostparts[i];
+        if (!part) continue;
+        if (!part.match(hostnamePartPattern)) {
+          var newpart = '';
+          for (var j = 0, k = part.length; j < k; j++) {
+            if (part.charCodeAt(j) > 127) {
+              // we replace non-ASCII char with a temporary placeholder
+              // we need this to make sure size of hostname is not
+              // broken by replacing non-ASCII by nothing
+              newpart += 'x';
+            } else {
+              newpart += part[j];
+            }
+          }
+          // we test again with ASCII char only
+          if (!newpart.match(hostnamePartPattern)) {
+            var validParts = hostparts.slice(0, i);
+            var notHost = hostparts.slice(i + 1);
+            var bit = part.match(hostnamePartStart);
+            if (bit) {
+              validParts.push(bit[1]);
+              notHost.unshift(bit[2]);
+            }
+            if (notHost.length) {
+              rest = '/' + notHost.join('.') + rest;
+            }
+            this.hostname = validParts.join('.');
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (this.hostname.length > hostnameMaxLen) {
+      this.hostname = '';
+    } else {
+      // hostnames are always lower case.
+      this.hostname = this.hostname.toLowerCase();
+    }
+
+    if (!ipv6Hostname) {
+      // IDNA Support: Returns a puny coded representation of "domain".
+      // It only converts the part of the domain name that
+      // has non ASCII characters. I.e. it dosent matter if
+      // you call it with a domain that already is in ASCII.
+      var domainArray = this.hostname.split('.');
+      var newOut = [];
+      for (var i = 0; i < domainArray.length; ++i) {
+        var s = domainArray[i];
+        newOut.push(s.match(/[^A-Za-z0-9_-]/) ?
+            'xn--' + punycode.encode(s) : s);
+      }
+      this.hostname = newOut.join('.');
+    }
+
+    var p = this.port ? ':' + this.port : '';
+    var h = this.hostname || '';
+    this.host = h + p;
+    this.href += this.host;
+
+    // strip [ and ] from the hostname
+    // the host field still retains them, though
+    if (ipv6Hostname) {
+      this.hostname = this.hostname.substr(1, this.hostname.length - 2);
+      if (rest[0] !== '/') {
+        rest = '/' + rest;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // now rest is set to the post-host stuff.
+  // chop off any delim chars.
+  if (!unsafeProtocol[lowerProto]) {
+
+    // First, make 100% sure that any "autoEscape" chars get
+    // escaped, even if encodeURIComponent doesn't think they
+    // need to be.
+    for (var i = 0, l = autoEscape.length; i < l; i++) {
+      var ae = autoEscape[i];
+      var esc = encodeURIComponent(ae);
+      if (esc === ae) {
+        esc = escape(ae);
+      }
+      rest = rest.split(ae).join(esc);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  // chop off from the tail first.
+  var hash = rest.indexOf('#');
+  if (hash !== -1) {
+    // got a fragment string.
+    this.hash = rest.substr(hash);
+    rest = rest.slice(0, hash);
+  }
+  var qm = rest.indexOf('?');
+  if (qm !== -1) {
+    this.search = rest.substr(qm);
+    this.query = rest.substr(qm + 1);
+    if (parseQueryString) {
+      this.query = querystring.parse(this.query);
+    }
+    rest = rest.slice(0, qm);
+  } else if (parseQueryString) {
+    // no query string, but parseQueryString still requested
+    this.search = '';
+    this.query = {};
+  }
+  if (rest) this.pathname = rest;
+  if (slashedProtocol[lowerProto] &&
+      this.hostname && !this.pathname) {
+    this.pathname = '/';
+  }
+
+  //to support http.request
+  if (this.pathname || this.search) {
+    var p = this.pathname || '';
+    var s = this.search || '';
+    this.path = p + s;
+  }
+
+  // finally, reconstruct the href based on what has been validated.
+  this.href = this.format();
+  return this;
+};
+
+// format a parsed object into a url string
+function urlFormat(obj) {
+  // ensure it's an object, and not a string url.
+  // If it's an obj, this is a no-op.
+  // this way, you can call url_format() on strings
+  // to clean up potentially wonky urls.
+  if (isString(obj)) obj = urlParse(obj);
+  if (!(obj instanceof Url)) return Url.prototype.format.call(obj);
+  return obj.format();
+}
+
+Url.prototype.format = function() {
+  var auth = this.auth || '';
+  if (auth) {
+    auth = encodeURIComponent(auth);
+    auth = auth.replace(/%3A/i, ':');
+    auth += '@';
+  }
+
+  var protocol = this.protocol || '',
+      pathname = this.pathname || '',
+      hash = this.hash || '',
+      host = false,
+      query = '';
+
+  if (this.host) {
+    host = auth + this.host;
+  } else if (this.hostname) {
+    host = auth + (this.hostname.indexOf(':') === -1 ?
+        this.hostname :
+        '[' + this.hostname + ']');
+    if (this.port) {
+      host += ':' + this.port;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (this.query &&
+      isObject(this.query) &&
+      Object.keys(this.query).length) {
+    query = querystring.stringify(this.query);
+  }
+
+  var search = this.search || (query && ('?' + query)) || '';
+
+  if (protocol && protocol.substr(-1) !== ':') protocol += ':';
+
+  // only the slashedProtocols get the //.  Not mailto:, xmpp:, etc.
+  // unless they had them to begin with.
+  if (this.slashes ||
+      (!protocol || slashedProtocol[protocol]) && host !== false) {
+    host = '//' + (host || '');
+    if (pathname && pathname.charAt(0) !== '/') pathname = '/' + pathname;
+  } else if (!host) {
+    host = '';
+  }
+
+  if (hash && hash.charAt(0) !== '#') hash = '#' + hash;
+  if (search && search.charAt(0) !== '?') search = '?' + search;
+
+  pathname = pathname.replace(/[?#]/g, function(match) {
+    return encodeURIComponent(match);
+  });
+  search = search.replace('#', '%23');
+
+  return protocol + host + pathname + search + hash;
+};
+
+function urlResolve(source, relative) {
+  return urlParse(source, false, true).resolve(relative);
+}
+
+Url.prototype.resolve = function(relative) {
+  return this.resolveObject(urlParse(relative, false, true)).format();
+};
+
+function urlResolveObject(source, relative) {
+  if (!source) return relative;
+  return urlParse(source, false, true).resolveObject(relative);
+}
+
+Url.prototype.resolveObject = function(relative) {
+  if (isString(relative)) {
+    var rel = new Url();
+    rel.parse(relative, false, true);
+    relative = rel;
+  }
+
+  var result = new Url();
+  Object.keys(this).forEach(function(k) {
+    result[k] = this[k];
+  }, this);
+
+  // hash is always overridden, no matter what.
+  // even href="" will remove it.
+  result.hash = relative.hash;
+
+  // if the relative url is empty, then there's nothing left to do here.
+  if (relative.href === '') {
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // hrefs like //foo/bar always cut to the protocol.
+  if (relative.slashes && !relative.protocol) {
+    // take everything except the protocol from relative
+    Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) {
+      if (k !== 'protocol')
+        result[k] = relative[k];
+    });
+
+    //urlParse appends trailing / to urls like http://www.example.com
+    if (slashedProtocol[result.protocol] &&
+        result.hostname && !result.pathname) {
+      result.path = result.pathname = '/';
+    }
+
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  if (relative.protocol && relative.protocol !== result.protocol) {
+    // if it's a known url protocol, then changing
+    // the protocol does weird things
+    // first, if it's not file:, then we MUST have a host,
+    // and if there was a path
+    // to begin with, then we MUST have a path.
+    // if it is file:, then the host is dropped,
+    // because that's known to be hostless.
+    // anything else is assumed to be absolute.
+    if (!slashedProtocol[relative.protocol]) {
+      Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) {
+        result[k] = relative[k];
+      });
+      result.href = result.format();
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    result.protocol = relative.protocol;
+    if (!relative.host && !hostlessProtocol[relative.protocol]) {
+      var relPath = (relative.pathname || '').split('/');
+      while (relPath.length && !(relative.host = relPath.shift()));
+      if (!relative.host) relative.host = '';
+      if (!relative.hostname) relative.hostname = '';
+      if (relPath[0] !== '') relPath.unshift('');
+      if (relPath.length < 2) relPath.unshift('');
+      result.pathname = relPath.join('/');
+    } else {
+      result.pathname = relative.pathname;
+    }
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+    result.host = relative.host || '';
+    result.auth = relative.auth;
+    result.hostname = relative.hostname || relative.host;
+    result.port = relative.port;
+    // to support http.request
+    if (result.pathname || result.search) {
+      var p = result.pathname || '';
+      var s = result.search || '';
+      result.path = p + s;
+    }
+    result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes;
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  var isSourceAbs = (result.pathname && result.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'),
+      isRelAbs = (
+          relative.host ||
+          relative.pathname && relative.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'
+      ),
+      mustEndAbs = (isRelAbs || isSourceAbs ||
+                    (result.host && relative.pathname)),
+      removeAllDots = mustEndAbs,
+      srcPath = result.pathname && result.pathname.split('/') || [],
+      relPath = relative.pathname && relative.pathname.split('/') || [],
+      psychotic = result.protocol && !slashedProtocol[result.protocol];
+
+  // if the url is a non-slashed url, then relative
+  // links like ../.. should be able
+  // to crawl up to the hostname, as well.  This is strange.
+  // result.protocol has already been set by now.
+  // Later on, put the first path part into the host field.
+  if (psychotic) {
+    result.hostname = '';
+    result.port = null;
+    if (result.host) {
+      if (srcPath[0] === '') srcPath[0] = result.host;
+      else srcPath.unshift(result.host);
+    }
+    result.host = '';
+    if (relative.protocol) {
+      relative.hostname = null;
+      relative.port = null;
+      if (relative.host) {
+        if (relPath[0] === '') relPath[0] = relative.host;
+        else relPath.unshift(relative.host);
+      }
+      relative.host = null;
+    }
+    mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs && (relPath[0] === '' || srcPath[0] === '');
+  }
+
+  if (isRelAbs) {
+    // it's absolute.
+    result.host = (relative.host || relative.host === '') ?
+                  relative.host : result.host;
+    result.hostname = (relative.hostname || relative.hostname === '') ?
+                      relative.hostname : result.hostname;
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+    srcPath = relPath;
+    // fall through to the dot-handling below.
+  } else if (relPath.length) {
+    // it's relative
+    // throw away the existing file, and take the new path instead.
+    if (!srcPath) srcPath = [];
+    srcPath.pop();
+    srcPath = srcPath.concat(relPath);
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+  } else if (!isNullOrUndefined(relative.search)) {
+    // just pull out the search.
+    // like href='?foo'.
+    // Put this after the other two cases because it simplifies the booleans
+    if (psychotic) {
+      result.hostname = result.host = srcPath.shift();
+      //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host
+      //this especialy happens in cases like
+      //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2')
+      var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ?
+                       result.host.split('@') : false;
+      if (authInHost) {
+        result.auth = authInHost.shift();
+        result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift();
+      }
+    }
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+    //to support http.request
+    if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) {
+      result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') +
+                    (result.search ? result.search : '');
+    }
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  if (!srcPath.length) {
+    // no path at all.  easy.
+    // we've already handled the other stuff above.
+    result.pathname = null;
+    //to support http.request
+    if (result.search) {
+      result.path = '/' + result.search;
+    } else {
+      result.path = null;
+    }
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // if a url ENDs in . or .., then it must get a trailing slash.
+  // however, if it ends in anything else non-slashy,
+  // then it must NOT get a trailing slash.
+  var last = srcPath.slice(-1)[0];
+  var hasTrailingSlash = (
+      (result.host || relative.host) && (last === '.' || last === '..') ||
+      last === '');
+
+  // strip single dots, resolve double dots to parent dir
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = srcPath.length; i >= 0; i--) {
+    last = srcPath[i];
+    if (last == '.') {
+      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (!mustEndAbs && !removeAllDots) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      srcPath.unshift('..');
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (mustEndAbs && srcPath[0] !== '' &&
+      (!srcPath[0] || srcPath[0].charAt(0) !== '/')) {
+    srcPath.unshift('');
+  }
+
+  if (hasTrailingSlash && (srcPath.join('/').substr(-1) !== '/')) {
+    srcPath.push('');
+  }
+
+  var isAbsolute = srcPath[0] === '' ||
+      (srcPath[0] && srcPath[0].charAt(0) === '/');
+
+  // put the host back
+  if (psychotic) {
+    result.hostname = result.host = isAbsolute ? '' :
+                                    srcPath.length ? srcPath.shift() : '';
+    //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host
+    //this especialy happens in cases like
+    //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2')
+    var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ?
+                     result.host.split('@') : false;
+    if (authInHost) {
+      result.auth = authInHost.shift();
+      result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift();
+    }
+  }
+
+  mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs || (result.host && srcPath.length);
+
+  if (mustEndAbs && !isAbsolute) {
+    srcPath.unshift('');
+  }
+
+  if (!srcPath.length) {
+    result.pathname = null;
+    result.path = null;
+  } else {
+    result.pathname = srcPath.join('/');
+  }
+
+  //to support request.http
+  if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) {
+    result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') +
+                  (result.search ? result.search : '');
+  }
+  result.auth = relative.auth || result.auth;
+  result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes;
+  result.href = result.format();
+  return result;
+};
+
+Url.prototype.parseHost = function() {
+  var host = this.host;
+  var port = portPattern.exec(host);
+  if (port) {
+    port = port[0];
+    if (port !== ':') {
+      this.port = port.substr(1);
+    }
+    host = host.substr(0, host.length - port.length);
+  }
+  if (host) this.hostname = host;
+};
+
+function isString(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === "string";
+}
+
+function isObject(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === 'object' && arg !== null;
+}
+
+function isNull(arg) {
+  return arg === null;
+}
+function isNullOrUndefined(arg) {
+  return  arg == null;
+}
+
+},{"punycode":11,"querystring":14}],16:[function(require,module,exports){
+;(function (require, exports, module, platform) {
+
+if (module) module.exports = minimatch
+else exports.minimatch = minimatch
+
+if (!require) {
+  require = function (id) {
+    switch (id) {
+      case "sigmund": return function sigmund (obj) {
+        return JSON.stringify(obj)
+      }
+      case "path": return { basename: function (f) {
+        f = f.split(/[\/\\]/)
+        var e = f.pop()
+        if (!e) e = f.pop()
+        return e
+      }}
+      case "lru-cache": return function LRUCache () {
+        // not quite an LRU, but still space-limited.
+        var cache = {}
+        var cnt = 0
+        this.set = function (k, v) {
+          cnt ++
+          if (cnt >= 100) cache = {}
+          cache[k] = v
+        }
+        this.get = function (k) { return cache[k] }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+minimatch.Minimatch = Minimatch
+
+var LRU = require("lru-cache")
+  , cache = minimatch.cache = new LRU({max: 100})
+  , GLOBSTAR = minimatch.GLOBSTAR = Minimatch.GLOBSTAR = {}
+  , sigmund = require("sigmund")
+
+var path = require("path")
+  // any single thing other than /
+  // don't need to escape / when using new RegExp()
+  , qmark = "[^/]"
+
+  // * => any number of characters
+  , star = qmark + "*?"
+
+  // ** when dots are allowed.  Anything goes, except .. and .
+  // not (^ or / followed by one or two dots followed by $ or /),
+  // followed by anything, any number of times.
+  , twoStarDot = "(?:(?!(?:\\\/|^)(?:\\.{1,2})($|\\\/)).)*?"
+
+  // not a ^ or / followed by a dot,
+  // followed by anything, any number of times.
+  , twoStarNoDot = "(?:(?!(?:\\\/|^)\\.).)*?"
+
+  // characters that need to be escaped in RegExp.
+  , reSpecials = charSet("().*{}+?[]^$\\!")
+
+// "abc" -> { a:true, b:true, c:true }
+function charSet (s) {
+  return s.split("").reduce(function (set, c) {
+    set[c] = true
+    return set
+  }, {})
+}
+
+// normalizes slashes.
+var slashSplit = /\/+/
+
+minimatch.filter = filter
+function filter (pattern, options) {
+  options = options || {}
+  return function (p, i, list) {
+    return minimatch(p, pattern, options)
+  }
+}
+
+function ext (a, b) {
+  a = a || {}
+  b = b || {}
+  var t = {}
+  Object.keys(b).forEach(function (k) {
+    t[k] = b[k]
+  })
+  Object.keys(a).forEach(function (k) {
+    t[k] = a[k]
+  })
+  return t
+}
+
+minimatch.defaults = function (def) {
+  if (!def || !Object.keys(def).length) return minimatch
+
+  var orig = minimatch
+
+  var m = function minimatch (p, pattern, options) {
+    return orig.minimatch(p, pattern, ext(def, options))
+  }
+
+  m.Minimatch = function Minimatch (pattern, options) {
+    return new orig.Minimatch(pattern, ext(def, options))
+  }
+
+  return m
+}
+
+Minimatch.defaults = function (def) {
+  if (!def || !Object.keys(def).length) return Minimatch
+  return minimatch.defaults(def).Minimatch
+}
+
+
+function minimatch (p, pattern, options) {
+  if (typeof pattern !== "string") {
+    throw new TypeError("glob pattern string required")
+  }
+
+  if (!options) options = {}
+
+  // shortcut: comments match nothing.
+  if (!options.nocomment && pattern.charAt(0) === "#") {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  // "" only matches ""
+  if (pattern.trim() === "") return p === ""
+
+  return new Minimatch(pattern, options).match(p)
+}
+
+function Minimatch (pattern, options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof Minimatch)) {
+    return new Minimatch(pattern, options, cache)
+  }
+
+  if (typeof pattern !== "string") {
+    throw new TypeError("glob pattern string required")
+  }
+
+  if (!options) options = {}
+  pattern = pattern.trim()
+
+  // windows: need to use /, not \
+  // On other platforms, \ is a valid (albeit bad) filename char.
+  if (platform === "win32") {
+    pattern = pattern.split("\\").join("/")
+  }
+
+  // lru storage.
+  // these things aren't particularly big, but walking down the string
+  // and turning it into a regexp can get pretty costly.
+  var cacheKey = pattern + "\n" + sigmund(options)
+  var cached = minimatch.cache.get(cacheKey)
+  if (cached) return cached
+  minimatch.cache.set(cacheKey, this)
+
+  this.options = options
+  this.set = []
+  this.pattern = pattern
+  this.regexp = null
+  this.negate = false
+  this.comment = false
+  this.empty = false
+
+  // make the set of regexps etc.
+  this.make()
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.debug = function() {}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.make = make
+function make () {
+  // don't do it more than once.
+  if (this._made) return
+
+  var pattern = this.pattern
+  var options = this.options
+
+  // empty patterns and comments match nothing.
+  if (!options.nocomment && pattern.charAt(0) === "#") {
+    this.comment = true
+    return
+  }
+  if (!pattern) {
+    this.empty = true
+    return
+  }
+
+  // step 1: figure out negation, etc.
+  this.parseNegate()
+
+  // step 2: expand braces
+  var set = this.globSet = this.braceExpand()
+
+  if (options.debug) this.debug = console.error
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  // step 3: now we have a set, so turn each one into a series of path-portion
+  // matching patterns.
+  // These will be regexps, except in the case of "**", which is
+  // set to the GLOBSTAR object for globstar behavior,
+  // and will not contain any / characters
+  set = this.globParts = set.map(function (s) {
+    return s.split(slashSplit)
+  })
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  // glob --> regexps
+  set = set.map(function (s, si, set) {
+    return s.map(this.parse, this)
+  }, this)
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  // filter out everything that didn't compile properly.
+  set = set.filter(function (s) {
+    return -1 === s.indexOf(false)
+  })
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  this.set = set
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.parseNegate = parseNegate
+function parseNegate () {
+  var pattern = this.pattern
+    , negate = false
+    , options = this.options
+    , negateOffset = 0
+
+  if (options.nonegate) return
+
+  for ( var i = 0, l = pattern.length
+      ; i < l && pattern.charAt(i) === "!"
+      ; i ++) {
+    negate = !negate
+    negateOffset ++
+  }
+
+  if (negateOffset) this.pattern = pattern.substr(negateOffset)
+  this.negate = negate
+}
+
+// Brace expansion:
+// a{b,c}d -> abd acd
+// a{b,}c -> abc ac
+// a{0..3}d -> a0d a1d a2d a3d
+// a{b,c{d,e}f}g -> abg acdfg acefg
+// a{b,c}d{e,f}g -> abdeg acdeg abdeg abdfg
+//
+// Invalid sets are not expanded.
+// a{2..}b -> a{2..}b
+// a{b}c -> a{b}c
+minimatch.braceExpand = function (pattern, options) {
+  return new Minimatch(pattern, options).braceExpand()
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.braceExpand = braceExpand
+
+function pad(n, width, z) {
+  z = z || '0';
+  n = n + '';
+  return n.length >= width ? n : new Array(width - n.length + 1).join(z) + n;
+}
+
+function braceExpand (pattern, options) {
+  options = options || this.options
+  pattern = typeof pattern === "undefined"
+    ? this.pattern : pattern
+
+  if (typeof pattern === "undefined") {
+    throw new Error("undefined pattern")
+  }
+
+  if (options.nobrace ||
+      !pattern.match(/\{.*\}/)) {
+    // shortcut. no need to expand.
+    return [pattern]
+  }
+
+  var escaping = false
+
+  // examples and comments refer to this crazy pattern:
+  // a{b,c{d,e},{f,g}h}x{y,z}
+  // expected:
+  // abxy
+  // abxz
+  // acdxy
+  // acdxz
+  // acexy
+  // acexz
+  // afhxy
+  // afhxz
+  // aghxy
+  // aghxz
+
+  // everything before the first \{ is just a prefix.
+  // So, we pluck that off, and work with the rest,
+  // and then prepend it to everything we find.
+  if (pattern.charAt(0) !== "{") {
+    this.debug(pattern)
+    var prefix = null
+    for (var i = 0, l = pattern.length; i < l; i ++) {
+      var c = pattern.charAt(i)
+      this.debug(i, c)
+      if (c === "\\") {
+        escaping = !escaping
+      } else if (c === "{" && !escaping) {
+        prefix = pattern.substr(0, i)
+        break
+      }
+    }
+
+    // actually no sets, all { were escaped.
+    if (prefix === null) {
+      this.debug("no sets")
+      return [pattern]
+    }
+
+   var tail = braceExpand.call(this, pattern.substr(i), options)
+    return tail.map(function (t) {
+      return prefix + t
+    })
+  }
+
+  // now we have something like:
+  // {b,c{d,e},{f,g}h}x{y,z}
+  // walk through the set, expanding each part, until
+  // the set ends.  then, we'll expand the suffix.
+  // If the set only has a single member, then'll put the {} back
+
+  // first, handle numeric sets, since they're easier
+  var numset = pattern.match(/^\{(-?[0-9]+)\.\.(-?[0-9]+)\}/)
+  if (numset) {
+    this.debug("numset", numset[1], numset[2])
+    var suf = braceExpand.call(this, pattern.substr(numset[0].length), options)
+      , start = +numset[1]
+      , needPadding = numset[1][0] === '0'
+      , startWidth = numset[1].length
+      , padded
+      , end = +numset[2]
+      , inc = start > end ? -1 : 1
+      , set = []
+
+    for (var i = start; i != (end + inc); i += inc) {
+      padded = needPadding ? pad(i, startWidth) : i + ''
+      // append all the suffixes
+      for (var ii = 0, ll = suf.length; ii < ll; ii ++) {
+        set.push(padded + suf[ii])
+      }
+    }
+    return set
+  }
+
+  // ok, walk through the set
+  // We hope, somewhat optimistically, that there
+  // will be a } at the end.
+  // If the closing brace isn't found, then the pattern is
+  // interpreted as braceExpand("\\" + pattern) so that
+  // the leading \{ will be interpreted literally.
+  var i = 1 // skip the \{
+    , depth = 1
+    , set = []
+    , member = ""
+    , sawEnd = false
+    , escaping = false
+
+  function addMember () {
+    set.push(member)
+    member = ""
+  }
+
+  this.debug("Entering for")
+  FOR: for (i = 1, l = pattern.length; i < l; i ++) {
+    var c = pattern.charAt(i)
+    this.debug("", i, c)
+
+    if (escaping) {
+      escaping = false
+      member += "\\" + c
+    } else {
+      switch (c) {
+        case "\\":
+          escaping = true
+          continue
+
+        case "{":
+          depth ++
+          member += "{"
+          continue
+
+        case "}":
+          depth --
+          // if this closes the actual set, then we're done
+          if (depth === 0) {
+            addMember()
+            // pluck off the close-brace
+            i ++
+            break FOR
+          } else {
+            member += c
+            continue
+          }
+
+        case ",":
+          if (depth === 1) {
+            addMember()
+          } else {
+            member += c
+          }
+          continue
+
+        default:
+          member += c
+          continue
+      } // switch
+    } // else
+  } // for
+
+  // now we've either finished the set, and the suffix is
+  // pattern.substr(i), or we have *not* closed the set,
+  // and need to escape the leading brace
+  if (depth !== 0) {
+    this.debug("didn't close", pattern)
+    return braceExpand.call(this, "\\" + pattern, options)
+  }
+
+  // x{y,z} -> ["xy", "xz"]
+  this.debug("set", set)
+  this.debug("suffix", pattern.substr(i))
+  var suf = braceExpand.call(this, pattern.substr(i), options)
+  // ["b", "c{d,e}","{f,g}h"] ->
+  //   [["b"], ["cd", "ce"], ["fh", "gh"]]
+  var addBraces = set.length === 1
+  this.debug("set pre-expanded", set)
+  set = set.map(function (p) {
+    return braceExpand.call(this, p, options)
+  }, this)
+  this.debug("set expanded", set)
+
+
+  // [["b"], ["cd", "ce"], ["fh", "gh"]] ->
+  //   ["b", "cd", "ce", "fh", "gh"]
+  set = set.reduce(function (l, r) {
+    return l.concat(r)
+  })
+
+  if (addBraces) {
+    set = set.map(function (s) {
+      return "{" + s + "}"
+    })
+  }
+
+  // now attach the suffixes.
+  var ret = []
+  for (var i = 0, l = set.length; i < l; i ++) {
+    for (var ii = 0, ll = suf.length; ii < ll; ii ++) {
+      ret.push(set[i] + suf[ii])
+    }
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+
+// parse a component of the expanded set.
+// At this point, no pattern may contain "/" in it
+// so we're going to return a 2d array, where each entry is the full
+// pattern, split on '/', and then turned into a regular expression.
+// A regexp is made at the end which joins each array with an
+// escaped /, and another full one which joins each regexp with |.
+//
+// Following the lead of Bash 4.1, note that "**" only has special meaning
+// when it is the *only* thing in a path portion.  Otherwise, any series
+// of * is equivalent to a single *.  Globstar behavior is enabled by
+// default, and can be disabled by setting options.noglobstar.
+Minimatch.prototype.parse = parse
+var SUBPARSE = {}
+function parse (pattern, isSub) {
+  var options = this.options
+
+  // shortcuts
+  if (!options.noglobstar && pattern === "**") return GLOBSTAR
+  if (pattern === "") return ""
+
+  var re = ""
+    , hasMagic = !!options.nocase
+    , escaping = false
+    // ? => one single character
+    , patternListStack = []
+    , plType
+    , stateChar
+    , inClass = false
+    , reClassStart = -1
+    , classStart = -1
+    // . and .. never match anything that doesn't start with .,
+    // even when options.dot is set.
+    , patternStart = pattern.charAt(0) === "." ? "" // anything
+      // not (start or / followed by . or .. followed by / or end)
+      : options.dot ? "(?!(?:^|\\\/)\\.{1,2}(?:$|\\\/))"
+      : "(?!\\.)"
+    , self = this
+
+  function clearStateChar () {
+    if (stateChar) {
+      // we had some state-tracking character
+      // that wasn't consumed by this pass.
+      switch (stateChar) {
+        case "*":
+          re += star
+          hasMagic = true
+          break
+        case "?":
+          re += qmark
+          hasMagic = true
+          break
+        default:
+          re += "\\"+stateChar
+          break
+      }
+      self.debug('clearStateChar %j %j', stateChar, re)
+      stateChar = false
+    }
+  }
+
+  for ( var i = 0, len = pattern.length, c
+      ; (i < len) && (c = pattern.charAt(i))
+      ; i ++ ) {
+
+    this.debug("%s\t%s %s %j", pattern, i, re, c)
+
+    // skip over any that are escaped.
+    if (escaping && reSpecials[c]) {
+      re += "\\" + c
+      escaping = false
+      continue
+    }
+
+    SWITCH: switch (c) {
+      case "/":
+        // completely not allowed, even escaped.
+        // Should already be path-split by now.
+        return false
+
+      case "\\":
+        clearStateChar()
+        escaping = true
+        continue
+
+      // the various stateChar values
+      // for the "extglob" stuff.
+      case "?":
+      case "*":
+      case "+":
+      case "@":
+      case "!":
+        this.debug("%s\t%s %s %j <-- stateChar", pattern, i, re, c)
+
+        // all of those are literals inside a class, except that
+        // the glob [!a] means [^a] in regexp
+        if (inClass) {
+          this.debug('  in class')
+          if (c === "!" && i === classStart + 1) c = "^"
+          re += c
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // if we already have a stateChar, then it means
+        // that there was something like ** or +? in there.
+        // Handle the stateChar, then proceed with this one.
+        self.debug('call clearStateChar %j', stateChar)
+        clearStateChar()
+        stateChar = c
+        // if extglob is disabled, then +(asdf|foo) isn't a thing.
+        // just clear the statechar *now*, rather than even diving into
+        // the patternList stuff.
+        if (options.noext) clearStateChar()
+        continue
+
+      case "(":
+        if (inClass) {
+          re += "("
+          continue
+        }
+
+        if (!stateChar) {
+          re += "\\("
+          continue
+        }
+
+        plType = stateChar
+        patternListStack.push({ type: plType
+                              , start: i - 1
+                              , reStart: re.length })
+        // negation is (?:(?!js)[^/]*)
+        re += stateChar === "!" ? "(?:(?!" : "(?:"
+        this.debug('plType %j %j', stateChar, re)
+        stateChar = false
+        continue
+
+      case ")":
+        if (inClass || !patternListStack.length) {
+          re += "\\)"
+          continue
+        }
+
+        clearStateChar()
+        hasMagic = true
+        re += ")"
+        plType = patternListStack.pop().type
+        // negation is (?:(?!js)[^/]*)
+        // The others are (?:<pattern>)<type>
+        switch (plType) {
+          case "!":
+            re += "[^/]*?)"
+            break
+          case "?":
+          case "+":
+          case "*": re += plType
+          case "@": break // the default anyway
+        }
+        continue
+
+      case "|":
+        if (inClass || !patternListStack.length || escaping) {
+          re += "\\|"
+          escaping = false
+          continue
+        }
+
+        clearStateChar()
+        re += "|"
+        continue
+
+      // these are mostly the same in regexp and glob
+      case "[":
+        // swallow any state-tracking char before the [
+        clearStateChar()
+
+        if (inClass) {
+          re += "\\" + c
+          continue
+        }
+
+        inClass = true
+        classStart = i
+        reClassStart = re.length
+        re += c
+        continue
+
+      case "]":
+        //  a right bracket shall lose its special
+        //  meaning and represent itself in
+        //  a bracket expression if it occurs
+        //  first in the list.  -- POSIX.2 2.8.3.2
+        if (i === classStart + 1 || !inClass) {
+          re += "\\" + c
+          escaping = false
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // finish up the class.
+        hasMagic = true
+        inClass = false
+        re += c
+        continue
+
+      default:
+        // swallow any state char that wasn't consumed
+        clearStateChar()
+
+        if (escaping) {
+          // no need
+          escaping = false
+        } else if (reSpecials[c]
+                   && !(c === "^" && inClass)) {
+          re += "\\"
+        }
+
+        re += c
+
+    } // switch
+  } // for
+
+
+  // handle the case where we left a class open.
+  // "[abc" is valid, equivalent to "\[abc"
+  if (inClass) {
+    // split where the last [ was, and escape it
+    // this is a huge pita.  We now have to re-walk
+    // the contents of the would-be class to re-translate
+    // any characters that were passed through as-is
+    var cs = pattern.substr(classStart + 1)
+      , sp = this.parse(cs, SUBPARSE)
+    re = re.substr(0, reClassStart) + "\\[" + sp[0]
+    hasMagic = hasMagic || sp[1]
+  }
+
+  // handle the case where we had a +( thing at the *end*
+  // of the pattern.
+  // each pattern list stack adds 3 chars, and we need to go through
+  // and escape any | chars that were passed through as-is for the regexp.
+  // Go through and escape them, taking care not to double-escape any
+  // | chars that were already escaped.
+  var pl
+  while (pl = patternListStack.pop()) {
+    var tail = re.slice(pl.reStart + 3)
+    // maybe some even number of \, then maybe 1 \, followed by a |
+    tail = tail.replace(/((?:\\{2})*)(\\?)\|/g, function (_, $1, $2) {
+      if (!$2) {
+        // the | isn't already escaped, so escape it.
+        $2 = "\\"
+      }
+
+      // need to escape all those slashes *again*, without escaping the
+      // one that we need for escaping the | character.  As it works out,
+      // escaping an even number of slashes can be done by simply repeating
+      // it exactly after itself.  That's why this trick works.
+      //
+      // I am sorry that you have to see this.
+      return $1 + $1 + $2 + "|"
+    })
+
+    this.debug("tail=%j\n   %s", tail, tail)
+    var t = pl.type === "*" ? star
+          : pl.type === "?" ? qmark
+          : "\\" + pl.type
+
+    hasMagic = true
+    re = re.slice(0, pl.reStart)
+       + t + "\\("
+       + tail
+  }
+
+  // handle trailing things that only matter at the very end.
+  clearStateChar()
+  if (escaping) {
+    // trailing \\
+    re += "\\\\"
+  }
+
+  // only need to apply the nodot start if the re starts with
+  // something that could conceivably capture a dot
+  var addPatternStart = false
+  switch (re.charAt(0)) {
+    case ".":
+    case "[":
+    case "(": addPatternStart = true
+  }
+
+  // if the re is not "" at this point, then we need to make sure
+  // it doesn't match against an empty path part.
+  // Otherwise a/* will match a/, which it should not.
+  if (re !== "" && hasMagic) re = "(?=.)" + re
+
+  if (addPatternStart) re = patternStart + re
+
+  // parsing just a piece of a larger pattern.
+  if (isSub === SUBPARSE) {
+    return [ re, hasMagic ]
+  }
+
+  // skip the regexp for non-magical patterns
+  // unescape anything in it, though, so that it'll be
+  // an exact match against a file etc.
+  if (!hasMagic) {
+    return globUnescape(pattern)
+  }
+
+  var flags = options.nocase ? "i" : ""
+    , regExp = new RegExp("^" + re + "$", flags)
+
+  regExp._glob = pattern
+  regExp._src = re
+
+  return regExp
+}
+
+minimatch.makeRe = function (pattern, options) {
+  return new Minimatch(pattern, options || {}).makeRe()
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.makeRe = makeRe
+function makeRe () {
+  if (this.regexp || this.regexp === false) return this.regexp
+
+  // at this point, this.set is a 2d array of partial
+  // pattern strings, or "**".
+  //
+  // It's better to use .match().  This function shouldn't
+  // be used, really, but it's pretty convenient sometimes,
+  // when you just want to work with a regex.
+  var set = this.set
+
+  if (!set.length) return this.regexp = false
+  var options = this.options
+
+  var twoStar = options.noglobstar ? star
+      : options.dot ? twoStarDot
+      : twoStarNoDot
+    , flags = options.nocase ? "i" : ""
+
+  var re = set.map(function (pattern) {
+    return pattern.map(function (p) {
+      return (p === GLOBSTAR) ? twoStar
+           : (typeof p === "string") ? regExpEscape(p)
+           : p._src
+    }).join("\\\/")
+  }).join("|")
+
+  // must match entire pattern
+  // ending in a * or ** will make it less strict.
+  re = "^(?:" + re + ")$"
+
+  // can match anything, as long as it's not this.
+  if (this.negate) re = "^(?!" + re + ").*$"
+
+  try {
+    return this.regexp = new RegExp(re, flags)
+  } catch (ex) {
+    return this.regexp = false
+  }
+}
+
+minimatch.match = function (list, pattern, options) {
+  options = options || {}
+  var mm = new Minimatch(pattern, options)
+  list = list.filter(function (f) {
+    return mm.match(f)
+  })
+  if (mm.options.nonull && !list.length) {
+    list.push(pattern)
+  }
+  return list
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.match = match
+function match (f, partial) {
+  this.debug("match", f, this.pattern)
+  // short-circuit in the case of busted things.
+  // comments, etc.
+  if (this.comment) return false
+  if (this.empty) return f === ""
+
+  if (f === "/" && partial) return true
+
+  var options = this.options
+
+  // windows: need to use /, not \
+  // On other platforms, \ is a valid (albeit bad) filename char.
+  if (platform === "win32") {
+    f = f.split("\\").join("/")
+  }
+
+  // treat the test path as a set of pathparts.
+  f = f.split(slashSplit)
+  this.debug(this.pattern, "split", f)
+
+  // just ONE of the pattern sets in this.set needs to match
+  // in order for it to be valid.  If negating, then just one
+  // match means that we have failed.
+  // Either way, return on the first hit.
+
+  var set = this.set
+  this.debug(this.pattern, "set", set)
+
+  // Find the basename of the path by looking for the last non-empty segment
+  var filename;
+  for (var i = f.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    filename = f[i]
+    if (filename) break
+  }
+
+  for (var i = 0, l = set.length; i < l; i ++) {
+    var pattern = set[i], file = f
+    if (options.matchBase && pattern.length === 1) {
+      file = [filename]
+    }
+    var hit = this.matchOne(file, pattern, partial)
+    if (hit) {
+      if (options.flipNegate) return true
+      return !this.negate
+    }
+  }
+
+  // didn't get any hits.  this is success if it's a negative
+  // pattern, failure otherwise.
+  if (options.flipNegate) return false
+  return this.negate
+}
+
+// set partial to true to test if, for example,
+// "/a/b" matches the start of "/*/b/*/d"
+// Partial means, if you run out of file before you run
+// out of pattern, then that's fine, as long as all
+// the parts match.
+Minimatch.prototype.matchOne = function (file, pattern, partial) {
+  var options = this.options
+
+  this.debug("matchOne",
+              { "this": this
+              , file: file
+              , pattern: pattern })
+
+  this.debug("matchOne", file.length, pattern.length)
+
+  for ( var fi = 0
+          , pi = 0
+          , fl = file.length
+          , pl = pattern.length
+      ; (fi < fl) && (pi < pl)
+      ; fi ++, pi ++ ) {
+
+    this.debug("matchOne loop")
+    var p = pattern[pi]
+      , f = file[fi]
+
+    this.debug(pattern, p, f)
+
+    // should be impossible.
+    // some invalid regexp stuff in the set.
+    if (p === false) return false
+
+    if (p === GLOBSTAR) {
+      this.debug('GLOBSTAR', [pattern, p, f])
+
+      // "**"
+      // a/**/b/**/c would match the following:
+      // a/b/x/y/z/c
+      // a/x/y/z/b/c
+      // a/b/x/b/x/c
+      // a/b/c
+      // To do this, take the rest of the pattern after
+      // the **, and see if it would match the file remainder.
+      // If so, return success.
+      // If not, the ** "swallows" a segment, and try again.
+      // This is recursively awful.
+      //
+      // a/**/b/**/c matching a/b/x/y/z/c
+      // - a matches a
+      // - doublestar
+      //   - matchOne(b/x/y/z/c, b/**/c)
+      //     - b matches b
+      //     - doublestar
+      //       - matchOne(x/y/z/c, c) -> no
+      //       - matchOne(y/z/c, c) -> no
+      //       - matchOne(z/c, c) -> no
+      //       - matchOne(c, c) yes, hit
+      var fr = fi
+        , pr = pi + 1
+      if (pr === pl) {
+        this.debug('** at the end')
+        // a ** at the end will just swallow the rest.
+        // We have found a match.
+        // however, it will not swallow /.x, unless
+        // options.dot is set.
+        // . and .. are *never* matched by **, for explosively
+        // exponential reasons.
+        for ( ; fi < fl; fi ++) {
+          if (file[fi] === "." || file[fi] === ".." ||
+              (!options.dot && file[fi].charAt(0) === ".")) return false
+        }
+        return true
+      }
+
+      // ok, let's see if we can swallow whatever we can.
+      WHILE: while (fr < fl) {
+        var swallowee = file[fr]
+
+        this.debug('\nglobstar while',
+                    file, fr, pattern, pr, swallowee)
+
+        // XXX remove this slice.  Just pass the start index.
+        if (this.matchOne(file.slice(fr), pattern.slice(pr), partial)) {
+          this.debug('globstar found match!', fr, fl, swallowee)
+          // found a match.
+          return true
+        } else {
+          // can't swallow "." or ".." ever.
+          // can only swallow ".foo" when explicitly asked.
+          if (swallowee === "." || swallowee === ".." ||
+              (!options.dot && swallowee.charAt(0) === ".")) {
+            this.debug("dot detected!", file, fr, pattern, pr)
+            break WHILE
+          }
+
+          // ** swallows a segment, and continue.
+          this.debug('globstar swallow a segment, and continue')
+          fr ++
+        }
+      }
+      // no match was found.
+      // However, in partial mode, we can't say this is necessarily over.
+      // If there's more *pattern* left, then
+      if (partial) {
+        // ran out of file
+        this.debug("\n>>> no match, partial?", file, fr, pattern, pr)
+        if (fr === fl) return true
+      }
+      return false
+    }
+
+    // something other than **
+    // non-magic patterns just have to match exactly
+    // patterns with magic have been turned into regexps.
+    var hit
+    if (typeof p === "string") {
+      if (options.nocase) {
+        hit = f.toLowerCase() === p.toLowerCase()
+      } else {
+        hit = f === p
+      }
+      this.debug("string match", p, f, hit)
+    } else {
+      hit = f.match(p)
+      this.debug("pattern match", p, f, hit)
+    }
+
+    if (!hit) return false
+  }
+
+  // Note: ending in / means that we'll get a final ""
+  // at the end of the pattern.  This can only match a
+  // corresponding "" at the end of the file.
+  // If the file ends in /, then it can only match a
+  // a pattern that ends in /, unless the pattern just
+  // doesn't have any more for it. But, a/b/ should *not*
+  // match "a/b/*", even though "" matches against the
+  // [^/]*? pattern, except in partial mode, where it might
+  // simply not be reached yet.
+  // However, a/b/ should still satisfy a/*
+
+  // now either we fell off the end of the pattern, or we're done.
+  if (fi === fl && pi === pl) {
+    // ran out of pattern and filename at the same time.
+    // an exact hit!
+    return true
+  } else if (fi === fl) {
+    // ran out of file, but still had pattern left.
+    // this is ok if we're doing the match as part of
+    // a glob fs traversal.
+    return partial
+  } else if (pi === pl) {
+    // ran out of pattern, still have file left.
+    // this is only acceptable if we're on the very last
+    // empty segment of a file with a trailing slash.
+    // a/* should match a/b/
+    var emptyFileEnd = (fi === fl - 1) && (file[fi] === "")
+    return emptyFileEnd
+  }
+
+  // should be unreachable.
+  throw new Error("wtf?")
+}
+
+
+// replace stuff like \* with *
+function globUnescape (s) {
+  return s.replace(/\\(.)/g, "$1")
+}
+
+
+function regExpEscape (s) {
+  return s.replace(/[-[\]{}()*+?.,\\^$|#\s]/g, "\\$&")
+}
+
+})( typeof require === "function" ? require : null,
+    this,
+    typeof module === "object" ? module : null,
+    typeof process === "object" ? process.platform : "win32"
+  )
+
+},{"lru-cache":17,"path":10,"sigmund":18}],17:[function(require,module,exports){
+;(function () { // closure for web browsers
+
+if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
+  module.exports = LRUCache
+} else {
+  // just set the global for non-node platforms.
+  this.LRUCache = LRUCache
+}
+
+function hOP (obj, key) {
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)
+}
+
+function naiveLength () { return 1 }
+
+function LRUCache (options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof LRUCache))
+    return new LRUCache(options)
+
+  if (typeof options === 'number')
+    options = { max: options }
+
+  if (!options)
+    options = {}
+
+  this._max = options.max
+  // Kind of weird to have a default max of Infinity, but oh well.
+  if (!this._max || !(typeof this._max === "number") || this._max <= 0 )
+    this._max = Infinity
+
+  this._lengthCalculator = options.length || naiveLength
+  if (typeof this._lengthCalculator !== "function")
+    this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
+
+  this._allowStale = options.stale || false
+  this._maxAge = options.maxAge || null
+  this._dispose = options.dispose
+  this.reset()
+}
+
+// resize the cache when the max changes.
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "max",
+  { set : function (mL) {
+      if (!mL || !(typeof mL === "number") || mL <= 0 ) mL = Infinity
+      this._max = mL
+      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
+    }
+  , get : function () { return this._max }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+// resize the cache when the lengthCalculator changes.
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "lengthCalculator",
+  { set : function (lC) {
+      if (typeof lC !== "function") {
+        this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
+        this._length = this._itemCount
+        for (var key in this._cache) {
+          this._cache[key].length = 1
+        }
+      } else {
+        this._lengthCalculator = lC
+        this._length = 0
+        for (var key in this._cache) {
+          this._cache[key].length = this._lengthCalculator(this._cache[key].value)
+          this._length += this._cache[key].length
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
+    }
+  , get : function () { return this._lengthCalculator }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "length",
+  { get : function () { return this._length }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "itemCount",
+  { get : function () { return this._itemCount }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+LRUCache.prototype.forEach = function (fn, thisp) {
+  thisp = thisp || this
+  var i = 0
+  var itemCount = this._itemCount
+
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    i++
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    if (isStale(this, hit)) {
+      del(this, hit)
+      if (!this._allowStale) hit = undefined
+    }
+    if (hit) {
+      fn.call(thisp, hit.value, hit.key, this)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.keys = function () {
+  var keys = new Array(this._itemCount)
+  var i = 0
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    keys[i++] = hit.key
+  }
+  return keys
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.values = function () {
+  var values = new Array(this._itemCount)
+  var i = 0
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    values[i++] = hit.value
+  }
+  return values
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.reset = function () {
+  if (this._dispose && this._cache) {
+    for (var k in this._cache) {
+      this._dispose(k, this._cache[k].value)
+    }
+  }
+
+  this._cache = Object.create(null) // hash of items by key
+  this._lruList = Object.create(null) // list of items in order of use recency
+  this._mru = 0 // most recently used
+  this._lru = 0 // least recently used
+  this._length = 0 // number of items in the list
+  this._itemCount = 0
+}
+
+// Provided for debugging/dev purposes only. No promises whatsoever that
+// this API stays stable.
+LRUCache.prototype.dump = function () {
+  return this._cache
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.dumpLru = function () {
+  return this._lruList
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.set = function (key, value, maxAge) {
+  maxAge = maxAge || this._maxAge
+  var now = maxAge ? Date.now() : 0
+
+  if (hOP(this._cache, key)) {
+    // dispose of the old one before overwriting
+    if (this._dispose)
+      this._dispose(key, this._cache[key].value)
+
+    this._cache[key].now = now
+    this._cache[key].maxAge = maxAge
+    this._cache[key].value = value
+    this.get(key)
+    return true
+  }
+
+  var len = this._lengthCalculator(value)
+  var hit = new Entry(key, value, this._mru++, len, now, maxAge)
+
+  // oversized objects fall out of cache automatically.
+  if (hit.length > this._max) {
+    if (this._dispose) this._dispose(key, value)
+    return false
+  }
+
+  this._length += hit.length
+  this._lruList[hit.lu] = this._cache[key] = hit
+  this._itemCount ++
+
+  if (this._length > this._max)
+    trim(this)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.has = function (key) {
+  if (!hOP(this._cache, key)) return false
+  var hit = this._cache[key]
+  if (isStale(this, hit)) {
+    return false
+  }
+  return true
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.get = function (key) {
+  return get(this, key, true)
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.peek = function (key) {
+  return get(this, key, false)
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.pop = function () {
+  var hit = this._lruList[this._lru]
+  del(this, hit)
+  return hit || null
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.del = function (key) {
+  del(this, this._cache[key])
+}
+
+function get (self, key, doUse) {
+  var hit = self._cache[key]
+  if (hit) {
+    if (isStale(self, hit)) {
+      del(self, hit)
+      if (!self._allowStale) hit = undefined
+    } else {
+      if (doUse) use(self, hit)
+    }
+    if (hit) hit = hit.value
+  }
+  return hit
+}
+
+function isStale(self, hit) {
+  if (!hit || (!hit.maxAge && !self._maxAge)) return false
+  var stale = false;
+  var diff = Date.now() - hit.now
+  if (hit.maxAge) {
+    stale = diff > hit.maxAge
+  } else {
+    stale = self._maxAge && (diff > self._maxAge)
+  }
+  return stale;
+}
+
+function use (self, hit) {
+  shiftLU(self, hit)
+  hit.lu = self._mru ++
+  self._lruList[hit.lu] = hit
+}
+
+function trim (self) {
+  while (self._lru < self._mru && self._length > self._max)
+    del(self, self._lruList[self._lru])
+}
+
+function shiftLU (self, hit) {
+  delete self._lruList[ hit.lu ]
+  while (self._lru < self._mru && !self._lruList[self._lru]) self._lru ++
+}
+
+function del (self, hit) {
+  if (hit) {
+    if (self._dispose) self._dispose(hit.key, hit.value)
+    self._length -= hit.length
+    self._itemCount --
+    delete self._cache[ hit.key ]
+    shiftLU(self, hit)
+  }
+}
+
+// classy, since V8 prefers predictable objects.
+function Entry (key, value, lu, length, now, maxAge) {
+  this.key = key
+  this.value = value
+  this.lu = lu
+  this.length = length
+  this.now = now
+  if (maxAge) this.maxAge = maxAge
+}
+
+})()
+
+},{}],18:[function(require,module,exports){
+module.exports = sigmund
+function sigmund (subject, maxSessions) {
+    maxSessions = maxSessions || 10;
+    var notes = [];
+    var analysis = '';
+    var RE = RegExp;
+
+    function psychoAnalyze (subject, session) {
+        if (session > maxSessions) return;
+
+        if (typeof subject === 'function' ||
+            typeof subject === 'undefined') {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (typeof subject !== 'object' || !subject ||
+            (subject instanceof RE)) {
+            analysis += subject;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (notes.indexOf(subject) !== -1 || session === maxSessions) return;
+
+        notes.push(subject);
+        analysis += '{';
+        Object.keys(subject).forEach(function (issue, _, __) {
+            // pseudo-private values.  skip those.
+            if (issue.charAt(0) === '_') return;
+            var to = typeof subject[issue];
+            if (to === 'function' || to === 'undefined') return;
+            analysis += issue;
+            psychoAnalyze(subject[issue], session + 1);
+        });
+    }
+    psychoAnalyze(subject, 0);
+    return analysis;
+}
+
+// vim: set softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4:
+
+},{}],19:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (Buffer){
+var Filer = require('..');
+var util = require('../tests/lib/test-utils.js');
+
+function setImmediate(cb) {
+  setTimeout(cb, 0);
+}
+
+function parse_query() {
+  var query = window.location.search.substring(1);
+  var parsed = {};
+  query.split('&').forEach(function(pair) {
+    pair = pair.split('=');
+    var key = decodeURIComponent(pair[0]);
+    var value = decodeURIComponent(pair[1]);
+    parsed[key] = value;
+  });
+  return parsed;
+}
+
+var query = parse_query();
+
+function time(test, cb) {
+  var start = performance.now();
+  function done() {
+    var end = performance.now();
+    cb(end - start);
+  }
+  test(done);
+}
+
+var random_data = new Buffer(1024); // 1kB buffer
+var read_buffer = new Buffer(1024);
+
+function run(iter) {
+  iter = (undefined == iter) ? 0 : iter;
+
+  function before() {
+    util.setup(function() {
+      setImmediate(during);
+    });
+  }
+
+  function during() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    window.crypto.getRandomValues(random_data);
+    time(function(done) {
+      fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(err) {
+        fs.stat('/tmp', function(err, stats) {
+          fs.open('/tmp/test', 'w', function(err, fd) {
+            fs.write(fd, random_data, null, null, null, function(err, nbytes) {
+              fs.close(fd, function(err) {
+                fs.stat('/tmp/test', function(err, stats) {
+                  fs.open('/tmp/test', 'r', function(err, fd) {
+                    fs.read(fd, read_buffer, null, null, null, function(err, nbytes) {
+                      fs.close(fd, function(err) {
+                        fs.unlink('/tmp/test', function(err) {
+                          done();
+                        });});});});});});});});});});
+                      }, after);
+  }
+
+  function after(dt) {
+    util.cleanup(complete.bind(null, iter, dt));
+  }
+
+  before();
+}
+
+var results = [];
+function complete(iter, result) {
+  results.push(result);
+
+  if(++iter < iterations) {
+    setImmediate(run.bind(null, iter));
+  } else {
+    do_stats();
+  }
+
+  progress.value = iter;
+}
+
+function do_stats() {
+  var output = document.getElementById("output");
+  var stats = {
+    mean: ss.mean(results) + " ms",
+    min: ss.min(results),
+    max: ss.max(results),
+    med_abs_dev: ss.median_absolute_deviation(results),
+  };
+
+  var t = document.createElement("table");
+  var tbody = document.createElement("tbody");
+  var keys = Object.keys(stats);
+  keys.forEach(function(key) {
+    var row = document.createElement("tr");
+
+    var key_cell = document.createElement("td");
+    var key_cell_text = document.createTextNode(key);
+    key_cell.appendChild(key_cell_text);
+    row.appendChild(key_cell);
+
+    var val_cell = document.createElement("td");
+    var val_cell_text = document.createTextNode(stats[key]);
+    val_cell.appendChild(val_cell_text);
+    row.appendChild(val_cell);
+
+    tbody.appendChild(row);
+  });
+
+  t.appendChild(tbody);
+  output.appendChild(t);
+}
+
+var query = parse_query();
+var iterations = query.iterations || 10;
+var progress = document.getElementById("progress");
+progress.max = iterations;
+
+run();
+
+}).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"..":28,"../tests/lib/test-utils.js":43,"buffer":6}],20:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (Buffer){
+function FilerBuffer (subject, encoding, nonZero) {
+
+  // Automatically turn ArrayBuffer into Uint8Array so that underlying
+  // Buffer code doesn't just throw away and ignore ArrayBuffer data.
+  if (subject instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+    subject = new Uint8Array(subject);
+  }
+
+  return new Buffer(subject, encoding, nonZero);
+};
+
+// Inherit prototype from Buffer
+FilerBuffer.prototype = Object.create(Buffer.prototype);
+FilerBuffer.prototype.constructor = FilerBuffer;
+
+// Also copy static methods onto FilerBuffer ctor
+Object.keys(Buffer).forEach(function (p) {
+  if (Buffer.hasOwnProperty(p)) {
+    FilerBuffer[p] = Buffer[p];
+  }
+});
+
+module.exports = FilerBuffer;
+
+}).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"buffer":6}],21:[function(require,module,exports){
+var O_READ = 'READ';
+var O_WRITE = 'WRITE';
+var O_CREATE = 'CREATE';
+var O_EXCLUSIVE = 'EXCLUSIVE';
+var O_TRUNCATE = 'TRUNCATE';
+var O_APPEND = 'APPEND';
+var XATTR_CREATE = 'CREATE';
+var XATTR_REPLACE = 'REPLACE';
+
+module.exports = {
+  FILE_SYSTEM_NAME: 'local',
+
+  FILE_STORE_NAME: 'files',
+
+  IDB_RO: 'readonly',
+  IDB_RW: 'readwrite',
+
+  WSQL_VERSION: "1",
+  WSQL_SIZE: 5 * 1024 * 1024,
+  WSQL_DESC: "FileSystem Storage",
+
+  MODE_FILE: 'FILE',
+  MODE_DIRECTORY: 'DIRECTORY',
+  MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK: 'SYMLINK',
+  MODE_META: 'META',
+
+  SYMLOOP_MAX: 10,
+
+  BINARY_MIME_TYPE: 'application/octet-stream',
+  JSON_MIME_TYPE: 'application/json',
+
+  ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME: '/', // basename(normalize(path))
+
+  // FS Mount Flags
+  FS_FORMAT: 'FORMAT',
+  FS_NOCTIME: 'NOCTIME',
+  FS_NOMTIME: 'NOMTIME',
+  FS_NODUPEIDCHECK: 'FS_NODUPEIDCHECK',
+
+  // FS File Open Flags
+  O_READ: O_READ,
+  O_WRITE: O_WRITE,
+  O_CREATE: O_CREATE,
+  O_EXCLUSIVE: O_EXCLUSIVE,
+  O_TRUNCATE: O_TRUNCATE,
+  O_APPEND: O_APPEND,
+
+  O_FLAGS: {
+    'r': [O_READ],
+    'r+': [O_READ, O_WRITE],
+    'w': [O_WRITE, O_CREATE, O_TRUNCATE],
+    'w+': [O_WRITE, O_READ, O_CREATE, O_TRUNCATE],
+    'wx': [O_WRITE, O_CREATE, O_EXCLUSIVE, O_TRUNCATE],
+    'wx+': [O_WRITE, O_READ, O_CREATE, O_EXCLUSIVE, O_TRUNCATE],
+    'a': [O_WRITE, O_CREATE, O_APPEND],
+    'a+': [O_WRITE, O_READ, O_CREATE, O_APPEND],
+    'ax': [O_WRITE, O_CREATE, O_EXCLUSIVE, O_APPEND],
+    'ax+': [O_WRITE, O_READ, O_CREATE, O_EXCLUSIVE, O_APPEND]
+  },
+
+  XATTR_CREATE: XATTR_CREATE,
+  XATTR_REPLACE: XATTR_REPLACE,
+
+  FS_READY: 'READY',
+  FS_PENDING: 'PENDING',
+  FS_ERROR: 'ERROR',
+
+  SUPER_NODE_ID: '00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000',
+
+  // Reserved File Descriptors for streams
+  STDIN: 0,
+  STDOUT: 1,
+  STDERR: 2,
+  FIRST_DESCRIPTOR: 3,
+
+  ENVIRONMENT: {
+    TMP: '/tmp',
+    PATH: ''
+  }
+};
+
+},{}],22:[function(require,module,exports){
+var MODE_FILE = require('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+
+module.exports = function DirectoryEntry(id, type) {
+  this.id = id;
+  this.type = type || MODE_FILE;
+};
+
+},{"./constants.js":21}],23:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (Buffer){
+// Adapt encodings to work with Buffer or Uint8Array, they expect the latter
+function decode(buf) {
+  return buf.toString('utf8');
+}
+
+function encode(string) {
+  return new Buffer(string, 'utf8');
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  encode: encode,
+  decode: decode
+};
+
+}).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"buffer":6}],24:[function(require,module,exports){
+var errors = {};
+[
+  /**
+   * node.js errors - we only use some of these, add as needed.
+   */
+  //'-1:UNKNOWN:unknown error',
+  //'0:OK:success',
+  //'1:EOF:end of file',
+  //'2:EADDRINFO:getaddrinfo error',
+  //'3:EACCES:permission denied',
+  //'4:EAGAIN:resource temporarily unavailable',
+  //'5:EADDRINUSE:address already in use',
+  //'6:EADDRNOTAVAIL:address not available',
+  //'7:EAFNOSUPPORT:address family not supported',
+  //'8:EALREADY:connection already in progress',
+  '9:EBADF:bad file descriptor',
+  '10:EBUSY:resource busy or locked',
+  //'11:ECONNABORTED:software caused connection abort',
+  //'12:ECONNREFUSED:connection refused',
+  //'13:ECONNRESET:connection reset by peer',
+  //'14:EDESTADDRREQ:destination address required',
+  //'15:EFAULT:bad address in system call argument',
+  //'16:EHOSTUNREACH:host is unreachable',
+  //'17:EINTR:interrupted system call',
+  '18:EINVAL:invalid argument',
+  //'19:EISCONN:socket is already connected',
+  //'20:EMFILE:too many open files',
+  //'21:EMSGSIZE:message too long',
+  //'22:ENETDOWN:network is down',
+  //'23:ENETUNREACH:network is unreachable',
+  //'24:ENFILE:file table overflow',
+  //'25:ENOBUFS:no buffer space available',
+  //'26:ENOMEM:not enough memory',
+  '27:ENOTDIR:not a directory',
+  '28:EISDIR:illegal operation on a directory',
+  //'29:ENONET:machine is not on the network',
+  // errno 30 skipped, as per https://github.com/rvagg/node-errno/blob/master/errno.js
+  //'31:ENOTCONN:socket is not connected',
+  //'32:ENOTSOCK:socket operation on non-socket',
+  //'33:ENOTSUP:operation not supported on socket',
+  '34:ENOENT:no such file or directory',
+  //'35:ENOSYS:function not implemented',
+  //'36:EPIPE:broken pipe',
+  //'37:EPROTO:protocol error',
+  //'38:EPROTONOSUPPORT:protocol not supported',
+  //'39:EPROTOTYPE:protocol wrong type for socket',
+  //'40:ETIMEDOUT:connection timed out',
+  //'41:ECHARSET:invalid Unicode character',
+  //'42:EAIFAMNOSUPPORT:address family for hostname not supported',
+  // errno 43 skipped, as per https://github.com/rvagg/node-errno/blob/master/errno.js
+  //'44:EAISERVICE:servname not supported for ai_socktype',
+  //'45:EAISOCKTYPE:ai_socktype not supported',
+  //'46:ESHUTDOWN:cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown',
+  '47:EEXIST:file already exists',
+  //'48:ESRCH:no such process',
+  //'49:ENAMETOOLONG:name too long',
+  '50:EPERM:operation not permitted',
+  '51:ELOOP:too many symbolic links encountered',
+  //'52:EXDEV:cross-device link not permitted',
+  '53:ENOTEMPTY:directory not empty',
+  //'54:ENOSPC:no space left on device',
+  '55:EIO:i/o error',
+  //'56:EROFS:read-only file system',
+  //'57:ENODEV:no such device',
+  //'58:ESPIPE:invalid seek',
+  //'59:ECANCELED:operation canceled',
+
+  /**
+   * Filer specific errors
+   */
+  '1000:ENOTMOUNTED:not mounted',
+  '1001:EFILESYSTEMERROR:missing super node, use \'FORMAT\' flag to format filesystem.',
+  '1002:ENOATTR:attribute does not exist'
+
+].forEach(function(e) {
+  e = e.split(':');
+  var errno = +e[0];
+  var errName = e[1];
+  var defaultMessage = e[2];
+
+  function FilerError(msg, path) {
+    Error.call(this);
+
+    this.name = errName;
+    this.code = errName;
+    this.errno = errno;
+    this.message = msg || defaultMessage;
+    if(path) {
+      this.path = path;
+    }
+    this.stack = (new Error(this.message)).stack;
+  }
+  FilerError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);
+  FilerError.prototype.constructor = FilerError;
+  FilerError.prototype.toString = function() {
+    var pathInfo = this.path ? (', \'' + this.path + '\'') : '';
+    return this.name + ': ' + this.message + pathInfo;
+  };
+
+  // We expose the error as both Errors.EINVAL and Errors[18]
+  errors[errName] = errors[errno] = FilerError;
+});
+
+module.exports = errors;
+
+},{}],25:[function(require,module,exports){
+var _ = require('../../lib/nodash.js');
+
+var Path = require('../path.js');
+var normalize = Path.normalize;
+var dirname = Path.dirname;
+var basename = Path.basename;
+var isAbsolutePath = Path.isAbsolute;
+var isNullPath = Path.isNull;
+
+var Constants = require('../constants.js');
+var MODE_FILE = Constants.MODE_FILE;
+var MODE_DIRECTORY = Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
+var MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+var MODE_META = Constants.MODE_META;
+
+var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = Constants.ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
+var SUPER_NODE_ID = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
+var SYMLOOP_MAX = Constants.SYMLOOP_MAX;
+
+var O_READ = Constants.O_READ;
+var O_WRITE = Constants.O_WRITE;
+var O_CREATE = Constants.O_CREATE;
+var O_EXCLUSIVE = Constants.O_EXCLUSIVE;
+var O_TRUNCATE = Constants.O_TRUNCATE;
+var O_APPEND = Constants.O_APPEND;
+var O_FLAGS = Constants.O_FLAGS;
+
+var XATTR_CREATE = Constants.XATTR_CREATE;
+var XATTR_REPLACE = Constants.XATTR_REPLACE;
+var FS_NOMTIME = Constants.FS_NOMTIME;
+var FS_NOCTIME = Constants.FS_NOCTIME;
+
+var Encoding = require('../encoding.js');
+var Errors = require('../errors.js');
+var DirectoryEntry = require('../directory-entry.js');
+var OpenFileDescription = require('../open-file-description.js');
+var SuperNode = require('../super-node.js');
+var Node = require('../node.js');
+var Stats = require('../stats.js');
+var Buffer = require('../buffer.js');
+
+/**
+ * Update node times. Only passed times are modified (undefined times are ignored)
+ * and filesystem flags are examined in order to override update logic.
+ */
+function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
+  // Honour mount flags for how we update times
+  var flags = context.flags;
+  if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOCTIME)) {
+    delete times.ctime;
+  }
+  if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
+    delete times.mtime;
+  }
+
+  // Only do the update if required (i.e., times are still present)
+  var update = false;
+  if(times.ctime) {
+    node.ctime = times.ctime;
+    // We don't do atime tracking for perf reasons, but do mirror ctime
+    node.atime = times.ctime;
+    update = true;
+  }
+  if(times.atime) {
+    // The only time we explicitly pass atime is when utimes(), futimes() is called.
+    // Override ctime mirror here if so
+    node.atime = times.atime;
+    update = true;
+  }
+  if(times.mtime) {
+    node.mtime = times.mtime;
+    update = true;
+  }
+
+  function complete(error) {
+    // Queue this change so we can send watch events.
+    // Unlike node.js, we send the full path vs. basename/dirname only.
+    context.changes.push({ event: 'change', path: path });
+    callback(error);
+  }
+
+  if(update) {
+    context.putObject(node.id, node, complete);
+  } else {
+    complete();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * make_node()
+ */
+// in: file or directory path
+// out: new node representing file/directory
+function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
+  if(mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY && mode !== MODE_FILE) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be a directory or file', path));
+  }
+
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+  var parentNode;
+  var parentNodeData;
+  var node;
+
+  // Check if the parent node exists
+  function create_node_in_parent(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
+    } else {
+      parentNode = parentDirectoryNode;
+      find_node(context, path, check_if_node_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Check if the node to be created already exists
+  function check_if_node_exists(error, result) {
+    if(!error && result) {
+      callback(new Errors.EEXIST('path name already exists', path));
+    } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(parentNode.data, create_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Create the new node
+  function create_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentNodeData = result;
+      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: mode}, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+        node = result;
+        node.nlinks += 1;
+        context.putObject(node.id, node, update_parent_node_data);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Update parent node time
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, node, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Update the parent nodes data
+  function update_parent_node_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentNodeData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(node.id, mode);
+      context.putObject(parentNode.data, parentNodeData, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Find the parent node
+  find_node(context, parentPath, create_node_in_parent);
+}
+
+/**
+ * find_node
+ */
+// in: file or directory path
+// out: node structure, or error
+function find_node(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  if(!path) {
+    return callback(new Errors.ENOENT('path is an empty string'));
+  }
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+  var followedCount = 0;
+
+  function read_root_directory_node(error, superNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(!superNode || superNode.mode !== MODE_META || !superNode.rnode) {
+      callback(new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR());
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(superNode.rnode, check_root_directory_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_root_directory_node(error, rootDirectoryNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(!rootDirectoryNode) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOENT());
+    } else {
+      callback(null, rootDirectoryNode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // in: parent directory node
+  // out: parent directory data
+  function read_parent_directory_data(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY || !parentDirectoryNode.data) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, get_node_from_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // in: parent directory data
+  // out: searched node
+  function get_node_from_parent_directory_data(error, parentDirectoryData) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(!_(parentDirectoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
+      } else {
+        var nodeId = parentDirectoryData[name].id;
+        context.getObject(nodeId, is_symbolic_link);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function is_symbolic_link(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+        followedCount++;
+        if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
+          callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
+        } else {
+          follow_symbolic_link(node.data);
+        }
+      } else {
+        callback(null, node);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function follow_symbolic_link(data) {
+    data = normalize(data);
+    parentPath = dirname(data);
+    name = basename(data);
+    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+      context.getObject(SUPER_NODE_ID, read_root_directory_node);
+    } else {
+      find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    context.getObject(SUPER_NODE_ID, read_root_directory_node);
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * set extended attribute (refactor)
+ */
+function set_extended_attribute (context, path, node, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, path, node, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+  if (flag === XATTR_CREATE && xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EEXIST('attribute already exists', path));
+  }
+  else if (flag === XATTR_REPLACE && !xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+    callback(new Errors.ENOATTR(null, path));
+  }
+  else {
+    xattrs[name] = value;
+    context.putObject(node.id, node, update_time);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * ensure_root_directory. Creates a root node if necessary.
+ *
+ * Note: this should only be invoked when formatting a new file system.
+ * Multiple invocations of this by separate instances will still result
+ * in only a single super node.
+ */
+function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
+  var superNode;
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+
+  function ensure_super_node(error, existingNode) {
+    if(!error && existingNode) {
+      // Another instance has beat us and already created the super node.
+      callback();
+    } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      SuperNode.create({guid: context.guid}, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+        superNode = result;
+        context.putObject(superNode.id, superNode, write_directory_node);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_directory_node(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      Node.create({guid: context.guid, id: superNode.rnode, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+        directoryNode = result;
+        directoryNode.nlinks += 1;
+        context.putObject(directoryNode.id, directoryNode, write_directory_data);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = {};
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(SUPER_NODE_ID, ensure_super_node);
+}
+
+/**
+ * make_directory
+ */
+function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var parentDirectoryNode;
+  var parentDirectoryData;
+
+  function check_if_directory_exists(error, result) {
+    if(!error && result) {
+      callback(new Errors.EEXIST(null, path));
+    } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, write_directory_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_directory_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryData = result;
+      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+        directoryNode = result;
+        directoryNode.nlinks += 1;
+        context.putObject(directoryNode.id, directoryNode, write_directory_data);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = {};
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, parentDirectoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_parent_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(directoryNode.id, MODE_DIRECTORY);
+      context.putObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, parentDirectoryData, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, path, check_if_directory_exists);
+}
+
+/**
+ * remove_directory
+ */
+function remove_directory(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var parentDirectoryNode;
+  var parentDirectoryData;
+
+  function read_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, check_if_node_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_node_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+      callback(new Errors.EBUSY(null, path));
+    } else if(!_(result).has(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryData = result;
+      directoryNode = parentDirectoryData[name].id;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode, check_if_node_is_directory);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode != MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_directory_is_empty);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_directory_is_empty(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(_(directoryData).size() > 0) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOTEMPTY(null, path));
+      } else {
+        remove_directory_entry_from_parent_directory_node();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, parentDirectoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, remove_directory_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function remove_directory_entry_from_parent_directory_node() {
+    delete parentDirectoryData[name];
+    context.putObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, parentDirectoryData, update_time);
+  }
+
+  function remove_directory_node(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.delete(directoryNode.id, remove_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function remove_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.delete(directoryNode.data, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+}
+
+function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var directoryEntry;
+  var fileNode;
+  var fileData;
+
+  var followedCount = 0;
+
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    if(_(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+      callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
+    } else {
+      find_node(context, path, set_file_node);
+    }
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        if(_(flags).contains(O_EXCLUSIVE)) {
+          callback(new Errors.ENOENT('O_CREATE and O_EXCLUSIVE are set, and the named file exists', path));
+        } else {
+          directoryEntry = directoryData[name];
+          if(directoryEntry.type == MODE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+            callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
+          } else {
+            context.getObject(directoryEntry.id, check_if_symbolic_link);
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        if(!_(flags).contains(O_CREATE)) {
+          callback(new Errors.ENOENT('O_CREATE is not set and the named file does not exist', path));
+        } else {
+          write_file_node();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_symbolic_link(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var node = result;
+      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+        followedCount++;
+        if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
+          callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
+        } else {
+          follow_symbolic_link(node.data);
+        }
+      } else {
+        set_file_node(undefined, node);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function follow_symbolic_link(data) {
+    data = normalize(data);
+    parentPath = dirname(data);
+    name = basename(data);
+    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+      if(_(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+        callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
+      } else {
+        find_node(context, path, set_file_node);
+      }
+    }
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+  }
+
+  function set_file_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      callback(null, fileNode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_file_node() {
+    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_FILE}, function(error, result) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+      fileNode = result;
+      fileNode.nlinks += 1;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, write_file_data);
+    });
+  }
+
+  function write_file_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileData = new Buffer(0);
+      fileData.fill(0);
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, fileData, update_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, directoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, handle_update_result);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_FILE);
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function handle_update_result(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      callback(null, fileNode);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function replace_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, callback) {
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function return_nbytes(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      callback(null, length);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, fileNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, return_nbytes);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      var newData = new Buffer(length);
+      newData.fill(0);
+      buffer.copy(newData, 0, offset, offset + length);
+      ofd.position = length;
+
+      fileNode.size = length;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
+
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, newData, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(ofd.id, write_file_data);
+}
+
+function write_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
+  var fileNode;
+  var fileData;
+
+  function return_nbytes(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      callback(null, length);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, fileNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, return_nbytes);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileData = result;
+      if(!fileData) {
+        return callback(new Errors.EIO('Expected Buffer'));
+      }
+      var _position = (!(undefined === position || null === position)) ? position : ofd.position;
+      var newSize = Math.max(fileData.length, _position + length);
+      var newData = new Buffer(newSize);
+      newData.fill(0);
+      if(fileData) {
+        fileData.copy(newData);
+      }
+      buffer.copy(newData, _position, offset, offset + length);
+      if(undefined === position) {
+        ofd.position += length;
+      }
+
+      fileNode.size = newSize;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
+
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, newData, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      context.getBuffer(fileNode.data, update_file_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(ofd.id, read_file_data);
+}
+
+function read_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
+  var fileNode;
+  var fileData;
+
+  function handle_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileData = result;
+      if(!fileData) {
+        return callback(new Errors.EIO('Expected Buffer'));
+      }
+      var _position = (!(undefined === position || null === position)) ? position : ofd.position;
+      length = (_position + length > buffer.length) ? length - _position : length;
+      fileData.copy(buffer, offset, _position, _position + length);
+      if(undefined === position) {
+        ofd.position += length;
+      }
+      callback(null, length);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory', ofd.path));
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      context.getBuffer(fileNode.data, handle_file_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(ofd.id, read_file_data);
+}
+
+function stat_file(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  find_node(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function fstat_file(context, ofd, callback) {
+  ofd.getNode(context, callback);
+}
+
+function lstat_file(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    find_node(context, path, callback);
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(!_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of the path does not name an existing file', path));
+      } else {
+        context.getObject(directoryData[name].id, callback);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
+  oldpath = normalize(oldpath);
+  var oldname = basename(oldpath);
+  var oldParentPath = dirname(oldpath);
+
+  newpath = normalize(newpath);
+  var newname = basename(newpath);
+  var newParentPath = dirname(newpath);
+
+  var oldDirectoryNode;
+  var oldDirectoryData;
+  var newDirectoryNode;
+  var newDirectoryData;
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, newpath,  fileNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      fileNode.nlinks += 1;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_entry(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(newDirectoryData[newname].id, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_new_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newDirectoryData = result;
+      if(_(newDirectoryData).has(newname)) {
+        callback(new Errors.EEXIST('newpath resolves to an existing file', newname));
+      } else {
+        newDirectoryData[newname] = oldDirectoryData[oldname];
+        context.putObject(newDirectoryNode.data, newDirectoryData, read_directory_entry);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_new_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newDirectoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(newDirectoryNode.data, check_if_new_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_old_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldDirectoryData = result;
+      if(!_(oldDirectoryData).has(oldname)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of either path prefix does not exist', oldname));
+      } else if(oldDirectoryData[oldname].type === 'DIRECTORY') {
+        callback(new Errors.EPERM('oldpath refers to a directory'));
+      } else {
+        find_node(context, newParentPath, read_new_directory_data);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_old_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldDirectoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(oldDirectoryNode.data, check_if_old_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, oldParentPath, read_old_directory_data);
+}
+
+function unlink_node(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function update_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      delete directoryData[name];
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, function(error) {
+        var now = Date.now();
+        update_node_times(context, parentPath, directoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  function delete_file_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.delete(fileNode.data, update_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      fileNode.nlinks -= 1;
+      if(fileNode.nlinks < 1) {
+        context.delete(fileNode.id, delete_file_data);
+      } else {
+        context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, function(error) {
+          update_node_times(context, path, fileNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, update_directory_data);
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      callback(new Errors.EPERM('unlink not permitted on directories', name));
+    } else {
+      update_file_node(null, result);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(!_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of the path does not name an existing file', name));
+      } else {
+        context.getObject(directoryData[name].id, check_if_node_is_directory);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+}
+
+function read_directory(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+
+  function handle_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      var files = Object.keys(directoryData);
+      callback(null, files);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, handle_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, path, read_directory_data);
+}
+
+function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
+  dstpath = normalize(dstpath);
+  var name = basename(dstpath);
+  var parentPath = dirname(dstpath);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var fileNode;
+
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EEXIST(null, name));
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.EEXIST(null, name));
+      } else {
+        write_file_node();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_file_node() {
+    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK}, function(error, result) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+      fileNode = result;
+      fileNode.nlinks += 1;
+      fileNode.size = srcpath.length;
+      fileNode.data = srcpath;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_directory_data);
+    });
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, directoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK);
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function read_link(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+
+  find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(!_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of the path does not name an existing file', name));
+      } else {
+        context.getObject(directoryData[name].id, check_if_symbolic);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_symbolic(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(result.mode != MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+        callback(new Errors.EINVAL('path not a symbolic link', path));
+      } else {
+        callback(null, result.data);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function truncate_file(context, path, length, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function read_file_data (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+      callback(new Errors.EISDIR(null, path));
+    } else{
+      fileNode = node;
+      context.getBuffer(fileNode.data, truncate_file_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function truncate_file_data(error, fileData) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(!fileData) {
+        return callback(new Errors.EIO('Expected Buffer'));
+      }
+      var data = new Buffer(length);
+      data.fill(0);
+      if(fileData) {
+        fileData.copy(data);
+      }
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, data, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, path, fileNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node (error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode.size = length;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(length < 0) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('length cannot be negative'));
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, path, read_file_data);
+  }
+}
+
+function ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback) {
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function read_file_data (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+      callback(new Errors.EISDIR());
+    } else{
+      fileNode = node;
+      context.getBuffer(fileNode.data, truncate_file_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function truncate_file_data(error, fileData) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var data;
+      if(!fileData) {
+        return callback(new Errors.EIO('Expected Buffer'));
+      }
+      if(fileData) {
+        data = fileData.slice(0, length);
+      } else {
+        data = new Buffer(length);
+        data.fill(0);
+      }
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, data, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, fileNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node (error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode.size = length;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(length < 0) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('length cannot be negative'));
+  } else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, read_file_data);
+  }
+}
+
+function utimes_file(context, path, atime, mtime, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function update_times(error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, path, node, { atime: atime, ctime: mtime, mtime: mtime }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof atime != 'number' || typeof mtime != 'number') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be number', path));
+  }
+  else if (atime < 0 || mtime < 0) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be positive integers', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, update_times);
+  }
+}
+
+function futimes_file(context, ofd, atime, mtime, callback) {
+
+  function update_times (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, node, { atime: atime, ctime: mtime, mtime: mtime }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof atime != 'number' || typeof mtime != 'number') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be a number'));
+  }
+  else if (atime < 0 || mtime < 0) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be positive integers'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, update_times);
+  }
+}
+
+function setxattr_file(context, path, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function setxattr(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+    set_extended_attribute(context, path, node, name, value, flag, callback);
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string', path));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string', path));
+  }
+  else if (flag !== null &&
+           flag !== XATTR_CREATE && flag !== XATTR_REPLACE) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('invalid flag, must be null, XATTR_CREATE or XATTR_REPLACE', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, setxattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function fsetxattr_file (context, ofd, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  function setxattr(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+    set_extended_attribute(context, ofd.path, node, name, value, flag, callback);
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string'));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string'));
+  }
+  else if (flag !== null &&
+           flag !== XATTR_CREATE && flag !== XATTR_REPLACE) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('invalid flag, must be null, XATTR_CREATE or XATTR_REPLACE'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, setxattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function getxattr_file (context, path, name, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function get_xattr(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+    if (!xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOATTR(null, path));
+    }
+    else {
+      callback(null, xattrs[name]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string', path));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, get_xattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function fgetxattr_file (context, ofd, name, callback) {
+
+  function get_xattr (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+    if (!xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOATTR());
+    }
+    else {
+      callback(null, xattrs[name]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL());
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, get_xattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function removexattr_file (context, path, name, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function remove_xattr (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    function update_time(error) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+      } else {
+        update_node_times(context, path, node, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      }
+    }
+
+    var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+    if (!xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOATTR(null, path));
+    }
+    else {
+      delete xattrs[name];
+      context.putObject(node.id, node, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string', path));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, remove_xattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function fremovexattr_file (context, ofd, name, callback) {
+
+  function remove_xattr (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    function update_time(error) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+      } else {
+        update_node_times(context, ofd.path, node, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      }
+    }
+
+    var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+    if (!xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOATTR());
+    }
+    else {
+      delete xattrs[name];
+      context.putObject(node.id, node, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string'));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, remove_xattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function validate_flags(flags) {
+  if(!_(O_FLAGS).has(flags)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  return O_FLAGS[flags];
+}
+
+function validate_file_options(options, enc, fileMode){
+  if(!options) {
+    options = { encoding: enc, flag: fileMode };
+  } else if(typeof options === "function") {
+    options = { encoding: enc, flag: fileMode };
+  } else if(typeof options === "string") {
+    options = { encoding: options, flag: fileMode };
+  }
+  return options;
+}
+
+function pathCheck(path, callback) {
+  var err;
+
+  if(!path) {
+    err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be a string', path);
+  } else if(isNullPath(path)) {
+    err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be a string without null bytes.', path);
+  } else if(!isAbsolutePath(path)) {
+    err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be absolute.', path);
+  }
+
+  if(err) {
+    callback(err);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+function open(fs, context, path, flags, mode, callback) {
+  // NOTE: we support the same signature as node with a `mode` arg,
+  // but ignore it.
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  function check_result(error, fileNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var position;
+      if(_(flags).contains(O_APPEND)) {
+        position = fileNode.size;
+      } else {
+        position = 0;
+      }
+      var openFileDescription = new OpenFileDescription(path, fileNode.id, flags, position);
+      var fd = fs.allocDescriptor(openFileDescription);
+      callback(null, fd);
+    }
+  }
+
+  flags = validate_flags(flags);
+  if(!flags) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('flags is not valid'), path);
+  }
+
+  open_file(context, path, flags, check_result);
+}
+
+function close(fs, context, fd, callback) {
+  if(!_(fs.openFiles).has(fd)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else {
+    fs.releaseDescriptor(fd);
+    callback(null);
+  }
+}
+
+function mknod(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  make_node(context, path, mode, callback);
+}
+
+function mkdir(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
+  // NOTE: we support passing a mode arg, but we ignore it internally for now.
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  make_directory(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function rmdir(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  remove_directory(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function stat(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  function check_result(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      callback(null, stats);
+    }
+  }
+
+  stat_file(context, path, check_result);
+}
+
+function fstat(fs, context, fd, callback) {
+  function check_result(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      callback(null, stats);
+    }
+  }
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else {
+    fstat_file(context, ofd, check_result);
+  }
+}
+
+function link(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(oldpath, callback)) return;
+  if(!pathCheck(newpath, callback)) return;
+  link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback);
+}
+
+function unlink(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  unlink_node(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function read(fs, context, fd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
+  // Follow how node.js does this
+  function wrapped_cb(err, bytesRead) {
+    // Retain a reference to buffer so that it can't be GC'ed too soon.
+    callback(err, bytesRead || 0, buffer);
+  }
+
+  offset = (undefined === offset) ? 0 : offset;
+  length = (undefined === length) ? buffer.length - offset : length;
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_READ)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit reading'));
+  } else {
+    read_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, wrapped_cb);
+  }
+}
+
+function readFile(fs, context, path, options, callback) {
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  options = validate_file_options(options, null, 'r');
+
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  var flags = validate_flags(options.flag || 'r');
+  if(!flags) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('flags is not valid', path));
+  }
+
+  open_file(context, path, flags, function(err, fileNode) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+    var ofd = new OpenFileDescription(path, fileNode.id, flags, 0);
+    var fd = fs.allocDescriptor(ofd);
+
+    function cleanup() {
+      fs.releaseDescriptor(fd);
+    }
+
+    fstat_file(context, ofd, function(err, fstatResult) {
+      if(err) {
+        cleanup();
+        return callback(err);
+      }
+
+      var stats = new Stats(fstatResult, fs.name);
+
+      if(stats.isDirectory()) {
+        cleanup();
+        return callback(new Errors.EISDIR('illegal operation on directory', path));
+      }
+
+      var size = stats.size;
+      var buffer = new Buffer(size);
+      buffer.fill(0);
+
+      read_data(context, ofd, buffer, 0, size, 0, function(err, nbytes) {
+        cleanup();
+
+        if(err) {
+          return callback(err);
+        }
+
+        var data;
+        if(options.encoding === 'utf8') {
+          data = Encoding.decode(buffer);
+        } else {
+          data = buffer;
+        }
+        callback(null, data);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+function write(fs, context, fd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  offset = (undefined === offset) ? 0 : offset;
+  length = (undefined === length) ? buffer.length - offset : length;
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  } else if(buffer.length - offset < length) {
+    callback(new Errors.EIO('intput buffer is too small'));
+  } else {
+    write_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function writeFile(fs, context, path, data, options, callback) {
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  options = validate_file_options(options, 'utf8', 'w');
+
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  var flags = validate_flags(options.flag || 'w');
+  if(!flags) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('flags is not valid', path));
+  }
+
+  data = data || '';
+  if(typeof data === "number") {
+    data = '' + data;
+  }
+  if(typeof data === "string" && options.encoding === 'utf8') {
+    data = Encoding.encode(data);
+  }
+
+  open_file(context, path, flags, function(err, fileNode) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+    var ofd = new OpenFileDescription(path, fileNode.id, flags, 0);
+    var fd = fs.allocDescriptor(ofd);
+
+    replace_data(context, ofd, data, 0, data.length, function(err, nbytes) {
+      fs.releaseDescriptor(fd);
+
+      if(err) {
+        return callback(err);
+      }
+      callback(null);
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+function appendFile(fs, context, path, data, options, callback) {
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  options = validate_file_options(options, 'utf8', 'a');
+
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  var flags = validate_flags(options.flag || 'a');
+  if(!flags) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('flags is not valid', path));
+  }
+
+  data = data || '';
+  if(typeof data === "number") {
+    data = '' + data;
+  }
+  if(typeof data === "string" && options.encoding === 'utf8') {
+    data = Encoding.encode(data);
+  }
+
+  open_file(context, path, flags, function(err, fileNode) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+    var ofd = new OpenFileDescription(path, fileNode.id, flags, fileNode.size);
+    var fd = fs.allocDescriptor(ofd);
+
+    write_data(context, ofd, data, 0, data.length, ofd.position, function(err, nbytes) {
+      fs.releaseDescriptor(fd);
+
+      if(err) {
+        return callback(err);
+      }
+      callback(null);
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+function exists(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  function cb(err, stats) {
+    callback(err ? false : true);
+  }
+  stat(fs, context, path, cb);
+}
+
+function getxattr(fs, context, path, name, callback) {
+  if (!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  getxattr_file(context, path, name, callback);
+}
+
+function fgetxattr(fs, context, fd, name, callback) {
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if (!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  }
+  else {
+    fgetxattr_file(context, ofd, name, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function setxattr(fs, context, path, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  if(typeof flag === 'function') {
+    callback = flag;
+    flag = null;
+  }
+
+  if (!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  setxattr_file(context, path, name, value, flag, callback);
+}
+
+function fsetxattr(fs, context, fd, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  if(typeof flag === 'function') {
+    callback = flag;
+    flag = null;
+  }
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if (!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  }
+  else if (!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  }
+  else {
+    fsetxattr_file(context, ofd, name, value, flag, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function removexattr(fs, context, path, name, callback) {
+  if (!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  removexattr_file(context, path, name, callback);
+}
+
+function fremovexattr(fs, context, fd, name, callback) {
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if (!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  }
+  else if (!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  }
+  else {
+    fremovexattr_file(context, ofd, name, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function lseek(fs, context, fd, offset, whence, callback) {
+  function update_descriptor_position(error, stats) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(stats.size + offset < 0) {
+        callback(new Errors.EINVAL('resulting file offset would be negative'));
+      } else {
+        ofd.position = stats.size + offset;
+        callback(null, ofd.position);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  }
+
+  if('SET' === whence) {
+    if(offset < 0) {
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('resulting file offset would be negative'));
+    } else {
+      ofd.position = offset;
+      callback(null, ofd.position);
+    }
+  } else if('CUR' === whence) {
+    if(ofd.position + offset < 0) {
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('resulting file offset would be negative'));
+    } else {
+      ofd.position += offset;
+      callback(null, ofd.position);
+    }
+  } else if('END' === whence) {
+    fstat_file(context, ofd, update_descriptor_position);
+  } else {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('whence argument is not a proper value'));
+  }
+}
+
+function readdir(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  read_directory(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function utimes(fs, context, path, atime, mtime, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  var currentTime = Date.now();
+  atime = (atime) ? atime : currentTime;
+  mtime = (mtime) ? mtime : currentTime;
+
+  utimes_file(context, path, atime, mtime, callback);
+}
+
+function futimes(fs, context, fd, atime, mtime, callback) {
+  var currentTime = Date.now();
+  atime = (atime) ? atime : currentTime;
+  mtime = (mtime) ? mtime : currentTime;
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  } else {
+    futimes_file(context, ofd, atime, mtime, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(oldpath, callback)) return;
+  if(!pathCheck(newpath, callback)) return;
+
+  oldpath = normalize(oldpath);
+  newpath = normalize(newpath);
+
+  var oldParentPath = Path.dirname(oldpath);
+  var newParentPath = Path.dirname(oldpath);
+  var oldName = Path.basename(oldpath);
+  var newName = Path.basename(newpath);
+  var oldParentDirectory, oldParentData;
+  var newParentDirectory, newParentData;
+
+  function update_times(error, newNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, newpath,  newNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_new_directory(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(newParentData[newName].id, update_times);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_old_parent_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(oldParentDirectory.id === newParentDirectory.id) {
+        oldParentData = newParentData;
+      }
+      delete oldParentData[oldName];
+      context.putObject(oldParentDirectory.data, oldParentData, read_new_directory);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_new_parent_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newParentData[newName] = oldParentData[oldName];
+      context.putObject(newParentDirectory.data, newParentData, update_old_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_new_directory_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newParentData = result;
+      if(_(newParentData).has(newName)) {
+        remove_directory(context, newpath, update_new_parent_directory_data);
+      } else {
+        update_new_parent_directory_data();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_new_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newParentDirectory = result;
+      context.getObject(newParentDirectory.data, check_if_new_directory_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function get_new_parent_directory(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldParentData = result;
+      find_node(context, newParentPath, read_new_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldParentDirectory = result;
+      context.getObject(result.data, get_new_parent_directory);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function unlink_old_file(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      unlink_node(context, oldpath, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_node_type(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(node.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      find_node(context, oldParentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+    } else {
+      link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, unlink_old_file);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, oldpath, check_node_type);
+}
+
+function symlink(fs, context, srcpath, dstpath, type, callback) {
+  // NOTE: we support passing the `type` arg, but ignore it.
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  if(!pathCheck(srcpath, callback)) return;
+  if(!pathCheck(dstpath, callback)) return;
+  make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback);
+}
+
+function readlink(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  read_link(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function lstat(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  function check_result(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      callback(null, stats);
+    }
+  }
+
+  lstat_file(context, path, check_result);
+}
+
+function truncate(fs, context, path, length, callback) {
+  // NOTE: length is optional
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  length = length || 0;
+
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  truncate_file(context, path, length, callback);
+}
+
+function ftruncate(fs, context, fd, length, callback) {
+  // NOTE: length is optional
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  length = length || 0;
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  } else {
+    ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  ensureRootDirectory: ensure_root_directory,
+  open: open,
+  close: close,
+  mknod: mknod,
+  mkdir: mkdir,
+  rmdir: rmdir,
+  unlink: unlink,
+  stat: stat,
+  fstat: fstat,
+  link: link,
+  read: read,
+  readFile: readFile,
+  write: write,
+  writeFile: writeFile,
+  appendFile: appendFile,
+  exists: exists,
+  getxattr: getxattr,
+  fgetxattr: fgetxattr,
+  setxattr: setxattr,
+  fsetxattr: fsetxattr,
+  removexattr: removexattr,
+  fremovexattr: fremovexattr,
+  lseek: lseek,
+  readdir: readdir,
+  utimes: utimes,
+  futimes: futimes,
+  rename: rename,
+  symlink: symlink,
+  readlink: readlink,
+  lstat: lstat,
+  truncate: truncate,
+  ftruncate: ftruncate
+};
+
+},{"../../lib/nodash.js":4,"../buffer.js":20,"../constants.js":21,"../directory-entry.js":22,"../encoding.js":23,"../errors.js":24,"../node.js":29,"../open-file-description.js":30,"../path.js":31,"../stats.js":39,"../super-node.js":40}],26:[function(require,module,exports){
+var _ = require('../../lib/nodash.js');
+
+var isNullPath = require('../path.js').isNull;
+var nop = require('../shared.js').nop;
+
+var Constants = require('../constants.js');
+var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = Constants.FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+var FS_FORMAT = Constants.FS_FORMAT;
+var FS_READY = Constants.FS_READY;
+var FS_PENDING = Constants.FS_PENDING;
+var FS_ERROR = Constants.FS_ERROR;
+var FS_NODUPEIDCHECK = Constants.FS_NODUPEIDCHECK;
+
+var providers = require('../providers/index.js');
+
+var Shell = require('../shell/shell.js');
+var Intercom = require('../../lib/intercom.js');
+var FSWatcher = require('../fs-watcher.js');
+var Errors = require('../errors.js');
+var defaultGuidFn = require('../shared.js').guid;
+
+var STDIN = Constants.STDIN;
+var STDOUT = Constants.STDOUT;
+var STDERR = Constants.STDERR;
+var FIRST_DESCRIPTOR = Constants.FIRST_DESCRIPTOR;
+
+// The core fs operations live on impl
+var impl = require('./implementation.js');
+
+// node.js supports a calling pattern that leaves off a callback.
+function maybeCallback(callback) {
+  if(typeof callback === "function") {
+    return callback;
+  }
+  return function(err) {
+    if(err) {
+      throw err;
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+// Default callback that logs an error if passed in
+function defaultCallback(err) {
+  if(err) {
+    console.error('Filer error: ', err);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * FileSystem
+ *
+ * A FileSystem takes an `options` object, which can specify a number of,
+ * options.  All options are optional, and include:
+ *
+ * name: the name of the file system, defaults to "local"
+ *
+ * flags: one or more flags to use when creating/opening the file system.
+ *        For example: "FORMAT" will cause the file system to be formatted.
+ *        No explicit flags are set by default.
+ *
+ * provider: an explicit storage provider to use for the file
+ *           system's database context provider.  A number of context
+ *           providers are included (see /src/providers), and users
+ *           can write one of their own and pass it in to be used.
+ *           By default an IndexedDB provider is used.
+ *
+ * guid: a function for generating unique IDs for nodes in the filesystem.
+ *       Use this to override the built-in UUID generation. (Used mainly for tests).
+ *
+ * callback: a callback function to be executed when the file system becomes
+ *           ready for use. Depending on the context provider used, this might
+ *           be right away, or could take some time. The callback should expect
+ *           an `error` argument, which will be null if everything worked.  Also
+ *           users should check the file system's `readyState` and `error`
+ *           properties to make sure it is usable.
+ */
+function FileSystem(options, callback) {
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || defaultCallback;
+
+  var flags = options.flags;
+  var guid = options.guid ? options.guid : defaultGuidFn;
+  var provider = options.provider || new providers.Default(options.name || FILE_SYSTEM_NAME);
+  // If we're given a provider, match its name unless we get an explicit name
+  var name = options.name || provider.name;
+  var forceFormatting = _(flags).contains(FS_FORMAT);
+
+  var fs = this;
+  fs.readyState = FS_PENDING;
+  fs.name = name;
+  fs.error = null;
+
+  fs.stdin = STDIN;
+  fs.stdout = STDOUT;
+  fs.stderr = STDERR;
+
+  // Expose Shell constructor
+  this.Shell = Shell.bind(undefined, this);
+
+  // Safely expose the list of open files and file
+  // descriptor management functions
+  var openFiles = {};
+  var nextDescriptor = FIRST_DESCRIPTOR;
+  Object.defineProperty(this, "openFiles", {
+    get: function() { return openFiles; }
+  });
+  this.allocDescriptor = function(openFileDescription) {
+    var fd = nextDescriptor ++;
+    openFiles[fd] = openFileDescription;
+    return fd;
+  };
+  this.releaseDescriptor = function(fd) {
+    delete openFiles[fd];
+  };
+
+  // Safely expose the operation queue
+  var queue = [];
+  this.queueOrRun = function(operation) {
+    var error;
+
+    if(FS_READY == fs.readyState) {
+      operation.call(fs);
+    } else if(FS_ERROR == fs.readyState) {
+      error = new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR('unknown error');
+    } else {
+      queue.push(operation);
+    }
+
+    return error;
+  };
+  function runQueued() {
+    queue.forEach(function(operation) {
+      operation.call(this);
+    }.bind(fs));
+    queue = null;
+  }
+
+  // We support the optional `options` arg from node, but ignore it
+  this.watch = function(filename, options, listener) {
+    if(isNullPath(filename)) {
+      throw new Error('Path must be a string without null bytes.');
+    }
+    if(typeof options === 'function') {
+      listener = options;
+      options = {};
+    }
+    options = options || {};
+    listener = listener || nop;
+
+    var watcher = new FSWatcher();
+    watcher.start(filename, false, options.recursive);
+    watcher.on('change', listener);
+
+    return watcher;
+  };
+
+  // Deal with various approaches to node ID creation
+  function wrappedGuidFn(context) {
+    return function(callback) {
+      // Skip the duplicate ID check if asked to
+      if(_(flags).contains(FS_NODUPEIDCHECK)) {
+        callback(null, guid());
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Otherwise (default) make sure this id is unused first
+      function guidWithCheck(callback) {
+        var id = guid();
+        context.getObject(id, function(err, value) {
+          if(err) {
+            callback(err);
+            return;
+          }
+
+          // If this id is unused, use it, otherwise find another
+          if(!value) {
+            callback(null, id);
+          } else {
+            guidWithCheck(callback);
+          }
+        });
+      }
+      guidWithCheck(callback);
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Let other instances (in this or other windows) know about
+  // any changes to this fs instance.
+  function broadcastChanges(changes) {
+    if(!changes.length) {
+      return;
+    }
+    var intercom = Intercom.getInstance();
+    changes.forEach(function(change) {
+      intercom.emit(change.event, change.path);
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Open file system storage provider
+  provider.open(function(err) {
+    function complete(error) {
+      function wrappedContext(methodName) {
+        var context = provider[methodName]();
+        context.flags = flags;
+        context.changes = [];
+        context.guid = wrappedGuidFn(context);
+
+        // When the context is finished, let the fs deal with any change events
+        context.close = function() {
+          var changes = context.changes;
+          broadcastChanges(changes);
+          changes.length = 0;
+        };
+
+        return context;
+      }
+
+      // Wrap the provider so we can extend the context with fs flags and
+      // an array of changes (e.g., watch event 'change' and 'rename' events
+      // for paths updated during the lifetime of the context). From this
+      // point forward we won't call open again, so it's safe to drop it.
+      fs.provider = {
+        openReadWriteContext: function() {
+          return wrappedContext('getReadWriteContext');
+        },
+        openReadOnlyContext: function() {
+          return wrappedContext('getReadOnlyContext');
+        }
+      };
+
+      if(error) {
+        fs.readyState = FS_ERROR;
+      } else {
+        fs.readyState = FS_READY;
+      }
+      runQueued();
+      callback(error, fs);
+    }
+
+    if(err) {
+      return complete(err);
+    }
+
+    var context = provider.getReadWriteContext();
+    context.guid = wrappedGuidFn(context);
+
+    // Mount the filesystem, formatting if necessary
+    if(forceFormatting) {
+      // Wipe the storage provider, then write root block
+      context.clear(function(err) {
+        if(err) {
+          return complete(err);
+        }
+        impl.ensureRootDirectory(context, complete);
+      });
+    } else {
+      // Use existing (or create new) root and mount
+      impl.ensureRootDirectory(context, complete);
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+// Expose storage providers on FileSystem constructor
+FileSystem.providers = providers;
+
+/**
+ * Public API for FileSystem
+ */
+[
+  'open',
+  'close',
+  'mknod',
+  'mkdir',
+  'rmdir',
+  'stat',
+  'fstat',
+  'link',
+  'unlink',
+  'read',
+  'readFile',
+  'write',
+  'writeFile',
+  'appendFile',
+  'exists',
+  'lseek',
+  'readdir',
+  'rename',
+  'readlink',
+  'symlink',
+  'lstat',
+  'truncate',
+  'ftruncate',
+  'utimes',
+  'futimes',
+  'setxattr',
+  'getxattr',
+  'fsetxattr',
+  'fgetxattr',
+  'removexattr',
+  'fremovexattr'
+].forEach(function(methodName) {
+  FileSystem.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+    var fs = this;
+    var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+    var lastArgIndex = args.length - 1;
+
+    // We may or may not get a callback, and since node.js supports
+    // fire-and-forget style fs operations, we have to dance a bit here.
+    var missingCallback = typeof args[lastArgIndex] !== 'function';
+    var callback = maybeCallback(args[lastArgIndex]);
+
+    var error = fs.queueOrRun(function() {
+      var context = fs.provider.openReadWriteContext();
+
+      // Fail early if the filesystem is in an error state (e.g.,
+      // provider failed to open.
+      if(FS_ERROR === fs.readyState) {
+        var err = new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR('filesystem unavailable, operation canceled');
+        return callback.call(fs, err);
+      }
+
+      // Wrap the callback so we can explicitly close the context
+      function complete() {
+        context.close();
+        callback.apply(fs, arguments);
+      }
+
+      // Either add or replace the callback with our wrapper complete()
+      if(missingCallback) {
+        args.push(complete);
+      } else {
+        args[lastArgIndex] = complete;
+      }
+
+      // Forward this call to the impl's version, using the following
+      // call signature, with complete() as the callback/last-arg now:
+      // fn(fs, context, arg0, arg1, ... , complete);
+      var fnArgs = [fs, context].concat(args);
+      impl[methodName].apply(null, fnArgs);
+    });
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    }
+  };
+});
+
+module.exports = FileSystem;
+
+},{"../../lib/intercom.js":3,"../../lib/nodash.js":4,"../constants.js":21,"../errors.js":24,"../fs-watcher.js":27,"../path.js":31,"../providers/index.js":32,"../shared.js":36,"../shell/shell.js":38,"./implementation.js":25}],27:[function(require,module,exports){
+var EventEmitter = require('../lib/eventemitter.js');
+var Path = require('./path.js');
+var Intercom = require('../lib/intercom.js');
+
+/**
+ * FSWatcher based on node.js' FSWatcher
+ * see https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/lib/fs.js
+ */
+function FSWatcher() {
+  EventEmitter.call(this);
+  var self = this;
+  var recursive = false;
+  var recursivePathPrefix;
+  var filename;
+
+  function onchange(path) {
+    // Watch for exact filename, or parent path when recursive is true.
+    if(filename === path || (recursive && path.indexOf(recursivePathPrefix) === 0)) {
+      self.trigger('change', 'change', path);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // We support, but ignore the second arg, which node.js uses.
+  self.start = function(filename_, persistent_, recursive_) {
+    // Bail if we've already started (and therefore have a filename);
+    if(filename) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if(Path.isNull(filename_)) {
+      throw new Error('Path must be a string without null bytes.');
+    }
+
+    // TODO: get realpath for symlinks on filename...
+
+    // Filer's Path.normalize strips trailing slashes, which we use here.
+    // See https://github.com/js-platform/filer/issues/105
+    filename = Path.normalize(filename_);
+
+    // Whether to watch beneath this path or not
+    recursive = recursive_ === true;
+    // If recursive, construct a path prefix portion for comparisons later
+    // (i.e., '/path' becomes '/path/' so we can search within a filename for the
+    // prefix). We also take care to allow for '/' on its own.
+    if(recursive) {
+      recursivePathPrefix = filename === '/' ? '/' : filename + '/';
+    }
+
+    var intercom = Intercom.getInstance();
+    intercom.on('change', onchange);
+  };
+
+  self.close = function() {
+    var intercom = Intercom.getInstance();
+    intercom.off('change', onchange);
+    self.removeAllListeners('change');
+  };
+}
+FSWatcher.prototype = new EventEmitter();
+FSWatcher.prototype.constructor = FSWatcher;
+
+module.exports = FSWatcher;
+
+},{"../lib/eventemitter.js":2,"../lib/intercom.js":3,"./path.js":31}],28:[function(require,module,exports){
+module.exports = {
+  FileSystem: require('./filesystem/interface.js'),
+  Buffer: require('./buffer.js'),
+  Path: require('./path.js'),
+  Errors: require('./errors.js'),
+  Shell: require('./shell/shell.js')
+};
+
+},{"./buffer.js":20,"./errors.js":24,"./filesystem/interface.js":26,"./path.js":31,"./shell/shell.js":38}],29:[function(require,module,exports){
+var MODE_FILE = require('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+
+function Node(options) {
+  var now = Date.now();
+
+  this.id = options.id;
+  this.mode = options.mode || MODE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
+  this.size = options.size || 0; // size (bytes for files, entries for directories)
+  this.atime = options.atime || now; // access time (will mirror ctime after creation)
+  this.ctime = options.ctime || now; // creation/change time
+  this.mtime = options.mtime || now; // modified time
+  this.flags = options.flags || []; // file flags
+  this.xattrs = options.xattrs || {}; // extended attributes
+  this.nlinks = options.nlinks || 0; // links count
+  this.version = options.version || 0; // node version
+  this.blksize = undefined; // block size
+  this.nblocks = 1; // blocks count
+  this.data = options.data; // id for data object
+}
+
+// Make sure the options object has an id on property,
+// either from caller or one we generate using supplied guid fn.
+function ensureID(options, prop, callback) {
+  if(options[prop]) {
+    callback(null);
+  } else {
+    options.guid(function(err, id) {
+      options[prop] = id;
+      callback(err);
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+Node.create = function(options, callback) {
+  // We expect both options.id and options.data to be provided/generated.
+  ensureID(options, 'id', function(err) {
+    if(err) {
+      callback(err);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    ensureID(options, 'data', function(err) {
+      if(err) {
+        callback(err);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      callback(null, new Node(options));
+    });
+  });
+};
+
+module.exports = Node;
+
+},{"./constants.js":21}],30:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Errors = require('./errors.js');
+
+function OpenFileDescription(path, id, flags, position) {
+  this.path = path;
+  this.id = id;
+  this.flags = flags;
+  this.position = position;
+}
+
+// Tries to find the node associated with an ofd's `id`.
+// If not found, an error is returned on the callback.
+OpenFileDescription.prototype.getNode = function(context, callback) {
+  var id = this.id;
+  var path = this.path;
+
+  function check_if_node_exists(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    if(!node) {
+      return callback(new Errors.EBADF('file descriptor refers to unknown node', path));
+    }
+
+    callback(null, node);
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(id, check_if_node_exists);
+};
+
+module.exports = OpenFileDescription;
+
+},{"./errors.js":24}],31:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+// Based on https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/41e53e557992a7d552a8e23de035f9463da25c99/lib/path.js
+
+// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there
+// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array
+// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish
+// relative and absolute paths)
+function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) {
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    var last = parts[i];
+    if (last === '.') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (allowAboveRoot) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      parts.unshift('..');
+    }
+  }
+
+  return parts;
+}
+
+// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version
+// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing.
+var splitPathRe =
+      /^(\/?)([\s\S]+\/(?!$)|\/)?((?:\.{1,2}$|[\s\S]+?)?(\.[^.\/]*)?)$/;
+var splitPath = function(filename) {
+  var result = splitPathRe.exec(filename);
+  return [result[1] || '', result[2] || '', result[3] || '', result[4] || ''];
+};
+
+// path.resolve([from ...], to)
+function resolve() {
+  var resolvedPath = '',
+      resolvedAbsolute = false;
+
+  for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) {
+    // XXXfiler: we don't have process.cwd() so we use '/' as a fallback
+    var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : '/';
+
+    // Skip empty and invalid entries
+    if (typeof path !== 'string' || !path) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath;
+    resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/';
+  }
+
+  // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but
+  // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails)
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  resolvedPath = normalizeArray(resolvedPath.split('/').filter(function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.';
+}
+
+// path.normalize(path)
+function normalize(path) {
+  var isAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/',
+      trailingSlash = path.substr(-1) === '/';
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  path = normalizeArray(path.split('/').filter(function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !isAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  if (!path && !isAbsolute) {
+    path = '.';
+  }
+  /*
+   if (path && trailingSlash) {
+   path += '/';
+   }
+   */
+
+  return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path;
+}
+
+function join() {
+  var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+  return normalize(paths.filter(function(p, index) {
+    return p && typeof p === 'string';
+  }).join('/'));
+}
+
+// path.relative(from, to)
+function relative(from, to) {
+  from = resolve(from).substr(1);
+  to = resolve(to).substr(1);
+
+  function trim(arr) {
+    var start = 0;
+    for (; start < arr.length; start++) {
+      if (arr[start] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    var end = arr.length - 1;
+    for (; end >= 0; end--) {
+      if (arr[end] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    if (start > end) return [];
+    return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1);
+  }
+
+  var fromParts = trim(from.split('/'));
+  var toParts = trim(to.split('/'));
+
+  var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length);
+  var samePartsLength = length;
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) {
+      samePartsLength = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  var outputParts = [];
+  for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) {
+    outputParts.push('..');
+  }
+
+  outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength));
+
+  return outputParts.join('/');
+}
+
+function dirname(path) {
+  var result = splitPath(path),
+      root = result[0],
+      dir = result[1];
+
+  if (!root && !dir) {
+    // No dirname whatsoever
+    return '.';
+  }
+
+  if (dir) {
+    // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash
+    dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1);
+  }
+
+  return root + dir;
+}
+
+function basename(path, ext) {
+  var f = splitPath(path)[2];
+  // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows?
+  if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) {
+    f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length);
+  }
+  // XXXfiler: node.js just does `return f`
+  return f === "" ? "/" : f;
+}
+
+function extname(path) {
+  return splitPath(path)[3];
+}
+
+function isAbsolute(path) {
+  if(path.charAt(0) === '/') {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+function isNull(path) {
+  if (('' + path).indexOf('\u0000') !== -1) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Make sure we don't double-add a trailing slash (e.g., '/' -> '//')
+function addTrailing(path) {
+  return path.replace(/\/*$/, '/');
+}
+
+// Deal with multiple slashes at the end, one, or none
+// and make sure we don't return the empty string.
+function removeTrailing(path) {
+  path = path.replace(/\/*$/, '');
+  return path === '' ? '/' : path;
+}
+
+// XXXfiler: we don't support path.exists() or path.existsSync(), which
+// are deprecated, and need a FileSystem instance to work. Use fs.stat().
+
+module.exports = {
+  normalize: normalize,
+  resolve: resolve,
+  join: join,
+  relative: relative,
+  sep: '/',
+  delimiter: ':',
+  dirname: dirname,
+  basename: basename,
+  extname: extname,
+  isAbsolute: isAbsolute,
+  isNull: isNull,
+  // Non-node but useful...
+  addTrailing: addTrailing,
+  removeTrailing: removeTrailing
+};
+
+},{}],32:[function(require,module,exports){
+var IndexedDB = require('./indexeddb.js');
+var WebSQL = require('./websql.js');
+var Memory = require('./memory.js');
+
+module.exports = {
+  IndexedDB: IndexedDB,
+  WebSQL: WebSQL,
+  Memory: Memory,
+
+  /**
+   * Convenience Provider references
+   */
+
+  // The default provider to use when none is specified
+  Default: IndexedDB,
+
+  // The Fallback provider does automatic fallback checks
+  Fallback: (function() {
+    if(IndexedDB.isSupported()) {
+      return IndexedDB;
+    }
+
+    if(WebSQL.isSupported()) {
+      return WebSQL;
+    }
+
+    function NotSupported() {
+      throw "[Filer Error] Your browser doesn't support IndexedDB or WebSQL.";
+    }
+    NotSupported.isSupported = function() {
+      return false;
+    };
+    return NotSupported;
+  }())
+};
+
+},{"./indexeddb.js":33,"./memory.js":34,"./websql.js":35}],33:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global,Buffer){
+var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+var FILE_STORE_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_STORE_NAME;
+var IDB_RW = require('../constants.js').IDB_RW;
+var IDB_RO = require('../constants.js').IDB_RO;
+var Errors = require('../errors.js');
+var FilerBuffer = require('../buffer.js');
+
+var indexedDB = global.indexedDB       ||
+                global.mozIndexedDB    ||
+                global.webkitIndexedDB ||
+                global.msIndexedDB;
+
+function IndexedDBContext(db, mode) {
+  var transaction = db.transaction(FILE_STORE_NAME, mode);
+  this.objectStore = transaction.objectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+}
+
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.clear = function(callback) {
+  try {
+    var request = this.objectStore.clear();
+    request.onsuccess = function(event) {
+      callback();
+    };
+    request.onerror = function(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    };
+  } catch(e) {
+    callback(e);
+  }
+};
+
+function _get(objectStore, key, callback) {
+  try {
+    var request = objectStore.get(key);
+    request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+      var result = event.target.result;
+      callback(null, result);
+    };
+    request.onerror = function onerror(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    };
+  } catch(e) {
+    callback(e);
+  }
+}
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.getObject = function(key, callback) {
+  _get(this.objectStore, key, callback);
+};
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.getBuffer = function(key, callback) {
+  _get(this.objectStore, key, function(err, arrayBuffer) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+    callback(null, new FilerBuffer(arrayBuffer));
+  });
+};
+
+function _put(objectStore, key, value, callback) {
+  try {
+    var request = objectStore.put(value, key);
+    request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+      var result = event.target.result;
+      callback(null, result);
+    };
+    request.onerror = function onerror(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    };
+  } catch(e) {
+    callback(e);
+  }
+}
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.putObject = function(key, value, callback) {
+  _put(this.objectStore, key, value, callback);
+};
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.putBuffer = function(key, uint8BackedBuffer, callback) {
+  var buf;
+  if(!Buffer._useTypedArrays) { // workaround for fxos 1.3
+    buf = uint8BackedBuffer.toArrayBuffer();
+  } else {
+    buf = uint8BackedBuffer.buffer;
+  }
+  _put(this.objectStore, key, buf, callback);
+};
+
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.delete = function(key, callback) {
+  try {
+    var request = this.objectStore.delete(key);
+    request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+      var result = event.target.result;
+      callback(null, result);
+    };
+    request.onerror = function(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    };
+  } catch(e) {
+    callback(e);
+  }
+};
+
+
+function IndexedDB(name) {
+  this.name = name || FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+  this.db = null;
+}
+IndexedDB.isSupported = function() {
+  return !!indexedDB;
+};
+
+IndexedDB.prototype.open = function(callback) {
+  var that = this;
+
+  // Bail if we already have a db open
+  if(that.db) {
+    return callback();
+  }
+
+  // NOTE: we're not using versioned databases.
+  var openRequest = indexedDB.open(that.name);
+
+  // If the db doesn't exist, we'll create it
+  openRequest.onupgradeneeded = function onupgradeneeded(event) {
+    var db = event.target.result;
+
+    if(db.objectStoreNames.contains(FILE_STORE_NAME)) {
+      db.deleteObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+    }
+    db.createObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+  };
+
+  openRequest.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+    that.db = event.target.result;
+    callback();
+  };
+  openRequest.onerror = function onerror(error) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('IndexedDB cannot be accessed. If private browsing is enabled, disable it.'));
+  };
+};
+IndexedDB.prototype.getReadOnlyContext = function() {
+  // Due to timing issues in Chrome with readwrite vs. readonly indexeddb transactions
+  // always use readwrite so we can make sure pending commits finish before callbacks.
+  // See https://github.com/js-platform/filer/issues/128
+  return new IndexedDBContext(this.db, IDB_RW);
+};
+IndexedDB.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
+  return new IndexedDBContext(this.db, IDB_RW);
+};
+
+module.exports = IndexedDB;
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {},require("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"../buffer.js":20,"../constants.js":21,"../errors.js":24,"buffer":6}],34:[function(require,module,exports){
+var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+// NOTE: prefer setImmediate to nextTick for proper recursion yielding.
+// see https://github.com/js-platform/filer/pull/24
+var asyncCallback = require('../../lib/async.js').setImmediate;
+
+/**
+ * Make shared in-memory DBs possible when using the same name.
+ */
+var createDB = (function() {
+  var pool = {};
+  return function getOrCreate(name) {
+    if(!pool.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      pool[name] = {};
+    }
+    return pool[name];
+  };
+}());
+
+function MemoryContext(db, readOnly) {
+  this.readOnly = readOnly;
+  this.objectStore = db;
+}
+
+MemoryContext.prototype.clear = function(callback) {
+  if(this.readOnly) {
+    asyncCallback(function() {
+      callback("[MemoryContext] Error: write operation on read only context");
+    });
+    return;
+  }
+  var objectStore = this.objectStore;
+  Object.keys(objectStore).forEach(function(key){
+    delete objectStore[key];
+  });
+  asyncCallback(callback);
+};
+
+// Memory context doesn't care about differences between Object and Buffer
+MemoryContext.prototype.getObject =
+MemoryContext.prototype.getBuffer =
+function(key, callback) {
+  var that = this;
+  asyncCallback(function() {
+    callback(null, that.objectStore[key]);
+  });
+};
+MemoryContext.prototype.putObject =
+MemoryContext.prototype.putBuffer =
+function(key, value, callback) {
+  if(this.readOnly) {
+    asyncCallback(function() {
+      callback("[MemoryContext] Error: write operation on read only context");
+    });
+    return;
+  }
+  this.objectStore[key] = value;
+  asyncCallback(callback);
+};
+
+MemoryContext.prototype.delete = function(key, callback) {
+  if(this.readOnly) {
+    asyncCallback(function() {
+      callback("[MemoryContext] Error: write operation on read only context");
+    });
+    return;
+  }
+  delete this.objectStore[key];
+  asyncCallback(callback);
+};
+
+
+function Memory(name) {
+  this.name = name || FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+}
+Memory.isSupported = function() {
+  return true;
+};
+
+Memory.prototype.open = function(callback) {
+  this.db = createDB(this.name);
+  asyncCallback(callback);
+};
+Memory.prototype.getReadOnlyContext = function() {
+  return new MemoryContext(this.db, true);
+};
+Memory.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
+  return new MemoryContext(this.db, false);
+};
+
+module.exports = Memory;
+
+},{"../../lib/async.js":1,"../constants.js":21}],35:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+var FILE_STORE_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_STORE_NAME;
+var WSQL_VERSION = require('../constants.js').WSQL_VERSION;
+var WSQL_SIZE = require('../constants.js').WSQL_SIZE;
+var WSQL_DESC = require('../constants.js').WSQL_DESC;
+var Errors = require('../errors.js');
+var FilerBuffer = require('../buffer.js');
+var base64ArrayBuffer = require('base64-arraybuffer');
+
+function WebSQLContext(db, isReadOnly) {
+  var that = this;
+  this.getTransaction = function(callback) {
+    if(that.transaction) {
+      callback(that.transaction);
+      return;
+    }
+    // Either do readTransaction() (read-only) or transaction() (read/write)
+    db[isReadOnly ? 'readTransaction' : 'transaction'](function(transaction) {
+      that.transaction = transaction;
+      callback(transaction);
+    });
+  };
+}
+
+WebSQLContext.prototype.clear = function(callback) {
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    callback(null);
+  }
+  this.getTransaction(function(transaction) {
+    transaction.executeSql("DELETE FROM " + FILE_STORE_NAME + ";",
+                           [], onSuccess, onError);
+  });
+};
+
+function _get(getTransaction, key, callback) {
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    // If the key isn't found, return null
+    var value = result.rows.length === 0 ? null : result.rows.item(0).data;
+    callback(null, value);
+  }
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  getTransaction(function(transaction) {
+    transaction.executeSql("SELECT data FROM " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " WHERE id = ? LIMIT 1;",
+                           [key], onSuccess, onError);
+  });
+}
+WebSQLContext.prototype.getObject = function(key, callback) {
+  _get(this.getTransaction, key, function(err, result) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if(result) {
+        result = JSON.parse(result);
+      }
+    } catch(e) {
+      return callback(e);
+    }
+
+    callback(null, result);
+  });
+};
+WebSQLContext.prototype.getBuffer = function(key, callback) {
+  _get(this.getTransaction, key, function(err, result) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+
+    // Deal with zero-length ArrayBuffers, which will be encoded as ''
+    if(result || result === '') {
+      var arrayBuffer = base64ArrayBuffer.decode(result);
+      result = new FilerBuffer(arrayBuffer);
+    }
+
+    callback(null, result);
+  });
+};
+
+function _put(getTransaction, key, value, callback) {
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    callback(null);
+  }
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  getTransaction(function(transaction) {
+    transaction.executeSql("INSERT OR REPLACE INTO " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " (id, data) VALUES (?, ?);",
+                           [key, value], onSuccess, onError);
+  });
+}
+WebSQLContext.prototype.putObject = function(key, value, callback) {
+  var json = JSON.stringify(value);
+  _put(this.getTransaction, key, json, callback);
+};
+WebSQLContext.prototype.putBuffer = function(key, uint8BackedBuffer, callback) {
+  var base64 = base64ArrayBuffer.encode(uint8BackedBuffer.buffer);
+  _put(this.getTransaction, key, base64, callback);
+};
+
+WebSQLContext.prototype.delete = function(key, callback) {
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    callback(null);
+  }
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  this.getTransaction(function(transaction) {
+    transaction.executeSql("DELETE FROM " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " WHERE id = ?;",
+                           [key], onSuccess, onError);
+  });
+};
+
+
+function WebSQL(name) {
+  this.name = name || FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+  this.db = null;
+}
+WebSQL.isSupported = function() {
+  return !!global.openDatabase;
+};
+
+WebSQL.prototype.open = function(callback) {
+  var that = this;
+
+  // Bail if we already have a db open
+  if(that.db) {
+    return callback();
+  }
+
+  var db = global.openDatabase(that.name, WSQL_VERSION, WSQL_DESC, WSQL_SIZE);
+  if(!db) {
+    callback("[WebSQL] Unable to open database.");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    if (error.code === 5) {
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('WebSQL cannot be accessed. If private browsing is enabled, disable it.'));
+    }
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    that.db = db;
+    callback();
+  }
+
+  // Create the table and index we'll need to store the fs data.
+  db.transaction(function(transaction) {
+    function createIndex(transaction) {
+      transaction.executeSql("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_" + FILE_STORE_NAME + "_id" +
+                             " on " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " (id);",
+                             [], onSuccess, onError);
+    }
+    transaction.executeSql("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " (id unique, data TEXT);",
+                           [], createIndex, onError);
+  });
+};
+WebSQL.prototype.getReadOnlyContext = function() {
+  return new WebSQLContext(this.db, true);
+};
+WebSQL.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
+  return new WebSQLContext(this.db, false);
+};
+
+module.exports = WebSQL;
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../buffer.js":20,"../constants.js":21,"../errors.js":24,"base64-arraybuffer":5}],36:[function(require,module,exports){
+function guid() {
+  return 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/[xy]/g, function(c) {
+    var r = Math.random()*16|0, v = c == 'x' ? r : (r&0x3|0x8);
+    return v.toString(16);
+  }).toUpperCase();
+}
+
+function nop() {}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a Uint8Array to a regular array
+ */
+function u8toArray(u8) {
+  var array = [];
+  var len = u8.length;
+  for(var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    array[i] = u8[i];
+  }
+  return array;
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  guid: guid,
+  u8toArray: u8toArray,
+  nop: nop
+};
+
+},{}],37:[function(require,module,exports){
+var defaults = require('../constants.js').ENVIRONMENT;
+
+module.exports = function Environment(env) {
+  env = env || {};
+  env.TMP = env.TMP || defaults.TMP;
+  env.PATH = env.PATH || defaults.PATH;
+
+  this.get = function(name) {
+    return env[name];
+  };
+
+  this.set = function(name, value) {
+    env[name] = value;
+  };
+};
+
+},{"../constants.js":21}],38:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Path = require('../path.js');
+var Errors = require('../errors.js');
+var Environment = require('./environment.js');
+var async = require('../../lib/async.js');
+var Encoding = require('../encoding.js');
+var minimatch = require('minimatch');
+
+function Shell(fs, options) {
+  options = options || {};
+
+  var env = new Environment(options.env);
+  var cwd = '/';
+
+  /**
+   * The bound FileSystem (cannot be changed)
+   */
+  Object.defineProperty(this, 'fs', {
+    get: function() { return fs; },
+    enumerable: true
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * The shell's environment (e.g., for things like
+   * path, tmp, and other env vars). Use env.get()
+   * and env.set() to work with variables.
+   */
+  Object.defineProperty(this, 'env', {
+    get: function() { return env; },
+    enumerable: true
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * Change the current working directory. We
+   * include `cd` on the `this` vs. proto so that
+   * we can access cwd without exposing it externally.
+   */
+  this.cd = function(path, callback) {
+    path = Path.resolve(cwd, path);
+    // Make sure the path actually exists, and is a dir
+    fs.stat(path, function(err, stats) {
+      if(err) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+        return;
+      }
+      if(stats.type === 'DIRECTORY') {
+        cwd = path;
+        callback();
+      } else {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+      }
+    });
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Get the current working directory (changed with `cd()`)
+   */
+  this.pwd = function() {
+    return cwd;
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Execute the .js command located at `path`. Such commands
+ * should assume the existence of 3 arguments, which will be
+ * defined at runtime:
+ *
+ *   * fs - the current shell's bound filesystem object
+ *   * args - a list of arguments for the command, or an empty list if none
+ *   * callback - a callback function(error, result) to call when done.
+ *
+ * The .js command's contents should be the body of a function
+ * that looks like this:
+ *
+ * function(fs, args, callback) {
+ *   // .js code here
+ * }
+ */
+Shell.prototype.exec = function(path, args, callback) {
+  /* jshint evil:true */
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof args === 'function') {
+    callback = args;
+    args = [];
+  }
+  args = args || [];
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+  path = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), path);
+
+  fs.readFile(path, "utf8", function(error, data) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      var cmd = new Function('fs', 'args', 'callback', data);
+      cmd(fs, args, callback);
+    } catch(e) {
+      callback(e);
+    }
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Create a file if it does not exist, or update access and
+ * modified times if it does. Valid options include:
+ *
+ *  * updateOnly - whether to create the file if missing (defaults to false)
+ *  * date - use the provided Date value instead of current date/time
+ */
+Shell.prototype.touch = function(path, options, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof options === 'function') {
+    callback = options;
+    options = {};
+  }
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+  path = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), path);
+
+  function createFile(path) {
+    fs.writeFile(path, '', callback);
+  }
+
+  function updateTimes(path) {
+    var now = Date.now();
+    var atime = options.date || now;
+    var mtime = options.date || now;
+
+    fs.utimes(path, atime, mtime, callback);
+  }
+
+  fs.stat(path, function(error, stats) {
+    if(error) {
+      if(options.updateOnly === true) {
+        callback();
+      } else {
+        createFile(path);
+      }
+    } else {
+      updateTimes(path);
+    }
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Concatenate multiple files into a single String, with each
+ * file separated by a newline. The `files` argument should
+ * be a String (path to single file) or an Array of Strings
+ * (multiple file paths).
+ */
+Shell.prototype.cat = function(files, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  var all = '';
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  if(!files) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing files argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  files = typeof files === 'string' ? [ files ] : files;
+
+  function append(item, callback) {
+    var filename = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), item);
+    fs.readFile(filename, 'utf8', function(error, data) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+      all += data + '\n';
+      callback();
+    });
+  }
+
+  async.eachSeries(files, append, function(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      callback(null, all.replace(/\n$/, ''));
+    }
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Get the listing of a directory, returning an array of
+ * file entries in the following form:
+ *
+ * {
+ *   path: <String> the basename of the directory entry
+ *   links: <Number> the number of links to the entry
+ *   size: <Number> the size in bytes of the entry
+ *   modified: <Number> the last modified date/time
+ *   type: <String> the type of the entry
+ *   contents: <Array> an optional array of child entries
+ * }
+ *
+ * By default ls() gives a shallow listing. If you want
+ * to follow directories as they are encountered, use
+ * the `recursive=true` option.
+ */
+Shell.prototype.ls = function(dir, options, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof options === 'function') {
+    callback = options;
+    options = {};
+  }
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  if(!dir) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing dir argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  function list(path, callback) {
+    var pathname = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), path);
+    var result = [];
+
+    fs.readdir(pathname, function(error, entries) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      function getDirEntry(name, callback) {
+        name = Path.join(pathname, name);
+        fs.stat(name, function(error, stats) {
+          if(error) {
+            callback(error);
+            return;
+          }
+          var entry = {
+            path: Path.basename(name),
+            links: stats.nlinks,
+            size: stats.size,
+            modified: stats.mtime,
+            type: stats.type
+          };
+
+          if(options.recursive && stats.type === 'DIRECTORY') {
+            list(Path.join(pathname, entry.path), function(error, items) {
+              if(error) {
+                callback(error);
+                return;
+              }
+              entry.contents = items;
+              result.push(entry);
+              callback();
+            });
+          } else {
+            result.push(entry);
+            callback();
+          }
+        });
+      }
+
+      async.eachSeries(entries, getDirEntry, function(error) {
+        callback(error, result);
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  list(dir, callback);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Removes the file or directory at `path`. If `path` is a file
+ * it will be removed. If `path` is a directory, it will be
+ * removed if it is empty, otherwise the callback will receive
+ * an error. In order to remove non-empty directories, use the
+ * `recursive=true` option.
+ */
+Shell.prototype.rm = function(path, options, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof options === 'function') {
+    callback = options;
+    options = {};
+  }
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  if(!path) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing path argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  function remove(pathname, callback) {
+    pathname = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), pathname);
+    fs.stat(pathname, function(error, stats) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // If this is a file, delete it and we're done
+      if(stats.type === 'FILE') {
+        fs.unlink(pathname, callback);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // If it's a dir, check if it's empty
+      fs.readdir(pathname, function(error, entries) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // If dir is empty, delete it and we're done
+        if(entries.length === 0) {
+          fs.rmdir(pathname, callback);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // If not, see if we're allowed to delete recursively
+        if(!options.recursive) {
+          callback(new Errors.ENOTEMPTY(null, pathname));
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // Remove each dir entry recursively, then delete the dir.
+        entries = entries.map(function(filename) {
+          // Root dir entries absolutely
+          return Path.join(pathname, filename);
+        });
+        async.eachSeries(entries, remove, function(error) {
+          if(error) {
+            callback(error);
+            return;
+          }
+          fs.rmdir(pathname, callback);
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  remove(path, callback);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets the path to the temporary directory, creating it if not
+ * present. The directory used is the one specified in
+ * env.TMP. The callback receives (error, tempDirName).
+ */
+Shell.prototype.tempDir = function(callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  var tmp = sh.env.get('TMP');
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  // Try and create it, and it will either work or fail
+  // but either way it's now there.
+  fs.mkdir(tmp, function(err) {
+    callback(null, tmp);
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Recursively creates the directory at `path`. If the parent
+ * of `path` does not exist, it will be created.
+ * Based off EnsureDir by Sam X. Xu
+ * https://www.npmjs.org/package/ensureDir
+ * MIT License
+ */
+Shell.prototype.mkdirp = function(path, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  if(!path) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing path argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+  else if (path === '/') {
+    callback();
+    return;
+  }
+  function _mkdirp(path, callback) {
+    fs.stat(path, function (err, stat) {
+      if(stat) {
+        if(stat.isDirectory()) {
+          callback();
+          return;
+        }
+        else if (stat.isFile()) {
+          callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+      else if (err && err.code !== 'ENOENT') {
+        callback(err);
+        return;
+      }
+      else {
+        var parent = Path.dirname(path);
+        if(parent === '/') {
+          fs.mkdir(path, function (err) {
+            if (err && err.code != 'EEXIST') {
+              callback(err);
+              return;
+            }
+            callback();
+            return;
+          });
+        }
+        else {
+          _mkdirp(parent, function (err) {
+            if (err) return callback(err);
+            fs.mkdir(path, function (err) {
+              if (err && err.code != 'EEXIST') {
+                callback(err);
+                return;
+              }
+              callback();
+              return;
+            });
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  _mkdirp(path, callback);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Recursively walk a directory tree, reporting back all paths
+ * that were found along the way. The `path` must be a dir.
+ * Valid options include a `regex` for pattern matching paths
+ * and an `exec` function of the form `function(path, next)` where
+ * `path` is the current path that was found (dir paths have an '/'
+ * appended) and `next` is a callback to call when done processing
+ * the current path, passing any error object back as the first argument.
+ * `find` returns a flat array of absolute paths for all matching/found
+ * paths as the final argument to the callback.
+ */
+ Shell.prototype.find = function(path, options, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof options === 'function') {
+    callback = options;
+    options = {};
+  }
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  var exec = options.exec || function(path, next) { next(); };
+  var found = [];
+
+  if(!path) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing path argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  function processPath(path, callback) {
+    exec(path, function(err) {
+      if(err) {
+        callback(err);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      found.push(path);
+      callback();
+    });
+  }
+
+  function maybeProcessPath(path, callback) {
+    // Test the path against the user's regex, name, path primaries (if any)
+    // and remove any trailing slashes added previously.
+    var rawPath = Path.removeTrailing(path);
+
+    // Check entire path against provided regex, if any
+    if(options.regex && !options.regex.test(rawPath)) {
+      callback();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Check basename for matches against name primary, if any
+    if(options.name && !minimatch(Path.basename(rawPath), options.name)) {
+      callback();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Check dirname for matches against path primary, if any
+    if(options.path && !minimatch(Path.dirname(rawPath), options.path)) {
+      callback();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    processPath(path, callback);
+  }
+
+  function walk(path, callback) {
+    path = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), path);
+
+    // The path is either a file or dir, and instead of doing
+    // a stat() to determine it first, we just try to readdir()
+    // and it will either work or not, and we handle the non-dir error.
+    fs.readdir(path, function(err, entries) {
+      if(err) {
+        if(err.code === 'ENOTDIR' /* file case, ignore error */) {
+          maybeProcessPath(path, callback);
+        } else {
+          callback(err);
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Path is really a dir, add a trailing / and report it found
+      maybeProcessPath(Path.addTrailing(path), function(err) {
+        if(err) {
+          callback(err);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        entries = entries.map(function(entry) {
+          return Path.join(path, entry);
+        });
+
+        async.eachSeries(entries, walk, function(err) {
+          callback(err, found);
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Make sure we are starting with a dir path
+  fs.stat(path, function(err, stats) {
+    if(err) {
+      callback(err);
+      return;
+    }
+    if(!stats.isDirectory()) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+      return;
+    }
+
+    walk(path, callback);
+  });
+};
+
+module.exports = Shell;
+
+},{"../../lib/async.js":1,"../encoding.js":23,"../errors.js":24,"../path.js":31,"./environment.js":37,"minimatch":16}],39:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Constants = require('./constants.js');
+
+function Stats(fileNode, devName) {
+  this.node = fileNode.id;
+  this.dev = devName;
+  this.size = fileNode.size;
+  this.nlinks = fileNode.nlinks;
+  this.atime = fileNode.atime;
+  this.mtime = fileNode.mtime;
+  this.ctime = fileNode.ctime;
+  this.type = fileNode.mode;
+}
+
+Stats.prototype.isFile = function() {
+  return this.type === Constants.MODE_FILE;
+};
+
+Stats.prototype.isDirectory = function() {
+  return this.type === Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
+};
+
+Stats.prototype.isSymbolicLink = function() {
+  return this.type === Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+};
+
+// These will always be false in Filer.
+Stats.prototype.isSocket          =
+Stats.prototype.isFIFO            =
+Stats.prototype.isCharacterDevice =
+Stats.prototype.isBlockDevice     =
+function() {
+  return false;
+};
+
+module.exports = Stats;
+
+},{"./constants.js":21}],40:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Constants = require('./constants.js');
+
+function SuperNode(options) {
+  var now = Date.now();
+
+  this.id = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
+  this.mode = Constants.MODE_META;
+  this.atime = options.atime || now;
+  this.ctime = options.ctime || now;
+  this.mtime = options.mtime || now;
+  // root node id (randomly generated)
+  this.rnode = options.rnode;
+}
+
+SuperNode.create = function(options, callback) {
+  options.guid(function(err, rnode) {
+    if(err) {
+      callback(err);
+      return;
+    }
+    options.rnode = options.rnode || rnode;
+    callback(null, new SuperNode(options));
+  });
+};
+
+module.exports = SuperNode;
+
+},{"./constants.js":21}],41:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+var Filer = require("../..");
+
+var indexedDB = global.indexedDB       ||
+                global.mozIndexedDB    ||
+                global.webkitIndexedDB ||
+                global.msIndexedDB;
+
+var needsCleanup = [];
+if(global.addEventListener) {
+  global.addEventListener('beforeunload', function() {
+    needsCleanup.forEach(function(f) { f(); });
+  });
+}
+
+function IndexedDBTestProvider(name) {
+  var _done = false;
+  var that = this;
+
+  function cleanup(callback) {
+    callback = callback || function(){};
+
+    if(!that.provider || _done) {
+      return callback();
+    }
+
+    // We have to force any other connections to close
+    // before we can delete a db.
+    if(that.provider.db) {
+      that.provider.db.close();
+    }
+
+    var request = indexedDB.deleteDatabase(name);
+    function finished() {
+      that.provider = null;
+      _done = true;
+      callback();
+    }
+    request.onsuccess = finished;
+    request.onerror = finished;
+  }
+
+  function init() {
+    if(that.provider) {
+      return;
+    }
+    that.provider = new Filer.FileSystem.providers.IndexedDB(name);
+    needsCleanup.push(cleanup);
+  }
+
+  this.init = init;
+  this.cleanup = cleanup;
+}
+IndexedDBTestProvider.isSupported = function() {
+  return Filer.FileSystem.providers.IndexedDB.isSupported();
+};
+
+module.exports = IndexedDBTestProvider;
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../..":28}],42:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+
+function MemoryTestProvider(name) {
+  var that = this;
+
+  function cleanup(callback) {
+    callback = callback || function(){};
+
+    that.provider = null;
+    callback();
+  }
+
+  function init() {
+    if(that.provider) {
+      return;
+    }
+    that.provider = new Filer.FileSystem.providers.Memory(name);
+  }
+
+  this.init = init;
+  this.cleanup = cleanup;
+}
+MemoryTestProvider.isSupported = function() {
+  return Filer.FileSystem.providers.Memory.isSupported();
+};
+
+module.exports = MemoryTestProvider;
+
+},{"../..":28}],43:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var IndexedDBTestProvider = require('./indexeddb.js');
+var WebSQLTestProvider = require('./websql.js');
+var MemoryTestProvider = require('./memory.js');
+var Url = require('url');
+
+var _provider;
+var _fs;
+
+function uniqueName() {
+  if(!uniqueName.seed) {
+    uniqueName.seed = Date.now();
+  }
+  return 'filer-testdb-' + uniqueName.seed++;
+}
+
+function findBestProvider() {
+  var providers = Filer.FileSystem.providers;
+  if(providers.IndexedDB.isSupported()) {
+    return IndexedDBTestProvider;
+  }
+  if(providers.WebSQL.isSupported()) {
+    return WebSQLTestProvider;
+  }
+  return MemoryTestProvider;
+}
+
+function getUrlParams() {
+  // Check if we are running in node
+  if(!global.location) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  var url = Url.parse(global.location.href, true);
+
+  return url.query;
+}
+
+function getProviderType() {
+  var queryString = getUrlParams();
+
+  // If the environment is node or the query string is empty,
+  // the memory provider will be used.
+  if(!queryString) {
+    return defaultProvider;
+  }
+
+  return queryString['filer-provider'] || 'default';
+}
+
+function setup(callback) {
+  // In browser we support specifying the provider via the query string
+  // (e.g., ?filer-provider=IndexedDB). If not specified, we use
+  // the Memory provider by default.
+  var providerType = getProviderType();
+
+  var name = uniqueName();
+
+  switch(providerType.toLowerCase()) {
+    case 'indexeddb':
+      _provider = new IndexedDBTestProvider(name);
+      break;
+    case 'websql':
+      _provider = new WebSQLTestProvider(name);
+      break;
+    case 'memory':
+      _provider = new MemoryTestProvider(name);
+      break;
+    case 'default':
+    default:
+      console.log('default');
+      var BestProvider = findBestProvider();
+      _provider = new BestProvider(name);
+      break;
+  }
+
+  // Allow passing FS flags on query string
+  var flags = global.filerArgs && global.filerArgs.flags ?
+    global.filerArgs.flags : 'FORMAT';
+
+  // Create a file system and wait for it to get setup
+  _provider.init();
+
+  function complete(err, fs) {
+    if(err) throw err;
+    _fs = fs;
+    callback();
+  }
+  return new Filer.FileSystem({
+    name: name,
+    provider: _provider.provider,
+    flags: flags
+  }, complete);
+}
+
+function fs() {
+  if(!_fs) {
+    throw "TestUtil: call setup() before fs()";
+  }
+  return _fs;
+}
+
+function provider() {
+  if(!_provider) {
+    throw "TestUtil: call setup() before provider()";
+  }
+  return _provider;
+}
+
+function shell(options) {
+  var _fs = fs();
+  return new _fs.Shell(options);
+}
+
+function cleanup(callback) {
+  if(!_provider) {
+    return;
+  }
+  _provider.cleanup(function() {
+    _provider = null;
+    _fs = null;
+    callback();
+  });
+}
+
+function typedArrayEqual(a, b) {
+  if(!(a && b)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if(a.length !== b.length) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  for(var i = 0; i < a.length; ++ i) {
+    if(a[i] !== b[i]) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  uniqueName: uniqueName,
+  setup: setup,
+  fs: fs,
+  shell: shell,
+  provider: provider,
+  providers: {
+    IndexedDB: IndexedDBTestProvider,
+    WebSQL: WebSQLTestProvider,
+    Memory: MemoryTestProvider
+  },
+  cleanup: cleanup,
+  typedArrayEqual: typedArrayEqual
+};
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../..":28,"./indexeddb.js":41,"./memory.js":42,"./websql.js":44,"url":15}],44:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+
+var needsCleanup = [];
+if(global.addEventListener) {
+  global.addEventListener('beforeunload', function() {
+    needsCleanup.forEach(function(f) { f(); });
+  });
+}
+
+function WebSQLTestProvider(name) {
+  var _done = false;
+  var that = this;
+
+  function cleanup(callback) {
+    callback = callback || function(){};
+
+    if(!that.provider || _done) {
+      return callback();
+    }
+
+    // Provider is there, but db was never touched
+    if(!that.provider.db) {
+      return callback();
+    }
+
+    var context = that.provider.getReadWriteContext();
+    context.clear(function() {
+      that.provider = null;
+      _done = true;
+      callback();
+    });
+  }
+
+  function init() {
+    if(that.provider) {
+      return;
+    }
+    that.provider = new Filer.FileSystem.providers.WebSQL(name);
+    needsCleanup.push(cleanup);
+  }
+
+  this.init = init;
+  this.cleanup = cleanup;
+}
+WebSQLTestProvider.isSupported = function() {
+  return Filer.FileSystem.providers.WebSQL.isSupported();
+};
+
+module.exports = WebSQLTestProvider;
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../..":28}]},{},[19])(19)
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dist/filer-test.js b/dist/filer-test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc7d37e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dist/filer-test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,20701 @@
+(function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'");throw f.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++)s(r[o]);return s})({1:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*global setImmediate: false, setTimeout: false, console: false */
+
+/**
+ * async.js shim, based on https://raw.github.com/caolan/async/master/lib/async.js Feb 18, 2014
+ * Used under MIT - https://github.com/caolan/async/blob/master/LICENSE
+ */
+
+(function () {
+
+    var async = {};
+
+    // async.js functions used in Filer
+
+    //// nextTick implementation with browser-compatible fallback ////
+    if (typeof process === 'undefined' || !(process.nextTick)) {
+        if (typeof setImmediate === 'function') {
+            async.nextTick = function (fn) {
+                // not a direct alias for IE10 compatibility
+                setImmediate(fn);
+            };
+            async.setImmediate = async.nextTick;
+        }
+        else {
+            async.nextTick = function (fn) {
+                setTimeout(fn, 0);
+            };
+            async.setImmediate = async.nextTick;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        async.nextTick = process.nextTick;
+        if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined') {
+            async.setImmediate = function (fn) {
+              // not a direct alias for IE10 compatibility
+              setImmediate(fn);
+            };
+        }
+        else {
+            async.setImmediate = async.nextTick;
+        }
+    }
+
+    async.eachSeries = function (arr, iterator, callback) {
+        callback = callback || function () {};
+        if (!arr.length) {
+            return callback();
+        }
+        var completed = 0;
+        var iterate = function () {
+            iterator(arr[completed], function (err) {
+                if (err) {
+                    callback(err);
+                    callback = function () {};
+                }
+                else {
+                    completed += 1;
+                    if (completed >= arr.length) {
+                        callback();
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        iterate();
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        };
+        iterate();
+    };
+    async.forEachSeries = async.eachSeries;
+
+    // AMD / RequireJS
+    if (typeof define !== 'undefined' && define.amd) {
+        define([], function () {
+            return async;
+        });
+    }
+    // Node.js
+    else if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
+        module.exports = async;
+    }
+    // included directly via <script> tag
+    else {
+        root.async = async;
+    }
+
+}());
+
+},{}],2:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Based on https://github.com/diy/intercom.js/blob/master/lib/events.js
+// Copyright 2012 DIY Co Apache License, Version 2.0
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+function removeItem(item, array) {
+  for (var i = array.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    if (array[i] === item) {
+      array.splice(i, 1);
+    }
+  }
+  return array;
+}
+
+var EventEmitter = function() {};
+
+EventEmitter.createInterface = function(space) {
+  var methods = {};
+
+  methods.on = function(name, fn) {
+    if (typeof this[space] === 'undefined') {
+      this[space] = {};
+    }
+    if (!this[space].hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      this[space][name] = [];
+    }
+    this[space][name].push(fn);
+  };
+
+  methods.off = function(name, fn) {
+    if (typeof this[space] === 'undefined') return;
+    if (this[space].hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      removeItem(fn, this[space][name]);
+    }
+  };
+
+  methods.trigger = function(name) {
+    if (typeof this[space] !== 'undefined' && this[space].hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1);
+      for (var i = 0; i < this[space][name].length; i++) {
+        this[space][name][i].apply(this[space][name][i], args);
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  methods.removeAllListeners = function(name) {
+    if (typeof this[space] === 'undefined') return;
+    var self = this;
+    self[space][name].forEach(function(fn) {
+      self.off(name, fn);
+    });
+  };
+
+  return methods;
+};
+
+var pvt = EventEmitter.createInterface('_handlers');
+EventEmitter.prototype._on = pvt.on;
+EventEmitter.prototype._off = pvt.off;
+EventEmitter.prototype._trigger = pvt.trigger;
+
+var pub = EventEmitter.createInterface('handlers');
+EventEmitter.prototype.on = function() {
+  pub.on.apply(this, arguments);
+  Array.prototype.unshift.call(arguments, 'on');
+  this._trigger.apply(this, arguments);
+};
+EventEmitter.prototype.off = pub.off;
+EventEmitter.prototype.trigger = pub.trigger;
+EventEmitter.prototype.removeAllListeners = pub.removeAllListeners;
+
+module.exports = EventEmitter;
+
+},{}],3:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+// Based on https://github.com/diy/intercom.js/blob/master/lib/intercom.js
+// Copyright 2012 DIY Co Apache License, Version 2.0
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+var EventEmitter = require('./eventemitter.js');
+var guid = require('../src/shared.js').guid;
+
+function throttle(delay, fn) {
+  var last = 0;
+  return function() {
+    var now = Date.now();
+    if (now - last > delay) {
+      last = now;
+      fn.apply(this, arguments);
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+function extend(a, b) {
+  if (typeof a === 'undefined' || !a) { a = {}; }
+  if (typeof b === 'object') {
+    for (var key in b) {
+      if (b.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+        a[key] = b[key];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return a;
+}
+
+var localStorage = (function(window) {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined' ||
+      typeof window.localStorage === 'undefined') {
+    return {
+      getItem : function() {},
+      setItem : function() {},
+      removeItem : function() {}
+    };
+  }
+  return window.localStorage;
+}(global));
+
+function Intercom() {
+  var self = this;
+  var now = Date.now();
+
+  this.origin         = guid();
+  this.lastMessage    = now;
+  this.receivedIDs    = {};
+  this.previousValues = {};
+
+  var storageHandler = function() {
+    self._onStorageEvent.apply(self, arguments);
+  };
+
+  // If we're in node.js, skip event registration
+  if (typeof document === 'undefined') {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (document.attachEvent) {
+    document.attachEvent('onstorage', storageHandler);
+  } else {
+    global.addEventListener('storage', storageHandler, false);
+  }
+}
+
+Intercom.prototype._transaction = function(fn) {
+  var TIMEOUT   = 1000;
+  var WAIT      = 20;
+  var self      = this;
+  var executed  = false;
+  var listening = false;
+  var waitTimer = null;
+
+  function lock() {
+    if (executed) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    var now = Date.now();
+    var activeLock = localStorage.getItem(INDEX_LOCK)|0;
+    if (activeLock && now - activeLock < TIMEOUT) {
+      if (!listening) {
+        self._on('storage', lock);
+        listening = true;
+      }
+      waitTimer = setTimeout(lock, WAIT);
+      return;
+    }
+    executed = true;
+    localStorage.setItem(INDEX_LOCK, now);
+
+    fn();
+    unlock();
+  }
+
+  function unlock() {
+    if (listening) {
+      self._off('storage', lock);
+    }
+    if (waitTimer) {
+      clearTimeout(waitTimer);
+    }
+    localStorage.removeItem(INDEX_LOCK);
+  }
+
+  lock();
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype._cleanup_emit = throttle(100, function() {
+  var self = this;
+
+  self._transaction(function() {
+    var now = Date.now();
+    var threshold = now - THRESHOLD_TTL_EMIT;
+    var changed = 0;
+    var messages;
+
+    try {
+      messages = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(INDEX_EMIT) || '[]');
+    } catch(e) {
+      messages = [];
+    }
+    for (var i = messages.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      if (messages[i].timestamp < threshold) {
+        messages.splice(i, 1);
+        changed++;
+      }
+    }
+    if (changed > 0) {
+      localStorage.setItem(INDEX_EMIT, JSON.stringify(messages));
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+Intercom.prototype._cleanup_once = throttle(100, function() {
+  var self = this;
+
+  self._transaction(function() {
+    var timestamp, ttl, key;
+    var table;
+    var now  = Date.now();
+    var changed = 0;
+
+    try {
+      table = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(INDEX_ONCE) || '{}');
+    } catch(e) {
+      table = {};
+    }
+    for (key in table) {
+      if (self._once_expired(key, table)) {
+        delete table[key];
+        changed++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (changed > 0) {
+      localStorage.setItem(INDEX_ONCE, JSON.stringify(table));
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+Intercom.prototype._once_expired = function(key, table) {
+  if (!table) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (!table.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (typeof table[key] !== 'object') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  var ttl = table[key].ttl || THRESHOLD_TTL_ONCE;
+  var now = Date.now();
+  var timestamp = table[key].timestamp;
+  return timestamp < now - ttl;
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype._localStorageChanged = function(event, field) {
+  if (event && event.key) {
+    return event.key === field;
+  }
+
+  var currentValue = localStorage.getItem(field);
+  if (currentValue === this.previousValues[field]) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  this.previousValues[field] = currentValue;
+  return true;
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype._onStorageEvent = function(event) {
+  event = event || global.event;
+  var self = this;
+
+  if (this._localStorageChanged(event, INDEX_EMIT)) {
+    this._transaction(function() {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      var data = localStorage.getItem(INDEX_EMIT);
+      var messages;
+
+      try {
+        messages = JSON.parse(data || '[]');
+      } catch(e) {
+        messages = [];
+      }
+      for (var i = 0; i < messages.length; i++) {
+        if (messages[i].origin === self.origin) continue;
+        if (messages[i].timestamp < self.lastMessage) continue;
+        if (messages[i].id) {
+          if (self.receivedIDs.hasOwnProperty(messages[i].id)) continue;
+          self.receivedIDs[messages[i].id] = true;
+        }
+        self.trigger(messages[i].name, messages[i].payload);
+      }
+      self.lastMessage = now;
+    });
+  }
+
+  this._trigger('storage', event);
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype._emit = function(name, message, id) {
+  id = (typeof id === 'string' || typeof id === 'number') ? String(id) : null;
+  if (id && id.length) {
+    if (this.receivedIDs.hasOwnProperty(id)) return;
+    this.receivedIDs[id] = true;
+  }
+
+  var packet = {
+    id        : id,
+    name      : name,
+    origin    : this.origin,
+    timestamp : Date.now(),
+    payload   : message
+  };
+
+  var self = this;
+  this._transaction(function() {
+    var data = localStorage.getItem(INDEX_EMIT) || '[]';
+    var delimiter = (data === '[]') ? '' : ',';
+    data = [data.substring(0, data.length - 1), delimiter, JSON.stringify(packet), ']'].join('');
+    localStorage.setItem(INDEX_EMIT, data);
+    self.trigger(name, message);
+
+    setTimeout(function() {
+      self._cleanup_emit();
+    }, 50);
+  });
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype.emit = function(name, message) {
+  this._emit.apply(this, arguments);
+  this._trigger('emit', name, message);
+};
+
+Intercom.prototype.once = function(key, fn, ttl) {
+  if (!Intercom.supported) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  var self = this;
+  this._transaction(function() {
+    var data;
+    try {
+      data = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(INDEX_ONCE) || '{}');
+    } catch(e) {
+      data = {};
+    }
+    if (!self._once_expired(key, data)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    data[key] = {};
+    data[key].timestamp = Date.now();
+    if (typeof ttl === 'number') {
+      data[key].ttl = ttl * 1000;
+    }
+
+    localStorage.setItem(INDEX_ONCE, JSON.stringify(data));
+    fn();
+
+    setTimeout(function() {
+      self._cleanup_once();
+    }, 50);
+  });
+};
+
+extend(Intercom.prototype, EventEmitter.prototype);
+
+Intercom.supported = (typeof localStorage !== 'undefined');
+
+var INDEX_EMIT = 'intercom';
+var INDEX_ONCE = 'intercom_once';
+var INDEX_LOCK = 'intercom_lock';
+
+var THRESHOLD_TTL_EMIT = 50000;
+var THRESHOLD_TTL_ONCE = 1000 * 3600;
+
+Intercom.destroy = function() {
+  localStorage.removeItem(INDEX_LOCK);
+  localStorage.removeItem(INDEX_EMIT);
+  localStorage.removeItem(INDEX_ONCE);
+};
+
+Intercom.getInstance = (function() {
+  var intercom;
+  return function() {
+    if (!intercom) {
+      intercom = new Intercom();
+    }
+    return intercom;
+  };
+})();
+
+module.exports = Intercom;
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../src/shared.js":67,"./eventemitter.js":2}],4:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Cherry-picked bits of underscore.js, lodash.js
+
+/**
+ * Lo-Dash 2.4.0 <http://lodash.com/>
+ * Copyright 2012-2013 The Dojo Foundation <http://dojofoundation.org/>
+ * Based on Underscore.js 1.5.2 <http://underscorejs.org/LICENSE>
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
+ * Available under MIT license <http://lodash.com/license>
+ */
+var ArrayProto = Array.prototype;
+var nativeForEach = ArrayProto.forEach;
+var nativeIndexOf = ArrayProto.indexOf;
+var nativeSome = ArrayProto.some;
+
+var ObjProto = Object.prototype;
+var hasOwnProperty = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
+var nativeKeys = Object.keys;
+
+var breaker = {};
+
+function has(obj, key) {
+  return hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
+}
+
+var keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
+  if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object');
+  var keys = [];
+  for (var key in obj) if (has(obj, key)) keys.push(key);
+  return keys;
+};
+
+function size(obj) {
+  if (obj == null) return 0;
+  return (obj.length === +obj.length) ? obj.length : keys(obj).length;
+}
+
+function identity(value) {
+  return value;
+}
+
+function each(obj, iterator, context) {
+  var i, length;
+  if (obj == null) return;
+  if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
+    obj.forEach(iterator, context);
+  } else if (obj.length === +obj.length) {
+    for (i = 0, length = obj.length; i < length; i++) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj) === breaker) return;
+    }
+  } else {
+    var keys = keys(obj);
+    for (i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, obj[keys[i]], keys[i], obj) === breaker) return;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+function any(obj, iterator, context) {
+  iterator || (iterator = identity);
+  var result = false;
+  if (obj == null) return result;
+  if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
+  each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+    if (result || (result = iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
+  });
+  return !!result;
+};
+
+function contains(obj, target) {
+  if (obj == null) return false;
+  if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
+  return any(obj, function(value) {
+    return value === target;
+  });
+};
+
+function Wrapped(value) {
+  this.value = value;
+}
+Wrapped.prototype.has = function(key) {
+  return has(this.value, key);
+};
+Wrapped.prototype.contains = function(target) {
+  return contains(this.value, target);
+};
+Wrapped.prototype.size = function() {
+  return size(this.value);
+};
+
+function nodash(value) {
+  // don't wrap if already wrapped, even if wrapped by a different `lodash` constructor
+  return (value && typeof value == 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) && hasOwnProperty.call(value, '__wrapped__'))
+    ? value
+    : new Wrapped(value);
+}
+
+module.exports = nodash;
+
+},{}],5:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*
+ * base64-arraybuffer
+ * https://github.com/niklasvh/base64-arraybuffer
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2012 Niklas von Hertzen
+ * Licensed under the MIT license.
+ */
+(function(chars){
+  "use strict";
+
+  exports.encode = function(arraybuffer) {
+    var bytes = new Uint8Array(arraybuffer),
+    i, len = bytes.length, base64 = "";
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i+=3) {
+      base64 += chars[bytes[i] >> 2];
+      base64 += chars[((bytes[i] & 3) << 4) | (bytes[i + 1] >> 4)];
+      base64 += chars[((bytes[i + 1] & 15) << 2) | (bytes[i + 2] >> 6)];
+      base64 += chars[bytes[i + 2] & 63];
+    }
+
+    if ((len % 3) === 2) {
+      base64 = base64.substring(0, base64.length - 1) + "=";
+    } else if (len % 3 === 1) {
+      base64 = base64.substring(0, base64.length - 2) + "==";
+    }
+
+    return base64;
+  };
+
+  exports.decode =  function(base64) {
+    var bufferLength = base64.length * 0.75,
+    len = base64.length, i, p = 0,
+    encoded1, encoded2, encoded3, encoded4;
+
+    if (base64[base64.length - 1] === "=") {
+      bufferLength--;
+      if (base64[base64.length - 2] === "=") {
+        bufferLength--;
+      }
+    }
+
+    var arraybuffer = new ArrayBuffer(bufferLength),
+    bytes = new Uint8Array(arraybuffer);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i+=4) {
+      encoded1 = chars.indexOf(base64[i]);
+      encoded2 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+1]);
+      encoded3 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+2]);
+      encoded4 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+3]);
+
+      bytes[p++] = (encoded1 << 2) | (encoded2 >> 4);
+      bytes[p++] = ((encoded2 & 15) << 4) | (encoded3 >> 2);
+      bytes[p++] = ((encoded3 & 3) << 6) | (encoded4 & 63);
+    }
+
+    return arraybuffer;
+  };
+})("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/");
+
+},{}],6:[function(require,module,exports){
+module.exports = require('./lib/chai');
+
+},{"./lib/chai":7}],7:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * chai
+ * Copyright(c) 2011-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+var used = []
+  , exports = module.exports = {};
+
+/*!
+ * Chai version
+ */
+
+exports.version = '1.9.2';
+
+/*!
+ * Assertion Error
+ */
+
+exports.AssertionError = require('assertion-error');
+
+/*!
+ * Utils for plugins (not exported)
+ */
+
+var util = require('./chai/utils');
+
+/**
+ * # .use(function)
+ *
+ * Provides a way to extend the internals of Chai
+ *
+ * @param {Function}
+ * @returns {this} for chaining
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+exports.use = function (fn) {
+  if (!~used.indexOf(fn)) {
+    fn(this, util);
+    used.push(fn);
+  }
+
+  return this;
+};
+
+/*!
+ * Configuration
+ */
+
+var config = require('./chai/config');
+exports.config = config;
+
+/*!
+ * Primary `Assertion` prototype
+ */
+
+var assertion = require('./chai/assertion');
+exports.use(assertion);
+
+/*!
+ * Core Assertions
+ */
+
+var core = require('./chai/core/assertions');
+exports.use(core);
+
+/*!
+ * Expect interface
+ */
+
+var expect = require('./chai/interface/expect');
+exports.use(expect);
+
+/*!
+ * Should interface
+ */
+
+var should = require('./chai/interface/should');
+exports.use(should);
+
+/*!
+ * Assert interface
+ */
+
+var assert = require('./chai/interface/assert');
+exports.use(assert);
+
+},{"./chai/assertion":8,"./chai/config":9,"./chai/core/assertions":10,"./chai/interface/assert":11,"./chai/interface/expect":12,"./chai/interface/should":13,"./chai/utils":24,"assertion-error":33}],8:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * chai
+ * http://chaijs.com
+ * Copyright(c) 2011-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+var config = require('./config');
+
+module.exports = function (_chai, util) {
+  /*!
+   * Module dependencies.
+   */
+
+  var AssertionError = _chai.AssertionError
+    , flag = util.flag;
+
+  /*!
+   * Module export.
+   */
+
+  _chai.Assertion = Assertion;
+
+  /*!
+   * Assertion Constructor
+   *
+   * Creates object for chaining.
+   *
+   * @api private
+   */
+
+  function Assertion (obj, msg, stack) {
+    flag(this, 'ssfi', stack || arguments.callee);
+    flag(this, 'object', obj);
+    flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  }
+
+  Object.defineProperty(Assertion, 'includeStack', {
+    get: function() {
+      console.warn('Assertion.includeStack is deprecated, use chai.config.includeStack instead.');
+      return config.includeStack;
+    },
+    set: function(value) {
+      console.warn('Assertion.includeStack is deprecated, use chai.config.includeStack instead.');
+      config.includeStack = value;
+    }
+  });
+
+  Object.defineProperty(Assertion, 'showDiff', {
+    get: function() {
+      console.warn('Assertion.showDiff is deprecated, use chai.config.showDiff instead.');
+      return config.showDiff;
+    },
+    set: function(value) {
+      console.warn('Assertion.showDiff is deprecated, use chai.config.showDiff instead.');
+      config.showDiff = value;
+    }
+  });
+
+  Assertion.addProperty = function (name, fn) {
+    util.addProperty(this.prototype, name, fn);
+  };
+
+  Assertion.addMethod = function (name, fn) {
+    util.addMethod(this.prototype, name, fn);
+  };
+
+  Assertion.addChainableMethod = function (name, fn, chainingBehavior) {
+    util.addChainableMethod(this.prototype, name, fn, chainingBehavior);
+  };
+
+  Assertion.overwriteProperty = function (name, fn) {
+    util.overwriteProperty(this.prototype, name, fn);
+  };
+
+  Assertion.overwriteMethod = function (name, fn) {
+    util.overwriteMethod(this.prototype, name, fn);
+  };
+
+  Assertion.overwriteChainableMethod = function (name, fn, chainingBehavior) {
+    util.overwriteChainableMethod(this.prototype, name, fn, chainingBehavior);
+  };
+
+  /*!
+   * ### .assert(expression, message, negateMessage, expected, actual)
+   *
+   * Executes an expression and check expectations. Throws AssertionError for reporting if test doesn't pass.
+   *
+   * @name assert
+   * @param {Philosophical} expression to be tested
+   * @param {String or Function} message or function that returns message to display if fails
+   * @param {String or Function} negatedMessage or function that returns negatedMessage to display if negated expression fails
+   * @param {Mixed} expected value (remember to check for negation)
+   * @param {Mixed} actual (optional) will default to `this.obj`
+   * @api private
+   */
+
+  Assertion.prototype.assert = function (expr, msg, negateMsg, expected, _actual, showDiff) {
+    var ok = util.test(this, arguments);
+    if (true !== showDiff) showDiff = false;
+    if (true !== config.showDiff) showDiff = false;
+
+    if (!ok) {
+      var msg = util.getMessage(this, arguments)
+        , actual = util.getActual(this, arguments);
+      throw new AssertionError(msg, {
+          actual: actual
+        , expected: expected
+        , showDiff: showDiff
+      }, (config.includeStack) ? this.assert : flag(this, 'ssfi'));
+    }
+  };
+
+  /*!
+   * ### ._obj
+   *
+   * Quick reference to stored `actual` value for plugin developers.
+   *
+   * @api private
+   */
+
+  Object.defineProperty(Assertion.prototype, '_obj',
+    { get: function () {
+        return flag(this, 'object');
+      }
+    , set: function (val) {
+        flag(this, 'object', val);
+      }
+  });
+};
+
+},{"./config":9}],9:[function(require,module,exports){
+module.exports = {
+
+  /**
+   * ### config.includeStack
+   *
+   * User configurable property, influences whether stack trace
+   * is included in Assertion error message. Default of false
+   * suppresses stack trace in the error message.
+   *
+   *     chai.config.includeStack = true;  // enable stack on error
+   *
+   * @param {Boolean}
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+   includeStack: false,
+
+  /**
+   * ### config.showDiff
+   *
+   * User configurable property, influences whether or not
+   * the `showDiff` flag should be included in the thrown
+   * AssertionErrors. `false` will always be `false`; `true`
+   * will be true when the assertion has requested a diff
+   * be shown.
+   *
+   * @param {Boolean}
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  showDiff: true,
+
+  /**
+   * ### config.truncateThreshold
+   *
+   * User configurable property, sets length threshold for actual and
+   * expected values in assertion errors. If this threshold is exceeded,
+   * the value is truncated.
+   *
+   * Set it to zero if you want to disable truncating altogether.
+   *
+   *     chai.config.truncateThreshold = 0;  // disable truncating
+   *
+   * @param {Number}
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  truncateThreshold: 40
+
+};
+
+},{}],10:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * chai
+ * http://chaijs.com
+ * Copyright(c) 2011-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (chai, _) {
+  var Assertion = chai.Assertion
+    , toString = Object.prototype.toString
+    , flag = _.flag;
+
+  /**
+   * ### Language Chains
+   *
+   * The following are provided as chainable getters to
+   * improve the readability of your assertions. They
+   * do not provide testing capabilities unless they
+   * have been overwritten by a plugin.
+   *
+   * **Chains**
+   *
+   * - to
+   * - be
+   * - been
+   * - is
+   * - that
+   * - and
+   * - has
+   * - have
+   * - with
+   * - at
+   * - of
+   * - same
+   *
+   * @name language chains
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  [ 'to', 'be', 'been'
+  , 'is', 'and', 'has', 'have'
+  , 'with', 'that', 'at'
+  , 'of', 'same' ].forEach(function (chain) {
+    Assertion.addProperty(chain, function () {
+      return this;
+    });
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .not
+   *
+   * Negates any of assertions following in the chain.
+   *
+   *     expect(foo).to.not.equal('bar');
+   *     expect(goodFn).to.not.throw(Error);
+   *     expect({ foo: 'baz' }).to.have.property('foo')
+   *       .and.not.equal('bar');
+   *
+   * @name not
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addProperty('not', function () {
+    flag(this, 'negate', true);
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .deep
+   *
+   * Sets the `deep` flag, later used by the `equal` and
+   * `property` assertions.
+   *
+   *     expect(foo).to.deep.equal({ bar: 'baz' });
+   *     expect({ foo: { bar: { baz: 'quux' } } })
+   *       .to.have.deep.property('foo.bar.baz', 'quux');
+   *
+   * @name deep
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addProperty('deep', function () {
+    flag(this, 'deep', true);
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .a(type)
+   *
+   * The `a` and `an` assertions are aliases that can be
+   * used either as language chains or to assert a value's
+   * type.
+   *
+   *     // typeof
+   *     expect('test').to.be.a('string');
+   *     expect({ foo: 'bar' }).to.be.an('object');
+   *     expect(null).to.be.a('null');
+   *     expect(undefined).to.be.an('undefined');
+   *
+   *     // language chain
+   *     expect(foo).to.be.an.instanceof(Foo);
+   *
+   * @name a
+   * @alias an
+   * @param {String} type
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function an (type, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    type = type.toLowerCase();
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+      , article = ~[ 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u' ].indexOf(type.charAt(0)) ? 'an ' : 'a ';
+
+    this.assert(
+        type === _.type(obj)
+      , 'expected #{this} to be ' + article + type
+      , 'expected #{this} not to be ' + article + type
+    );
+  }
+
+  Assertion.addChainableMethod('an', an);
+  Assertion.addChainableMethod('a', an);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .include(value)
+   *
+   * The `include` and `contain` assertions can be used as either property
+   * based language chains or as methods to assert the inclusion of an object
+   * in an array or a substring in a string. When used as language chains,
+   * they toggle the `contain` flag for the `keys` assertion.
+   *
+   *     expect([1,2,3]).to.include(2);
+   *     expect('foobar').to.contain('foo');
+   *     expect({ foo: 'bar', hello: 'universe' }).to.include.keys('foo');
+   *
+   * @name include
+   * @alias contain
+   * @param {Object|String|Number} obj
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function includeChainingBehavior () {
+    flag(this, 'contains', true);
+  }
+
+  function include (val, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+    var expected = false;
+    if (_.type(obj) === 'array' && _.type(val) === 'object') {
+      for (var i in obj) {
+        if (_.eql(obj[i], val)) {
+          expected = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (_.type(val) === 'object') {
+      if (!flag(this, 'negate')) {
+        for (var k in val) new Assertion(obj).property(k, val[k]);
+        return;
+      }
+      var subset = {}
+      for (var k in val) subset[k] = obj[k]
+      expected = _.eql(subset, val);
+    } else {
+      expected = obj && ~obj.indexOf(val)
+    }
+    this.assert(
+        expected
+      , 'expected #{this} to include ' + _.inspect(val)
+      , 'expected #{this} to not include ' + _.inspect(val));
+  }
+
+  Assertion.addChainableMethod('include', include, includeChainingBehavior);
+  Assertion.addChainableMethod('contain', include, includeChainingBehavior);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .ok
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is truthy.
+   *
+   *     expect('everthing').to.be.ok;
+   *     expect(1).to.be.ok;
+   *     expect(false).to.not.be.ok;
+   *     expect(undefined).to.not.be.ok;
+   *     expect(null).to.not.be.ok;
+   *
+   * @name ok
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addProperty('ok', function () {
+    this.assert(
+        flag(this, 'object')
+      , 'expected #{this} to be truthy'
+      , 'expected #{this} to be falsy');
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .true
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is `true`.
+   *
+   *     expect(true).to.be.true;
+   *     expect(1).to.not.be.true;
+   *
+   * @name true
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addProperty('true', function () {
+    this.assert(
+        true === flag(this, 'object')
+      , 'expected #{this} to be true'
+      , 'expected #{this} to be false'
+      , this.negate ? false : true
+    );
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .false
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is `false`.
+   *
+   *     expect(false).to.be.false;
+   *     expect(0).to.not.be.false;
+   *
+   * @name false
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addProperty('false', function () {
+    this.assert(
+        false === flag(this, 'object')
+      , 'expected #{this} to be false'
+      , 'expected #{this} to be true'
+      , this.negate ? true : false
+    );
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .null
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is `null`.
+   *
+   *     expect(null).to.be.null;
+   *     expect(undefined).not.to.be.null;
+   *
+   * @name null
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addProperty('null', function () {
+    this.assert(
+        null === flag(this, 'object')
+      , 'expected #{this} to be null'
+      , 'expected #{this} not to be null'
+    );
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .undefined
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is `undefined`.
+   *
+   *     expect(undefined).to.be.undefined;
+   *     expect(null).to.not.be.undefined;
+   *
+   * @name undefined
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addProperty('undefined', function () {
+    this.assert(
+        undefined === flag(this, 'object')
+      , 'expected #{this} to be undefined'
+      , 'expected #{this} not to be undefined'
+    );
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .exist
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is neither `null` nor `undefined`.
+   *
+   *     var foo = 'hi'
+   *       , bar = null
+   *       , baz;
+   *
+   *     expect(foo).to.exist;
+   *     expect(bar).to.not.exist;
+   *     expect(baz).to.not.exist;
+   *
+   * @name exist
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addProperty('exist', function () {
+    this.assert(
+        null != flag(this, 'object')
+      , 'expected #{this} to exist'
+      , 'expected #{this} to not exist'
+    );
+  });
+
+
+  /**
+   * ### .empty
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target's length is `0`. For arrays, it checks
+   * the `length` property. For objects, it gets the count of
+   * enumerable keys.
+   *
+   *     expect([]).to.be.empty;
+   *     expect('').to.be.empty;
+   *     expect({}).to.be.empty;
+   *
+   * @name empty
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addProperty('empty', function () {
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+      , expected = obj;
+
+    if (Array.isArray(obj) || 'string' === typeof object) {
+      expected = obj.length;
+    } else if (typeof obj === 'object') {
+      expected = Object.keys(obj).length;
+    }
+
+    this.assert(
+        !expected
+      , 'expected #{this} to be empty'
+      , 'expected #{this} not to be empty'
+    );
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .arguments
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is an arguments object.
+   *
+   *     function test () {
+   *       expect(arguments).to.be.arguments;
+   *     }
+   *
+   * @name arguments
+   * @alias Arguments
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function checkArguments () {
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+      , type = Object.prototype.toString.call(obj);
+    this.assert(
+        '[object Arguments]' === type
+      , 'expected #{this} to be arguments but got ' + type
+      , 'expected #{this} to not be arguments'
+    );
+  }
+
+  Assertion.addProperty('arguments', checkArguments);
+  Assertion.addProperty('Arguments', checkArguments);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .equal(value)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is strictly equal (`===`) to `value`.
+   * Alternately, if the `deep` flag is set, asserts that
+   * the target is deeply equal to `value`.
+   *
+   *     expect('hello').to.equal('hello');
+   *     expect(42).to.equal(42);
+   *     expect(1).to.not.equal(true);
+   *     expect({ foo: 'bar' }).to.not.equal({ foo: 'bar' });
+   *     expect({ foo: 'bar' }).to.deep.equal({ foo: 'bar' });
+   *
+   * @name equal
+   * @alias equals
+   * @alias eq
+   * @alias deep.equal
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function assertEqual (val, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+    if (flag(this, 'deep')) {
+      return this.eql(val);
+    } else {
+      this.assert(
+          val === obj
+        , 'expected #{this} to equal #{exp}'
+        , 'expected #{this} to not equal #{exp}'
+        , val
+        , this._obj
+        , true
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('equal', assertEqual);
+  Assertion.addMethod('equals', assertEqual);
+  Assertion.addMethod('eq', assertEqual);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .eql(value)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is deeply equal to `value`.
+   *
+   *     expect({ foo: 'bar' }).to.eql({ foo: 'bar' });
+   *     expect([ 1, 2, 3 ]).to.eql([ 1, 2, 3 ]);
+   *
+   * @name eql
+   * @alias eqls
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function assertEql(obj, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    this.assert(
+        _.eql(obj, flag(this, 'object'))
+      , 'expected #{this} to deeply equal #{exp}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to not deeply equal #{exp}'
+      , obj
+      , this._obj
+      , true
+    );
+  }
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('eql', assertEql);
+  Assertion.addMethod('eqls', assertEql);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .above(value)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is greater than `value`.
+   *
+   *     expect(10).to.be.above(5);
+   *
+   * Can also be used in conjunction with `length` to
+   * assert a minimum length. The benefit being a
+   * more informative error message than if the length
+   * was supplied directly.
+   *
+   *     expect('foo').to.have.length.above(2);
+   *     expect([ 1, 2, 3 ]).to.have.length.above(2);
+   *
+   * @name above
+   * @alias gt
+   * @alias greaterThan
+   * @param {Number} value
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function assertAbove (n, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+    if (flag(this, 'doLength')) {
+      new Assertion(obj, msg).to.have.property('length');
+      var len = obj.length;
+      this.assert(
+          len > n
+        , 'expected #{this} to have a length above #{exp} but got #{act}'
+        , 'expected #{this} to not have a length above #{exp}'
+        , n
+        , len
+      );
+    } else {
+      this.assert(
+          obj > n
+        , 'expected #{this} to be above ' + n
+        , 'expected #{this} to be at most ' + n
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('above', assertAbove);
+  Assertion.addMethod('gt', assertAbove);
+  Assertion.addMethod('greaterThan', assertAbove);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .least(value)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is greater than or equal to `value`.
+   *
+   *     expect(10).to.be.at.least(10);
+   *
+   * Can also be used in conjunction with `length` to
+   * assert a minimum length. The benefit being a
+   * more informative error message than if the length
+   * was supplied directly.
+   *
+   *     expect('foo').to.have.length.of.at.least(2);
+   *     expect([ 1, 2, 3 ]).to.have.length.of.at.least(3);
+   *
+   * @name least
+   * @alias gte
+   * @param {Number} value
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function assertLeast (n, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+    if (flag(this, 'doLength')) {
+      new Assertion(obj, msg).to.have.property('length');
+      var len = obj.length;
+      this.assert(
+          len >= n
+        , 'expected #{this} to have a length at least #{exp} but got #{act}'
+        , 'expected #{this} to have a length below #{exp}'
+        , n
+        , len
+      );
+    } else {
+      this.assert(
+          obj >= n
+        , 'expected #{this} to be at least ' + n
+        , 'expected #{this} to be below ' + n
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('least', assertLeast);
+  Assertion.addMethod('gte', assertLeast);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .below(value)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is less than `value`.
+   *
+   *     expect(5).to.be.below(10);
+   *
+   * Can also be used in conjunction with `length` to
+   * assert a maximum length. The benefit being a
+   * more informative error message than if the length
+   * was supplied directly.
+   *
+   *     expect('foo').to.have.length.below(4);
+   *     expect([ 1, 2, 3 ]).to.have.length.below(4);
+   *
+   * @name below
+   * @alias lt
+   * @alias lessThan
+   * @param {Number} value
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function assertBelow (n, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+    if (flag(this, 'doLength')) {
+      new Assertion(obj, msg).to.have.property('length');
+      var len = obj.length;
+      this.assert(
+          len < n
+        , 'expected #{this} to have a length below #{exp} but got #{act}'
+        , 'expected #{this} to not have a length below #{exp}'
+        , n
+        , len
+      );
+    } else {
+      this.assert(
+          obj < n
+        , 'expected #{this} to be below ' + n
+        , 'expected #{this} to be at least ' + n
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('below', assertBelow);
+  Assertion.addMethod('lt', assertBelow);
+  Assertion.addMethod('lessThan', assertBelow);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .most(value)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is less than or equal to `value`.
+   *
+   *     expect(5).to.be.at.most(5);
+   *
+   * Can also be used in conjunction with `length` to
+   * assert a maximum length. The benefit being a
+   * more informative error message than if the length
+   * was supplied directly.
+   *
+   *     expect('foo').to.have.length.of.at.most(4);
+   *     expect([ 1, 2, 3 ]).to.have.length.of.at.most(3);
+   *
+   * @name most
+   * @alias lte
+   * @param {Number} value
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function assertMost (n, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+    if (flag(this, 'doLength')) {
+      new Assertion(obj, msg).to.have.property('length');
+      var len = obj.length;
+      this.assert(
+          len <= n
+        , 'expected #{this} to have a length at most #{exp} but got #{act}'
+        , 'expected #{this} to have a length above #{exp}'
+        , n
+        , len
+      );
+    } else {
+      this.assert(
+          obj <= n
+        , 'expected #{this} to be at most ' + n
+        , 'expected #{this} to be above ' + n
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('most', assertMost);
+  Assertion.addMethod('lte', assertMost);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .within(start, finish)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is within a range.
+   *
+   *     expect(7).to.be.within(5,10);
+   *
+   * Can also be used in conjunction with `length` to
+   * assert a length range. The benefit being a
+   * more informative error message than if the length
+   * was supplied directly.
+   *
+   *     expect('foo').to.have.length.within(2,4);
+   *     expect([ 1, 2, 3 ]).to.have.length.within(2,4);
+   *
+   * @name within
+   * @param {Number} start lowerbound inclusive
+   * @param {Number} finish upperbound inclusive
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('within', function (start, finish, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+      , range = start + '..' + finish;
+    if (flag(this, 'doLength')) {
+      new Assertion(obj, msg).to.have.property('length');
+      var len = obj.length;
+      this.assert(
+          len >= start && len <= finish
+        , 'expected #{this} to have a length within ' + range
+        , 'expected #{this} to not have a length within ' + range
+      );
+    } else {
+      this.assert(
+          obj >= start && obj <= finish
+        , 'expected #{this} to be within ' + range
+        , 'expected #{this} to not be within ' + range
+      );
+    }
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .instanceof(constructor)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is an instance of `constructor`.
+   *
+   *     var Tea = function (name) { this.name = name; }
+   *       , Chai = new Tea('chai');
+   *
+   *     expect(Chai).to.be.an.instanceof(Tea);
+   *     expect([ 1, 2, 3 ]).to.be.instanceof(Array);
+   *
+   * @name instanceof
+   * @param {Constructor} constructor
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @alias instanceOf
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function assertInstanceOf (constructor, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var name = _.getName(constructor);
+    this.assert(
+        flag(this, 'object') instanceof constructor
+      , 'expected #{this} to be an instance of ' + name
+      , 'expected #{this} to not be an instance of ' + name
+    );
+  };
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('instanceof', assertInstanceOf);
+  Assertion.addMethod('instanceOf', assertInstanceOf);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .property(name, [value])
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target has a property `name`, optionally asserting that
+   * the value of that property is strictly equal to  `value`.
+   * If the `deep` flag is set, you can use dot- and bracket-notation for deep
+   * references into objects and arrays.
+   *
+   *     // simple referencing
+   *     var obj = { foo: 'bar' };
+   *     expect(obj).to.have.property('foo');
+   *     expect(obj).to.have.property('foo', 'bar');
+   *
+   *     // deep referencing
+   *     var deepObj = {
+   *         green: { tea: 'matcha' }
+   *       , teas: [ 'chai', 'matcha', { tea: 'konacha' } ]
+   *     };
+
+   *     expect(deepObj).to.have.deep.property('green.tea', 'matcha');
+   *     expect(deepObj).to.have.deep.property('teas[1]', 'matcha');
+   *     expect(deepObj).to.have.deep.property('teas[2].tea', 'konacha');
+   *
+   * You can also use an array as the starting point of a `deep.property`
+   * assertion, or traverse nested arrays.
+   *
+   *     var arr = [
+   *         [ 'chai', 'matcha', 'konacha' ]
+   *       , [ { tea: 'chai' }
+   *         , { tea: 'matcha' }
+   *         , { tea: 'konacha' } ]
+   *     ];
+   *
+   *     expect(arr).to.have.deep.property('[0][1]', 'matcha');
+   *     expect(arr).to.have.deep.property('[1][2].tea', 'konacha');
+   *
+   * Furthermore, `property` changes the subject of the assertion
+   * to be the value of that property from the original object. This
+   * permits for further chainable assertions on that property.
+   *
+   *     expect(obj).to.have.property('foo')
+   *       .that.is.a('string');
+   *     expect(deepObj).to.have.property('green')
+   *       .that.is.an('object')
+   *       .that.deep.equals({ tea: 'matcha' });
+   *     expect(deepObj).to.have.property('teas')
+   *       .that.is.an('array')
+   *       .with.deep.property('[2]')
+   *         .that.deep.equals({ tea: 'konacha' });
+   *
+   * @name property
+   * @alias deep.property
+   * @param {String} name
+   * @param {Mixed} value (optional)
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @returns value of property for chaining
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('property', function (name, val, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+
+    var descriptor = flag(this, 'deep') ? 'deep property ' : 'property '
+      , negate = flag(this, 'negate')
+      , obj = flag(this, 'object')
+      , value = flag(this, 'deep')
+        ? _.getPathValue(name, obj)
+        : obj[name];
+
+    if (negate && undefined !== val) {
+      if (undefined === value) {
+        msg = (msg != null) ? msg + ': ' : '';
+        throw new Error(msg + _.inspect(obj) + ' has no ' + descriptor + _.inspect(name));
+      }
+    } else {
+      this.assert(
+          undefined !== value
+        , 'expected #{this} to have a ' + descriptor + _.inspect(name)
+        , 'expected #{this} to not have ' + descriptor + _.inspect(name));
+    }
+
+    if (undefined !== val) {
+      this.assert(
+          val === value
+        , 'expected #{this} to have a ' + descriptor + _.inspect(name) + ' of #{exp}, but got #{act}'
+        , 'expected #{this} to not have a ' + descriptor + _.inspect(name) + ' of #{act}'
+        , val
+        , value
+      );
+    }
+
+    flag(this, 'object', value);
+  });
+
+
+  /**
+   * ### .ownProperty(name)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target has an own property `name`.
+   *
+   *     expect('test').to.have.ownProperty('length');
+   *
+   * @name ownProperty
+   * @alias haveOwnProperty
+   * @param {String} name
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function assertOwnProperty (name, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+    this.assert(
+        obj.hasOwnProperty(name)
+      , 'expected #{this} to have own property ' + _.inspect(name)
+      , 'expected #{this} to not have own property ' + _.inspect(name)
+    );
+  }
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('ownProperty', assertOwnProperty);
+  Assertion.addMethod('haveOwnProperty', assertOwnProperty);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .length(value)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target's `length` property has
+   * the expected value.
+   *
+   *     expect([ 1, 2, 3]).to.have.length(3);
+   *     expect('foobar').to.have.length(6);
+   *
+   * Can also be used as a chain precursor to a value
+   * comparison for the length property.
+   *
+   *     expect('foo').to.have.length.above(2);
+   *     expect([ 1, 2, 3 ]).to.have.length.above(2);
+   *     expect('foo').to.have.length.below(4);
+   *     expect([ 1, 2, 3 ]).to.have.length.below(4);
+   *     expect('foo').to.have.length.within(2,4);
+   *     expect([ 1, 2, 3 ]).to.have.length.within(2,4);
+   *
+   * @name length
+   * @alias lengthOf
+   * @param {Number} length
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function assertLengthChain () {
+    flag(this, 'doLength', true);
+  }
+
+  function assertLength (n, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+    new Assertion(obj, msg).to.have.property('length');
+    var len = obj.length;
+
+    this.assert(
+        len == n
+      , 'expected #{this} to have a length of #{exp} but got #{act}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to not have a length of #{act}'
+      , n
+      , len
+    );
+  }
+
+  Assertion.addChainableMethod('length', assertLength, assertLengthChain);
+  Assertion.addMethod('lengthOf', assertLength);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .match(regexp)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target matches a regular expression.
+   *
+   *     expect('foobar').to.match(/^foo/);
+   *
+   * @name match
+   * @param {RegExp} RegularExpression
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('match', function (re, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+    this.assert(
+        re.exec(obj)
+      , 'expected #{this} to match ' + re
+      , 'expected #{this} not to match ' + re
+    );
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .string(string)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the string target contains another string.
+   *
+   *     expect('foobar').to.have.string('bar');
+   *
+   * @name string
+   * @param {String} string
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('string', function (str, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+    new Assertion(obj, msg).is.a('string');
+
+    this.assert(
+        ~obj.indexOf(str)
+      , 'expected #{this} to contain ' + _.inspect(str)
+      , 'expected #{this} to not contain ' + _.inspect(str)
+    );
+  });
+
+
+  /**
+   * ### .keys(key1, [key2], [...])
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target has exactly the given keys, or
+   * asserts the inclusion of some keys when using the
+   * `include` or `contain` modifiers.
+   *
+   *     expect({ foo: 1, bar: 2 }).to.have.keys(['foo', 'bar']);
+   *     expect({ foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3 }).to.contain.keys('foo', 'bar');
+   *
+   * @name keys
+   * @alias key
+   * @param {String...|Array} keys
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function assertKeys (keys) {
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+      , str
+      , ok = true;
+
+    keys = keys instanceof Array
+      ? keys
+      : Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
+
+    if (!keys.length) throw new Error('keys required');
+
+    var actual = Object.keys(obj)
+      , expected = keys
+      , len = keys.length;
+
+    // Inclusion
+    ok = keys.every(function(key){
+      return ~actual.indexOf(key);
+    });
+
+    // Strict
+    if (!flag(this, 'negate') && !flag(this, 'contains')) {
+      ok = ok && keys.length == actual.length;
+    }
+
+    // Key string
+    if (len > 1) {
+      keys = keys.map(function(key){
+        return _.inspect(key);
+      });
+      var last = keys.pop();
+      str = keys.join(', ') + ', and ' + last;
+    } else {
+      str = _.inspect(keys[0]);
+    }
+
+    // Form
+    str = (len > 1 ? 'keys ' : 'key ') + str;
+
+    // Have / include
+    str = (flag(this, 'contains') ? 'contain ' : 'have ') + str;
+
+    // Assertion
+    this.assert(
+        ok
+      , 'expected #{this} to ' + str
+      , 'expected #{this} to not ' + str
+      , expected.sort()
+      , actual.sort()
+      , true
+    );
+  }
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('keys', assertKeys);
+  Assertion.addMethod('key', assertKeys);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .throw(constructor)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the function target will throw a specific error, or specific type of error
+   * (as determined using `instanceof`), optionally with a RegExp or string inclusion test
+   * for the error's message.
+   *
+   *     var err = new ReferenceError('This is a bad function.');
+   *     var fn = function () { throw err; }
+   *     expect(fn).to.throw(ReferenceError);
+   *     expect(fn).to.throw(Error);
+   *     expect(fn).to.throw(/bad function/);
+   *     expect(fn).to.not.throw('good function');
+   *     expect(fn).to.throw(ReferenceError, /bad function/);
+   *     expect(fn).to.throw(err);
+   *     expect(fn).to.not.throw(new RangeError('Out of range.'));
+   *
+   * Please note that when a throw expectation is negated, it will check each
+   * parameter independently, starting with error constructor type. The appropriate way
+   * to check for the existence of a type of error but for a message that does not match
+   * is to use `and`.
+   *
+   *     expect(fn).to.throw(ReferenceError)
+   *        .and.not.throw(/good function/);
+   *
+   * @name throw
+   * @alias throws
+   * @alias Throw
+   * @param {ErrorConstructor} constructor
+   * @param {String|RegExp} expected error message
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error#Error_types
+   * @returns error for chaining (null if no error)
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  function assertThrows (constructor, errMsg, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+    new Assertion(obj, msg).is.a('function');
+
+    var thrown = false
+      , desiredError = null
+      , name = null
+      , thrownError = null;
+
+    if (arguments.length === 0) {
+      errMsg = null;
+      constructor = null;
+    } else if (constructor && (constructor instanceof RegExp || 'string' === typeof constructor)) {
+      errMsg = constructor;
+      constructor = null;
+    } else if (constructor && constructor instanceof Error) {
+      desiredError = constructor;
+      constructor = null;
+      errMsg = null;
+    } else if (typeof constructor === 'function') {
+      name = constructor.prototype.name || constructor.name;
+      if (name === 'Error' && constructor !== Error) {
+        name = (new constructor()).name;
+      }
+    } else {
+      constructor = null;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      obj();
+    } catch (err) {
+      // first, check desired error
+      if (desiredError) {
+        this.assert(
+            err === desiredError
+          , 'expected #{this} to throw #{exp} but #{act} was thrown'
+          , 'expected #{this} to not throw #{exp}'
+          , (desiredError instanceof Error ? desiredError.toString() : desiredError)
+          , (err instanceof Error ? err.toString() : err)
+        );
+
+        flag(this, 'object', err);
+        return this;
+      }
+
+      // next, check constructor
+      if (constructor) {
+        this.assert(
+            err instanceof constructor
+          , 'expected #{this} to throw #{exp} but #{act} was thrown'
+          , 'expected #{this} to not throw #{exp} but #{act} was thrown'
+          , name
+          , (err instanceof Error ? err.toString() : err)
+        );
+
+        if (!errMsg) {
+          flag(this, 'object', err);
+          return this;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // next, check message
+      var message = 'object' === _.type(err) && "message" in err
+        ? err.message
+        : '' + err;
+
+      if ((message != null) && errMsg && errMsg instanceof RegExp) {
+        this.assert(
+            errMsg.exec(message)
+          , 'expected #{this} to throw error matching #{exp} but got #{act}'
+          , 'expected #{this} to throw error not matching #{exp}'
+          , errMsg
+          , message
+        );
+
+        flag(this, 'object', err);
+        return this;
+      } else if ((message != null) && errMsg && 'string' === typeof errMsg) {
+        this.assert(
+            ~message.indexOf(errMsg)
+          , 'expected #{this} to throw error including #{exp} but got #{act}'
+          , 'expected #{this} to throw error not including #{act}'
+          , errMsg
+          , message
+        );
+
+        flag(this, 'object', err);
+        return this;
+      } else {
+        thrown = true;
+        thrownError = err;
+      }
+    }
+
+    var actuallyGot = ''
+      , expectedThrown = name !== null
+        ? name
+        : desiredError
+          ? '#{exp}' //_.inspect(desiredError)
+          : 'an error';
+
+    if (thrown) {
+      actuallyGot = ' but #{act} was thrown'
+    }
+
+    this.assert(
+        thrown === true
+      , 'expected #{this} to throw ' + expectedThrown + actuallyGot
+      , 'expected #{this} to not throw ' + expectedThrown + actuallyGot
+      , (desiredError instanceof Error ? desiredError.toString() : desiredError)
+      , (thrownError instanceof Error ? thrownError.toString() : thrownError)
+    );
+
+    flag(this, 'object', thrownError);
+  };
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('throw', assertThrows);
+  Assertion.addMethod('throws', assertThrows);
+  Assertion.addMethod('Throw', assertThrows);
+
+  /**
+   * ### .respondTo(method)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the object or class target will respond to a method.
+   *
+   *     Klass.prototype.bar = function(){};
+   *     expect(Klass).to.respondTo('bar');
+   *     expect(obj).to.respondTo('bar');
+   *
+   * To check if a constructor will respond to a static function,
+   * set the `itself` flag.
+   *
+   *     Klass.baz = function(){};
+   *     expect(Klass).itself.to.respondTo('baz');
+   *
+   * @name respondTo
+   * @param {String} method
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('respondTo', function (method, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+      , itself = flag(this, 'itself')
+      , context = ('function' === _.type(obj) && !itself)
+        ? obj.prototype[method]
+        : obj[method];
+
+    this.assert(
+        'function' === typeof context
+      , 'expected #{this} to respond to ' + _.inspect(method)
+      , 'expected #{this} to not respond to ' + _.inspect(method)
+    );
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .itself
+   *
+   * Sets the `itself` flag, later used by the `respondTo` assertion.
+   *
+   *     function Foo() {}
+   *     Foo.bar = function() {}
+   *     Foo.prototype.baz = function() {}
+   *
+   *     expect(Foo).itself.to.respondTo('bar');
+   *     expect(Foo).itself.not.to.respondTo('baz');
+   *
+   * @name itself
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addProperty('itself', function () {
+    flag(this, 'itself', true);
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .satisfy(method)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target passes a given truth test.
+   *
+   *     expect(1).to.satisfy(function(num) { return num > 0; });
+   *
+   * @name satisfy
+   * @param {Function} matcher
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('satisfy', function (matcher, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+    var result = matcher(obj);
+    this.assert(
+        result
+      , 'expected #{this} to satisfy ' + _.objDisplay(matcher)
+      , 'expected #{this} to not satisfy' + _.objDisplay(matcher)
+      , this.negate ? false : true
+      , result
+    );
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * ### .closeTo(expected, delta)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is equal `expected`, to within a +/- `delta` range.
+   *
+   *     expect(1.5).to.be.closeTo(1, 0.5);
+   *
+   * @name closeTo
+   * @param {Number} expected
+   * @param {Number} delta
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('closeTo', function (expected, delta, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+
+    new Assertion(obj, msg).is.a('number');
+    if (_.type(expected) !== 'number' || _.type(delta) !== 'number') {
+      throw new Error('the arguments to closeTo must be numbers');
+    }
+
+    this.assert(
+        Math.abs(obj - expected) <= delta
+      , 'expected #{this} to be close to ' + expected + ' +/- ' + delta
+      , 'expected #{this} not to be close to ' + expected + ' +/- ' + delta
+    );
+  });
+
+  function isSubsetOf(subset, superset, cmp) {
+    return subset.every(function(elem) {
+      if (!cmp) return superset.indexOf(elem) !== -1;
+
+      return superset.some(function(elem2) {
+        return cmp(elem, elem2);
+      });
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * ### .members(set)
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is a superset of `set`,
+   * or that the target and `set` have the same strictly-equal (===) members.
+   * Alternately, if the `deep` flag is set, set members are compared for deep
+   * equality.
+   *
+   *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.include.members([3, 2]);
+   *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.not.include.members([3, 2, 8]);
+   *
+   *     expect([4, 2]).to.have.members([2, 4]);
+   *     expect([5, 2]).to.not.have.members([5, 2, 1]);
+   *
+   *     expect([{ id: 1 }]).to.deep.include.members([{ id: 1 }]);
+   *
+   * @name members
+   * @param {Array} set
+   * @param {String} message _optional_
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  Assertion.addMethod('members', function (subset, msg) {
+    if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+    var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+
+    new Assertion(obj).to.be.an('array');
+    new Assertion(subset).to.be.an('array');
+
+    var cmp = flag(this, 'deep') ? _.eql : undefined;
+
+    if (flag(this, 'contains')) {
+      return this.assert(
+          isSubsetOf(subset, obj, cmp)
+        , 'expected #{this} to be a superset of #{act}'
+        , 'expected #{this} to not be a superset of #{act}'
+        , obj
+        , subset
+      );
+    }
+
+    this.assert(
+        isSubsetOf(obj, subset, cmp) && isSubsetOf(subset, obj, cmp)
+        , 'expected #{this} to have the same members as #{act}'
+        , 'expected #{this} to not have the same members as #{act}'
+        , obj
+        , subset
+    );
+  });
+};
+
+},{}],11:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * chai
+ * Copyright(c) 2011-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+
+module.exports = function (chai, util) {
+
+  /*!
+   * Chai dependencies.
+   */
+
+  var Assertion = chai.Assertion
+    , flag = util.flag;
+
+  /*!
+   * Module export.
+   */
+
+  /**
+   * ### assert(expression, message)
+   *
+   * Write your own test expressions.
+   *
+   *     assert('foo' !== 'bar', 'foo is not bar');
+   *     assert(Array.isArray([]), 'empty arrays are arrays');
+   *
+   * @param {Mixed} expression to test for truthiness
+   * @param {String} message to display on error
+   * @name assert
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  var assert = chai.assert = function (express, errmsg) {
+    var test = new Assertion(null, null, chai.assert);
+    test.assert(
+        express
+      , errmsg
+      , '[ negation message unavailable ]'
+    );
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .fail(actual, expected, [message], [operator])
+   *
+   * Throw a failure. Node.js `assert` module-compatible.
+   *
+   * @name fail
+   * @param {Mixed} actual
+   * @param {Mixed} expected
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @param {String} operator
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.fail = function (actual, expected, message, operator) {
+    message = message || 'assert.fail()';
+    throw new chai.AssertionError(message, {
+        actual: actual
+      , expected: expected
+      , operator: operator
+    }, assert.fail);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .ok(object, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `object` is truthy.
+   *
+   *     assert.ok('everything', 'everything is ok');
+   *     assert.ok(false, 'this will fail');
+   *
+   * @name ok
+   * @param {Mixed} object to test
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.ok = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).is.ok;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .notOk(object, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `object` is falsy.
+   *
+   *     assert.notOk('everything', 'this will fail');
+   *     assert.notOk(false, 'this will pass');
+   *
+   * @name notOk
+   * @param {Mixed} object to test
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.notOk = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).is.not.ok;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .equal(actual, expected, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts non-strict equality (`==`) of `actual` and `expected`.
+   *
+   *     assert.equal(3, '3', '== coerces values to strings');
+   *
+   * @name equal
+   * @param {Mixed} actual
+   * @param {Mixed} expected
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.equal = function (act, exp, msg) {
+    var test = new Assertion(act, msg, assert.equal);
+
+    test.assert(
+        exp == flag(test, 'object')
+      , 'expected #{this} to equal #{exp}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to not equal #{act}'
+      , exp
+      , act
+    );
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .notEqual(actual, expected, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts non-strict inequality (`!=`) of `actual` and `expected`.
+   *
+   *     assert.notEqual(3, 4, 'these numbers are not equal');
+   *
+   * @name notEqual
+   * @param {Mixed} actual
+   * @param {Mixed} expected
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.notEqual = function (act, exp, msg) {
+    var test = new Assertion(act, msg, assert.notEqual);
+
+    test.assert(
+        exp != flag(test, 'object')
+      , 'expected #{this} to not equal #{exp}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to equal #{act}'
+      , exp
+      , act
+    );
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .strictEqual(actual, expected, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts strict equality (`===`) of `actual` and `expected`.
+   *
+   *     assert.strictEqual(true, true, 'these booleans are strictly equal');
+   *
+   * @name strictEqual
+   * @param {Mixed} actual
+   * @param {Mixed} expected
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.strictEqual = function (act, exp, msg) {
+    new Assertion(act, msg).to.equal(exp);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .notStrictEqual(actual, expected, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts strict inequality (`!==`) of `actual` and `expected`.
+   *
+   *     assert.notStrictEqual(3, '3', 'no coercion for strict equality');
+   *
+   * @name notStrictEqual
+   * @param {Mixed} actual
+   * @param {Mixed} expected
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.notStrictEqual = function (act, exp, msg) {
+    new Assertion(act, msg).to.not.equal(exp);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .deepEqual(actual, expected, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `actual` is deeply equal to `expected`.
+   *
+   *     assert.deepEqual({ tea: 'green' }, { tea: 'green' });
+   *
+   * @name deepEqual
+   * @param {Mixed} actual
+   * @param {Mixed} expected
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.deepEqual = function (act, exp, msg) {
+    new Assertion(act, msg).to.eql(exp);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .notDeepEqual(actual, expected, [message])
+   *
+   * Assert that `actual` is not deeply equal to `expected`.
+   *
+   *     assert.notDeepEqual({ tea: 'green' }, { tea: 'jasmine' });
+   *
+   * @name notDeepEqual
+   * @param {Mixed} actual
+   * @param {Mixed} expected
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.notDeepEqual = function (act, exp, msg) {
+    new Assertion(act, msg).to.not.eql(exp);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isTrue(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is true.
+   *
+   *     var teaServed = true;
+   *     assert.isTrue(teaServed, 'the tea has been served');
+   *
+   * @name isTrue
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isTrue = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).is['true'];
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isFalse(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is false.
+   *
+   *     var teaServed = false;
+   *     assert.isFalse(teaServed, 'no tea yet? hmm...');
+   *
+   * @name isFalse
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isFalse = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).is['false'];
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isNull(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is null.
+   *
+   *     assert.isNull(err, 'there was no error');
+   *
+   * @name isNull
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isNull = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.equal(null);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isNotNull(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is not null.
+   *
+   *     var tea = 'tasty chai';
+   *     assert.isNotNull(tea, 'great, time for tea!');
+   *
+   * @name isNotNull
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isNotNull = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.not.equal(null);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isUndefined(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is `undefined`.
+   *
+   *     var tea;
+   *     assert.isUndefined(tea, 'no tea defined');
+   *
+   * @name isUndefined
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isUndefined = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.equal(undefined);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isDefined(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is not `undefined`.
+   *
+   *     var tea = 'cup of chai';
+   *     assert.isDefined(tea, 'tea has been defined');
+   *
+   * @name isDefined
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isDefined = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.not.equal(undefined);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isFunction(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is a function.
+   *
+   *     function serveTea() { return 'cup of tea'; };
+   *     assert.isFunction(serveTea, 'great, we can have tea now');
+   *
+   * @name isFunction
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isFunction = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.be.a('function');
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isNotFunction(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is _not_ a function.
+   *
+   *     var serveTea = [ 'heat', 'pour', 'sip' ];
+   *     assert.isNotFunction(serveTea, 'great, we have listed the steps');
+   *
+   * @name isNotFunction
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isNotFunction = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.not.be.a('function');
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isObject(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is an object (as revealed by
+   * `Object.prototype.toString`).
+   *
+   *     var selection = { name: 'Chai', serve: 'with spices' };
+   *     assert.isObject(selection, 'tea selection is an object');
+   *
+   * @name isObject
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isObject = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.be.a('object');
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isNotObject(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is _not_ an object.
+   *
+   *     var selection = 'chai'
+   *     assert.isNotObject(selection, 'tea selection is not an object');
+   *     assert.isNotObject(null, 'null is not an object');
+   *
+   * @name isNotObject
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isNotObject = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.not.be.a('object');
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isArray(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is an array.
+   *
+   *     var menu = [ 'green', 'chai', 'oolong' ];
+   *     assert.isArray(menu, 'what kind of tea do we want?');
+   *
+   * @name isArray
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isArray = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.be.an('array');
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isNotArray(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is _not_ an array.
+   *
+   *     var menu = 'green|chai|oolong';
+   *     assert.isNotArray(menu, 'what kind of tea do we want?');
+   *
+   * @name isNotArray
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isNotArray = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.not.be.an('array');
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isString(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is a string.
+   *
+   *     var teaOrder = 'chai';
+   *     assert.isString(teaOrder, 'order placed');
+   *
+   * @name isString
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isString = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.be.a('string');
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isNotString(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is _not_ a string.
+   *
+   *     var teaOrder = 4;
+   *     assert.isNotString(teaOrder, 'order placed');
+   *
+   * @name isNotString
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isNotString = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.not.be.a('string');
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isNumber(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is a number.
+   *
+   *     var cups = 2;
+   *     assert.isNumber(cups, 'how many cups');
+   *
+   * @name isNumber
+   * @param {Number} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isNumber = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.be.a('number');
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isNotNumber(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is _not_ a number.
+   *
+   *     var cups = '2 cups please';
+   *     assert.isNotNumber(cups, 'how many cups');
+   *
+   * @name isNotNumber
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isNotNumber = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.not.be.a('number');
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isBoolean(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is a boolean.
+   *
+   *     var teaReady = true
+   *       , teaServed = false;
+   *
+   *     assert.isBoolean(teaReady, 'is the tea ready');
+   *     assert.isBoolean(teaServed, 'has tea been served');
+   *
+   * @name isBoolean
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isBoolean = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.be.a('boolean');
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .isNotBoolean(value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is _not_ a boolean.
+   *
+   *     var teaReady = 'yep'
+   *       , teaServed = 'nope';
+   *
+   *     assert.isNotBoolean(teaReady, 'is the tea ready');
+   *     assert.isNotBoolean(teaServed, 'has tea been served');
+   *
+   * @name isNotBoolean
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.isNotBoolean = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.not.be.a('boolean');
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .typeOf(value, name, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value`'s type is `name`, as determined by
+   * `Object.prototype.toString`.
+   *
+   *     assert.typeOf({ tea: 'chai' }, 'object', 'we have an object');
+   *     assert.typeOf(['chai', 'jasmine'], 'array', 'we have an array');
+   *     assert.typeOf('tea', 'string', 'we have a string');
+   *     assert.typeOf(/tea/, 'regexp', 'we have a regular expression');
+   *     assert.typeOf(null, 'null', 'we have a null');
+   *     assert.typeOf(undefined, 'undefined', 'we have an undefined');
+   *
+   * @name typeOf
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} name
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.typeOf = function (val, type, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.be.a(type);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .notTypeOf(value, name, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value`'s type is _not_ `name`, as determined by
+   * `Object.prototype.toString`.
+   *
+   *     assert.notTypeOf('tea', 'number', 'strings are not numbers');
+   *
+   * @name notTypeOf
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} typeof name
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.notTypeOf = function (val, type, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.not.be.a(type);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .instanceOf(object, constructor, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` is an instance of `constructor`.
+   *
+   *     var Tea = function (name) { this.name = name; }
+   *       , chai = new Tea('chai');
+   *
+   *     assert.instanceOf(chai, Tea, 'chai is an instance of tea');
+   *
+   * @name instanceOf
+   * @param {Object} object
+   * @param {Constructor} constructor
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.instanceOf = function (val, type, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.be.instanceOf(type);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .notInstanceOf(object, constructor, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts `value` is not an instance of `constructor`.
+   *
+   *     var Tea = function (name) { this.name = name; }
+   *       , chai = new String('chai');
+   *
+   *     assert.notInstanceOf(chai, Tea, 'chai is not an instance of tea');
+   *
+   * @name notInstanceOf
+   * @param {Object} object
+   * @param {Constructor} constructor
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.notInstanceOf = function (val, type, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.not.be.instanceOf(type);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .include(haystack, needle, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `haystack` includes `needle`. Works
+   * for strings and arrays.
+   *
+   *     assert.include('foobar', 'bar', 'foobar contains string "bar"');
+   *     assert.include([ 1, 2, 3 ], 3, 'array contains value');
+   *
+   * @name include
+   * @param {Array|String} haystack
+   * @param {Mixed} needle
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.include = function (exp, inc, msg) {
+    new Assertion(exp, msg, assert.include).include(inc);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .notInclude(haystack, needle, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `haystack` does not include `needle`. Works
+   * for strings and arrays.
+   *i
+   *     assert.notInclude('foobar', 'baz', 'string not include substring');
+   *     assert.notInclude([ 1, 2, 3 ], 4, 'array not include contain value');
+   *
+   * @name notInclude
+   * @param {Array|String} haystack
+   * @param {Mixed} needle
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.notInclude = function (exp, inc, msg) {
+    new Assertion(exp, msg, assert.notInclude).not.include(inc);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .match(value, regexp, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` matches the regular expression `regexp`.
+   *
+   *     assert.match('foobar', /^foo/, 'regexp matches');
+   *
+   * @name match
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {RegExp} regexp
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.match = function (exp, re, msg) {
+    new Assertion(exp, msg).to.match(re);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .notMatch(value, regexp, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `value` does not match the regular expression `regexp`.
+   *
+   *     assert.notMatch('foobar', /^foo/, 'regexp does not match');
+   *
+   * @name notMatch
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {RegExp} regexp
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.notMatch = function (exp, re, msg) {
+    new Assertion(exp, msg).to.not.match(re);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .property(object, property, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `object` has a property named by `property`.
+   *
+   *     assert.property({ tea: { green: 'matcha' }}, 'tea');
+   *
+   * @name property
+   * @param {Object} object
+   * @param {String} property
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.property = function (obj, prop, msg) {
+    new Assertion(obj, msg).to.have.property(prop);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .notProperty(object, property, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `object` does _not_ have a property named by `property`.
+   *
+   *     assert.notProperty({ tea: { green: 'matcha' }}, 'coffee');
+   *
+   * @name notProperty
+   * @param {Object} object
+   * @param {String} property
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.notProperty = function (obj, prop, msg) {
+    new Assertion(obj, msg).to.not.have.property(prop);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .deepProperty(object, property, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `object` has a property named by `property`, which can be a
+   * string using dot- and bracket-notation for deep reference.
+   *
+   *     assert.deepProperty({ tea: { green: 'matcha' }}, 'tea.green');
+   *
+   * @name deepProperty
+   * @param {Object} object
+   * @param {String} property
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.deepProperty = function (obj, prop, msg) {
+    new Assertion(obj, msg).to.have.deep.property(prop);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .notDeepProperty(object, property, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `object` does _not_ have a property named by `property`, which
+   * can be a string using dot- and bracket-notation for deep reference.
+   *
+   *     assert.notDeepProperty({ tea: { green: 'matcha' }}, 'tea.oolong');
+   *
+   * @name notDeepProperty
+   * @param {Object} object
+   * @param {String} property
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.notDeepProperty = function (obj, prop, msg) {
+    new Assertion(obj, msg).to.not.have.deep.property(prop);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .propertyVal(object, property, value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `object` has a property named by `property` with value given
+   * by `value`.
+   *
+   *     assert.propertyVal({ tea: 'is good' }, 'tea', 'is good');
+   *
+   * @name propertyVal
+   * @param {Object} object
+   * @param {String} property
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.propertyVal = function (obj, prop, val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(obj, msg).to.have.property(prop, val);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .propertyNotVal(object, property, value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `object` has a property named by `property`, but with a value
+   * different from that given by `value`.
+   *
+   *     assert.propertyNotVal({ tea: 'is good' }, 'tea', 'is bad');
+   *
+   * @name propertyNotVal
+   * @param {Object} object
+   * @param {String} property
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.propertyNotVal = function (obj, prop, val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(obj, msg).to.not.have.property(prop, val);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .deepPropertyVal(object, property, value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `object` has a property named by `property` with value given
+   * by `value`. `property` can use dot- and bracket-notation for deep
+   * reference.
+   *
+   *     assert.deepPropertyVal({ tea: { green: 'matcha' }}, 'tea.green', 'matcha');
+   *
+   * @name deepPropertyVal
+   * @param {Object} object
+   * @param {String} property
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.deepPropertyVal = function (obj, prop, val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(obj, msg).to.have.deep.property(prop, val);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .deepPropertyNotVal(object, property, value, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `object` has a property named by `property`, but with a value
+   * different from that given by `value`. `property` can use dot- and
+   * bracket-notation for deep reference.
+   *
+   *     assert.deepPropertyNotVal({ tea: { green: 'matcha' }}, 'tea.green', 'konacha');
+   *
+   * @name deepPropertyNotVal
+   * @param {Object} object
+   * @param {String} property
+   * @param {Mixed} value
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.deepPropertyNotVal = function (obj, prop, val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(obj, msg).to.not.have.deep.property(prop, val);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .lengthOf(object, length, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `object` has a `length` property with the expected value.
+   *
+   *     assert.lengthOf([1,2,3], 3, 'array has length of 3');
+   *     assert.lengthOf('foobar', 5, 'string has length of 6');
+   *
+   * @name lengthOf
+   * @param {Mixed} object
+   * @param {Number} length
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.lengthOf = function (exp, len, msg) {
+    new Assertion(exp, msg).to.have.length(len);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .throws(function, [constructor/string/regexp], [string/regexp], [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `function` will throw an error that is an instance of
+   * `constructor`, or alternately that it will throw an error with message
+   * matching `regexp`.
+   *
+   *     assert.throw(fn, 'function throws a reference error');
+   *     assert.throw(fn, /function throws a reference error/);
+   *     assert.throw(fn, ReferenceError);
+   *     assert.throw(fn, ReferenceError, 'function throws a reference error');
+   *     assert.throw(fn, ReferenceError, /function throws a reference error/);
+   *
+   * @name throws
+   * @alias throw
+   * @alias Throw
+   * @param {Function} function
+   * @param {ErrorConstructor} constructor
+   * @param {RegExp} regexp
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error#Error_types
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.Throw = function (fn, errt, errs, msg) {
+    if ('string' === typeof errt || errt instanceof RegExp) {
+      errs = errt;
+      errt = null;
+    }
+
+    var assertErr = new Assertion(fn, msg).to.Throw(errt, errs);
+    return flag(assertErr, 'object');
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .doesNotThrow(function, [constructor/regexp], [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `function` will _not_ throw an error that is an instance of
+   * `constructor`, or alternately that it will not throw an error with message
+   * matching `regexp`.
+   *
+   *     assert.doesNotThrow(fn, Error, 'function does not throw');
+   *
+   * @name doesNotThrow
+   * @param {Function} function
+   * @param {ErrorConstructor} constructor
+   * @param {RegExp} regexp
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error#Error_types
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.doesNotThrow = function (fn, type, msg) {
+    if ('string' === typeof type) {
+      msg = type;
+      type = null;
+    }
+
+    new Assertion(fn, msg).to.not.Throw(type);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .operator(val1, operator, val2, [message])
+   *
+   * Compares two values using `operator`.
+   *
+   *     assert.operator(1, '<', 2, 'everything is ok');
+   *     assert.operator(1, '>', 2, 'this will fail');
+   *
+   * @name operator
+   * @param {Mixed} val1
+   * @param {String} operator
+   * @param {Mixed} val2
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.operator = function (val, operator, val2, msg) {
+    if (!~['==', '===', '>', '>=', '<', '<=', '!=', '!=='].indexOf(operator)) {
+      throw new Error('Invalid operator "' + operator + '"');
+    }
+    var test = new Assertion(eval(val + operator + val2), msg);
+    test.assert(
+        true === flag(test, 'object')
+      , 'expected ' + util.inspect(val) + ' to be ' + operator + ' ' + util.inspect(val2)
+      , 'expected ' + util.inspect(val) + ' to not be ' + operator + ' ' + util.inspect(val2) );
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .closeTo(actual, expected, delta, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that the target is equal `expected`, to within a +/- `delta` range.
+   *
+   *     assert.closeTo(1.5, 1, 0.5, 'numbers are close');
+   *
+   * @name closeTo
+   * @param {Number} actual
+   * @param {Number} expected
+   * @param {Number} delta
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.closeTo = function (act, exp, delta, msg) {
+    new Assertion(act, msg).to.be.closeTo(exp, delta);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * ### .sameMembers(set1, set2, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `set1` and `set2` have the same members.
+   * Order is not taken into account.
+   *
+   *     assert.sameMembers([ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 2, 1, 3 ], 'same members');
+   *
+   * @name sameMembers
+   * @param {Array} set1
+   * @param {Array} set2
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.sameMembers = function (set1, set2, msg) {
+    new Assertion(set1, msg).to.have.same.members(set2);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * ### .includeMembers(superset, subset, [message])
+   *
+   * Asserts that `subset` is included in `superset`.
+   * Order is not taken into account.
+   *
+   *     assert.includeMembers([ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 2, 1 ], 'include members');
+   *
+   * @name includeMembers
+   * @param {Array} superset
+   * @param {Array} subset
+   * @param {String} message
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  assert.includeMembers = function (superset, subset, msg) {
+    new Assertion(superset, msg).to.include.members(subset);
+  }
+
+  /*!
+   * Undocumented / untested
+   */
+
+  assert.ifError = function (val, msg) {
+    new Assertion(val, msg).to.not.be.ok;
+  };
+
+  /*!
+   * Aliases.
+   */
+
+  (function alias(name, as){
+    assert[as] = assert[name];
+    return alias;
+  })
+  ('Throw', 'throw')
+  ('Throw', 'throws');
+};
+
+},{}],12:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * chai
+ * Copyright(c) 2011-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (chai, util) {
+  chai.expect = function (val, message) {
+    return new chai.Assertion(val, message);
+  };
+};
+
+
+},{}],13:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * chai
+ * Copyright(c) 2011-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (chai, util) {
+  var Assertion = chai.Assertion;
+
+  function loadShould () {
+    // explicitly define this method as function as to have it's name to include as `ssfi`
+    function shouldGetter() {
+      if (this instanceof String || this instanceof Number) {
+        return new Assertion(this.constructor(this), null, shouldGetter);
+      } else if (this instanceof Boolean) {
+        return new Assertion(this == true, null, shouldGetter);
+      }
+      return new Assertion(this, null, shouldGetter);
+    }
+    function shouldSetter(value) {
+      // See https://github.com/chaijs/chai/issues/86: this makes
+      // `whatever.should = someValue` actually set `someValue`, which is
+      // especially useful for `global.should = require('chai').should()`.
+      //
+      // Note that we have to use [[DefineProperty]] instead of [[Put]]
+      // since otherwise we would trigger this very setter!
+      Object.defineProperty(this, 'should', {
+        value: value,
+        enumerable: true,
+        configurable: true,
+        writable: true
+      });
+    }
+    // modify Object.prototype to have `should`
+    Object.defineProperty(Object.prototype, 'should', {
+      set: shouldSetter
+      , get: shouldGetter
+      , configurable: true
+    });
+
+    var should = {};
+
+    should.equal = function (val1, val2, msg) {
+      new Assertion(val1, msg).to.equal(val2);
+    };
+
+    should.Throw = function (fn, errt, errs, msg) {
+      new Assertion(fn, msg).to.Throw(errt, errs);
+    };
+
+    should.exist = function (val, msg) {
+      new Assertion(val, msg).to.exist;
+    }
+
+    // negation
+    should.not = {}
+
+    should.not.equal = function (val1, val2, msg) {
+      new Assertion(val1, msg).to.not.equal(val2);
+    };
+
+    should.not.Throw = function (fn, errt, errs, msg) {
+      new Assertion(fn, msg).to.not.Throw(errt, errs);
+    };
+
+    should.not.exist = function (val, msg) {
+      new Assertion(val, msg).to.not.exist;
+    }
+
+    should['throw'] = should['Throw'];
+    should.not['throw'] = should.not['Throw'];
+
+    return should;
+  };
+
+  chai.should = loadShould;
+  chai.Should = loadShould;
+};
+
+},{}],14:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - addChainingMethod utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/*!
+ * Module dependencies
+ */
+
+var transferFlags = require('./transferFlags');
+var flag = require('./flag');
+var config = require('../config');
+
+/*!
+ * Module variables
+ */
+
+// Check whether `__proto__` is supported
+var hasProtoSupport = '__proto__' in Object;
+
+// Without `__proto__` support, this module will need to add properties to a function.
+// However, some Function.prototype methods cannot be overwritten,
+// and there seems no easy cross-platform way to detect them (@see chaijs/chai/issues/69).
+var excludeNames = /^(?:length|name|arguments|caller)$/;
+
+// Cache `Function` properties
+var call  = Function.prototype.call,
+    apply = Function.prototype.apply;
+
+/**
+ * ### addChainableMethod (ctx, name, method, chainingBehavior)
+ *
+ * Adds a method to an object, such that the method can also be chained.
+ *
+ *     utils.addChainableMethod(chai.Assertion.prototype, 'foo', function (str) {
+ *       var obj = utils.flag(this, 'object');
+ *       new chai.Assertion(obj).to.be.equal(str);
+ *     });
+ *
+ * Can also be accessed directly from `chai.Assertion`.
+ *
+ *     chai.Assertion.addChainableMethod('foo', fn, chainingBehavior);
+ *
+ * The result can then be used as both a method assertion, executing both `method` and
+ * `chainingBehavior`, or as a language chain, which only executes `chainingBehavior`.
+ *
+ *     expect(fooStr).to.be.foo('bar');
+ *     expect(fooStr).to.be.foo.equal('foo');
+ *
+ * @param {Object} ctx object to which the method is added
+ * @param {String} name of method to add
+ * @param {Function} method function to be used for `name`, when called
+ * @param {Function} chainingBehavior function to be called every time the property is accessed
+ * @name addChainableMethod
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (ctx, name, method, chainingBehavior) {
+  if (typeof chainingBehavior !== 'function') {
+    chainingBehavior = function () { };
+  }
+
+  var chainableBehavior = {
+      method: method
+    , chainingBehavior: chainingBehavior
+  };
+
+  // save the methods so we can overwrite them later, if we need to.
+  if (!ctx.__methods) {
+    ctx.__methods = {};
+  }
+  ctx.__methods[name] = chainableBehavior;
+
+  Object.defineProperty(ctx, name,
+    { get: function () {
+        chainableBehavior.chainingBehavior.call(this);
+
+        var assert = function assert() {
+          var old_ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi');
+          if (old_ssfi && config.includeStack === false)
+            flag(this, 'ssfi', assert);
+          var result = chainableBehavior.method.apply(this, arguments);
+          return result === undefined ? this : result;
+        };
+
+        // Use `__proto__` if available
+        if (hasProtoSupport) {
+          // Inherit all properties from the object by replacing the `Function` prototype
+          var prototype = assert.__proto__ = Object.create(this);
+          // Restore the `call` and `apply` methods from `Function`
+          prototype.call = call;
+          prototype.apply = apply;
+        }
+        // Otherwise, redefine all properties (slow!)
+        else {
+          var asserterNames = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(ctx);
+          asserterNames.forEach(function (asserterName) {
+            if (!excludeNames.test(asserterName)) {
+              var pd = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(ctx, asserterName);
+              Object.defineProperty(assert, asserterName, pd);
+            }
+          });
+        }
+
+        transferFlags(this, assert);
+        return assert;
+      }
+    , configurable: true
+  });
+};
+
+},{"../config":9,"./flag":17,"./transferFlags":31}],15:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - addMethod utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+var config = require('../config');
+
+/**
+ * ### .addMethod (ctx, name, method)
+ *
+ * Adds a method to the prototype of an object.
+ *
+ *     utils.addMethod(chai.Assertion.prototype, 'foo', function (str) {
+ *       var obj = utils.flag(this, 'object');
+ *       new chai.Assertion(obj).to.be.equal(str);
+ *     });
+ *
+ * Can also be accessed directly from `chai.Assertion`.
+ *
+ *     chai.Assertion.addMethod('foo', fn);
+ *
+ * Then can be used as any other assertion.
+ *
+ *     expect(fooStr).to.be.foo('bar');
+ *
+ * @param {Object} ctx object to which the method is added
+ * @param {String} name of method to add
+ * @param {Function} method function to be used for name
+ * @name addMethod
+ * @api public
+ */
+var flag = require('./flag');
+
+module.exports = function (ctx, name, method) {
+  ctx[name] = function () {
+    var old_ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi');
+    if (old_ssfi && config.includeStack === false)
+      flag(this, 'ssfi', ctx[name]);
+    var result = method.apply(this, arguments);
+    return result === undefined ? this : result;
+  };
+};
+
+},{"../config":9,"./flag":17}],16:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - addProperty utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/**
+ * ### addProperty (ctx, name, getter)
+ *
+ * Adds a property to the prototype of an object.
+ *
+ *     utils.addProperty(chai.Assertion.prototype, 'foo', function () {
+ *       var obj = utils.flag(this, 'object');
+ *       new chai.Assertion(obj).to.be.instanceof(Foo);
+ *     });
+ *
+ * Can also be accessed directly from `chai.Assertion`.
+ *
+ *     chai.Assertion.addProperty('foo', fn);
+ *
+ * Then can be used as any other assertion.
+ *
+ *     expect(myFoo).to.be.foo;
+ *
+ * @param {Object} ctx object to which the property is added
+ * @param {String} name of property to add
+ * @param {Function} getter function to be used for name
+ * @name addProperty
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (ctx, name, getter) {
+  Object.defineProperty(ctx, name,
+    { get: function () {
+        var result = getter.call(this);
+        return result === undefined ? this : result;
+      }
+    , configurable: true
+  });
+};
+
+},{}],17:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - flag utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/**
+ * ### flag(object ,key, [value])
+ *
+ * Get or set a flag value on an object. If a
+ * value is provided it will be set, else it will
+ * return the currently set value or `undefined` if
+ * the value is not set.
+ *
+ *     utils.flag(this, 'foo', 'bar'); // setter
+ *     utils.flag(this, 'foo'); // getter, returns `bar`
+ *
+ * @param {Object} object (constructed Assertion
+ * @param {String} key
+ * @param {Mixed} value (optional)
+ * @name flag
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (obj, key, value) {
+  var flags = obj.__flags || (obj.__flags = Object.create(null));
+  if (arguments.length === 3) {
+    flags[key] = value;
+  } else {
+    return flags[key];
+  }
+};
+
+},{}],18:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - getActual utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/**
+ * # getActual(object, [actual])
+ *
+ * Returns the `actual` value for an Assertion
+ *
+ * @param {Object} object (constructed Assertion)
+ * @param {Arguments} chai.Assertion.prototype.assert arguments
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (obj, args) {
+  return args.length > 4 ? args[4] : obj._obj;
+};
+
+},{}],19:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - getEnumerableProperties utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/**
+ * ### .getEnumerableProperties(object)
+ *
+ * This allows the retrieval of enumerable property names of an object,
+ * inherited or not.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} object
+ * @returns {Array}
+ * @name getEnumerableProperties
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+module.exports = function getEnumerableProperties(object) {
+  var result = [];
+  for (var name in object) {
+    result.push(name);
+  }
+  return result;
+};
+
+},{}],20:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - message composition utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/*!
+ * Module dependancies
+ */
+
+var flag = require('./flag')
+  , getActual = require('./getActual')
+  , inspect = require('./inspect')
+  , objDisplay = require('./objDisplay');
+
+/**
+ * ### .getMessage(object, message, negateMessage)
+ *
+ * Construct the error message based on flags
+ * and template tags. Template tags will return
+ * a stringified inspection of the object referenced.
+ *
+ * Message template tags:
+ * - `#{this}` current asserted object
+ * - `#{act}` actual value
+ * - `#{exp}` expected value
+ *
+ * @param {Object} object (constructed Assertion)
+ * @param {Arguments} chai.Assertion.prototype.assert arguments
+ * @name getMessage
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (obj, args) {
+  var negate = flag(obj, 'negate')
+    , val = flag(obj, 'object')
+    , expected = args[3]
+    , actual = getActual(obj, args)
+    , msg = negate ? args[2] : args[1]
+    , flagMsg = flag(obj, 'message');
+
+  if(typeof msg === "function") msg = msg();
+  msg = msg || '';
+  msg = msg
+    .replace(/#{this}/g, objDisplay(val))
+    .replace(/#{act}/g, objDisplay(actual))
+    .replace(/#{exp}/g, objDisplay(expected));
+
+  return flagMsg ? flagMsg + ': ' + msg : msg;
+};
+
+},{"./flag":17,"./getActual":18,"./inspect":25,"./objDisplay":26}],21:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - getName utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/**
+ * # getName(func)
+ *
+ * Gets the name of a function, in a cross-browser way.
+ *
+ * @param {Function} a function (usually a constructor)
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (func) {
+  if (func.name) return func.name;
+
+  var match = /^\s?function ([^(]*)\(/.exec(func);
+  return match && match[1] ? match[1] : "";
+};
+
+},{}],22:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - getPathValue utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * @see https://github.com/logicalparadox/filtr
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/**
+ * ### .getPathValue(path, object)
+ *
+ * This allows the retrieval of values in an
+ * object given a string path.
+ *
+ *     var obj = {
+ *         prop1: {
+ *             arr: ['a', 'b', 'c']
+ *           , str: 'Hello'
+ *         }
+ *       , prop2: {
+ *             arr: [ { nested: 'Universe' } ]
+ *           , str: 'Hello again!'
+ *         }
+ *     }
+ *
+ * The following would be the results.
+ *
+ *     getPathValue('prop1.str', obj); // Hello
+ *     getPathValue('prop1.att[2]', obj); // b
+ *     getPathValue('prop2.arr[0].nested', obj); // Universe
+ *
+ * @param {String} path
+ * @param {Object} object
+ * @returns {Object} value or `undefined`
+ * @name getPathValue
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+var getPathValue = module.exports = function (path, obj) {
+  var parsed = parsePath(path);
+  return _getPathValue(parsed, obj);
+};
+
+/*!
+ * ## parsePath(path)
+ *
+ * Helper function used to parse string object
+ * paths. Use in conjunction with `_getPathValue`.
+ *
+ *      var parsed = parsePath('myobject.property.subprop');
+ *
+ * ### Paths:
+ *
+ * * Can be as near infinitely deep and nested
+ * * Arrays are also valid using the formal `myobject.document[3].property`.
+ *
+ * @param {String} path
+ * @returns {Object} parsed
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+function parsePath (path) {
+  var str = path.replace(/\[/g, '.[')
+    , parts = str.match(/(\\\.|[^.]+?)+/g);
+  return parts.map(function (value) {
+    var re = /\[(\d+)\]$/
+      , mArr = re.exec(value)
+    if (mArr) return { i: parseFloat(mArr[1]) };
+    else return { p: value };
+  });
+};
+
+/*!
+ * ## _getPathValue(parsed, obj)
+ *
+ * Helper companion function for `.parsePath` that returns
+ * the value located at the parsed address.
+ *
+ *      var value = getPathValue(parsed, obj);
+ *
+ * @param {Object} parsed definition from `parsePath`.
+ * @param {Object} object to search against
+ * @returns {Object|Undefined} value
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+function _getPathValue (parsed, obj) {
+  var tmp = obj
+    , res;
+  for (var i = 0, l = parsed.length; i < l; i++) {
+    var part = parsed[i];
+    if (tmp) {
+      if ('undefined' !== typeof part.p)
+        tmp = tmp[part.p];
+      else if ('undefined' !== typeof part.i)
+        tmp = tmp[part.i];
+      if (i == (l - 1)) res = tmp;
+    } else {
+      res = undefined;
+    }
+  }
+  return res;
+};
+
+},{}],23:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - getProperties utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/**
+ * ### .getProperties(object)
+ *
+ * This allows the retrieval of property names of an object, enumerable or not,
+ * inherited or not.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} object
+ * @returns {Array}
+ * @name getProperties
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+module.exports = function getProperties(object) {
+  var result = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(subject);
+
+  function addProperty(property) {
+    if (result.indexOf(property) === -1) {
+      result.push(property);
+    }
+  }
+
+  var proto = Object.getPrototypeOf(subject);
+  while (proto !== null) {
+    Object.getOwnPropertyNames(proto).forEach(addProperty);
+    proto = Object.getPrototypeOf(proto);
+  }
+
+  return result;
+};
+
+},{}],24:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * chai
+ * Copyright(c) 2011 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/*!
+ * Main exports
+ */
+
+var exports = module.exports = {};
+
+/*!
+ * test utility
+ */
+
+exports.test = require('./test');
+
+/*!
+ * type utility
+ */
+
+exports.type = require('./type');
+
+/*!
+ * message utility
+ */
+
+exports.getMessage = require('./getMessage');
+
+/*!
+ * actual utility
+ */
+
+exports.getActual = require('./getActual');
+
+/*!
+ * Inspect util
+ */
+
+exports.inspect = require('./inspect');
+
+/*!
+ * Object Display util
+ */
+
+exports.objDisplay = require('./objDisplay');
+
+/*!
+ * Flag utility
+ */
+
+exports.flag = require('./flag');
+
+/*!
+ * Flag transferring utility
+ */
+
+exports.transferFlags = require('./transferFlags');
+
+/*!
+ * Deep equal utility
+ */
+
+exports.eql = require('deep-eql');
+
+/*!
+ * Deep path value
+ */
+
+exports.getPathValue = require('./getPathValue');
+
+/*!
+ * Function name
+ */
+
+exports.getName = require('./getName');
+
+/*!
+ * add Property
+ */
+
+exports.addProperty = require('./addProperty');
+
+/*!
+ * add Method
+ */
+
+exports.addMethod = require('./addMethod');
+
+/*!
+ * overwrite Property
+ */
+
+exports.overwriteProperty = require('./overwriteProperty');
+
+/*!
+ * overwrite Method
+ */
+
+exports.overwriteMethod = require('./overwriteMethod');
+
+/*!
+ * Add a chainable method
+ */
+
+exports.addChainableMethod = require('./addChainableMethod');
+
+/*!
+ * Overwrite chainable method
+ */
+
+exports.overwriteChainableMethod = require('./overwriteChainableMethod');
+
+
+},{"./addChainableMethod":14,"./addMethod":15,"./addProperty":16,"./flag":17,"./getActual":18,"./getMessage":20,"./getName":21,"./getPathValue":22,"./inspect":25,"./objDisplay":26,"./overwriteChainableMethod":27,"./overwriteMethod":28,"./overwriteProperty":29,"./test":30,"./transferFlags":31,"./type":32,"deep-eql":34}],25:[function(require,module,exports){
+// This is (almost) directly from Node.js utils
+// https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/f8c335d0caf47f16d31413f89aa28eda3878e3aa/lib/util.js
+
+var getName = require('./getName');
+var getProperties = require('./getProperties');
+var getEnumerableProperties = require('./getEnumerableProperties');
+
+module.exports = inspect;
+
+/**
+ * Echos the value of a value. Trys to print the value out
+ * in the best way possible given the different types.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} obj The object to print out.
+ * @param {Boolean} showHidden Flag that shows hidden (not enumerable)
+ *    properties of objects.
+ * @param {Number} depth Depth in which to descend in object. Default is 2.
+ * @param {Boolean} colors Flag to turn on ANSI escape codes to color the
+ *    output. Default is false (no coloring).
+ */
+function inspect(obj, showHidden, depth, colors) {
+  var ctx = {
+    showHidden: showHidden,
+    seen: [],
+    stylize: function (str) { return str; }
+  };
+  return formatValue(ctx, obj, (typeof depth === 'undefined' ? 2 : depth));
+}
+
+// Returns true if object is a DOM element.
+var isDOMElement = function (object) {
+  if (typeof HTMLElement === 'object') {
+    return object instanceof HTMLElement;
+  } else {
+    return object &&
+      typeof object === 'object' &&
+      object.nodeType === 1 &&
+      typeof object.nodeName === 'string';
+  }
+};
+
+function formatValue(ctx, value, recurseTimes) {
+  // Provide a hook for user-specified inspect functions.
+  // Check that value is an object with an inspect function on it
+  if (value && typeof value.inspect === 'function' &&
+      // Filter out the util module, it's inspect function is special
+      value.inspect !== exports.inspect &&
+      // Also filter out any prototype objects using the circular check.
+      !(value.constructor && value.constructor.prototype === value)) {
+    var ret = value.inspect(recurseTimes);
+    if (typeof ret !== 'string') {
+      ret = formatValue(ctx, ret, recurseTimes);
+    }
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  // Primitive types cannot have properties
+  var primitive = formatPrimitive(ctx, value);
+  if (primitive) {
+    return primitive;
+  }
+
+  // If this is a DOM element, try to get the outer HTML.
+  if (isDOMElement(value)) {
+    if ('outerHTML' in value) {
+      return value.outerHTML;
+      // This value does not have an outerHTML attribute,
+      //   it could still be an XML element
+    } else {
+      // Attempt to serialize it
+      try {
+        if (document.xmlVersion) {
+          var xmlSerializer = new XMLSerializer();
+          return xmlSerializer.serializeToString(value);
+        } else {
+          // Firefox 11- do not support outerHTML
+          //   It does, however, support innerHTML
+          //   Use the following to render the element
+          var ns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml";
+          var container = document.createElementNS(ns, '_');
+
+          container.appendChild(value.cloneNode(false));
+          html = container.innerHTML
+            .replace('><', '>' + value.innerHTML + '<');
+          container.innerHTML = '';
+          return html;
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        // This could be a non-native DOM implementation,
+        //   continue with the normal flow:
+        //   printing the element as if it is an object.
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Look up the keys of the object.
+  var visibleKeys = getEnumerableProperties(value);
+  var keys = ctx.showHidden ? getProperties(value) : visibleKeys;
+
+  // Some type of object without properties can be shortcutted.
+  // In IE, errors have a single `stack` property, or if they are vanilla `Error`,
+  // a `stack` plus `description` property; ignore those for consistency.
+  if (keys.length === 0 || (isError(value) && (
+      (keys.length === 1 && keys[0] === 'stack') ||
+      (keys.length === 2 && keys[0] === 'description' && keys[1] === 'stack')
+     ))) {
+    if (typeof value === 'function') {
+      var name = getName(value);
+      var nameSuffix = name ? ': ' + name : '';
+      return ctx.stylize('[Function' + nameSuffix + ']', 'special');
+    }
+    if (isRegExp(value)) {
+      return ctx.stylize(RegExp.prototype.toString.call(value), 'regexp');
+    }
+    if (isDate(value)) {
+      return ctx.stylize(Date.prototype.toUTCString.call(value), 'date');
+    }
+    if (isError(value)) {
+      return formatError(value);
+    }
+  }
+
+  var base = '', array = false, braces = ['{', '}'];
+
+  // Make Array say that they are Array
+  if (isArray(value)) {
+    array = true;
+    braces = ['[', ']'];
+  }
+
+  // Make functions say that they are functions
+  if (typeof value === 'function') {
+    var name = getName(value);
+    var nameSuffix = name ? ': ' + name : '';
+    base = ' [Function' + nameSuffix + ']';
+  }
+
+  // Make RegExps say that they are RegExps
+  if (isRegExp(value)) {
+    base = ' ' + RegExp.prototype.toString.call(value);
+  }
+
+  // Make dates with properties first say the date
+  if (isDate(value)) {
+    base = ' ' + Date.prototype.toUTCString.call(value);
+  }
+
+  // Make error with message first say the error
+  if (isError(value)) {
+    return formatError(value);
+  }
+
+  if (keys.length === 0 && (!array || value.length == 0)) {
+    return braces[0] + base + braces[1];
+  }
+
+  if (recurseTimes < 0) {
+    if (isRegExp(value)) {
+      return ctx.stylize(RegExp.prototype.toString.call(value), 'regexp');
+    } else {
+      return ctx.stylize('[Object]', 'special');
+    }
+  }
+
+  ctx.seen.push(value);
+
+  var output;
+  if (array) {
+    output = formatArray(ctx, value, recurseTimes, visibleKeys, keys);
+  } else {
+    output = keys.map(function(key) {
+      return formatProperty(ctx, value, recurseTimes, visibleKeys, key, array);
+    });
+  }
+
+  ctx.seen.pop();
+
+  return reduceToSingleString(output, base, braces);
+}
+
+
+function formatPrimitive(ctx, value) {
+  switch (typeof value) {
+    case 'undefined':
+      return ctx.stylize('undefined', 'undefined');
+
+    case 'string':
+      var simple = '\'' + JSON.stringify(value).replace(/^"|"$/g, '')
+                                               .replace(/'/g, "\\'")
+                                               .replace(/\\"/g, '"') + '\'';
+      return ctx.stylize(simple, 'string');
+
+    case 'number':
+      return ctx.stylize('' + value, 'number');
+
+    case 'boolean':
+      return ctx.stylize('' + value, 'boolean');
+  }
+  // For some reason typeof null is "object", so special case here.
+  if (value === null) {
+    return ctx.stylize('null', 'null');
+  }
+}
+
+
+function formatError(value) {
+  return '[' + Error.prototype.toString.call(value) + ']';
+}
+
+
+function formatArray(ctx, value, recurseTimes, visibleKeys, keys) {
+  var output = [];
+  for (var i = 0, l = value.length; i < l; ++i) {
+    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(value, String(i))) {
+      output.push(formatProperty(ctx, value, recurseTimes, visibleKeys,
+          String(i), true));
+    } else {
+      output.push('');
+    }
+  }
+  keys.forEach(function(key) {
+    if (!key.match(/^\d+$/)) {
+      output.push(formatProperty(ctx, value, recurseTimes, visibleKeys,
+          key, true));
+    }
+  });
+  return output;
+}
+
+
+function formatProperty(ctx, value, recurseTimes, visibleKeys, key, array) {
+  var name, str;
+  if (value.__lookupGetter__) {
+    if (value.__lookupGetter__(key)) {
+      if (value.__lookupSetter__(key)) {
+        str = ctx.stylize('[Getter/Setter]', 'special');
+      } else {
+        str = ctx.stylize('[Getter]', 'special');
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (value.__lookupSetter__(key)) {
+        str = ctx.stylize('[Setter]', 'special');
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (visibleKeys.indexOf(key) < 0) {
+    name = '[' + key + ']';
+  }
+  if (!str) {
+    if (ctx.seen.indexOf(value[key]) < 0) {
+      if (recurseTimes === null) {
+        str = formatValue(ctx, value[key], null);
+      } else {
+        str = formatValue(ctx, value[key], recurseTimes - 1);
+      }
+      if (str.indexOf('\n') > -1) {
+        if (array) {
+          str = str.split('\n').map(function(line) {
+            return '  ' + line;
+          }).join('\n').substr(2);
+        } else {
+          str = '\n' + str.split('\n').map(function(line) {
+            return '   ' + line;
+          }).join('\n');
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      str = ctx.stylize('[Circular]', 'special');
+    }
+  }
+  if (typeof name === 'undefined') {
+    if (array && key.match(/^\d+$/)) {
+      return str;
+    }
+    name = JSON.stringify('' + key);
+    if (name.match(/^"([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)"$/)) {
+      name = name.substr(1, name.length - 2);
+      name = ctx.stylize(name, 'name');
+    } else {
+      name = name.replace(/'/g, "\\'")
+                 .replace(/\\"/g, '"')
+                 .replace(/(^"|"$)/g, "'");
+      name = ctx.stylize(name, 'string');
+    }
+  }
+
+  return name + ': ' + str;
+}
+
+
+function reduceToSingleString(output, base, braces) {
+  var numLinesEst = 0;
+  var length = output.reduce(function(prev, cur) {
+    numLinesEst++;
+    if (cur.indexOf('\n') >= 0) numLinesEst++;
+    return prev + cur.length + 1;
+  }, 0);
+
+  if (length > 60) {
+    return braces[0] +
+           (base === '' ? '' : base + '\n ') +
+           ' ' +
+           output.join(',\n  ') +
+           ' ' +
+           braces[1];
+  }
+
+  return braces[0] + base + ' ' + output.join(', ') + ' ' + braces[1];
+}
+
+function isArray(ar) {
+  return Array.isArray(ar) ||
+         (typeof ar === 'object' && objectToString(ar) === '[object Array]');
+}
+
+function isRegExp(re) {
+  return typeof re === 'object' && objectToString(re) === '[object RegExp]';
+}
+
+function isDate(d) {
+  return typeof d === 'object' && objectToString(d) === '[object Date]';
+}
+
+function isError(e) {
+  return typeof e === 'object' && objectToString(e) === '[object Error]';
+}
+
+function objectToString(o) {
+  return Object.prototype.toString.call(o);
+}
+
+},{"./getEnumerableProperties":19,"./getName":21,"./getProperties":23}],26:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - flag utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/*!
+ * Module dependancies
+ */
+
+var inspect = require('./inspect');
+var config = require('../config');
+
+/**
+ * ### .objDisplay (object)
+ *
+ * Determines if an object or an array matches
+ * criteria to be inspected in-line for error
+ * messages or should be truncated.
+ *
+ * @param {Mixed} javascript object to inspect
+ * @name objDisplay
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (obj) {
+  var str = inspect(obj)
+    , type = Object.prototype.toString.call(obj);
+
+  if (config.truncateThreshold && str.length >= config.truncateThreshold) {
+    if (type === '[object Function]') {
+      return !obj.name || obj.name === ''
+        ? '[Function]'
+        : '[Function: ' + obj.name + ']';
+    } else if (type === '[object Array]') {
+      return '[ Array(' + obj.length + ') ]';
+    } else if (type === '[object Object]') {
+      var keys = Object.keys(obj)
+        , kstr = keys.length > 2
+          ? keys.splice(0, 2).join(', ') + ', ...'
+          : keys.join(', ');
+      return '{ Object (' + kstr + ') }';
+    } else {
+      return str;
+    }
+  } else {
+    return str;
+  }
+};
+
+},{"../config":9,"./inspect":25}],27:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - overwriteChainableMethod utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/**
+ * ### overwriteChainableMethod (ctx, name, fn)
+ *
+ * Overwites an already existing chainable method
+ * and provides access to the previous function or
+ * property.  Must return functions to be used for
+ * name.
+ *
+ *     utils.overwriteChainableMethod(chai.Assertion.prototype, 'length',
+ *       function (_super) {
+ *       }
+ *     , function (_super) {
+ *       }
+ *     );
+ *
+ * Can also be accessed directly from `chai.Assertion`.
+ *
+ *     chai.Assertion.overwriteChainableMethod('foo', fn, fn);
+ *
+ * Then can be used as any other assertion.
+ *
+ *     expect(myFoo).to.have.length(3);
+ *     expect(myFoo).to.have.length.above(3);
+ *
+ * @param {Object} ctx object whose method / property is to be overwritten
+ * @param {String} name of method / property to overwrite
+ * @param {Function} method function that returns a function to be used for name
+ * @param {Function} chainingBehavior function that returns a function to be used for property
+ * @name overwriteChainableMethod
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (ctx, name, method, chainingBehavior) {
+  var chainableBehavior = ctx.__methods[name];
+
+  var _chainingBehavior = chainableBehavior.chainingBehavior;
+  chainableBehavior.chainingBehavior = function () {
+    var result = chainingBehavior(_chainingBehavior).call(this);
+    return result === undefined ? this : result;
+  };
+
+  var _method = chainableBehavior.method;
+  chainableBehavior.method = function () {
+    var result = method(_method).apply(this, arguments);
+    return result === undefined ? this : result;
+  };
+};
+
+},{}],28:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - overwriteMethod utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/**
+ * ### overwriteMethod (ctx, name, fn)
+ *
+ * Overwites an already existing method and provides
+ * access to previous function. Must return function
+ * to be used for name.
+ *
+ *     utils.overwriteMethod(chai.Assertion.prototype, 'equal', function (_super) {
+ *       return function (str) {
+ *         var obj = utils.flag(this, 'object');
+ *         if (obj instanceof Foo) {
+ *           new chai.Assertion(obj.value).to.equal(str);
+ *         } else {
+ *           _super.apply(this, arguments);
+ *         }
+ *       }
+ *     });
+ *
+ * Can also be accessed directly from `chai.Assertion`.
+ *
+ *     chai.Assertion.overwriteMethod('foo', fn);
+ *
+ * Then can be used as any other assertion.
+ *
+ *     expect(myFoo).to.equal('bar');
+ *
+ * @param {Object} ctx object whose method is to be overwritten
+ * @param {String} name of method to overwrite
+ * @param {Function} method function that returns a function to be used for name
+ * @name overwriteMethod
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (ctx, name, method) {
+  var _method = ctx[name]
+    , _super = function () { return this; };
+
+  if (_method && 'function' === typeof _method)
+    _super = _method;
+
+  ctx[name] = function () {
+    var result = method(_super).apply(this, arguments);
+    return result === undefined ? this : result;
+  }
+};
+
+},{}],29:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - overwriteProperty utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/**
+ * ### overwriteProperty (ctx, name, fn)
+ *
+ * Overwites an already existing property getter and provides
+ * access to previous value. Must return function to use as getter.
+ *
+ *     utils.overwriteProperty(chai.Assertion.prototype, 'ok', function (_super) {
+ *       return function () {
+ *         var obj = utils.flag(this, 'object');
+ *         if (obj instanceof Foo) {
+ *           new chai.Assertion(obj.name).to.equal('bar');
+ *         } else {
+ *           _super.call(this);
+ *         }
+ *       }
+ *     });
+ *
+ *
+ * Can also be accessed directly from `chai.Assertion`.
+ *
+ *     chai.Assertion.overwriteProperty('foo', fn);
+ *
+ * Then can be used as any other assertion.
+ *
+ *     expect(myFoo).to.be.ok;
+ *
+ * @param {Object} ctx object whose property is to be overwritten
+ * @param {String} name of property to overwrite
+ * @param {Function} getter function that returns a getter function to be used for name
+ * @name overwriteProperty
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (ctx, name, getter) {
+  var _get = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(ctx, name)
+    , _super = function () {};
+
+  if (_get && 'function' === typeof _get.get)
+    _super = _get.get
+
+  Object.defineProperty(ctx, name,
+    { get: function () {
+        var result = getter(_super).call(this);
+        return result === undefined ? this : result;
+      }
+    , configurable: true
+  });
+};
+
+},{}],30:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - test utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/*!
+ * Module dependancies
+ */
+
+var flag = require('./flag');
+
+/**
+ * # test(object, expression)
+ *
+ * Test and object for expression.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} object (constructed Assertion)
+ * @param {Arguments} chai.Assertion.prototype.assert arguments
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (obj, args) {
+  var negate = flag(obj, 'negate')
+    , expr = args[0];
+  return negate ? !expr : expr;
+};
+
+},{"./flag":17}],31:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - transferFlags utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/**
+ * ### transferFlags(assertion, object, includeAll = true)
+ *
+ * Transfer all the flags for `assertion` to `object`. If
+ * `includeAll` is set to `false`, then the base Chai
+ * assertion flags (namely `object`, `ssfi`, and `message`)
+ * will not be transferred.
+ *
+ *
+ *     var newAssertion = new Assertion();
+ *     utils.transferFlags(assertion, newAssertion);
+ *
+ *     var anotherAsseriton = new Assertion(myObj);
+ *     utils.transferFlags(assertion, anotherAssertion, false);
+ *
+ * @param {Assertion} assertion the assertion to transfer the flags from
+ * @param {Object} object the object to transfer the flags too; usually a new assertion
+ * @param {Boolean} includeAll
+ * @name getAllFlags
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (assertion, object, includeAll) {
+  var flags = assertion.__flags || (assertion.__flags = Object.create(null));
+
+  if (!object.__flags) {
+    object.__flags = Object.create(null);
+  }
+
+  includeAll = arguments.length === 3 ? includeAll : true;
+
+  for (var flag in flags) {
+    if (includeAll ||
+        (flag !== 'object' && flag !== 'ssfi' && flag != 'message')) {
+      object.__flags[flag] = flags[flag];
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+},{}],32:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * Chai - type utility
+ * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/*!
+ * Detectable javascript natives
+ */
+
+var natives = {
+    '[object Arguments]': 'arguments'
+  , '[object Array]': 'array'
+  , '[object Date]': 'date'
+  , '[object Function]': 'function'
+  , '[object Number]': 'number'
+  , '[object RegExp]': 'regexp'
+  , '[object String]': 'string'
+};
+
+/**
+ * ### type(object)
+ *
+ * Better implementation of `typeof` detection that can
+ * be used cross-browser. Handles the inconsistencies of
+ * Array, `null`, and `undefined` detection.
+ *
+ *     utils.type({}) // 'object'
+ *     utils.type(null) // `null'
+ *     utils.type(undefined) // `undefined`
+ *     utils.type([]) // `array`
+ *
+ * @param {Mixed} object to detect type of
+ * @name type
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+module.exports = function (obj) {
+  var str = Object.prototype.toString.call(obj);
+  if (natives[str]) return natives[str];
+  if (obj === null) return 'null';
+  if (obj === undefined) return 'undefined';
+  if (obj === Object(obj)) return 'object';
+  return typeof obj;
+};
+
+},{}],33:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * assertion-error
+ * Copyright(c) 2013 Jake Luer <jake@qualiancy.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/*!
+ * Return a function that will copy properties from
+ * one object to another excluding any originally
+ * listed. Returned function will create a new `{}`.
+ *
+ * @param {String} excluded properties ...
+ * @return {Function}
+ */
+
+function exclude () {
+  var excludes = [].slice.call(arguments);
+
+  function excludeProps (res, obj) {
+    Object.keys(obj).forEach(function (key) {
+      if (!~excludes.indexOf(key)) res[key] = obj[key];
+    });
+  }
+
+  return function extendExclude () {
+    var args = [].slice.call(arguments)
+      , i = 0
+      , res = {};
+
+    for (; i < args.length; i++) {
+      excludeProps(res, args[i]);
+    }
+
+    return res;
+  };
+};
+
+/*!
+ * Primary Exports
+ */
+
+module.exports = AssertionError;
+
+/**
+ * ### AssertionError
+ *
+ * An extension of the JavaScript `Error` constructor for
+ * assertion and validation scenarios.
+ *
+ * @param {String} message
+ * @param {Object} properties to include (optional)
+ * @param {callee} start stack function (optional)
+ */
+
+function AssertionError (message, _props, ssf) {
+  var extend = exclude('name', 'message', 'stack', 'constructor', 'toJSON')
+    , props = extend(_props || {});
+
+  // default values
+  this.message = message || 'Unspecified AssertionError';
+  this.showDiff = false;
+
+  // copy from properties
+  for (var key in props) {
+    this[key] = props[key];
+  }
+
+  // capture stack trace
+  ssf = ssf || arguments.callee;
+  if (ssf && Error.captureStackTrace) {
+    Error.captureStackTrace(this, ssf);
+  }
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Inherit from Error.prototype
+ */
+
+AssertionError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);
+
+/*!
+ * Statically set name
+ */
+
+AssertionError.prototype.name = 'AssertionError';
+
+/*!
+ * Ensure correct constructor
+ */
+
+AssertionError.prototype.constructor = AssertionError;
+
+/**
+ * Allow errors to be converted to JSON for static transfer.
+ *
+ * @param {Boolean} include stack (default: `true`)
+ * @return {Object} object that can be `JSON.stringify`
+ */
+
+AssertionError.prototype.toJSON = function (stack) {
+  var extend = exclude('constructor', 'toJSON', 'stack')
+    , props = extend({ name: this.name }, this);
+
+  // include stack if exists and not turned off
+  if (false !== stack && this.stack) {
+    props.stack = this.stack;
+  }
+
+  return props;
+};
+
+},{}],34:[function(require,module,exports){
+module.exports = require('./lib/eql');
+
+},{"./lib/eql":35}],35:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * deep-eql
+ * Copyright(c) 2013 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/*!
+ * Module dependencies
+ */
+
+var type = require('type-detect');
+
+/*!
+ * Buffer.isBuffer browser shim
+ */
+
+var Buffer;
+try { Buffer = require('buffer').Buffer; }
+catch(ex) {
+  Buffer = {};
+  Buffer.isBuffer = function() { return false; }
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Primary Export
+ */
+
+module.exports = deepEqual;
+
+/**
+ * Assert super-strict (egal) equality between
+ * two objects of any type.
+ *
+ * @param {Mixed} a
+ * @param {Mixed} b
+ * @param {Array} memoised (optional)
+ * @return {Boolean} equal match
+ */
+
+function deepEqual(a, b, m) {
+  if (sameValue(a, b)) {
+    return true;
+  } else if ('date' === type(a)) {
+    return dateEqual(a, b);
+  } else if ('regexp' === type(a)) {
+    return regexpEqual(a, b);
+  } else if (Buffer.isBuffer(a)) {
+    return bufferEqual(a, b);
+  } else if ('arguments' === type(a)) {
+    return argumentsEqual(a, b, m);
+  } else if (!typeEqual(a, b)) {
+    return false;
+  } else if (('object' !== type(a) && 'object' !== type(b))
+  && ('array' !== type(a) && 'array' !== type(b))) {
+    return sameValue(a, b);
+  } else {
+    return objectEqual(a, b, m);
+  }
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Strict (egal) equality test. Ensures that NaN always
+ * equals NaN and `-0` does not equal `+0`.
+ *
+ * @param {Mixed} a
+ * @param {Mixed} b
+ * @return {Boolean} equal match
+ */
+
+function sameValue(a, b) {
+  if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a === 1 / b;
+  return a !== a && b !== b;
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Compare the types of two given objects and
+ * return if they are equal. Note that an Array
+ * has a type of `array` (not `object`) and arguments
+ * have a type of `arguments` (not `array`/`object`).
+ *
+ * @param {Mixed} a
+ * @param {Mixed} b
+ * @return {Boolean} result
+ */
+
+function typeEqual(a, b) {
+  return type(a) === type(b);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Compare two Date objects by asserting that
+ * the time values are equal using `saveValue`.
+ *
+ * @param {Date} a
+ * @param {Date} b
+ * @return {Boolean} result
+ */
+
+function dateEqual(a, b) {
+  if ('date' !== type(b)) return false;
+  return sameValue(a.getTime(), b.getTime());
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Compare two regular expressions by converting them
+ * to string and checking for `sameValue`.
+ *
+ * @param {RegExp} a
+ * @param {RegExp} b
+ * @return {Boolean} result
+ */
+
+function regexpEqual(a, b) {
+  if ('regexp' !== type(b)) return false;
+  return sameValue(a.toString(), b.toString());
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Assert deep equality of two `arguments` objects.
+ * Unfortunately, these must be sliced to arrays
+ * prior to test to ensure no bad behavior.
+ *
+ * @param {Arguments} a
+ * @param {Arguments} b
+ * @param {Array} memoize (optional)
+ * @return {Boolean} result
+ */
+
+function argumentsEqual(a, b, m) {
+  if ('arguments' !== type(b)) return false;
+  a = [].slice.call(a);
+  b = [].slice.call(b);
+  return deepEqual(a, b, m);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Get enumerable properties of a given object.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} a
+ * @return {Array} property names
+ */
+
+function enumerable(a) {
+  var res = [];
+  for (var key in a) res.push(key);
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Simple equality for flat iterable objects
+ * such as Arrays or Node.js buffers.
+ *
+ * @param {Iterable} a
+ * @param {Iterable} b
+ * @return {Boolean} result
+ */
+
+function iterableEqual(a, b) {
+  if (a.length !==  b.length) return false;
+
+  var i = 0;
+  var match = true;
+
+  for (; i < a.length; i++) {
+    if (a[i] !== b[i]) {
+      match = false;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return match;
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Extension to `iterableEqual` specifically
+ * for Node.js Buffers.
+ *
+ * @param {Buffer} a
+ * @param {Mixed} b
+ * @return {Boolean} result
+ */
+
+function bufferEqual(a, b) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) return false;
+  return iterableEqual(a, b);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Block for `objectEqual` ensuring non-existing
+ * values don't get in.
+ *
+ * @param {Mixed} object
+ * @return {Boolean} result
+ */
+
+function isValue(a) {
+  return a !== null && a !== undefined;
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Recursively check the equality of two objects.
+ * Once basic sameness has been established it will
+ * defer to `deepEqual` for each enumerable key
+ * in the object.
+ *
+ * @param {Mixed} a
+ * @param {Mixed} b
+ * @return {Boolean} result
+ */
+
+function objectEqual(a, b, m) {
+  if (!isValue(a) || !isValue(b)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (a.prototype !== b.prototype) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  var i;
+  if (m) {
+    for (i = 0; i < m.length; i++) {
+      if ((m[i][0] === a && m[i][1] === b)
+      ||  (m[i][0] === b && m[i][1] === a)) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    m = [];
+  }
+
+  try {
+    var ka = enumerable(a);
+    var kb = enumerable(b);
+  } catch (ex) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  ka.sort();
+  kb.sort();
+
+  if (!iterableEqual(ka, kb)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  m.push([ a, b ]);
+
+  var key;
+  for (i = ka.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    key = ka[i];
+    if (!deepEqual(a[key], b[key], m)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+},{"buffer":38,"type-detect":36}],36:[function(require,module,exports){
+module.exports = require('./lib/type');
+
+},{"./lib/type":37}],37:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * type-detect
+ * Copyright(c) 2013 jake luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/*!
+ * Primary Exports
+ */
+
+var exports = module.exports = getType;
+
+/*!
+ * Detectable javascript natives
+ */
+
+var natives = {
+    '[object Array]': 'array'
+  , '[object RegExp]': 'regexp'
+  , '[object Function]': 'function'
+  , '[object Arguments]': 'arguments'
+  , '[object Date]': 'date'
+};
+
+/**
+ * ### typeOf (obj)
+ *
+ * Use several different techniques to determine
+ * the type of object being tested.
+ *
+ *
+ * @param {Mixed} object
+ * @return {String} object type
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function getType (obj) {
+  var str = Object.prototype.toString.call(obj);
+  if (natives[str]) return natives[str];
+  if (obj === null) return 'null';
+  if (obj === undefined) return 'undefined';
+  if (obj === Object(obj)) return 'object';
+  return typeof obj;
+}
+
+exports.Library = Library;
+
+/**
+ * ### Library
+ *
+ * Create a repository for custom type detection.
+ *
+ * ```js
+ * var lib = new type.Library;
+ * ```
+ *
+ */
+
+function Library () {
+  this.tests = {};
+}
+
+/**
+ * #### .of (obj)
+ *
+ * Expose replacement `typeof` detection to the library.
+ *
+ * ```js
+ * if ('string' === lib.of('hello world')) {
+ *   // ...
+ * }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param {Mixed} object to test
+ * @return {String} type
+ */
+
+Library.prototype.of = getType;
+
+/**
+ * #### .define (type, test)
+ *
+ * Add a test to for the `.test()` assertion.
+ *
+ * Can be defined as a regular expression:
+ *
+ * ```js
+ * lib.define('int', /^[0-9]+$/);
+ * ```
+ *
+ * ... or as a function:
+ *
+ * ```js
+ * lib.define('bln', function (obj) {
+ *   if ('boolean' === lib.of(obj)) return true;
+ *   var blns = [ 'yes', 'no', 'true', 'false', 1, 0 ];
+ *   if ('string' === lib.of(obj)) obj = obj.toLowerCase();
+ *   return !! ~blns.indexOf(obj);
+ * });
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param {String} type
+ * @param {RegExp|Function} test
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Library.prototype.define = function (type, test) {
+  if (arguments.length === 1) return this.tests[type];
+  this.tests[type] = test;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * #### .test (obj, test)
+ *
+ * Assert that an object is of type. Will first
+ * check natives, and if that does not pass it will
+ * use the user defined custom tests.
+ *
+ * ```js
+ * assert(lib.test('1', 'int'));
+ * assert(lib.test('yes', 'bln'));
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param {Mixed} object
+ * @param {String} type
+ * @return {Boolean} result
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Library.prototype.test = function (obj, type) {
+  if (type === getType(obj)) return true;
+  var test = this.tests[type];
+
+  if (test && 'regexp' === getType(test)) {
+    return test.test(obj);
+  } else if (test && 'function' === getType(test)) {
+    return test(obj);
+  } else {
+    throw new ReferenceError('Type test "' + type + '" not defined or invalid.');
+  }
+};
+
+},{}],38:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * The buffer module from node.js, for the browser.
+ *
+ * @author   Feross Aboukhadijeh <feross@feross.org> <http://feross.org>
+ * @license  MIT
+ */
+
+var base64 = require('base64-js')
+var ieee754 = require('ieee754')
+var isArray = require('is-array')
+
+exports.Buffer = Buffer
+exports.SlowBuffer = SlowBuffer
+exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES = 50
+Buffer.poolSize = 8192 // not used by this implementation
+
+var rootParent = {}
+
+/**
+ * If `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT`:
+ *   === true    Use Uint8Array implementation (fastest)
+ *   === false   Use Object implementation (most compatible, even IE6)
+ *
+ * Browsers that support typed arrays are IE 10+, Firefox 4+, Chrome 7+, Safari 5.1+,
+ * Opera 11.6+, iOS 4.2+.
+ *
+ * Note:
+ *
+ * - Implementation must support adding new properties to `Uint8Array` instances.
+ *   Firefox 4-29 lacked support, fixed in Firefox 30+.
+ *   See: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=695438.
+ *
+ *  - Chrome 9-10 is missing the `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function.
+ *
+ *  - IE10 has a broken `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function which returns arrays of
+ *    incorrect length in some situations.
+ *
+ * We detect these buggy browsers and set `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT` to `false` so they will
+ * get the Object implementation, which is slower but will work correctly.
+ */
+Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT = (function () {
+  function Foo () {}
+  try {
+    var buf = new ArrayBuffer(0)
+    var arr = new Uint8Array(buf)
+    arr.foo = function () { return 42 }
+    arr.constructor = Foo
+    return arr.foo() === 42 && // typed array instances can be augmented
+        arr.constructor === Foo && // constructor can be set
+        typeof arr.subarray === 'function' && // chrome 9-10 lack `subarray`
+        new Uint8Array(1).subarray(1, 1).byteLength === 0 // ie10 has broken `subarray`
+  } catch (e) {
+    return false
+  }
+})()
+
+function kMaxLength () {
+  return Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT
+    ? 0x7fffffff
+    : 0x3fffffff
+}
+
+/**
+ * Class: Buffer
+ * =============
+ *
+ * The Buffer constructor returns instances of `Uint8Array` that are augmented
+ * with function properties for all the node `Buffer` API functions. We use
+ * `Uint8Array` so that square bracket notation works as expected -- it returns
+ * a single octet.
+ *
+ * By augmenting the instances, we can avoid modifying the `Uint8Array`
+ * prototype.
+ */
+function Buffer (arg) {
+  if (!(this instanceof Buffer)) {
+    // Avoid going through an ArgumentsAdaptorTrampoline in the common case.
+    if (arguments.length > 1) return new Buffer(arg, arguments[1])
+    return new Buffer(arg)
+  }
+
+  this.length = 0
+  this.parent = undefined
+
+  // Common case.
+  if (typeof arg === 'number') {
+    return fromNumber(this, arg)
+  }
+
+  // Slightly less common case.
+  if (typeof arg === 'string') {
+    return fromString(this, arg, arguments.length > 1 ? arguments[1] : 'utf8')
+  }
+
+  // Unusual.
+  return fromObject(this, arg)
+}
+
+function fromNumber (that, length) {
+  that = allocate(that, length < 0 ? 0 : checked(length) | 0)
+  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      that[i] = 0
+    }
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+function fromString (that, string, encoding) {
+  if (typeof encoding !== 'string' || encoding === '') encoding = 'utf8'
+
+  // Assumption: byteLength() return value is always < kMaxLength.
+  var length = byteLength(string, encoding) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+
+  that.write(string, encoding)
+  return that
+}
+
+function fromObject (that, object) {
+  if (Buffer.isBuffer(object)) return fromBuffer(that, object)
+
+  if (isArray(object)) return fromArray(that, object)
+
+  if (object == null) {
+    throw new TypeError('must start with number, buffer, array or string')
+  }
+
+  if (typeof ArrayBuffer !== 'undefined' && object.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+    return fromTypedArray(that, object)
+  }
+
+  if (object.length) return fromArrayLike(that, object)
+
+  return fromJsonObject(that, object)
+}
+
+function fromBuffer (that, buffer) {
+  var length = checked(buffer.length) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+  buffer.copy(that, 0, 0, length)
+  return that
+}
+
+function fromArray (that, array) {
+  var length = checked(array.length) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+    that[i] = array[i] & 255
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+// Duplicate of fromArray() to keep fromArray() monomorphic.
+function fromTypedArray (that, array) {
+  var length = checked(array.length) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+  // Truncating the elements is probably not what people expect from typed
+  // arrays with BYTES_PER_ELEMENT > 1 but it's compatible with the behavior
+  // of the old Buffer constructor.
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+    that[i] = array[i] & 255
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+function fromArrayLike (that, array) {
+  var length = checked(array.length) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+    that[i] = array[i] & 255
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+// Deserialize { type: 'Buffer', data: [1,2,3,...] } into a Buffer object.
+// Returns a zero-length buffer for inputs that don't conform to the spec.
+function fromJsonObject (that, object) {
+  var array
+  var length = 0
+
+  if (object.type === 'Buffer' && isArray(object.data)) {
+    array = object.data
+    length = checked(array.length) | 0
+  }
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+    that[i] = array[i] & 255
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+function allocate (that, length) {
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    // Return an augmented `Uint8Array` instance, for best performance
+    that = Buffer._augment(new Uint8Array(length))
+  } else {
+    // Fallback: Return an object instance of the Buffer class
+    that.length = length
+    that._isBuffer = true
+  }
+
+  var fromPool = length !== 0 && length <= Buffer.poolSize >>> 1
+  if (fromPool) that.parent = rootParent
+
+  return that
+}
+
+function checked (length) {
+  // Note: cannot use `length < kMaxLength` here because that fails when
+  // length is NaN (which is otherwise coerced to zero.)
+  if (length >= kMaxLength()) {
+    throw new RangeError('Attempt to allocate Buffer larger than maximum ' +
+                         'size: 0x' + kMaxLength().toString(16) + ' bytes')
+  }
+  return length | 0
+}
+
+function SlowBuffer (subject, encoding) {
+  if (!(this instanceof SlowBuffer)) return new SlowBuffer(subject, encoding)
+
+  var buf = new Buffer(subject, encoding)
+  delete buf.parent
+  return buf
+}
+
+Buffer.isBuffer = function isBuffer (b) {
+  return !!(b != null && b._isBuffer)
+}
+
+Buffer.compare = function compare (a, b) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(a) || !Buffer.isBuffer(b)) {
+    throw new TypeError('Arguments must be Buffers')
+  }
+
+  if (a === b) return 0
+
+  var x = a.length
+  var y = b.length
+
+  var i = 0
+  var len = Math.min(x, y)
+  while (i < len) {
+    if (a[i] !== b[i]) break
+
+    ++i
+  }
+
+  if (i !== len) {
+    x = a[i]
+    y = b[i]
+  }
+
+  if (x < y) return -1
+  if (y < x) return 1
+  return 0
+}
+
+Buffer.isEncoding = function isEncoding (encoding) {
+  switch (String(encoding).toLowerCase()) {
+    case 'hex':
+    case 'utf8':
+    case 'utf-8':
+    case 'ascii':
+    case 'binary':
+    case 'base64':
+    case 'raw':
+    case 'ucs2':
+    case 'ucs-2':
+    case 'utf16le':
+    case 'utf-16le':
+      return true
+    default:
+      return false
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.concat = function concat (list, length) {
+  if (!isArray(list)) throw new TypeError('list argument must be an Array of Buffers.')
+
+  if (list.length === 0) {
+    return new Buffer(0)
+  } else if (list.length === 1) {
+    return list[0]
+  }
+
+  var i
+  if (length === undefined) {
+    length = 0
+    for (i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
+      length += list[i].length
+    }
+  }
+
+  var buf = new Buffer(length)
+  var pos = 0
+  for (i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
+    var item = list[i]
+    item.copy(buf, pos)
+    pos += item.length
+  }
+  return buf
+}
+
+function byteLength (string, encoding) {
+  if (typeof string !== 'string') string = '' + string
+
+  var len = string.length
+  if (len === 0) return 0
+
+  // Use a for loop to avoid recursion
+  var loweredCase = false
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (encoding) {
+      case 'ascii':
+      case 'binary':
+      // Deprecated
+      case 'raw':
+      case 'raws':
+        return len
+      case 'utf8':
+      case 'utf-8':
+        return utf8ToBytes(string).length
+      case 'ucs2':
+      case 'ucs-2':
+      case 'utf16le':
+      case 'utf-16le':
+        return len * 2
+      case 'hex':
+        return len >>> 1
+      case 'base64':
+        return base64ToBytes(string).length
+      default:
+        if (loweredCase) return utf8ToBytes(string).length // assume utf8
+        encoding = ('' + encoding).toLowerCase()
+        loweredCase = true
+    }
+  }
+}
+Buffer.byteLength = byteLength
+
+// pre-set for values that may exist in the future
+Buffer.prototype.length = undefined
+Buffer.prototype.parent = undefined
+
+function slowToString (encoding, start, end) {
+  var loweredCase = false
+
+  start = start | 0
+  end = end === undefined || end === Infinity ? this.length : end | 0
+
+  if (!encoding) encoding = 'utf8'
+  if (start < 0) start = 0
+  if (end > this.length) end = this.length
+  if (end <= start) return ''
+
+  while (true) {
+    switch (encoding) {
+      case 'hex':
+        return hexSlice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'utf8':
+      case 'utf-8':
+        return utf8Slice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'ascii':
+        return asciiSlice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'binary':
+        return binarySlice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'base64':
+        return base64Slice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'ucs2':
+      case 'ucs-2':
+      case 'utf16le':
+      case 'utf-16le':
+        return utf16leSlice(this, start, end)
+
+      default:
+        if (loweredCase) throw new TypeError('Unknown encoding: ' + encoding)
+        encoding = (encoding + '').toLowerCase()
+        loweredCase = true
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.toString = function toString () {
+  var length = this.length | 0
+  if (length === 0) return ''
+  if (arguments.length === 0) return utf8Slice(this, 0, length)
+  return slowToString.apply(this, arguments)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.equals = function equals (b) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) throw new TypeError('Argument must be a Buffer')
+  if (this === b) return true
+  return Buffer.compare(this, b) === 0
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.inspect = function inspect () {
+  var str = ''
+  var max = exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES
+  if (this.length > 0) {
+    str = this.toString('hex', 0, max).match(/.{2}/g).join(' ')
+    if (this.length > max) str += ' ... '
+  }
+  return '<Buffer ' + str + '>'
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.compare = function compare (b) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) throw new TypeError('Argument must be a Buffer')
+  if (this === b) return 0
+  return Buffer.compare(this, b)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.indexOf = function indexOf (val, byteOffset) {
+  if (byteOffset > 0x7fffffff) byteOffset = 0x7fffffff
+  else if (byteOffset < -0x80000000) byteOffset = -0x80000000
+  byteOffset >>= 0
+
+  if (this.length === 0) return -1
+  if (byteOffset >= this.length) return -1
+
+  // Negative offsets start from the end of the buffer
+  if (byteOffset < 0) byteOffset = Math.max(this.length + byteOffset, 0)
+
+  if (typeof val === 'string') {
+    if (val.length === 0) return -1 // special case: looking for empty string always fails
+    return String.prototype.indexOf.call(this, val, byteOffset)
+  }
+  if (Buffer.isBuffer(val)) {
+    return arrayIndexOf(this, val, byteOffset)
+  }
+  if (typeof val === 'number') {
+    if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT && Uint8Array.prototype.indexOf === 'function') {
+      return Uint8Array.prototype.indexOf.call(this, val, byteOffset)
+    }
+    return arrayIndexOf(this, [ val ], byteOffset)
+  }
+
+  function arrayIndexOf (arr, val, byteOffset) {
+    var foundIndex = -1
+    for (var i = 0; byteOffset + i < arr.length; i++) {
+      if (arr[byteOffset + i] === val[foundIndex === -1 ? 0 : i - foundIndex]) {
+        if (foundIndex === -1) foundIndex = i
+        if (i - foundIndex + 1 === val.length) return byteOffset + foundIndex
+      } else {
+        foundIndex = -1
+      }
+    }
+    return -1
+  }
+
+  throw new TypeError('val must be string, number or Buffer')
+}
+
+// `get` will be removed in Node 0.13+
+Buffer.prototype.get = function get (offset) {
+  console.log('.get() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
+  return this.readUInt8(offset)
+}
+
+// `set` will be removed in Node 0.13+
+Buffer.prototype.set = function set (v, offset) {
+  console.log('.set() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
+  return this.writeUInt8(v, offset)
+}
+
+function hexWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  offset = Number(offset) || 0
+  var remaining = buf.length - offset
+  if (!length) {
+    length = remaining
+  } else {
+    length = Number(length)
+    if (length > remaining) {
+      length = remaining
+    }
+  }
+
+  // must be an even number of digits
+  var strLen = string.length
+  if (strLen % 2 !== 0) throw new Error('Invalid hex string')
+
+  if (length > strLen / 2) {
+    length = strLen / 2
+  }
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    var parsed = parseInt(string.substr(i * 2, 2), 16)
+    if (isNaN(parsed)) throw new Error('Invalid hex string')
+    buf[offset + i] = parsed
+  }
+  return i
+}
+
+function utf8Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return blitBuffer(utf8ToBytes(string, buf.length - offset), buf, offset, length)
+}
+
+function asciiWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return blitBuffer(asciiToBytes(string), buf, offset, length)
+}
+
+function binaryWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return asciiWrite(buf, string, offset, length)
+}
+
+function base64Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return blitBuffer(base64ToBytes(string), buf, offset, length)
+}
+
+function ucs2Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return blitBuffer(utf16leToBytes(string, buf.length - offset), buf, offset, length)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.write = function write (string, offset, length, encoding) {
+  // Buffer#write(string)
+  if (offset === undefined) {
+    encoding = 'utf8'
+    length = this.length
+    offset = 0
+  // Buffer#write(string, encoding)
+  } else if (length === undefined && typeof offset === 'string') {
+    encoding = offset
+    length = this.length
+    offset = 0
+  // Buffer#write(string, offset[, length][, encoding])
+  } else if (isFinite(offset)) {
+    offset = offset | 0
+    if (isFinite(length)) {
+      length = length | 0
+      if (encoding === undefined) encoding = 'utf8'
+    } else {
+      encoding = length
+      length = undefined
+    }
+  // legacy write(string, encoding, offset, length) - remove in v0.13
+  } else {
+    var swap = encoding
+    encoding = offset
+    offset = length | 0
+    length = swap
+  }
+
+  var remaining = this.length - offset
+  if (length === undefined || length > remaining) length = remaining
+
+  if ((string.length > 0 && (length < 0 || offset < 0)) || offset > this.length) {
+    throw new RangeError('attempt to write outside buffer bounds')
+  }
+
+  if (!encoding) encoding = 'utf8'
+
+  var loweredCase = false
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (encoding) {
+      case 'hex':
+        return hexWrite(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'utf8':
+      case 'utf-8':
+        return utf8Write(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'ascii':
+        return asciiWrite(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'binary':
+        return binaryWrite(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'base64':
+        // Warning: maxLength not taken into account in base64Write
+        return base64Write(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'ucs2':
+      case 'ucs-2':
+      case 'utf16le':
+      case 'utf-16le':
+        return ucs2Write(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      default:
+        if (loweredCase) throw new TypeError('Unknown encoding: ' + encoding)
+        encoding = ('' + encoding).toLowerCase()
+        loweredCase = true
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.toJSON = function toJSON () {
+  return {
+    type: 'Buffer',
+    data: Array.prototype.slice.call(this._arr || this, 0)
+  }
+}
+
+function base64Slice (buf, start, end) {
+  if (start === 0 && end === buf.length) {
+    return base64.fromByteArray(buf)
+  } else {
+    return base64.fromByteArray(buf.slice(start, end))
+  }
+}
+
+function utf8Slice (buf, start, end) {
+  var res = ''
+  var tmp = ''
+  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    if (buf[i] <= 0x7F) {
+      res += decodeUtf8Char(tmp) + String.fromCharCode(buf[i])
+      tmp = ''
+    } else {
+      tmp += '%' + buf[i].toString(16)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return res + decodeUtf8Char(tmp)
+}
+
+function asciiSlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var ret = ''
+  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    ret += String.fromCharCode(buf[i] & 0x7F)
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+
+function binarySlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var ret = ''
+  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    ret += String.fromCharCode(buf[i])
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+
+function hexSlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var len = buf.length
+
+  if (!start || start < 0) start = 0
+  if (!end || end < 0 || end > len) end = len
+
+  var out = ''
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    out += toHex(buf[i])
+  }
+  return out
+}
+
+function utf16leSlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var bytes = buf.slice(start, end)
+  var res = ''
+  for (var i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 2) {
+    res += String.fromCharCode(bytes[i] + bytes[i + 1] * 256)
+  }
+  return res
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.slice = function slice (start, end) {
+  var len = this.length
+  start = ~~start
+  end = end === undefined ? len : ~~end
+
+  if (start < 0) {
+    start += len
+    if (start < 0) start = 0
+  } else if (start > len) {
+    start = len
+  }
+
+  if (end < 0) {
+    end += len
+    if (end < 0) end = 0
+  } else if (end > len) {
+    end = len
+  }
+
+  if (end < start) end = start
+
+  var newBuf
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    newBuf = Buffer._augment(this.subarray(start, end))
+  } else {
+    var sliceLen = end - start
+    newBuf = new Buffer(sliceLen, undefined)
+    for (var i = 0; i < sliceLen; i++) {
+      newBuf[i] = this[i + start]
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (newBuf.length) newBuf.parent = this.parent || this
+
+  return newBuf
+}
+
+/*
+ * Need to make sure that buffer isn't trying to write out of bounds.
+ */
+function checkOffset (offset, ext, length) {
+  if ((offset % 1) !== 0 || offset < 0) throw new RangeError('offset is not uint')
+  if (offset + ext > length) throw new RangeError('Trying to access beyond buffer length')
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUIntLE = function readUIntLE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
+
+  var val = this[offset]
+  var mul = 1
+  var i = 0
+  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    val += this[offset + i] * mul
+  }
+
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUIntBE = function readUIntBE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
+  }
+
+  var val = this[offset + --byteLength]
+  var mul = 1
+  while (byteLength > 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    val += this[offset + --byteLength] * mul
+  }
+
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt8 = function readUInt8 (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 1, this.length)
+  return this[offset]
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt16LE = function readUInt16LE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
+  return this[offset] | (this[offset + 1] << 8)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt16BE = function readUInt16BE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
+  return (this[offset] << 8) | this[offset + 1]
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt32LE = function readUInt32LE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+
+  return ((this[offset]) |
+      (this[offset + 1] << 8) |
+      (this[offset + 2] << 16)) +
+      (this[offset + 3] * 0x1000000)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt32BE = function readUInt32BE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+
+  return (this[offset] * 0x1000000) +
+    ((this[offset + 1] << 16) |
+    (this[offset + 2] << 8) |
+    this[offset + 3])
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readIntLE = function readIntLE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
+
+  var val = this[offset]
+  var mul = 1
+  var i = 0
+  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    val += this[offset + i] * mul
+  }
+  mul *= 0x80
+
+  if (val >= mul) val -= Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength)
+
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readIntBE = function readIntBE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
+
+  var i = byteLength
+  var mul = 1
+  var val = this[offset + --i]
+  while (i > 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    val += this[offset + --i] * mul
+  }
+  mul *= 0x80
+
+  if (val >= mul) val -= Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength)
+
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt8 = function readInt8 (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 1, this.length)
+  if (!(this[offset] & 0x80)) return (this[offset])
+  return ((0xff - this[offset] + 1) * -1)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt16LE = function readInt16LE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
+  var val = this[offset] | (this[offset + 1] << 8)
+  return (val & 0x8000) ? val | 0xFFFF0000 : val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt16BE = function readInt16BE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
+  var val = this[offset + 1] | (this[offset] << 8)
+  return (val & 0x8000) ? val | 0xFFFF0000 : val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt32LE = function readInt32LE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+
+  return (this[offset]) |
+    (this[offset + 1] << 8) |
+    (this[offset + 2] << 16) |
+    (this[offset + 3] << 24)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt32BE = function readInt32BE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+
+  return (this[offset] << 24) |
+    (this[offset + 1] << 16) |
+    (this[offset + 2] << 8) |
+    (this[offset + 3])
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readFloatLE = function readFloatLE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+  return ieee754.read(this, offset, true, 23, 4)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readFloatBE = function readFloatBE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+  return ieee754.read(this, offset, false, 23, 4)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readDoubleLE = function readDoubleLE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 8, this.length)
+  return ieee754.read(this, offset, true, 52, 8)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readDoubleBE = function readDoubleBE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 8, this.length)
+  return ieee754.read(this, offset, false, 52, 8)
+}
+
+function checkInt (buf, value, offset, ext, max, min) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(buf)) throw new TypeError('buffer must be a Buffer instance')
+  if (value > max || value < min) throw new RangeError('value is out of bounds')
+  if (offset + ext > buf.length) throw new RangeError('index out of range')
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUIntLE = function writeUIntLE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength), 0)
+
+  var mul = 1
+  var i = 0
+  this[offset] = value & 0xFF
+  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    this[offset + i] = (value / mul) & 0xFF
+  }
+
+  return offset + byteLength
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUIntBE = function writeUIntBE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength), 0)
+
+  var i = byteLength - 1
+  var mul = 1
+  this[offset + i] = value & 0xFF
+  while (--i >= 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    this[offset + i] = (value / mul) & 0xFF
+  }
+
+  return offset + byteLength
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt8 = function writeUInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0xff, 0)
+  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
+  this[offset] = value
+  return offset + 1
+}
+
+function objectWriteUInt16 (buf, value, offset, littleEndian) {
+  if (value < 0) value = 0xffff + value + 1
+  for (var i = 0, j = Math.min(buf.length - offset, 2); i < j; i++) {
+    buf[offset + i] = (value & (0xff << (8 * (littleEndian ? i : 1 - i)))) >>>
+      (littleEndian ? i : 1 - i) * 8
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16LE = function writeUInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
+  }
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16BE = function writeUInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 1] = value
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
+  }
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+function objectWriteUInt32 (buf, value, offset, littleEndian) {
+  if (value < 0) value = 0xffffffff + value + 1
+  for (var i = 0, j = Math.min(buf.length - offset, 4); i < j; i++) {
+    buf[offset + i] = (value >>> (littleEndian ? i : 3 - i) * 8) & 0xff
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32LE = function writeUInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0xffffffff, 0)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
+    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset] = value
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, true)
+  }
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32BE = function writeUInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0xffffffff, 0)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
+    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 3] = value
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
+  }
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeIntLE = function writeIntLE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    var limit = Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength - 1)
+
+    checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, limit - 1, -limit)
+  }
+
+  var i = 0
+  var mul = 1
+  var sub = value < 0 ? 1 : 0
+  this[offset] = value & 0xFF
+  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    this[offset + i] = ((value / mul) >> 0) - sub & 0xFF
+  }
+
+  return offset + byteLength
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeIntBE = function writeIntBE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    var limit = Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength - 1)
+
+    checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, limit - 1, -limit)
+  }
+
+  var i = byteLength - 1
+  var mul = 1
+  var sub = value < 0 ? 1 : 0
+  this[offset + i] = value & 0xFF
+  while (--i >= 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    this[offset + i] = ((value / mul) >> 0) - sub & 0xFF
+  }
+
+  return offset + byteLength
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt8 = function writeInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0x7f, -0x80)
+  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
+  if (value < 0) value = 0xff + value + 1
+  this[offset] = value
+  return offset + 1
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt16LE = function writeInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
+  }
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt16BE = function writeInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 1] = value
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
+  }
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt32LE = function writeInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
+    this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, true)
+  }
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt32BE = function writeInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000)
+  if (value < 0) value = 0xffffffff + value + 1
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
+    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 3] = value
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
+  }
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+function checkIEEE754 (buf, value, offset, ext, max, min) {
+  if (value > max || value < min) throw new RangeError('value is out of bounds')
+  if (offset + ext > buf.length) throw new RangeError('index out of range')
+  if (offset < 0) throw new RangeError('index out of range')
+}
+
+function writeFloat (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    checkIEEE754(buf, value, offset, 4, 3.4028234663852886e+38, -3.4028234663852886e+38)
+  }
+  ieee754.write(buf, value, offset, littleEndian, 23, 4)
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeFloatLE = function writeFloatLE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeFloat(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeFloatBE = function writeFloatBE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeFloat(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+function writeDouble (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    checkIEEE754(buf, value, offset, 8, 1.7976931348623157E+308, -1.7976931348623157E+308)
+  }
+  ieee754.write(buf, value, offset, littleEndian, 52, 8)
+  return offset + 8
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeDoubleLE = function writeDoubleLE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeDouble(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeDoubleBE = function writeDoubleBE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeDouble(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+// copy(targetBuffer, targetStart=0, sourceStart=0, sourceEnd=buffer.length)
+Buffer.prototype.copy = function copy (target, targetStart, start, end) {
+  if (!start) start = 0
+  if (!end && end !== 0) end = this.length
+  if (targetStart >= target.length) targetStart = target.length
+  if (!targetStart) targetStart = 0
+  if (end > 0 && end < start) end = start
+
+  // Copy 0 bytes; we're done
+  if (end === start) return 0
+  if (target.length === 0 || this.length === 0) return 0
+
+  // Fatal error conditions
+  if (targetStart < 0) {
+    throw new RangeError('targetStart out of bounds')
+  }
+  if (start < 0 || start >= this.length) throw new RangeError('sourceStart out of bounds')
+  if (end < 0) throw new RangeError('sourceEnd out of bounds')
+
+  // Are we oob?
+  if (end > this.length) end = this.length
+  if (target.length - targetStart < end - start) {
+    end = target.length - targetStart + start
+  }
+
+  var len = end - start
+
+  if (len < 1000 || !Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+      target[i + targetStart] = this[i + start]
+    }
+  } else {
+    target._set(this.subarray(start, start + len), targetStart)
+  }
+
+  return len
+}
+
+// fill(value, start=0, end=buffer.length)
+Buffer.prototype.fill = function fill (value, start, end) {
+  if (!value) value = 0
+  if (!start) start = 0
+  if (!end) end = this.length
+
+  if (end < start) throw new RangeError('end < start')
+
+  // Fill 0 bytes; we're done
+  if (end === start) return
+  if (this.length === 0) return
+
+  if (start < 0 || start >= this.length) throw new RangeError('start out of bounds')
+  if (end < 0 || end > this.length) throw new RangeError('end out of bounds')
+
+  var i
+  if (typeof value === 'number') {
+    for (i = start; i < end; i++) {
+      this[i] = value
+    }
+  } else {
+    var bytes = utf8ToBytes(value.toString())
+    var len = bytes.length
+    for (i = start; i < end; i++) {
+      this[i] = bytes[i % len]
+    }
+  }
+
+  return this
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new `ArrayBuffer` with the *copied* memory of the buffer instance.
+ * Added in Node 0.12. Only available in browsers that support ArrayBuffer.
+ */
+Buffer.prototype.toArrayBuffer = function toArrayBuffer () {
+  if (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined') {
+    if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+      return (new Buffer(this)).buffer
+    } else {
+      var buf = new Uint8Array(this.length)
+      for (var i = 0, len = buf.length; i < len; i += 1) {
+        buf[i] = this[i]
+      }
+      return buf.buffer
+    }
+  } else {
+    throw new TypeError('Buffer.toArrayBuffer not supported in this browser')
+  }
+}
+
+// HELPER FUNCTIONS
+// ================
+
+var BP = Buffer.prototype
+
+/**
+ * Augment a Uint8Array *instance* (not the Uint8Array class!) with Buffer methods
+ */
+Buffer._augment = function _augment (arr) {
+  arr.constructor = Buffer
+  arr._isBuffer = true
+
+  // save reference to original Uint8Array set method before overwriting
+  arr._set = arr.set
+
+  // deprecated, will be removed in node 0.13+
+  arr.get = BP.get
+  arr.set = BP.set
+
+  arr.write = BP.write
+  arr.toString = BP.toString
+  arr.toLocaleString = BP.toString
+  arr.toJSON = BP.toJSON
+  arr.equals = BP.equals
+  arr.compare = BP.compare
+  arr.indexOf = BP.indexOf
+  arr.copy = BP.copy
+  arr.slice = BP.slice
+  arr.readUIntLE = BP.readUIntLE
+  arr.readUIntBE = BP.readUIntBE
+  arr.readUInt8 = BP.readUInt8
+  arr.readUInt16LE = BP.readUInt16LE
+  arr.readUInt16BE = BP.readUInt16BE
+  arr.readUInt32LE = BP.readUInt32LE
+  arr.readUInt32BE = BP.readUInt32BE
+  arr.readIntLE = BP.readIntLE
+  arr.readIntBE = BP.readIntBE
+  arr.readInt8 = BP.readInt8
+  arr.readInt16LE = BP.readInt16LE
+  arr.readInt16BE = BP.readInt16BE
+  arr.readInt32LE = BP.readInt32LE
+  arr.readInt32BE = BP.readInt32BE
+  arr.readFloatLE = BP.readFloatLE
+  arr.readFloatBE = BP.readFloatBE
+  arr.readDoubleLE = BP.readDoubleLE
+  arr.readDoubleBE = BP.readDoubleBE
+  arr.writeUInt8 = BP.writeUInt8
+  arr.writeUIntLE = BP.writeUIntLE
+  arr.writeUIntBE = BP.writeUIntBE
+  arr.writeUInt16LE = BP.writeUInt16LE
+  arr.writeUInt16BE = BP.writeUInt16BE
+  arr.writeUInt32LE = BP.writeUInt32LE
+  arr.writeUInt32BE = BP.writeUInt32BE
+  arr.writeIntLE = BP.writeIntLE
+  arr.writeIntBE = BP.writeIntBE
+  arr.writeInt8 = BP.writeInt8
+  arr.writeInt16LE = BP.writeInt16LE
+  arr.writeInt16BE = BP.writeInt16BE
+  arr.writeInt32LE = BP.writeInt32LE
+  arr.writeInt32BE = BP.writeInt32BE
+  arr.writeFloatLE = BP.writeFloatLE
+  arr.writeFloatBE = BP.writeFloatBE
+  arr.writeDoubleLE = BP.writeDoubleLE
+  arr.writeDoubleBE = BP.writeDoubleBE
+  arr.fill = BP.fill
+  arr.inspect = BP.inspect
+  arr.toArrayBuffer = BP.toArrayBuffer
+
+  return arr
+}
+
+var INVALID_BASE64_RE = /[^+\/0-9A-z\-]/g
+
+function base64clean (str) {
+  // Node strips out invalid characters like \n and \t from the string, base64-js does not
+  str = stringtrim(str).replace(INVALID_BASE64_RE, '')
+  // Node converts strings with length < 2 to ''
+  if (str.length < 2) return ''
+  // Node allows for non-padded base64 strings (missing trailing ===), base64-js does not
+  while (str.length % 4 !== 0) {
+    str = str + '='
+  }
+  return str
+}
+
+function stringtrim (str) {
+  if (str.trim) return str.trim()
+  return str.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, '')
+}
+
+function toHex (n) {
+  if (n < 16) return '0' + n.toString(16)
+  return n.toString(16)
+}
+
+function utf8ToBytes (string, units) {
+  units = units || Infinity
+  var codePoint
+  var length = string.length
+  var leadSurrogate = null
+  var bytes = []
+  var i = 0
+
+  for (; i < length; i++) {
+    codePoint = string.charCodeAt(i)
+
+    // is surrogate component
+    if (codePoint > 0xD7FF && codePoint < 0xE000) {
+      // last char was a lead
+      if (leadSurrogate) {
+        // 2 leads in a row
+        if (codePoint < 0xDC00) {
+          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+          leadSurrogate = codePoint
+          continue
+        } else {
+          // valid surrogate pair
+          codePoint = leadSurrogate - 0xD800 << 10 | codePoint - 0xDC00 | 0x10000
+          leadSurrogate = null
+        }
+      } else {
+        // no lead yet
+
+        if (codePoint > 0xDBFF) {
+          // unexpected trail
+          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+          continue
+        } else if (i + 1 === length) {
+          // unpaired lead
+          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+          continue
+        } else {
+          // valid lead
+          leadSurrogate = codePoint
+          continue
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (leadSurrogate) {
+      // valid bmp char, but last char was a lead
+      if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+      leadSurrogate = null
+    }
+
+    // encode utf8
+    if (codePoint < 0x80) {
+      if ((units -= 1) < 0) break
+      bytes.push(codePoint)
+    } else if (codePoint < 0x800) {
+      if ((units -= 2) < 0) break
+      bytes.push(
+        codePoint >> 0x6 | 0xC0,
+        codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
+      )
+    } else if (codePoint < 0x10000) {
+      if ((units -= 3) < 0) break
+      bytes.push(
+        codePoint >> 0xC | 0xE0,
+        codePoint >> 0x6 & 0x3F | 0x80,
+        codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
+      )
+    } else if (codePoint < 0x200000) {
+      if ((units -= 4) < 0) break
+      bytes.push(
+        codePoint >> 0x12 | 0xF0,
+        codePoint >> 0xC & 0x3F | 0x80,
+        codePoint >> 0x6 & 0x3F | 0x80,
+        codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
+      )
+    } else {
+      throw new Error('Invalid code point')
+    }
+  }
+
+  return bytes
+}
+
+function asciiToBytes (str) {
+  var byteArray = []
+  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+    // Node's code seems to be doing this and not & 0x7F..
+    byteArray.push(str.charCodeAt(i) & 0xFF)
+  }
+  return byteArray
+}
+
+function utf16leToBytes (str, units) {
+  var c, hi, lo
+  var byteArray = []
+  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+    if ((units -= 2) < 0) break
+
+    c = str.charCodeAt(i)
+    hi = c >> 8
+    lo = c % 256
+    byteArray.push(lo)
+    byteArray.push(hi)
+  }
+
+  return byteArray
+}
+
+function base64ToBytes (str) {
+  return base64.toByteArray(base64clean(str))
+}
+
+function blitBuffer (src, dst, offset, length) {
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if ((i + offset >= dst.length) || (i >= src.length)) break
+    dst[i + offset] = src[i]
+  }
+  return i
+}
+
+function decodeUtf8Char (str) {
+  try {
+    return decodeURIComponent(str)
+  } catch (err) {
+    return String.fromCharCode(0xFFFD) // UTF 8 invalid char
+  }
+}
+
+},{"base64-js":39,"ieee754":40,"is-array":41}],39:[function(require,module,exports){
+var lookup = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
+
+;(function (exports) {
+	'use strict';
+
+  var Arr = (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined')
+    ? Uint8Array
+    : Array
+
+	var PLUS   = '+'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var SLASH  = '/'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var NUMBER = '0'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var LOWER  = 'a'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var UPPER  = 'A'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var PLUS_URL_SAFE = '-'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var SLASH_URL_SAFE = '_'.charCodeAt(0)
+
+	function decode (elt) {
+		var code = elt.charCodeAt(0)
+		if (code === PLUS ||
+		    code === PLUS_URL_SAFE)
+			return 62 // '+'
+		if (code === SLASH ||
+		    code === SLASH_URL_SAFE)
+			return 63 // '/'
+		if (code < NUMBER)
+			return -1 //no match
+		if (code < NUMBER + 10)
+			return code - NUMBER + 26 + 26
+		if (code < UPPER + 26)
+			return code - UPPER
+		if (code < LOWER + 26)
+			return code - LOWER + 26
+	}
+
+	function b64ToByteArray (b64) {
+		var i, j, l, tmp, placeHolders, arr
+
+		if (b64.length % 4 > 0) {
+			throw new Error('Invalid string. Length must be a multiple of 4')
+		}
+
+		// the number of equal signs (place holders)
+		// if there are two placeholders, than the two characters before it
+		// represent one byte
+		// if there is only one, then the three characters before it represent 2 bytes
+		// this is just a cheap hack to not do indexOf twice
+		var len = b64.length
+		placeHolders = '=' === b64.charAt(len - 2) ? 2 : '=' === b64.charAt(len - 1) ? 1 : 0
+
+		// base64 is 4/3 + up to two characters of the original data
+		arr = new Arr(b64.length * 3 / 4 - placeHolders)
+
+		// if there are placeholders, only get up to the last complete 4 chars
+		l = placeHolders > 0 ? b64.length - 4 : b64.length
+
+		var L = 0
+
+		function push (v) {
+			arr[L++] = v
+		}
+
+		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < l; i += 4, j += 3) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 18) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 12) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) << 6) | decode(b64.charAt(i + 3))
+			push((tmp & 0xFF0000) >> 16)
+			push((tmp & 0xFF00) >> 8)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		if (placeHolders === 2) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 2) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) >> 4)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		} else if (placeHolders === 1) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 10) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 4) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) >> 2)
+			push((tmp >> 8) & 0xFF)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		return arr
+	}
+
+	function uint8ToBase64 (uint8) {
+		var i,
+			extraBytes = uint8.length % 3, // if we have 1 byte left, pad 2 bytes
+			output = "",
+			temp, length
+
+		function encode (num) {
+			return lookup.charAt(num)
+		}
+
+		function tripletToBase64 (num) {
+			return encode(num >> 18 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 12 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 6 & 0x3F) + encode(num & 0x3F)
+		}
+
+		// go through the array every three bytes, we'll deal with trailing stuff later
+		for (i = 0, length = uint8.length - extraBytes; i < length; i += 3) {
+			temp = (uint8[i] << 16) + (uint8[i + 1] << 8) + (uint8[i + 2])
+			output += tripletToBase64(temp)
+		}
+
+		// pad the end with zeros, but make sure to not forget the extra bytes
+		switch (extraBytes) {
+			case 1:
+				temp = uint8[uint8.length - 1]
+				output += encode(temp >> 2)
+				output += encode((temp << 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += '=='
+				break
+			case 2:
+				temp = (uint8[uint8.length - 2] << 8) + (uint8[uint8.length - 1])
+				output += encode(temp >> 10)
+				output += encode((temp >> 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += encode((temp << 2) & 0x3F)
+				output += '='
+				break
+		}
+
+		return output
+	}
+
+	exports.toByteArray = b64ToByteArray
+	exports.fromByteArray = uint8ToBase64
+}(typeof exports === 'undefined' ? (this.base64js = {}) : exports))
+
+},{}],40:[function(require,module,exports){
+exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
+  var e, m
+  var eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1
+  var eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1
+  var eBias = eMax >> 1
+  var nBits = -7
+  var i = isLE ? (nBytes - 1) : 0
+  var d = isLE ? -1 : 1
+  var s = buffer[offset + i]
+
+  i += d
+
+  e = s & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1)
+  s >>= (-nBits)
+  nBits += eLen
+  for (; nBits > 0; e = e * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
+
+  m = e & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1)
+  e >>= (-nBits)
+  nBits += mLen
+  for (; nBits > 0; m = m * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
+
+  if (e === 0) {
+    e = 1 - eBias
+  } else if (e === eMax) {
+    return m ? NaN : ((s ? -1 : 1) * Infinity)
+  } else {
+    m = m + Math.pow(2, mLen)
+    e = e - eBias
+  }
+  return (s ? -1 : 1) * m * Math.pow(2, e - mLen)
+}
+
+exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
+  var e, m, c
+  var eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1
+  var eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1
+  var eBias = eMax >> 1
+  var rt = (mLen === 23 ? Math.pow(2, -24) - Math.pow(2, -77) : 0)
+  var i = isLE ? 0 : (nBytes - 1)
+  var d = isLE ? 1 : -1
+  var s = value < 0 || (value === 0 && 1 / value < 0) ? 1 : 0
+
+  value = Math.abs(value)
+
+  if (isNaN(value) || value === Infinity) {
+    m = isNaN(value) ? 1 : 0
+    e = eMax
+  } else {
+    e = Math.floor(Math.log(value) / Math.LN2)
+    if (value * (c = Math.pow(2, -e)) < 1) {
+      e--
+      c *= 2
+    }
+    if (e + eBias >= 1) {
+      value += rt / c
+    } else {
+      value += rt * Math.pow(2, 1 - eBias)
+    }
+    if (value * c >= 2) {
+      e++
+      c /= 2
+    }
+
+    if (e + eBias >= eMax) {
+      m = 0
+      e = eMax
+    } else if (e + eBias >= 1) {
+      m = (value * c - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
+      e = e + eBias
+    } else {
+      m = value * Math.pow(2, eBias - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
+      e = 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (; mLen >= 8; buffer[offset + i] = m & 0xff, i += d, m /= 256, mLen -= 8) {}
+
+  e = (e << mLen) | m
+  eLen += mLen
+  for (; eLen > 0; buffer[offset + i] = e & 0xff, i += d, e /= 256, eLen -= 8) {}
+
+  buffer[offset + i - d] |= s * 128
+}
+
+},{}],41:[function(require,module,exports){
+
+/**
+ * isArray
+ */
+
+var isArray = Array.isArray;
+
+/**
+ * toString
+ */
+
+var str = Object.prototype.toString;
+
+/**
+ * Whether or not the given `val`
+ * is an array.
+ *
+ * example:
+ *
+ *        isArray([]);
+ *        // > true
+ *        isArray(arguments);
+ *        // > false
+ *        isArray('');
+ *        // > false
+ *
+ * @param {mixed} val
+ * @return {bool}
+ */
+
+module.exports = isArray || function (val) {
+  return !! val && '[object Array]' == str.call(val);
+};
+
+},{}],42:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there
+// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array
+// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish
+// relative and absolute paths)
+function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) {
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    var last = parts[i];
+    if (last === '.') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (allowAboveRoot) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      parts.unshift('..');
+    }
+  }
+
+  return parts;
+}
+
+// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version
+// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing.
+var splitPathRe =
+    /^(\/?|)([\s\S]*?)((?:\.{1,2}|[^\/]+?|)(\.[^.\/]*|))(?:[\/]*)$/;
+var splitPath = function(filename) {
+  return splitPathRe.exec(filename).slice(1);
+};
+
+// path.resolve([from ...], to)
+// posix version
+exports.resolve = function() {
+  var resolvedPath = '',
+      resolvedAbsolute = false;
+
+  for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) {
+    var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : process.cwd();
+
+    // Skip empty and invalid entries
+    if (typeof path !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.resolve must be strings');
+    } else if (!path) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath;
+    resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/';
+  }
+
+  // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but
+  // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails)
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  resolvedPath = normalizeArray(filter(resolvedPath.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.';
+};
+
+// path.normalize(path)
+// posix version
+exports.normalize = function(path) {
+  var isAbsolute = exports.isAbsolute(path),
+      trailingSlash = substr(path, -1) === '/';
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  path = normalizeArray(filter(path.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !isAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  if (!path && !isAbsolute) {
+    path = '.';
+  }
+  if (path && trailingSlash) {
+    path += '/';
+  }
+
+  return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path;
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.isAbsolute = function(path) {
+  return path.charAt(0) === '/';
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.join = function() {
+  var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+  return exports.normalize(filter(paths, function(p, index) {
+    if (typeof p !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.join must be strings');
+    }
+    return p;
+  }).join('/'));
+};
+
+
+// path.relative(from, to)
+// posix version
+exports.relative = function(from, to) {
+  from = exports.resolve(from).substr(1);
+  to = exports.resolve(to).substr(1);
+
+  function trim(arr) {
+    var start = 0;
+    for (; start < arr.length; start++) {
+      if (arr[start] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    var end = arr.length - 1;
+    for (; end >= 0; end--) {
+      if (arr[end] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    if (start > end) return [];
+    return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1);
+  }
+
+  var fromParts = trim(from.split('/'));
+  var toParts = trim(to.split('/'));
+
+  var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length);
+  var samePartsLength = length;
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) {
+      samePartsLength = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  var outputParts = [];
+  for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) {
+    outputParts.push('..');
+  }
+
+  outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength));
+
+  return outputParts.join('/');
+};
+
+exports.sep = '/';
+exports.delimiter = ':';
+
+exports.dirname = function(path) {
+  var result = splitPath(path),
+      root = result[0],
+      dir = result[1];
+
+  if (!root && !dir) {
+    // No dirname whatsoever
+    return '.';
+  }
+
+  if (dir) {
+    // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash
+    dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1);
+  }
+
+  return root + dir;
+};
+
+
+exports.basename = function(path, ext) {
+  var f = splitPath(path)[2];
+  // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows?
+  if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) {
+    f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length);
+  }
+  return f;
+};
+
+
+exports.extname = function(path) {
+  return splitPath(path)[3];
+};
+
+function filter (xs, f) {
+    if (xs.filter) return xs.filter(f);
+    var res = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
+        if (f(xs[i], i, xs)) res.push(xs[i]);
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+// String.prototype.substr - negative index don't work in IE8
+var substr = 'ab'.substr(-1) === 'b'
+    ? function (str, start, len) { return str.substr(start, len) }
+    : function (str, start, len) {
+        if (start < 0) start = str.length + start;
+        return str.substr(start, len);
+    }
+;
+
+},{}],43:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+/*! https://mths.be/punycode v1.3.2 by @mathias */
+;(function(root) {
+
+	/** Detect free variables */
+	var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports &&
+		!exports.nodeType && exports;
+	var freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module &&
+		!module.nodeType && module;
+	var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global;
+	if (
+		freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal ||
+		freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal ||
+		freeGlobal.self === freeGlobal
+	) {
+		root = freeGlobal;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The `punycode` object.
+	 * @name punycode
+	 * @type Object
+	 */
+	var punycode,
+
+	/** Highest positive signed 32-bit float value */
+	maxInt = 2147483647, // aka. 0x7FFFFFFF or 2^31-1
+
+	/** Bootstring parameters */
+	base = 36,
+	tMin = 1,
+	tMax = 26,
+	skew = 38,
+	damp = 700,
+	initialBias = 72,
+	initialN = 128, // 0x80
+	delimiter = '-', // '\x2D'
+
+	/** Regular expressions */
+	regexPunycode = /^xn--/,
+	regexNonASCII = /[^\x20-\x7E]/, // unprintable ASCII chars + non-ASCII chars
+	regexSeparators = /[\x2E\u3002\uFF0E\uFF61]/g, // RFC 3490 separators
+
+	/** Error messages */
+	errors = {
+		'overflow': 'Overflow: input needs wider integers to process',
+		'not-basic': 'Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)',
+		'invalid-input': 'Invalid input'
+	},
+
+	/** Convenience shortcuts */
+	baseMinusTMin = base - tMin,
+	floor = Math.floor,
+	stringFromCharCode = String.fromCharCode,
+
+	/** Temporary variable */
+	key;
+
+	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+	/**
+	 * A generic error utility function.
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {String} type The error type.
+	 * @returns {Error} Throws a `RangeError` with the applicable error message.
+	 */
+	function error(type) {
+		throw RangeError(errors[type]);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A generic `Array#map` utility function.
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every array
+	 * item.
+	 * @returns {Array} A new array of values returned by the callback function.
+	 */
+	function map(array, fn) {
+		var length = array.length;
+		var result = [];
+		while (length--) {
+			result[length] = fn(array[length]);
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A simple `Array#map`-like wrapper to work with domain name strings or email
+	 * addresses.
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {String} domain The domain name or email address.
+	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every
+	 * character.
+	 * @returns {Array} A new string of characters returned by the callback
+	 * function.
+	 */
+	function mapDomain(string, fn) {
+		var parts = string.split('@');
+		var result = '';
+		if (parts.length > 1) {
+			// In email addresses, only the domain name should be punycoded. Leave
+			// the local part (i.e. everything up to `@`) intact.
+			result = parts[0] + '@';
+			string = parts[1];
+		}
+		// Avoid `split(regex)` for IE8 compatibility. See #17.
+		string = string.replace(regexSeparators, '\x2E');
+		var labels = string.split('.');
+		var encoded = map(labels, fn).join('.');
+		return result + encoded;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates an array containing the numeric code points of each Unicode
+	 * character in the string. While JavaScript uses UCS-2 internally,
+	 * this function will convert a pair of surrogate halves (each of which
+	 * UCS-2 exposes as separate characters) into a single code point,
+	 * matching UTF-16.
+	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.encode`
+	 * @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
+	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
+	 * @name decode
+	 * @param {String} string The Unicode input string (UCS-2).
+	 * @returns {Array} The new array of code points.
+	 */
+	function ucs2decode(string) {
+		var output = [],
+		    counter = 0,
+		    length = string.length,
+		    value,
+		    extra;
+		while (counter < length) {
+			value = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
+			if (value >= 0xD800 && value <= 0xDBFF && counter < length) {
+				// high surrogate, and there is a next character
+				extra = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
+				if ((extra & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) { // low surrogate
+					output.push(((value & 0x3FF) << 10) + (extra & 0x3FF) + 0x10000);
+				} else {
+					// unmatched surrogate; only append this code unit, in case the next
+					// code unit is the high surrogate of a surrogate pair
+					output.push(value);
+					counter--;
+				}
+			} else {
+				output.push(value);
+			}
+		}
+		return output;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a string based on an array of numeric code points.
+	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.decode`
+	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
+	 * @name encode
+	 * @param {Array} codePoints The array of numeric code points.
+	 * @returns {String} The new Unicode string (UCS-2).
+	 */
+	function ucs2encode(array) {
+		return map(array, function(value) {
+			var output = '';
+			if (value > 0xFFFF) {
+				value -= 0x10000;
+				output += stringFromCharCode(value >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800);
+				value = 0xDC00 | value & 0x3FF;
+			}
+			output += stringFromCharCode(value);
+			return output;
+		}).join('');
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a basic code point into a digit/integer.
+	 * @see `digitToBasic()`
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Number} codePoint The basic numeric code point value.
+	 * @returns {Number} The numeric value of a basic code point (for use in
+	 * representing integers) in the range `0` to `base - 1`, or `base` if
+	 * the code point does not represent a value.
+	 */
+	function basicToDigit(codePoint) {
+		if (codePoint - 48 < 10) {
+			return codePoint - 22;
+		}
+		if (codePoint - 65 < 26) {
+			return codePoint - 65;
+		}
+		if (codePoint - 97 < 26) {
+			return codePoint - 97;
+		}
+		return base;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a digit/integer into a basic code point.
+	 * @see `basicToDigit()`
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Number} digit The numeric value of a basic code point.
+	 * @returns {Number} The basic code point whose value (when used for
+	 * representing integers) is `digit`, which needs to be in the range
+	 * `0` to `base - 1`. If `flag` is non-zero, the uppercase form is
+	 * used; else, the lowercase form is used. The behavior is undefined
+	 * if `flag` is non-zero and `digit` has no uppercase form.
+	 */
+	function digitToBasic(digit, flag) {
+		//  0..25 map to ASCII a..z or A..Z
+		// 26..35 map to ASCII 0..9
+		return digit + 22 + 75 * (digit < 26) - ((flag != 0) << 5);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Bias adaptation function as per section 3.4 of RFC 3492.
+	 * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492#section-3.4
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	function adapt(delta, numPoints, firstTime) {
+		var k = 0;
+		delta = firstTime ? floor(delta / damp) : delta >> 1;
+		delta += floor(delta / numPoints);
+		for (/* no initialization */; delta > baseMinusTMin * tMax >> 1; k += base) {
+			delta = floor(delta / baseMinusTMin);
+		}
+		return floor(k + (baseMinusTMin + 1) * delta / (delta + skew));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols to a string of Unicode
+	 * symbols.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
+	 * @returns {String} The resulting string of Unicode symbols.
+	 */
+	function decode(input) {
+		// Don't use UCS-2
+		var output = [],
+		    inputLength = input.length,
+		    out,
+		    i = 0,
+		    n = initialN,
+		    bias = initialBias,
+		    basic,
+		    j,
+		    index,
+		    oldi,
+		    w,
+		    k,
+		    digit,
+		    t,
+		    /** Cached calculation results */
+		    baseMinusT;
+
+		// Handle the basic code points: let `basic` be the number of input code
+		// points before the last delimiter, or `0` if there is none, then copy
+		// the first basic code points to the output.
+
+		basic = input.lastIndexOf(delimiter);
+		if (basic < 0) {
+			basic = 0;
+		}
+
+		for (j = 0; j < basic; ++j) {
+			// if it's not a basic code point
+			if (input.charCodeAt(j) >= 0x80) {
+				error('not-basic');
+			}
+			output.push(input.charCodeAt(j));
+		}
+
+		// Main decoding loop: start just after the last delimiter if any basic code
+		// points were copied; start at the beginning otherwise.
+
+		for (index = basic > 0 ? basic + 1 : 0; index < inputLength; /* no final expression */) {
+
+			// `index` is the index of the next character to be consumed.
+			// Decode a generalized variable-length integer into `delta`,
+			// which gets added to `i`. The overflow checking is easier
+			// if we increase `i` as we go, then subtract off its starting
+			// value at the end to obtain `delta`.
+			for (oldi = i, w = 1, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
+
+				if (index >= inputLength) {
+					error('invalid-input');
+				}
+
+				digit = basicToDigit(input.charCodeAt(index++));
+
+				if (digit >= base || digit > floor((maxInt - i) / w)) {
+					error('overflow');
+				}
+
+				i += digit * w;
+				t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
+
+				if (digit < t) {
+					break;
+				}
+
+				baseMinusT = base - t;
+				if (w > floor(maxInt / baseMinusT)) {
+					error('overflow');
+				}
+
+				w *= baseMinusT;
+
+			}
+
+			out = output.length + 1;
+			bias = adapt(i - oldi, out, oldi == 0);
+
+			// `i` was supposed to wrap around from `out` to `0`,
+			// incrementing `n` each time, so we'll fix that now:
+			if (floor(i / out) > maxInt - n) {
+				error('overflow');
+			}
+
+			n += floor(i / out);
+			i %= out;
+
+			// Insert `n` at position `i` of the output
+			output.splice(i++, 0, n);
+
+		}
+
+		return ucs2encode(output);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a string of Unicode symbols (e.g. a domain name label) to a
+	 * Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The string of Unicode symbols.
+	 * @returns {String} The resulting Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
+	 */
+	function encode(input) {
+		var n,
+		    delta,
+		    handledCPCount,
+		    basicLength,
+		    bias,
+		    j,
+		    m,
+		    q,
+		    k,
+		    t,
+		    currentValue,
+		    output = [],
+		    /** `inputLength` will hold the number of code points in `input`. */
+		    inputLength,
+		    /** Cached calculation results */
+		    handledCPCountPlusOne,
+		    baseMinusT,
+		    qMinusT;
+
+		// Convert the input in UCS-2 to Unicode
+		input = ucs2decode(input);
+
+		// Cache the length
+		inputLength = input.length;
+
+		// Initialize the state
+		n = initialN;
+		delta = 0;
+		bias = initialBias;
+
+		// Handle the basic code points
+		for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
+			currentValue = input[j];
+			if (currentValue < 0x80) {
+				output.push(stringFromCharCode(currentValue));
+			}
+		}
+
+		handledCPCount = basicLength = output.length;
+
+		// `handledCPCount` is the number of code points that have been handled;
+		// `basicLength` is the number of basic code points.
+
+		// Finish the basic string - if it is not empty - with a delimiter
+		if (basicLength) {
+			output.push(delimiter);
+		}
+
+		// Main encoding loop:
+		while (handledCPCount < inputLength) {
+
+			// All non-basic code points < n have been handled already. Find the next
+			// larger one:
+			for (m = maxInt, j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
+				currentValue = input[j];
+				if (currentValue >= n && currentValue < m) {
+					m = currentValue;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Increase `delta` enough to advance the decoder's <n,i> state to <m,0>,
+			// but guard against overflow
+			handledCPCountPlusOne = handledCPCount + 1;
+			if (m - n > floor((maxInt - delta) / handledCPCountPlusOne)) {
+				error('overflow');
+			}
+
+			delta += (m - n) * handledCPCountPlusOne;
+			n = m;
+
+			for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
+				currentValue = input[j];
+
+				if (currentValue < n && ++delta > maxInt) {
+					error('overflow');
+				}
+
+				if (currentValue == n) {
+					// Represent delta as a generalized variable-length integer
+					for (q = delta, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
+						t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
+						if (q < t) {
+							break;
+						}
+						qMinusT = q - t;
+						baseMinusT = base - t;
+						output.push(
+							stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(t + qMinusT % baseMinusT, 0))
+						);
+						q = floor(qMinusT / baseMinusT);
+					}
+
+					output.push(stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(q, 0)));
+					bias = adapt(delta, handledCPCountPlusOne, handledCPCount == basicLength);
+					delta = 0;
+					++handledCPCount;
+				}
+			}
+
+			++delta;
+			++n;
+
+		}
+		return output.join('');
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a Punycode string representing a domain name or an email address
+	 * to Unicode. Only the Punycoded parts of the input will be converted, i.e.
+	 * it doesn't matter if you call it on a string that has already been
+	 * converted to Unicode.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The Punycoded domain name or email address to
+	 * convert to Unicode.
+	 * @returns {String} The Unicode representation of the given Punycode
+	 * string.
+	 */
+	function toUnicode(input) {
+		return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
+			return regexPunycode.test(string)
+				? decode(string.slice(4).toLowerCase())
+				: string;
+		});
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a Unicode string representing a domain name or an email address to
+	 * Punycode. Only the non-ASCII parts of the domain name will be converted,
+	 * i.e. it doesn't matter if you call it with a domain that's already in
+	 * ASCII.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The domain name or email address to convert, as a
+	 * Unicode string.
+	 * @returns {String} The Punycode representation of the given domain name or
+	 * email address.
+	 */
+	function toASCII(input) {
+		return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
+			return regexNonASCII.test(string)
+				? 'xn--' + encode(string)
+				: string;
+		});
+	}
+
+	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+	/** Define the public API */
+	punycode = {
+		/**
+		 * A string representing the current Punycode.js version number.
+		 * @memberOf punycode
+		 * @type String
+		 */
+		'version': '1.3.2',
+		/**
+		 * An object of methods to convert from JavaScript's internal character
+		 * representation (UCS-2) to Unicode code points, and back.
+		 * @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
+		 * @memberOf punycode
+		 * @type Object
+		 */
+		'ucs2': {
+			'decode': ucs2decode,
+			'encode': ucs2encode
+		},
+		'decode': decode,
+		'encode': encode,
+		'toASCII': toASCII,
+		'toUnicode': toUnicode
+	};
+
+	/** Expose `punycode` */
+	// Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns
+	// like the following:
+	if (
+		typeof define == 'function' &&
+		typeof define.amd == 'object' &&
+		define.amd
+	) {
+		define('punycode', function() {
+			return punycode;
+		});
+	} else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
+		if (module.exports == freeExports) { // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+
+			freeModule.exports = punycode;
+		} else { // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-
+			for (key in punycode) {
+				punycode.hasOwnProperty(key) && (freeExports[key] = punycode[key]);
+			}
+		}
+	} else { // in Rhino or a web browser
+		root.punycode = punycode;
+	}
+
+}(this));
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{}],44:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+'use strict';
+
+// If obj.hasOwnProperty has been overridden, then calling
+// obj.hasOwnProperty(prop) will break.
+// See: https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/1707
+function hasOwnProperty(obj, prop) {
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop);
+}
+
+module.exports = function(qs, sep, eq, options) {
+  sep = sep || '&';
+  eq = eq || '=';
+  var obj = {};
+
+  if (typeof qs !== 'string' || qs.length === 0) {
+    return obj;
+  }
+
+  var regexp = /\+/g;
+  qs = qs.split(sep);
+
+  var maxKeys = 1000;
+  if (options && typeof options.maxKeys === 'number') {
+    maxKeys = options.maxKeys;
+  }
+
+  var len = qs.length;
+  // maxKeys <= 0 means that we should not limit keys count
+  if (maxKeys > 0 && len > maxKeys) {
+    len = maxKeys;
+  }
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+    var x = qs[i].replace(regexp, '%20'),
+        idx = x.indexOf(eq),
+        kstr, vstr, k, v;
+
+    if (idx >= 0) {
+      kstr = x.substr(0, idx);
+      vstr = x.substr(idx + 1);
+    } else {
+      kstr = x;
+      vstr = '';
+    }
+
+    k = decodeURIComponent(kstr);
+    v = decodeURIComponent(vstr);
+
+    if (!hasOwnProperty(obj, k)) {
+      obj[k] = v;
+    } else if (isArray(obj[k])) {
+      obj[k].push(v);
+    } else {
+      obj[k] = [obj[k], v];
+    }
+  }
+
+  return obj;
+};
+
+var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) {
+  return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]';
+};
+
+},{}],45:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+'use strict';
+
+var stringifyPrimitive = function(v) {
+  switch (typeof v) {
+    case 'string':
+      return v;
+
+    case 'boolean':
+      return v ? 'true' : 'false';
+
+    case 'number':
+      return isFinite(v) ? v : '';
+
+    default:
+      return '';
+  }
+};
+
+module.exports = function(obj, sep, eq, name) {
+  sep = sep || '&';
+  eq = eq || '=';
+  if (obj === null) {
+    obj = undefined;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof obj === 'object') {
+    return map(objectKeys(obj), function(k) {
+      var ks = encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(k)) + eq;
+      if (isArray(obj[k])) {
+        return map(obj[k], function(v) {
+          return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(v));
+        }).join(sep);
+      } else {
+        return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj[k]));
+      }
+    }).join(sep);
+
+  }
+
+  if (!name) return '';
+  return encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(name)) + eq +
+         encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj));
+};
+
+var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) {
+  return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]';
+};
+
+function map (xs, f) {
+  if (xs.map) return xs.map(f);
+  var res = [];
+  for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
+    res.push(f(xs[i], i));
+  }
+  return res;
+}
+
+var objectKeys = Object.keys || function (obj) {
+  var res = [];
+  for (var key in obj) {
+    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) res.push(key);
+  }
+  return res;
+};
+
+},{}],46:[function(require,module,exports){
+'use strict';
+
+exports.decode = exports.parse = require('./decode');
+exports.encode = exports.stringify = require('./encode');
+
+},{"./decode":44,"./encode":45}],47:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+var punycode = require('punycode');
+
+exports.parse = urlParse;
+exports.resolve = urlResolve;
+exports.resolveObject = urlResolveObject;
+exports.format = urlFormat;
+
+exports.Url = Url;
+
+function Url() {
+  this.protocol = null;
+  this.slashes = null;
+  this.auth = null;
+  this.host = null;
+  this.port = null;
+  this.hostname = null;
+  this.hash = null;
+  this.search = null;
+  this.query = null;
+  this.pathname = null;
+  this.path = null;
+  this.href = null;
+}
+
+// Reference: RFC 3986, RFC 1808, RFC 2396
+
+// define these here so at least they only have to be
+// compiled once on the first module load.
+var protocolPattern = /^([a-z0-9.+-]+:)/i,
+    portPattern = /:[0-9]*$/,
+
+    // RFC 2396: characters reserved for delimiting URLs.
+    // We actually just auto-escape these.
+    delims = ['<', '>', '"', '`', ' ', '\r', '\n', '\t'],
+
+    // RFC 2396: characters not allowed for various reasons.
+    unwise = ['{', '}', '|', '\\', '^', '`'].concat(delims),
+
+    // Allowed by RFCs, but cause of XSS attacks.  Always escape these.
+    autoEscape = ['\''].concat(unwise),
+    // Characters that are never ever allowed in a hostname.
+    // Note that any invalid chars are also handled, but these
+    // are the ones that are *expected* to be seen, so we fast-path
+    // them.
+    nonHostChars = ['%', '/', '?', ';', '#'].concat(autoEscape),
+    hostEndingChars = ['/', '?', '#'],
+    hostnameMaxLen = 255,
+    hostnamePartPattern = /^[a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63}$/,
+    hostnamePartStart = /^([a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63})(.*)$/,
+    // protocols that can allow "unsafe" and "unwise" chars.
+    unsafeProtocol = {
+      'javascript': true,
+      'javascript:': true
+    },
+    // protocols that never have a hostname.
+    hostlessProtocol = {
+      'javascript': true,
+      'javascript:': true
+    },
+    // protocols that always contain a // bit.
+    slashedProtocol = {
+      'http': true,
+      'https': true,
+      'ftp': true,
+      'gopher': true,
+      'file': true,
+      'http:': true,
+      'https:': true,
+      'ftp:': true,
+      'gopher:': true,
+      'file:': true
+    },
+    querystring = require('querystring');
+
+function urlParse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) {
+  if (url && isObject(url) && url instanceof Url) return url;
+
+  var u = new Url;
+  u.parse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost);
+  return u;
+}
+
+Url.prototype.parse = function(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) {
+  if (!isString(url)) {
+    throw new TypeError("Parameter 'url' must be a string, not " + typeof url);
+  }
+
+  var rest = url;
+
+  // trim before proceeding.
+  // This is to support parse stuff like "  http://foo.com  \n"
+  rest = rest.trim();
+
+  var proto = protocolPattern.exec(rest);
+  if (proto) {
+    proto = proto[0];
+    var lowerProto = proto.toLowerCase();
+    this.protocol = lowerProto;
+    rest = rest.substr(proto.length);
+  }
+
+  // figure out if it's got a host
+  // user@server is *always* interpreted as a hostname, and url
+  // resolution will treat //foo/bar as host=foo,path=bar because that's
+  // how the browser resolves relative URLs.
+  if (slashesDenoteHost || proto || rest.match(/^\/\/[^@\/]+@[^@\/]+/)) {
+    var slashes = rest.substr(0, 2) === '//';
+    if (slashes && !(proto && hostlessProtocol[proto])) {
+      rest = rest.substr(2);
+      this.slashes = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!hostlessProtocol[proto] &&
+      (slashes || (proto && !slashedProtocol[proto]))) {
+
+    // there's a hostname.
+    // the first instance of /, ?, ;, or # ends the host.
+    //
+    // If there is an @ in the hostname, then non-host chars *are* allowed
+    // to the left of the last @ sign, unless some host-ending character
+    // comes *before* the @-sign.
+    // URLs are obnoxious.
+    //
+    // ex:
+    // http://a@b@c/ => user:a@b host:c
+    // http://a@b?@c => user:a host:c path:/?@c
+
+    // v0.12 TODO(isaacs): This is not quite how Chrome does things.
+    // Review our test case against browsers more comprehensively.
+
+    // find the first instance of any hostEndingChars
+    var hostEnd = -1;
+    for (var i = 0; i < hostEndingChars.length; i++) {
+      var hec = rest.indexOf(hostEndingChars[i]);
+      if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd))
+        hostEnd = hec;
+    }
+
+    // at this point, either we have an explicit point where the
+    // auth portion cannot go past, or the last @ char is the decider.
+    var auth, atSign;
+    if (hostEnd === -1) {
+      // atSign can be anywhere.
+      atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@');
+    } else {
+      // atSign must be in auth portion.
+      // http://a@b/c@d => host:b auth:a path:/c@d
+      atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@', hostEnd);
+    }
+
+    // Now we have a portion which is definitely the auth.
+    // Pull that off.
+    if (atSign !== -1) {
+      auth = rest.slice(0, atSign);
+      rest = rest.slice(atSign + 1);
+      this.auth = decodeURIComponent(auth);
+    }
+
+    // the host is the remaining to the left of the first non-host char
+    hostEnd = -1;
+    for (var i = 0; i < nonHostChars.length; i++) {
+      var hec = rest.indexOf(nonHostChars[i]);
+      if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd))
+        hostEnd = hec;
+    }
+    // if we still have not hit it, then the entire thing is a host.
+    if (hostEnd === -1)
+      hostEnd = rest.length;
+
+    this.host = rest.slice(0, hostEnd);
+    rest = rest.slice(hostEnd);
+
+    // pull out port.
+    this.parseHost();
+
+    // we've indicated that there is a hostname,
+    // so even if it's empty, it has to be present.
+    this.hostname = this.hostname || '';
+
+    // if hostname begins with [ and ends with ]
+    // assume that it's an IPv6 address.
+    var ipv6Hostname = this.hostname[0] === '[' &&
+        this.hostname[this.hostname.length - 1] === ']';
+
+    // validate a little.
+    if (!ipv6Hostname) {
+      var hostparts = this.hostname.split(/\./);
+      for (var i = 0, l = hostparts.length; i < l; i++) {
+        var part = hostparts[i];
+        if (!part) continue;
+        if (!part.match(hostnamePartPattern)) {
+          var newpart = '';
+          for (var j = 0, k = part.length; j < k; j++) {
+            if (part.charCodeAt(j) > 127) {
+              // we replace non-ASCII char with a temporary placeholder
+              // we need this to make sure size of hostname is not
+              // broken by replacing non-ASCII by nothing
+              newpart += 'x';
+            } else {
+              newpart += part[j];
+            }
+          }
+          // we test again with ASCII char only
+          if (!newpart.match(hostnamePartPattern)) {
+            var validParts = hostparts.slice(0, i);
+            var notHost = hostparts.slice(i + 1);
+            var bit = part.match(hostnamePartStart);
+            if (bit) {
+              validParts.push(bit[1]);
+              notHost.unshift(bit[2]);
+            }
+            if (notHost.length) {
+              rest = '/' + notHost.join('.') + rest;
+            }
+            this.hostname = validParts.join('.');
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (this.hostname.length > hostnameMaxLen) {
+      this.hostname = '';
+    } else {
+      // hostnames are always lower case.
+      this.hostname = this.hostname.toLowerCase();
+    }
+
+    if (!ipv6Hostname) {
+      // IDNA Support: Returns a puny coded representation of "domain".
+      // It only converts the part of the domain name that
+      // has non ASCII characters. I.e. it dosent matter if
+      // you call it with a domain that already is in ASCII.
+      var domainArray = this.hostname.split('.');
+      var newOut = [];
+      for (var i = 0; i < domainArray.length; ++i) {
+        var s = domainArray[i];
+        newOut.push(s.match(/[^A-Za-z0-9_-]/) ?
+            'xn--' + punycode.encode(s) : s);
+      }
+      this.hostname = newOut.join('.');
+    }
+
+    var p = this.port ? ':' + this.port : '';
+    var h = this.hostname || '';
+    this.host = h + p;
+    this.href += this.host;
+
+    // strip [ and ] from the hostname
+    // the host field still retains them, though
+    if (ipv6Hostname) {
+      this.hostname = this.hostname.substr(1, this.hostname.length - 2);
+      if (rest[0] !== '/') {
+        rest = '/' + rest;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // now rest is set to the post-host stuff.
+  // chop off any delim chars.
+  if (!unsafeProtocol[lowerProto]) {
+
+    // First, make 100% sure that any "autoEscape" chars get
+    // escaped, even if encodeURIComponent doesn't think they
+    // need to be.
+    for (var i = 0, l = autoEscape.length; i < l; i++) {
+      var ae = autoEscape[i];
+      var esc = encodeURIComponent(ae);
+      if (esc === ae) {
+        esc = escape(ae);
+      }
+      rest = rest.split(ae).join(esc);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  // chop off from the tail first.
+  var hash = rest.indexOf('#');
+  if (hash !== -1) {
+    // got a fragment string.
+    this.hash = rest.substr(hash);
+    rest = rest.slice(0, hash);
+  }
+  var qm = rest.indexOf('?');
+  if (qm !== -1) {
+    this.search = rest.substr(qm);
+    this.query = rest.substr(qm + 1);
+    if (parseQueryString) {
+      this.query = querystring.parse(this.query);
+    }
+    rest = rest.slice(0, qm);
+  } else if (parseQueryString) {
+    // no query string, but parseQueryString still requested
+    this.search = '';
+    this.query = {};
+  }
+  if (rest) this.pathname = rest;
+  if (slashedProtocol[lowerProto] &&
+      this.hostname && !this.pathname) {
+    this.pathname = '/';
+  }
+
+  //to support http.request
+  if (this.pathname || this.search) {
+    var p = this.pathname || '';
+    var s = this.search || '';
+    this.path = p + s;
+  }
+
+  // finally, reconstruct the href based on what has been validated.
+  this.href = this.format();
+  return this;
+};
+
+// format a parsed object into a url string
+function urlFormat(obj) {
+  // ensure it's an object, and not a string url.
+  // If it's an obj, this is a no-op.
+  // this way, you can call url_format() on strings
+  // to clean up potentially wonky urls.
+  if (isString(obj)) obj = urlParse(obj);
+  if (!(obj instanceof Url)) return Url.prototype.format.call(obj);
+  return obj.format();
+}
+
+Url.prototype.format = function() {
+  var auth = this.auth || '';
+  if (auth) {
+    auth = encodeURIComponent(auth);
+    auth = auth.replace(/%3A/i, ':');
+    auth += '@';
+  }
+
+  var protocol = this.protocol || '',
+      pathname = this.pathname || '',
+      hash = this.hash || '',
+      host = false,
+      query = '';
+
+  if (this.host) {
+    host = auth + this.host;
+  } else if (this.hostname) {
+    host = auth + (this.hostname.indexOf(':') === -1 ?
+        this.hostname :
+        '[' + this.hostname + ']');
+    if (this.port) {
+      host += ':' + this.port;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (this.query &&
+      isObject(this.query) &&
+      Object.keys(this.query).length) {
+    query = querystring.stringify(this.query);
+  }
+
+  var search = this.search || (query && ('?' + query)) || '';
+
+  if (protocol && protocol.substr(-1) !== ':') protocol += ':';
+
+  // only the slashedProtocols get the //.  Not mailto:, xmpp:, etc.
+  // unless they had them to begin with.
+  if (this.slashes ||
+      (!protocol || slashedProtocol[protocol]) && host !== false) {
+    host = '//' + (host || '');
+    if (pathname && pathname.charAt(0) !== '/') pathname = '/' + pathname;
+  } else if (!host) {
+    host = '';
+  }
+
+  if (hash && hash.charAt(0) !== '#') hash = '#' + hash;
+  if (search && search.charAt(0) !== '?') search = '?' + search;
+
+  pathname = pathname.replace(/[?#]/g, function(match) {
+    return encodeURIComponent(match);
+  });
+  search = search.replace('#', '%23');
+
+  return protocol + host + pathname + search + hash;
+};
+
+function urlResolve(source, relative) {
+  return urlParse(source, false, true).resolve(relative);
+}
+
+Url.prototype.resolve = function(relative) {
+  return this.resolveObject(urlParse(relative, false, true)).format();
+};
+
+function urlResolveObject(source, relative) {
+  if (!source) return relative;
+  return urlParse(source, false, true).resolveObject(relative);
+}
+
+Url.prototype.resolveObject = function(relative) {
+  if (isString(relative)) {
+    var rel = new Url();
+    rel.parse(relative, false, true);
+    relative = rel;
+  }
+
+  var result = new Url();
+  Object.keys(this).forEach(function(k) {
+    result[k] = this[k];
+  }, this);
+
+  // hash is always overridden, no matter what.
+  // even href="" will remove it.
+  result.hash = relative.hash;
+
+  // if the relative url is empty, then there's nothing left to do here.
+  if (relative.href === '') {
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // hrefs like //foo/bar always cut to the protocol.
+  if (relative.slashes && !relative.protocol) {
+    // take everything except the protocol from relative
+    Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) {
+      if (k !== 'protocol')
+        result[k] = relative[k];
+    });
+
+    //urlParse appends trailing / to urls like http://www.example.com
+    if (slashedProtocol[result.protocol] &&
+        result.hostname && !result.pathname) {
+      result.path = result.pathname = '/';
+    }
+
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  if (relative.protocol && relative.protocol !== result.protocol) {
+    // if it's a known url protocol, then changing
+    // the protocol does weird things
+    // first, if it's not file:, then we MUST have a host,
+    // and if there was a path
+    // to begin with, then we MUST have a path.
+    // if it is file:, then the host is dropped,
+    // because that's known to be hostless.
+    // anything else is assumed to be absolute.
+    if (!slashedProtocol[relative.protocol]) {
+      Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) {
+        result[k] = relative[k];
+      });
+      result.href = result.format();
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    result.protocol = relative.protocol;
+    if (!relative.host && !hostlessProtocol[relative.protocol]) {
+      var relPath = (relative.pathname || '').split('/');
+      while (relPath.length && !(relative.host = relPath.shift()));
+      if (!relative.host) relative.host = '';
+      if (!relative.hostname) relative.hostname = '';
+      if (relPath[0] !== '') relPath.unshift('');
+      if (relPath.length < 2) relPath.unshift('');
+      result.pathname = relPath.join('/');
+    } else {
+      result.pathname = relative.pathname;
+    }
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+    result.host = relative.host || '';
+    result.auth = relative.auth;
+    result.hostname = relative.hostname || relative.host;
+    result.port = relative.port;
+    // to support http.request
+    if (result.pathname || result.search) {
+      var p = result.pathname || '';
+      var s = result.search || '';
+      result.path = p + s;
+    }
+    result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes;
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  var isSourceAbs = (result.pathname && result.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'),
+      isRelAbs = (
+          relative.host ||
+          relative.pathname && relative.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'
+      ),
+      mustEndAbs = (isRelAbs || isSourceAbs ||
+                    (result.host && relative.pathname)),
+      removeAllDots = mustEndAbs,
+      srcPath = result.pathname && result.pathname.split('/') || [],
+      relPath = relative.pathname && relative.pathname.split('/') || [],
+      psychotic = result.protocol && !slashedProtocol[result.protocol];
+
+  // if the url is a non-slashed url, then relative
+  // links like ../.. should be able
+  // to crawl up to the hostname, as well.  This is strange.
+  // result.protocol has already been set by now.
+  // Later on, put the first path part into the host field.
+  if (psychotic) {
+    result.hostname = '';
+    result.port = null;
+    if (result.host) {
+      if (srcPath[0] === '') srcPath[0] = result.host;
+      else srcPath.unshift(result.host);
+    }
+    result.host = '';
+    if (relative.protocol) {
+      relative.hostname = null;
+      relative.port = null;
+      if (relative.host) {
+        if (relPath[0] === '') relPath[0] = relative.host;
+        else relPath.unshift(relative.host);
+      }
+      relative.host = null;
+    }
+    mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs && (relPath[0] === '' || srcPath[0] === '');
+  }
+
+  if (isRelAbs) {
+    // it's absolute.
+    result.host = (relative.host || relative.host === '') ?
+                  relative.host : result.host;
+    result.hostname = (relative.hostname || relative.hostname === '') ?
+                      relative.hostname : result.hostname;
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+    srcPath = relPath;
+    // fall through to the dot-handling below.
+  } else if (relPath.length) {
+    // it's relative
+    // throw away the existing file, and take the new path instead.
+    if (!srcPath) srcPath = [];
+    srcPath.pop();
+    srcPath = srcPath.concat(relPath);
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+  } else if (!isNullOrUndefined(relative.search)) {
+    // just pull out the search.
+    // like href='?foo'.
+    // Put this after the other two cases because it simplifies the booleans
+    if (psychotic) {
+      result.hostname = result.host = srcPath.shift();
+      //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host
+      //this especialy happens in cases like
+      //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2')
+      var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ?
+                       result.host.split('@') : false;
+      if (authInHost) {
+        result.auth = authInHost.shift();
+        result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift();
+      }
+    }
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+    //to support http.request
+    if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) {
+      result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') +
+                    (result.search ? result.search : '');
+    }
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  if (!srcPath.length) {
+    // no path at all.  easy.
+    // we've already handled the other stuff above.
+    result.pathname = null;
+    //to support http.request
+    if (result.search) {
+      result.path = '/' + result.search;
+    } else {
+      result.path = null;
+    }
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // if a url ENDs in . or .., then it must get a trailing slash.
+  // however, if it ends in anything else non-slashy,
+  // then it must NOT get a trailing slash.
+  var last = srcPath.slice(-1)[0];
+  var hasTrailingSlash = (
+      (result.host || relative.host) && (last === '.' || last === '..') ||
+      last === '');
+
+  // strip single dots, resolve double dots to parent dir
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = srcPath.length; i >= 0; i--) {
+    last = srcPath[i];
+    if (last == '.') {
+      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (!mustEndAbs && !removeAllDots) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      srcPath.unshift('..');
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (mustEndAbs && srcPath[0] !== '' &&
+      (!srcPath[0] || srcPath[0].charAt(0) !== '/')) {
+    srcPath.unshift('');
+  }
+
+  if (hasTrailingSlash && (srcPath.join('/').substr(-1) !== '/')) {
+    srcPath.push('');
+  }
+
+  var isAbsolute = srcPath[0] === '' ||
+      (srcPath[0] && srcPath[0].charAt(0) === '/');
+
+  // put the host back
+  if (psychotic) {
+    result.hostname = result.host = isAbsolute ? '' :
+                                    srcPath.length ? srcPath.shift() : '';
+    //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host
+    //this especialy happens in cases like
+    //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2')
+    var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ?
+                     result.host.split('@') : false;
+    if (authInHost) {
+      result.auth = authInHost.shift();
+      result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift();
+    }
+  }
+
+  mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs || (result.host && srcPath.length);
+
+  if (mustEndAbs && !isAbsolute) {
+    srcPath.unshift('');
+  }
+
+  if (!srcPath.length) {
+    result.pathname = null;
+    result.path = null;
+  } else {
+    result.pathname = srcPath.join('/');
+  }
+
+  //to support request.http
+  if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) {
+    result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') +
+                  (result.search ? result.search : '');
+  }
+  result.auth = relative.auth || result.auth;
+  result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes;
+  result.href = result.format();
+  return result;
+};
+
+Url.prototype.parseHost = function() {
+  var host = this.host;
+  var port = portPattern.exec(host);
+  if (port) {
+    port = port[0];
+    if (port !== ':') {
+      this.port = port.substr(1);
+    }
+    host = host.substr(0, host.length - port.length);
+  }
+  if (host) this.hostname = host;
+};
+
+function isString(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === "string";
+}
+
+function isObject(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === 'object' && arg !== null;
+}
+
+function isNull(arg) {
+  return arg === null;
+}
+function isNullOrUndefined(arg) {
+  return  arg == null;
+}
+
+},{"punycode":43,"querystring":46}],48:[function(require,module,exports){
+;(function (require, exports, module, platform) {
+
+if (module) module.exports = minimatch
+else exports.minimatch = minimatch
+
+if (!require) {
+  require = function (id) {
+    switch (id) {
+      case "sigmund": return function sigmund (obj) {
+        return JSON.stringify(obj)
+      }
+      case "path": return { basename: function (f) {
+        f = f.split(/[\/\\]/)
+        var e = f.pop()
+        if (!e) e = f.pop()
+        return e
+      }}
+      case "lru-cache": return function LRUCache () {
+        // not quite an LRU, but still space-limited.
+        var cache = {}
+        var cnt = 0
+        this.set = function (k, v) {
+          cnt ++
+          if (cnt >= 100) cache = {}
+          cache[k] = v
+        }
+        this.get = function (k) { return cache[k] }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+minimatch.Minimatch = Minimatch
+
+var LRU = require("lru-cache")
+  , cache = minimatch.cache = new LRU({max: 100})
+  , GLOBSTAR = minimatch.GLOBSTAR = Minimatch.GLOBSTAR = {}
+  , sigmund = require("sigmund")
+
+var path = require("path")
+  // any single thing other than /
+  // don't need to escape / when using new RegExp()
+  , qmark = "[^/]"
+
+  // * => any number of characters
+  , star = qmark + "*?"
+
+  // ** when dots are allowed.  Anything goes, except .. and .
+  // not (^ or / followed by one or two dots followed by $ or /),
+  // followed by anything, any number of times.
+  , twoStarDot = "(?:(?!(?:\\\/|^)(?:\\.{1,2})($|\\\/)).)*?"
+
+  // not a ^ or / followed by a dot,
+  // followed by anything, any number of times.
+  , twoStarNoDot = "(?:(?!(?:\\\/|^)\\.).)*?"
+
+  // characters that need to be escaped in RegExp.
+  , reSpecials = charSet("().*{}+?[]^$\\!")
+
+// "abc" -> { a:true, b:true, c:true }
+function charSet (s) {
+  return s.split("").reduce(function (set, c) {
+    set[c] = true
+    return set
+  }, {})
+}
+
+// normalizes slashes.
+var slashSplit = /\/+/
+
+minimatch.filter = filter
+function filter (pattern, options) {
+  options = options || {}
+  return function (p, i, list) {
+    return minimatch(p, pattern, options)
+  }
+}
+
+function ext (a, b) {
+  a = a || {}
+  b = b || {}
+  var t = {}
+  Object.keys(b).forEach(function (k) {
+    t[k] = b[k]
+  })
+  Object.keys(a).forEach(function (k) {
+    t[k] = a[k]
+  })
+  return t
+}
+
+minimatch.defaults = function (def) {
+  if (!def || !Object.keys(def).length) return minimatch
+
+  var orig = minimatch
+
+  var m = function minimatch (p, pattern, options) {
+    return orig.minimatch(p, pattern, ext(def, options))
+  }
+
+  m.Minimatch = function Minimatch (pattern, options) {
+    return new orig.Minimatch(pattern, ext(def, options))
+  }
+
+  return m
+}
+
+Minimatch.defaults = function (def) {
+  if (!def || !Object.keys(def).length) return Minimatch
+  return minimatch.defaults(def).Minimatch
+}
+
+
+function minimatch (p, pattern, options) {
+  if (typeof pattern !== "string") {
+    throw new TypeError("glob pattern string required")
+  }
+
+  if (!options) options = {}
+
+  // shortcut: comments match nothing.
+  if (!options.nocomment && pattern.charAt(0) === "#") {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  // "" only matches ""
+  if (pattern.trim() === "") return p === ""
+
+  return new Minimatch(pattern, options).match(p)
+}
+
+function Minimatch (pattern, options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof Minimatch)) {
+    return new Minimatch(pattern, options, cache)
+  }
+
+  if (typeof pattern !== "string") {
+    throw new TypeError("glob pattern string required")
+  }
+
+  if (!options) options = {}
+  pattern = pattern.trim()
+
+  // windows: need to use /, not \
+  // On other platforms, \ is a valid (albeit bad) filename char.
+  if (platform === "win32") {
+    pattern = pattern.split("\\").join("/")
+  }
+
+  // lru storage.
+  // these things aren't particularly big, but walking down the string
+  // and turning it into a regexp can get pretty costly.
+  var cacheKey = pattern + "\n" + sigmund(options)
+  var cached = minimatch.cache.get(cacheKey)
+  if (cached) return cached
+  minimatch.cache.set(cacheKey, this)
+
+  this.options = options
+  this.set = []
+  this.pattern = pattern
+  this.regexp = null
+  this.negate = false
+  this.comment = false
+  this.empty = false
+
+  // make the set of regexps etc.
+  this.make()
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.debug = function() {}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.make = make
+function make () {
+  // don't do it more than once.
+  if (this._made) return
+
+  var pattern = this.pattern
+  var options = this.options
+
+  // empty patterns and comments match nothing.
+  if (!options.nocomment && pattern.charAt(0) === "#") {
+    this.comment = true
+    return
+  }
+  if (!pattern) {
+    this.empty = true
+    return
+  }
+
+  // step 1: figure out negation, etc.
+  this.parseNegate()
+
+  // step 2: expand braces
+  var set = this.globSet = this.braceExpand()
+
+  if (options.debug) this.debug = console.error
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  // step 3: now we have a set, so turn each one into a series of path-portion
+  // matching patterns.
+  // These will be regexps, except in the case of "**", which is
+  // set to the GLOBSTAR object for globstar behavior,
+  // and will not contain any / characters
+  set = this.globParts = set.map(function (s) {
+    return s.split(slashSplit)
+  })
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  // glob --> regexps
+  set = set.map(function (s, si, set) {
+    return s.map(this.parse, this)
+  }, this)
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  // filter out everything that didn't compile properly.
+  set = set.filter(function (s) {
+    return -1 === s.indexOf(false)
+  })
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  this.set = set
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.parseNegate = parseNegate
+function parseNegate () {
+  var pattern = this.pattern
+    , negate = false
+    , options = this.options
+    , negateOffset = 0
+
+  if (options.nonegate) return
+
+  for ( var i = 0, l = pattern.length
+      ; i < l && pattern.charAt(i) === "!"
+      ; i ++) {
+    negate = !negate
+    negateOffset ++
+  }
+
+  if (negateOffset) this.pattern = pattern.substr(negateOffset)
+  this.negate = negate
+}
+
+// Brace expansion:
+// a{b,c}d -> abd acd
+// a{b,}c -> abc ac
+// a{0..3}d -> a0d a1d a2d a3d
+// a{b,c{d,e}f}g -> abg acdfg acefg
+// a{b,c}d{e,f}g -> abdeg acdeg abdeg abdfg
+//
+// Invalid sets are not expanded.
+// a{2..}b -> a{2..}b
+// a{b}c -> a{b}c
+minimatch.braceExpand = function (pattern, options) {
+  return new Minimatch(pattern, options).braceExpand()
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.braceExpand = braceExpand
+
+function pad(n, width, z) {
+  z = z || '0';
+  n = n + '';
+  return n.length >= width ? n : new Array(width - n.length + 1).join(z) + n;
+}
+
+function braceExpand (pattern, options) {
+  options = options || this.options
+  pattern = typeof pattern === "undefined"
+    ? this.pattern : pattern
+
+  if (typeof pattern === "undefined") {
+    throw new Error("undefined pattern")
+  }
+
+  if (options.nobrace ||
+      !pattern.match(/\{.*\}/)) {
+    // shortcut. no need to expand.
+    return [pattern]
+  }
+
+  var escaping = false
+
+  // examples and comments refer to this crazy pattern:
+  // a{b,c{d,e},{f,g}h}x{y,z}
+  // expected:
+  // abxy
+  // abxz
+  // acdxy
+  // acdxz
+  // acexy
+  // acexz
+  // afhxy
+  // afhxz
+  // aghxy
+  // aghxz
+
+  // everything before the first \{ is just a prefix.
+  // So, we pluck that off, and work with the rest,
+  // and then prepend it to everything we find.
+  if (pattern.charAt(0) !== "{") {
+    this.debug(pattern)
+    var prefix = null
+    for (var i = 0, l = pattern.length; i < l; i ++) {
+      var c = pattern.charAt(i)
+      this.debug(i, c)
+      if (c === "\\") {
+        escaping = !escaping
+      } else if (c === "{" && !escaping) {
+        prefix = pattern.substr(0, i)
+        break
+      }
+    }
+
+    // actually no sets, all { were escaped.
+    if (prefix === null) {
+      this.debug("no sets")
+      return [pattern]
+    }
+
+   var tail = braceExpand.call(this, pattern.substr(i), options)
+    return tail.map(function (t) {
+      return prefix + t
+    })
+  }
+
+  // now we have something like:
+  // {b,c{d,e},{f,g}h}x{y,z}
+  // walk through the set, expanding each part, until
+  // the set ends.  then, we'll expand the suffix.
+  // If the set only has a single member, then'll put the {} back
+
+  // first, handle numeric sets, since they're easier
+  var numset = pattern.match(/^\{(-?[0-9]+)\.\.(-?[0-9]+)\}/)
+  if (numset) {
+    this.debug("numset", numset[1], numset[2])
+    var suf = braceExpand.call(this, pattern.substr(numset[0].length), options)
+      , start = +numset[1]
+      , needPadding = numset[1][0] === '0'
+      , startWidth = numset[1].length
+      , padded
+      , end = +numset[2]
+      , inc = start > end ? -1 : 1
+      , set = []
+
+    for (var i = start; i != (end + inc); i += inc) {
+      padded = needPadding ? pad(i, startWidth) : i + ''
+      // append all the suffixes
+      for (var ii = 0, ll = suf.length; ii < ll; ii ++) {
+        set.push(padded + suf[ii])
+      }
+    }
+    return set
+  }
+
+  // ok, walk through the set
+  // We hope, somewhat optimistically, that there
+  // will be a } at the end.
+  // If the closing brace isn't found, then the pattern is
+  // interpreted as braceExpand("\\" + pattern) so that
+  // the leading \{ will be interpreted literally.
+  var i = 1 // skip the \{
+    , depth = 1
+    , set = []
+    , member = ""
+    , sawEnd = false
+    , escaping = false
+
+  function addMember () {
+    set.push(member)
+    member = ""
+  }
+
+  this.debug("Entering for")
+  FOR: for (i = 1, l = pattern.length; i < l; i ++) {
+    var c = pattern.charAt(i)
+    this.debug("", i, c)
+
+    if (escaping) {
+      escaping = false
+      member += "\\" + c
+    } else {
+      switch (c) {
+        case "\\":
+          escaping = true
+          continue
+
+        case "{":
+          depth ++
+          member += "{"
+          continue
+
+        case "}":
+          depth --
+          // if this closes the actual set, then we're done
+          if (depth === 0) {
+            addMember()
+            // pluck off the close-brace
+            i ++
+            break FOR
+          } else {
+            member += c
+            continue
+          }
+
+        case ",":
+          if (depth === 1) {
+            addMember()
+          } else {
+            member += c
+          }
+          continue
+
+        default:
+          member += c
+          continue
+      } // switch
+    } // else
+  } // for
+
+  // now we've either finished the set, and the suffix is
+  // pattern.substr(i), or we have *not* closed the set,
+  // and need to escape the leading brace
+  if (depth !== 0) {
+    this.debug("didn't close", pattern)
+    return braceExpand.call(this, "\\" + pattern, options)
+  }
+
+  // x{y,z} -> ["xy", "xz"]
+  this.debug("set", set)
+  this.debug("suffix", pattern.substr(i))
+  var suf = braceExpand.call(this, pattern.substr(i), options)
+  // ["b", "c{d,e}","{f,g}h"] ->
+  //   [["b"], ["cd", "ce"], ["fh", "gh"]]
+  var addBraces = set.length === 1
+  this.debug("set pre-expanded", set)
+  set = set.map(function (p) {
+    return braceExpand.call(this, p, options)
+  }, this)
+  this.debug("set expanded", set)
+
+
+  // [["b"], ["cd", "ce"], ["fh", "gh"]] ->
+  //   ["b", "cd", "ce", "fh", "gh"]
+  set = set.reduce(function (l, r) {
+    return l.concat(r)
+  })
+
+  if (addBraces) {
+    set = set.map(function (s) {
+      return "{" + s + "}"
+    })
+  }
+
+  // now attach the suffixes.
+  var ret = []
+  for (var i = 0, l = set.length; i < l; i ++) {
+    for (var ii = 0, ll = suf.length; ii < ll; ii ++) {
+      ret.push(set[i] + suf[ii])
+    }
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+
+// parse a component of the expanded set.
+// At this point, no pattern may contain "/" in it
+// so we're going to return a 2d array, where each entry is the full
+// pattern, split on '/', and then turned into a regular expression.
+// A regexp is made at the end which joins each array with an
+// escaped /, and another full one which joins each regexp with |.
+//
+// Following the lead of Bash 4.1, note that "**" only has special meaning
+// when it is the *only* thing in a path portion.  Otherwise, any series
+// of * is equivalent to a single *.  Globstar behavior is enabled by
+// default, and can be disabled by setting options.noglobstar.
+Minimatch.prototype.parse = parse
+var SUBPARSE = {}
+function parse (pattern, isSub) {
+  var options = this.options
+
+  // shortcuts
+  if (!options.noglobstar && pattern === "**") return GLOBSTAR
+  if (pattern === "") return ""
+
+  var re = ""
+    , hasMagic = !!options.nocase
+    , escaping = false
+    // ? => one single character
+    , patternListStack = []
+    , plType
+    , stateChar
+    , inClass = false
+    , reClassStart = -1
+    , classStart = -1
+    // . and .. never match anything that doesn't start with .,
+    // even when options.dot is set.
+    , patternStart = pattern.charAt(0) === "." ? "" // anything
+      // not (start or / followed by . or .. followed by / or end)
+      : options.dot ? "(?!(?:^|\\\/)\\.{1,2}(?:$|\\\/))"
+      : "(?!\\.)"
+    , self = this
+
+  function clearStateChar () {
+    if (stateChar) {
+      // we had some state-tracking character
+      // that wasn't consumed by this pass.
+      switch (stateChar) {
+        case "*":
+          re += star
+          hasMagic = true
+          break
+        case "?":
+          re += qmark
+          hasMagic = true
+          break
+        default:
+          re += "\\"+stateChar
+          break
+      }
+      self.debug('clearStateChar %j %j', stateChar, re)
+      stateChar = false
+    }
+  }
+
+  for ( var i = 0, len = pattern.length, c
+      ; (i < len) && (c = pattern.charAt(i))
+      ; i ++ ) {
+
+    this.debug("%s\t%s %s %j", pattern, i, re, c)
+
+    // skip over any that are escaped.
+    if (escaping && reSpecials[c]) {
+      re += "\\" + c
+      escaping = false
+      continue
+    }
+
+    SWITCH: switch (c) {
+      case "/":
+        // completely not allowed, even escaped.
+        // Should already be path-split by now.
+        return false
+
+      case "\\":
+        clearStateChar()
+        escaping = true
+        continue
+
+      // the various stateChar values
+      // for the "extglob" stuff.
+      case "?":
+      case "*":
+      case "+":
+      case "@":
+      case "!":
+        this.debug("%s\t%s %s %j <-- stateChar", pattern, i, re, c)
+
+        // all of those are literals inside a class, except that
+        // the glob [!a] means [^a] in regexp
+        if (inClass) {
+          this.debug('  in class')
+          if (c === "!" && i === classStart + 1) c = "^"
+          re += c
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // if we already have a stateChar, then it means
+        // that there was something like ** or +? in there.
+        // Handle the stateChar, then proceed with this one.
+        self.debug('call clearStateChar %j', stateChar)
+        clearStateChar()
+        stateChar = c
+        // if extglob is disabled, then +(asdf|foo) isn't a thing.
+        // just clear the statechar *now*, rather than even diving into
+        // the patternList stuff.
+        if (options.noext) clearStateChar()
+        continue
+
+      case "(":
+        if (inClass) {
+          re += "("
+          continue
+        }
+
+        if (!stateChar) {
+          re += "\\("
+          continue
+        }
+
+        plType = stateChar
+        patternListStack.push({ type: plType
+                              , start: i - 1
+                              , reStart: re.length })
+        // negation is (?:(?!js)[^/]*)
+        re += stateChar === "!" ? "(?:(?!" : "(?:"
+        this.debug('plType %j %j', stateChar, re)
+        stateChar = false
+        continue
+
+      case ")":
+        if (inClass || !patternListStack.length) {
+          re += "\\)"
+          continue
+        }
+
+        clearStateChar()
+        hasMagic = true
+        re += ")"
+        plType = patternListStack.pop().type
+        // negation is (?:(?!js)[^/]*)
+        // The others are (?:<pattern>)<type>
+        switch (plType) {
+          case "!":
+            re += "[^/]*?)"
+            break
+          case "?":
+          case "+":
+          case "*": re += plType
+          case "@": break // the default anyway
+        }
+        continue
+
+      case "|":
+        if (inClass || !patternListStack.length || escaping) {
+          re += "\\|"
+          escaping = false
+          continue
+        }
+
+        clearStateChar()
+        re += "|"
+        continue
+
+      // these are mostly the same in regexp and glob
+      case "[":
+        // swallow any state-tracking char before the [
+        clearStateChar()
+
+        if (inClass) {
+          re += "\\" + c
+          continue
+        }
+
+        inClass = true
+        classStart = i
+        reClassStart = re.length
+        re += c
+        continue
+
+      case "]":
+        //  a right bracket shall lose its special
+        //  meaning and represent itself in
+        //  a bracket expression if it occurs
+        //  first in the list.  -- POSIX.2 2.8.3.2
+        if (i === classStart + 1 || !inClass) {
+          re += "\\" + c
+          escaping = false
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // finish up the class.
+        hasMagic = true
+        inClass = false
+        re += c
+        continue
+
+      default:
+        // swallow any state char that wasn't consumed
+        clearStateChar()
+
+        if (escaping) {
+          // no need
+          escaping = false
+        } else if (reSpecials[c]
+                   && !(c === "^" && inClass)) {
+          re += "\\"
+        }
+
+        re += c
+
+    } // switch
+  } // for
+
+
+  // handle the case where we left a class open.
+  // "[abc" is valid, equivalent to "\[abc"
+  if (inClass) {
+    // split where the last [ was, and escape it
+    // this is a huge pita.  We now have to re-walk
+    // the contents of the would-be class to re-translate
+    // any characters that were passed through as-is
+    var cs = pattern.substr(classStart + 1)
+      , sp = this.parse(cs, SUBPARSE)
+    re = re.substr(0, reClassStart) + "\\[" + sp[0]
+    hasMagic = hasMagic || sp[1]
+  }
+
+  // handle the case where we had a +( thing at the *end*
+  // of the pattern.
+  // each pattern list stack adds 3 chars, and we need to go through
+  // and escape any | chars that were passed through as-is for the regexp.
+  // Go through and escape them, taking care not to double-escape any
+  // | chars that were already escaped.
+  var pl
+  while (pl = patternListStack.pop()) {
+    var tail = re.slice(pl.reStart + 3)
+    // maybe some even number of \, then maybe 1 \, followed by a |
+    tail = tail.replace(/((?:\\{2})*)(\\?)\|/g, function (_, $1, $2) {
+      if (!$2) {
+        // the | isn't already escaped, so escape it.
+        $2 = "\\"
+      }
+
+      // need to escape all those slashes *again*, without escaping the
+      // one that we need for escaping the | character.  As it works out,
+      // escaping an even number of slashes can be done by simply repeating
+      // it exactly after itself.  That's why this trick works.
+      //
+      // I am sorry that you have to see this.
+      return $1 + $1 + $2 + "|"
+    })
+
+    this.debug("tail=%j\n   %s", tail, tail)
+    var t = pl.type === "*" ? star
+          : pl.type === "?" ? qmark
+          : "\\" + pl.type
+
+    hasMagic = true
+    re = re.slice(0, pl.reStart)
+       + t + "\\("
+       + tail
+  }
+
+  // handle trailing things that only matter at the very end.
+  clearStateChar()
+  if (escaping) {
+    // trailing \\
+    re += "\\\\"
+  }
+
+  // only need to apply the nodot start if the re starts with
+  // something that could conceivably capture a dot
+  var addPatternStart = false
+  switch (re.charAt(0)) {
+    case ".":
+    case "[":
+    case "(": addPatternStart = true
+  }
+
+  // if the re is not "" at this point, then we need to make sure
+  // it doesn't match against an empty path part.
+  // Otherwise a/* will match a/, which it should not.
+  if (re !== "" && hasMagic) re = "(?=.)" + re
+
+  if (addPatternStart) re = patternStart + re
+
+  // parsing just a piece of a larger pattern.
+  if (isSub === SUBPARSE) {
+    return [ re, hasMagic ]
+  }
+
+  // skip the regexp for non-magical patterns
+  // unescape anything in it, though, so that it'll be
+  // an exact match against a file etc.
+  if (!hasMagic) {
+    return globUnescape(pattern)
+  }
+
+  var flags = options.nocase ? "i" : ""
+    , regExp = new RegExp("^" + re + "$", flags)
+
+  regExp._glob = pattern
+  regExp._src = re
+
+  return regExp
+}
+
+minimatch.makeRe = function (pattern, options) {
+  return new Minimatch(pattern, options || {}).makeRe()
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.makeRe = makeRe
+function makeRe () {
+  if (this.regexp || this.regexp === false) return this.regexp
+
+  // at this point, this.set is a 2d array of partial
+  // pattern strings, or "**".
+  //
+  // It's better to use .match().  This function shouldn't
+  // be used, really, but it's pretty convenient sometimes,
+  // when you just want to work with a regex.
+  var set = this.set
+
+  if (!set.length) return this.regexp = false
+  var options = this.options
+
+  var twoStar = options.noglobstar ? star
+      : options.dot ? twoStarDot
+      : twoStarNoDot
+    , flags = options.nocase ? "i" : ""
+
+  var re = set.map(function (pattern) {
+    return pattern.map(function (p) {
+      return (p === GLOBSTAR) ? twoStar
+           : (typeof p === "string") ? regExpEscape(p)
+           : p._src
+    }).join("\\\/")
+  }).join("|")
+
+  // must match entire pattern
+  // ending in a * or ** will make it less strict.
+  re = "^(?:" + re + ")$"
+
+  // can match anything, as long as it's not this.
+  if (this.negate) re = "^(?!" + re + ").*$"
+
+  try {
+    return this.regexp = new RegExp(re, flags)
+  } catch (ex) {
+    return this.regexp = false
+  }
+}
+
+minimatch.match = function (list, pattern, options) {
+  options = options || {}
+  var mm = new Minimatch(pattern, options)
+  list = list.filter(function (f) {
+    return mm.match(f)
+  })
+  if (mm.options.nonull && !list.length) {
+    list.push(pattern)
+  }
+  return list
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.match = match
+function match (f, partial) {
+  this.debug("match", f, this.pattern)
+  // short-circuit in the case of busted things.
+  // comments, etc.
+  if (this.comment) return false
+  if (this.empty) return f === ""
+
+  if (f === "/" && partial) return true
+
+  var options = this.options
+
+  // windows: need to use /, not \
+  // On other platforms, \ is a valid (albeit bad) filename char.
+  if (platform === "win32") {
+    f = f.split("\\").join("/")
+  }
+
+  // treat the test path as a set of pathparts.
+  f = f.split(slashSplit)
+  this.debug(this.pattern, "split", f)
+
+  // just ONE of the pattern sets in this.set needs to match
+  // in order for it to be valid.  If negating, then just one
+  // match means that we have failed.
+  // Either way, return on the first hit.
+
+  var set = this.set
+  this.debug(this.pattern, "set", set)
+
+  // Find the basename of the path by looking for the last non-empty segment
+  var filename;
+  for (var i = f.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    filename = f[i]
+    if (filename) break
+  }
+
+  for (var i = 0, l = set.length; i < l; i ++) {
+    var pattern = set[i], file = f
+    if (options.matchBase && pattern.length === 1) {
+      file = [filename]
+    }
+    var hit = this.matchOne(file, pattern, partial)
+    if (hit) {
+      if (options.flipNegate) return true
+      return !this.negate
+    }
+  }
+
+  // didn't get any hits.  this is success if it's a negative
+  // pattern, failure otherwise.
+  if (options.flipNegate) return false
+  return this.negate
+}
+
+// set partial to true to test if, for example,
+// "/a/b" matches the start of "/*/b/*/d"
+// Partial means, if you run out of file before you run
+// out of pattern, then that's fine, as long as all
+// the parts match.
+Minimatch.prototype.matchOne = function (file, pattern, partial) {
+  var options = this.options
+
+  this.debug("matchOne",
+              { "this": this
+              , file: file
+              , pattern: pattern })
+
+  this.debug("matchOne", file.length, pattern.length)
+
+  for ( var fi = 0
+          , pi = 0
+          , fl = file.length
+          , pl = pattern.length
+      ; (fi < fl) && (pi < pl)
+      ; fi ++, pi ++ ) {
+
+    this.debug("matchOne loop")
+    var p = pattern[pi]
+      , f = file[fi]
+
+    this.debug(pattern, p, f)
+
+    // should be impossible.
+    // some invalid regexp stuff in the set.
+    if (p === false) return false
+
+    if (p === GLOBSTAR) {
+      this.debug('GLOBSTAR', [pattern, p, f])
+
+      // "**"
+      // a/**/b/**/c would match the following:
+      // a/b/x/y/z/c
+      // a/x/y/z/b/c
+      // a/b/x/b/x/c
+      // a/b/c
+      // To do this, take the rest of the pattern after
+      // the **, and see if it would match the file remainder.
+      // If so, return success.
+      // If not, the ** "swallows" a segment, and try again.
+      // This is recursively awful.
+      //
+      // a/**/b/**/c matching a/b/x/y/z/c
+      // - a matches a
+      // - doublestar
+      //   - matchOne(b/x/y/z/c, b/**/c)
+      //     - b matches b
+      //     - doublestar
+      //       - matchOne(x/y/z/c, c) -> no
+      //       - matchOne(y/z/c, c) -> no
+      //       - matchOne(z/c, c) -> no
+      //       - matchOne(c, c) yes, hit
+      var fr = fi
+        , pr = pi + 1
+      if (pr === pl) {
+        this.debug('** at the end')
+        // a ** at the end will just swallow the rest.
+        // We have found a match.
+        // however, it will not swallow /.x, unless
+        // options.dot is set.
+        // . and .. are *never* matched by **, for explosively
+        // exponential reasons.
+        for ( ; fi < fl; fi ++) {
+          if (file[fi] === "." || file[fi] === ".." ||
+              (!options.dot && file[fi].charAt(0) === ".")) return false
+        }
+        return true
+      }
+
+      // ok, let's see if we can swallow whatever we can.
+      WHILE: while (fr < fl) {
+        var swallowee = file[fr]
+
+        this.debug('\nglobstar while',
+                    file, fr, pattern, pr, swallowee)
+
+        // XXX remove this slice.  Just pass the start index.
+        if (this.matchOne(file.slice(fr), pattern.slice(pr), partial)) {
+          this.debug('globstar found match!', fr, fl, swallowee)
+          // found a match.
+          return true
+        } else {
+          // can't swallow "." or ".." ever.
+          // can only swallow ".foo" when explicitly asked.
+          if (swallowee === "." || swallowee === ".." ||
+              (!options.dot && swallowee.charAt(0) === ".")) {
+            this.debug("dot detected!", file, fr, pattern, pr)
+            break WHILE
+          }
+
+          // ** swallows a segment, and continue.
+          this.debug('globstar swallow a segment, and continue')
+          fr ++
+        }
+      }
+      // no match was found.
+      // However, in partial mode, we can't say this is necessarily over.
+      // If there's more *pattern* left, then
+      if (partial) {
+        // ran out of file
+        this.debug("\n>>> no match, partial?", file, fr, pattern, pr)
+        if (fr === fl) return true
+      }
+      return false
+    }
+
+    // something other than **
+    // non-magic patterns just have to match exactly
+    // patterns with magic have been turned into regexps.
+    var hit
+    if (typeof p === "string") {
+      if (options.nocase) {
+        hit = f.toLowerCase() === p.toLowerCase()
+      } else {
+        hit = f === p
+      }
+      this.debug("string match", p, f, hit)
+    } else {
+      hit = f.match(p)
+      this.debug("pattern match", p, f, hit)
+    }
+
+    if (!hit) return false
+  }
+
+  // Note: ending in / means that we'll get a final ""
+  // at the end of the pattern.  This can only match a
+  // corresponding "" at the end of the file.
+  // If the file ends in /, then it can only match a
+  // a pattern that ends in /, unless the pattern just
+  // doesn't have any more for it. But, a/b/ should *not*
+  // match "a/b/*", even though "" matches against the
+  // [^/]*? pattern, except in partial mode, where it might
+  // simply not be reached yet.
+  // However, a/b/ should still satisfy a/*
+
+  // now either we fell off the end of the pattern, or we're done.
+  if (fi === fl && pi === pl) {
+    // ran out of pattern and filename at the same time.
+    // an exact hit!
+    return true
+  } else if (fi === fl) {
+    // ran out of file, but still had pattern left.
+    // this is ok if we're doing the match as part of
+    // a glob fs traversal.
+    return partial
+  } else if (pi === pl) {
+    // ran out of pattern, still have file left.
+    // this is only acceptable if we're on the very last
+    // empty segment of a file with a trailing slash.
+    // a/* should match a/b/
+    var emptyFileEnd = (fi === fl - 1) && (file[fi] === "")
+    return emptyFileEnd
+  }
+
+  // should be unreachable.
+  throw new Error("wtf?")
+}
+
+
+// replace stuff like \* with *
+function globUnescape (s) {
+  return s.replace(/\\(.)/g, "$1")
+}
+
+
+function regExpEscape (s) {
+  return s.replace(/[-[\]{}()*+?.,\\^$|#\s]/g, "\\$&")
+}
+
+})( typeof require === "function" ? require : null,
+    this,
+    typeof module === "object" ? module : null,
+    typeof process === "object" ? process.platform : "win32"
+  )
+
+},{"lru-cache":49,"path":42,"sigmund":50}],49:[function(require,module,exports){
+;(function () { // closure for web browsers
+
+if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
+  module.exports = LRUCache
+} else {
+  // just set the global for non-node platforms.
+  this.LRUCache = LRUCache
+}
+
+function hOP (obj, key) {
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)
+}
+
+function naiveLength () { return 1 }
+
+function LRUCache (options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof LRUCache))
+    return new LRUCache(options)
+
+  if (typeof options === 'number')
+    options = { max: options }
+
+  if (!options)
+    options = {}
+
+  this._max = options.max
+  // Kind of weird to have a default max of Infinity, but oh well.
+  if (!this._max || !(typeof this._max === "number") || this._max <= 0 )
+    this._max = Infinity
+
+  this._lengthCalculator = options.length || naiveLength
+  if (typeof this._lengthCalculator !== "function")
+    this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
+
+  this._allowStale = options.stale || false
+  this._maxAge = options.maxAge || null
+  this._dispose = options.dispose
+  this.reset()
+}
+
+// resize the cache when the max changes.
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "max",
+  { set : function (mL) {
+      if (!mL || !(typeof mL === "number") || mL <= 0 ) mL = Infinity
+      this._max = mL
+      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
+    }
+  , get : function () { return this._max }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+// resize the cache when the lengthCalculator changes.
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "lengthCalculator",
+  { set : function (lC) {
+      if (typeof lC !== "function") {
+        this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
+        this._length = this._itemCount
+        for (var key in this._cache) {
+          this._cache[key].length = 1
+        }
+      } else {
+        this._lengthCalculator = lC
+        this._length = 0
+        for (var key in this._cache) {
+          this._cache[key].length = this._lengthCalculator(this._cache[key].value)
+          this._length += this._cache[key].length
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
+    }
+  , get : function () { return this._lengthCalculator }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "length",
+  { get : function () { return this._length }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "itemCount",
+  { get : function () { return this._itemCount }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+LRUCache.prototype.forEach = function (fn, thisp) {
+  thisp = thisp || this
+  var i = 0
+  var itemCount = this._itemCount
+
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    i++
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    if (isStale(this, hit)) {
+      del(this, hit)
+      if (!this._allowStale) hit = undefined
+    }
+    if (hit) {
+      fn.call(thisp, hit.value, hit.key, this)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.keys = function () {
+  var keys = new Array(this._itemCount)
+  var i = 0
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    keys[i++] = hit.key
+  }
+  return keys
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.values = function () {
+  var values = new Array(this._itemCount)
+  var i = 0
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    values[i++] = hit.value
+  }
+  return values
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.reset = function () {
+  if (this._dispose && this._cache) {
+    for (var k in this._cache) {
+      this._dispose(k, this._cache[k].value)
+    }
+  }
+
+  this._cache = Object.create(null) // hash of items by key
+  this._lruList = Object.create(null) // list of items in order of use recency
+  this._mru = 0 // most recently used
+  this._lru = 0 // least recently used
+  this._length = 0 // number of items in the list
+  this._itemCount = 0
+}
+
+// Provided for debugging/dev purposes only. No promises whatsoever that
+// this API stays stable.
+LRUCache.prototype.dump = function () {
+  return this._cache
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.dumpLru = function () {
+  return this._lruList
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.set = function (key, value, maxAge) {
+  maxAge = maxAge || this._maxAge
+  var now = maxAge ? Date.now() : 0
+
+  if (hOP(this._cache, key)) {
+    // dispose of the old one before overwriting
+    if (this._dispose)
+      this._dispose(key, this._cache[key].value)
+
+    this._cache[key].now = now
+    this._cache[key].maxAge = maxAge
+    this._cache[key].value = value
+    this.get(key)
+    return true
+  }
+
+  var len = this._lengthCalculator(value)
+  var hit = new Entry(key, value, this._mru++, len, now, maxAge)
+
+  // oversized objects fall out of cache automatically.
+  if (hit.length > this._max) {
+    if (this._dispose) this._dispose(key, value)
+    return false
+  }
+
+  this._length += hit.length
+  this._lruList[hit.lu] = this._cache[key] = hit
+  this._itemCount ++
+
+  if (this._length > this._max)
+    trim(this)
+
+  return true
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.has = function (key) {
+  if (!hOP(this._cache, key)) return false
+  var hit = this._cache[key]
+  if (isStale(this, hit)) {
+    return false
+  }
+  return true
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.get = function (key) {
+  return get(this, key, true)
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.peek = function (key) {
+  return get(this, key, false)
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.pop = function () {
+  var hit = this._lruList[this._lru]
+  del(this, hit)
+  return hit || null
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.del = function (key) {
+  del(this, this._cache[key])
+}
+
+function get (self, key, doUse) {
+  var hit = self._cache[key]
+  if (hit) {
+    if (isStale(self, hit)) {
+      del(self, hit)
+      if (!self._allowStale) hit = undefined
+    } else {
+      if (doUse) use(self, hit)
+    }
+    if (hit) hit = hit.value
+  }
+  return hit
+}
+
+function isStale(self, hit) {
+  if (!hit || (!hit.maxAge && !self._maxAge)) return false
+  var stale = false;
+  var diff = Date.now() - hit.now
+  if (hit.maxAge) {
+    stale = diff > hit.maxAge
+  } else {
+    stale = self._maxAge && (diff > self._maxAge)
+  }
+  return stale;
+}
+
+function use (self, hit) {
+  shiftLU(self, hit)
+  hit.lu = self._mru ++
+  self._lruList[hit.lu] = hit
+}
+
+function trim (self) {
+  while (self._lru < self._mru && self._length > self._max)
+    del(self, self._lruList[self._lru])
+}
+
+function shiftLU (self, hit) {
+  delete self._lruList[ hit.lu ]
+  while (self._lru < self._mru && !self._lruList[self._lru]) self._lru ++
+}
+
+function del (self, hit) {
+  if (hit) {
+    if (self._dispose) self._dispose(hit.key, hit.value)
+    self._length -= hit.length
+    self._itemCount --
+    delete self._cache[ hit.key ]
+    shiftLU(self, hit)
+  }
+}
+
+// classy, since V8 prefers predictable objects.
+function Entry (key, value, lu, length, now, maxAge) {
+  this.key = key
+  this.value = value
+  this.lu = lu
+  this.length = length
+  this.now = now
+  if (maxAge) this.maxAge = maxAge
+}
+
+})()
+
+},{}],50:[function(require,module,exports){
+module.exports = sigmund
+function sigmund (subject, maxSessions) {
+    maxSessions = maxSessions || 10;
+    var notes = [];
+    var analysis = '';
+    var RE = RegExp;
+
+    function psychoAnalyze (subject, session) {
+        if (session > maxSessions) return;
+
+        if (typeof subject === 'function' ||
+            typeof subject === 'undefined') {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (typeof subject !== 'object' || !subject ||
+            (subject instanceof RE)) {
+            analysis += subject;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (notes.indexOf(subject) !== -1 || session === maxSessions) return;
+
+        notes.push(subject);
+        analysis += '{';
+        Object.keys(subject).forEach(function (issue, _, __) {
+            // pseudo-private values.  skip those.
+            if (issue.charAt(0) === '_') return;
+            var to = typeof subject[issue];
+            if (to === 'function' || to === 'undefined') return;
+            analysis += issue;
+            psychoAnalyze(subject[issue], session + 1);
+        });
+    }
+    psychoAnalyze(subject, 0);
+    return analysis;
+}
+
+// vim: set softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4:
+
+},{}],51:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (Buffer){
+function FilerBuffer (subject, encoding, nonZero) {
+
+  // Automatically turn ArrayBuffer into Uint8Array so that underlying
+  // Buffer code doesn't just throw away and ignore ArrayBuffer data.
+  if (subject instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+    subject = new Uint8Array(subject);
+  }
+
+  return new Buffer(subject, encoding, nonZero);
+};
+
+// Inherit prototype from Buffer
+FilerBuffer.prototype = Object.create(Buffer.prototype);
+FilerBuffer.prototype.constructor = FilerBuffer;
+
+// Also copy static methods onto FilerBuffer ctor
+Object.keys(Buffer).forEach(function (p) {
+  if (Buffer.hasOwnProperty(p)) {
+    FilerBuffer[p] = Buffer[p];
+  }
+});
+
+module.exports = FilerBuffer;
+
+}).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"buffer":38}],52:[function(require,module,exports){
+var O_READ = 'READ';
+var O_WRITE = 'WRITE';
+var O_CREATE = 'CREATE';
+var O_EXCLUSIVE = 'EXCLUSIVE';
+var O_TRUNCATE = 'TRUNCATE';
+var O_APPEND = 'APPEND';
+var XATTR_CREATE = 'CREATE';
+var XATTR_REPLACE = 'REPLACE';
+
+module.exports = {
+  FILE_SYSTEM_NAME: 'local',
+
+  FILE_STORE_NAME: 'files',
+
+  IDB_RO: 'readonly',
+  IDB_RW: 'readwrite',
+
+  WSQL_VERSION: "1",
+  WSQL_SIZE: 5 * 1024 * 1024,
+  WSQL_DESC: "FileSystem Storage",
+
+  MODE_FILE: 'FILE',
+  MODE_DIRECTORY: 'DIRECTORY',
+  MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK: 'SYMLINK',
+  MODE_META: 'META',
+
+  SYMLOOP_MAX: 10,
+
+  BINARY_MIME_TYPE: 'application/octet-stream',
+  JSON_MIME_TYPE: 'application/json',
+
+  ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME: '/', // basename(normalize(path))
+
+  // FS Mount Flags
+  FS_FORMAT: 'FORMAT',
+  FS_NOCTIME: 'NOCTIME',
+  FS_NOMTIME: 'NOMTIME',
+  FS_NODUPEIDCHECK: 'FS_NODUPEIDCHECK',
+
+  // FS File Open Flags
+  O_READ: O_READ,
+  O_WRITE: O_WRITE,
+  O_CREATE: O_CREATE,
+  O_EXCLUSIVE: O_EXCLUSIVE,
+  O_TRUNCATE: O_TRUNCATE,
+  O_APPEND: O_APPEND,
+
+  O_FLAGS: {
+    'r': [O_READ],
+    'r+': [O_READ, O_WRITE],
+    'w': [O_WRITE, O_CREATE, O_TRUNCATE],
+    'w+': [O_WRITE, O_READ, O_CREATE, O_TRUNCATE],
+    'wx': [O_WRITE, O_CREATE, O_EXCLUSIVE, O_TRUNCATE],
+    'wx+': [O_WRITE, O_READ, O_CREATE, O_EXCLUSIVE, O_TRUNCATE],
+    'a': [O_WRITE, O_CREATE, O_APPEND],
+    'a+': [O_WRITE, O_READ, O_CREATE, O_APPEND],
+    'ax': [O_WRITE, O_CREATE, O_EXCLUSIVE, O_APPEND],
+    'ax+': [O_WRITE, O_READ, O_CREATE, O_EXCLUSIVE, O_APPEND]
+  },
+
+  XATTR_CREATE: XATTR_CREATE,
+  XATTR_REPLACE: XATTR_REPLACE,
+
+  FS_READY: 'READY',
+  FS_PENDING: 'PENDING',
+  FS_ERROR: 'ERROR',
+
+  SUPER_NODE_ID: '00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000',
+
+  // Reserved File Descriptors for streams
+  STDIN: 0,
+  STDOUT: 1,
+  STDERR: 2,
+  FIRST_DESCRIPTOR: 3,
+
+  ENVIRONMENT: {
+    TMP: '/tmp',
+    PATH: ''
+  }
+};
+
+},{}],53:[function(require,module,exports){
+var MODE_FILE = require('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+
+module.exports = function DirectoryEntry(id, type) {
+  this.id = id;
+  this.type = type || MODE_FILE;
+};
+
+},{"./constants.js":52}],54:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (Buffer){
+// Adapt encodings to work with Buffer or Uint8Array, they expect the latter
+function decode(buf) {
+  return buf.toString('utf8');
+}
+
+function encode(string) {
+  return new Buffer(string, 'utf8');
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  encode: encode,
+  decode: decode
+};
+
+}).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"buffer":38}],55:[function(require,module,exports){
+var errors = {};
+[
+  /**
+   * node.js errors - we only use some of these, add as needed.
+   */
+  //'-1:UNKNOWN:unknown error',
+  //'0:OK:success',
+  //'1:EOF:end of file',
+  //'2:EADDRINFO:getaddrinfo error',
+  //'3:EACCES:permission denied',
+  //'4:EAGAIN:resource temporarily unavailable',
+  //'5:EADDRINUSE:address already in use',
+  //'6:EADDRNOTAVAIL:address not available',
+  //'7:EAFNOSUPPORT:address family not supported',
+  //'8:EALREADY:connection already in progress',
+  '9:EBADF:bad file descriptor',
+  '10:EBUSY:resource busy or locked',
+  //'11:ECONNABORTED:software caused connection abort',
+  //'12:ECONNREFUSED:connection refused',
+  //'13:ECONNRESET:connection reset by peer',
+  //'14:EDESTADDRREQ:destination address required',
+  //'15:EFAULT:bad address in system call argument',
+  //'16:EHOSTUNREACH:host is unreachable',
+  //'17:EINTR:interrupted system call',
+  '18:EINVAL:invalid argument',
+  //'19:EISCONN:socket is already connected',
+  //'20:EMFILE:too many open files',
+  //'21:EMSGSIZE:message too long',
+  //'22:ENETDOWN:network is down',
+  //'23:ENETUNREACH:network is unreachable',
+  //'24:ENFILE:file table overflow',
+  //'25:ENOBUFS:no buffer space available',
+  //'26:ENOMEM:not enough memory',
+  '27:ENOTDIR:not a directory',
+  '28:EISDIR:illegal operation on a directory',
+  //'29:ENONET:machine is not on the network',
+  // errno 30 skipped, as per https://github.com/rvagg/node-errno/blob/master/errno.js
+  //'31:ENOTCONN:socket is not connected',
+  //'32:ENOTSOCK:socket operation on non-socket',
+  //'33:ENOTSUP:operation not supported on socket',
+  '34:ENOENT:no such file or directory',
+  //'35:ENOSYS:function not implemented',
+  //'36:EPIPE:broken pipe',
+  //'37:EPROTO:protocol error',
+  //'38:EPROTONOSUPPORT:protocol not supported',
+  //'39:EPROTOTYPE:protocol wrong type for socket',
+  //'40:ETIMEDOUT:connection timed out',
+  //'41:ECHARSET:invalid Unicode character',
+  //'42:EAIFAMNOSUPPORT:address family for hostname not supported',
+  // errno 43 skipped, as per https://github.com/rvagg/node-errno/blob/master/errno.js
+  //'44:EAISERVICE:servname not supported for ai_socktype',
+  //'45:EAISOCKTYPE:ai_socktype not supported',
+  //'46:ESHUTDOWN:cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown',
+  '47:EEXIST:file already exists',
+  //'48:ESRCH:no such process',
+  //'49:ENAMETOOLONG:name too long',
+  '50:EPERM:operation not permitted',
+  '51:ELOOP:too many symbolic links encountered',
+  //'52:EXDEV:cross-device link not permitted',
+  '53:ENOTEMPTY:directory not empty',
+  //'54:ENOSPC:no space left on device',
+  '55:EIO:i/o error',
+  //'56:EROFS:read-only file system',
+  //'57:ENODEV:no such device',
+  //'58:ESPIPE:invalid seek',
+  //'59:ECANCELED:operation canceled',
+
+  /**
+   * Filer specific errors
+   */
+  '1000:ENOTMOUNTED:not mounted',
+  '1001:EFILESYSTEMERROR:missing super node, use \'FORMAT\' flag to format filesystem.',
+  '1002:ENOATTR:attribute does not exist'
+
+].forEach(function(e) {
+  e = e.split(':');
+  var errno = +e[0];
+  var errName = e[1];
+  var defaultMessage = e[2];
+
+  function FilerError(msg, path) {
+    Error.call(this);
+
+    this.name = errName;
+    this.code = errName;
+    this.errno = errno;
+    this.message = msg || defaultMessage;
+    if(path) {
+      this.path = path;
+    }
+    this.stack = (new Error(this.message)).stack;
+  }
+  FilerError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);
+  FilerError.prototype.constructor = FilerError;
+  FilerError.prototype.toString = function() {
+    var pathInfo = this.path ? (', \'' + this.path + '\'') : '';
+    return this.name + ': ' + this.message + pathInfo;
+  };
+
+  // We expose the error as both Errors.EINVAL and Errors[18]
+  errors[errName] = errors[errno] = FilerError;
+});
+
+module.exports = errors;
+
+},{}],56:[function(require,module,exports){
+var _ = require('../../lib/nodash.js');
+
+var Path = require('../path.js');
+var normalize = Path.normalize;
+var dirname = Path.dirname;
+var basename = Path.basename;
+var isAbsolutePath = Path.isAbsolute;
+var isNullPath = Path.isNull;
+
+var Constants = require('../constants.js');
+var MODE_FILE = Constants.MODE_FILE;
+var MODE_DIRECTORY = Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
+var MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+var MODE_META = Constants.MODE_META;
+
+var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = Constants.ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
+var SUPER_NODE_ID = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
+var SYMLOOP_MAX = Constants.SYMLOOP_MAX;
+
+var O_READ = Constants.O_READ;
+var O_WRITE = Constants.O_WRITE;
+var O_CREATE = Constants.O_CREATE;
+var O_EXCLUSIVE = Constants.O_EXCLUSIVE;
+var O_TRUNCATE = Constants.O_TRUNCATE;
+var O_APPEND = Constants.O_APPEND;
+var O_FLAGS = Constants.O_FLAGS;
+
+var XATTR_CREATE = Constants.XATTR_CREATE;
+var XATTR_REPLACE = Constants.XATTR_REPLACE;
+var FS_NOMTIME = Constants.FS_NOMTIME;
+var FS_NOCTIME = Constants.FS_NOCTIME;
+
+var Encoding = require('../encoding.js');
+var Errors = require('../errors.js');
+var DirectoryEntry = require('../directory-entry.js');
+var OpenFileDescription = require('../open-file-description.js');
+var SuperNode = require('../super-node.js');
+var Node = require('../node.js');
+var Stats = require('../stats.js');
+var Buffer = require('../buffer.js');
+
+/**
+ * Update node times. Only passed times are modified (undefined times are ignored)
+ * and filesystem flags are examined in order to override update logic.
+ */
+function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
+  // Honour mount flags for how we update times
+  var flags = context.flags;
+  if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOCTIME)) {
+    delete times.ctime;
+  }
+  if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
+    delete times.mtime;
+  }
+
+  // Only do the update if required (i.e., times are still present)
+  var update = false;
+  if(times.ctime) {
+    node.ctime = times.ctime;
+    // We don't do atime tracking for perf reasons, but do mirror ctime
+    node.atime = times.ctime;
+    update = true;
+  }
+  if(times.atime) {
+    // The only time we explicitly pass atime is when utimes(), futimes() is called.
+    // Override ctime mirror here if so
+    node.atime = times.atime;
+    update = true;
+  }
+  if(times.mtime) {
+    node.mtime = times.mtime;
+    update = true;
+  }
+
+  function complete(error) {
+    // Queue this change so we can send watch events.
+    // Unlike node.js, we send the full path vs. basename/dirname only.
+    context.changes.push({ event: 'change', path: path });
+    callback(error);
+  }
+
+  if(update) {
+    context.putObject(node.id, node, complete);
+  } else {
+    complete();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * make_node()
+ */
+// in: file or directory path
+// out: new node representing file/directory
+function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
+  if(mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY && mode !== MODE_FILE) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be a directory or file', path));
+  }
+
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+  var parentNode;
+  var parentNodeData;
+  var node;
+
+  // Check if the parent node exists
+  function create_node_in_parent(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
+    } else {
+      parentNode = parentDirectoryNode;
+      find_node(context, path, check_if_node_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Check if the node to be created already exists
+  function check_if_node_exists(error, result) {
+    if(!error && result) {
+      callback(new Errors.EEXIST('path name already exists', path));
+    } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(parentNode.data, create_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Create the new node
+  function create_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentNodeData = result;
+      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: mode}, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+        node = result;
+        node.nlinks += 1;
+        context.putObject(node.id, node, update_parent_node_data);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Update parent node time
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, node, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Update the parent nodes data
+  function update_parent_node_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentNodeData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(node.id, mode);
+      context.putObject(parentNode.data, parentNodeData, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Find the parent node
+  find_node(context, parentPath, create_node_in_parent);
+}
+
+/**
+ * find_node
+ */
+// in: file or directory path
+// out: node structure, or error
+function find_node(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  if(!path) {
+    return callback(new Errors.ENOENT('path is an empty string'));
+  }
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+  var followedCount = 0;
+
+  function read_root_directory_node(error, superNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(!superNode || superNode.mode !== MODE_META || !superNode.rnode) {
+      callback(new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR());
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(superNode.rnode, check_root_directory_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_root_directory_node(error, rootDirectoryNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(!rootDirectoryNode) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOENT());
+    } else {
+      callback(null, rootDirectoryNode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // in: parent directory node
+  // out: parent directory data
+  function read_parent_directory_data(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY || !parentDirectoryNode.data) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, get_node_from_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // in: parent directory data
+  // out: searched node
+  function get_node_from_parent_directory_data(error, parentDirectoryData) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(!_(parentDirectoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
+      } else {
+        var nodeId = parentDirectoryData[name].id;
+        context.getObject(nodeId, is_symbolic_link);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function is_symbolic_link(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+        followedCount++;
+        if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
+          callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
+        } else {
+          follow_symbolic_link(node.data);
+        }
+      } else {
+        callback(null, node);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function follow_symbolic_link(data) {
+    data = normalize(data);
+    parentPath = dirname(data);
+    name = basename(data);
+    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+      context.getObject(SUPER_NODE_ID, read_root_directory_node);
+    } else {
+      find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    context.getObject(SUPER_NODE_ID, read_root_directory_node);
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * set extended attribute (refactor)
+ */
+function set_extended_attribute (context, path, node, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, path, node, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+  if (flag === XATTR_CREATE && xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EEXIST('attribute already exists', path));
+  }
+  else if (flag === XATTR_REPLACE && !xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+    callback(new Errors.ENOATTR(null, path));
+  }
+  else {
+    xattrs[name] = value;
+    context.putObject(node.id, node, update_time);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * ensure_root_directory. Creates a root node if necessary.
+ *
+ * Note: this should only be invoked when formatting a new file system.
+ * Multiple invocations of this by separate instances will still result
+ * in only a single super node.
+ */
+function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
+  var superNode;
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+
+  function ensure_super_node(error, existingNode) {
+    if(!error && existingNode) {
+      // Another instance has beat us and already created the super node.
+      callback();
+    } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      SuperNode.create({guid: context.guid}, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+        superNode = result;
+        context.putObject(superNode.id, superNode, write_directory_node);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_directory_node(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      Node.create({guid: context.guid, id: superNode.rnode, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+        directoryNode = result;
+        directoryNode.nlinks += 1;
+        context.putObject(directoryNode.id, directoryNode, write_directory_data);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = {};
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(SUPER_NODE_ID, ensure_super_node);
+}
+
+/**
+ * make_directory
+ */
+function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var parentDirectoryNode;
+  var parentDirectoryData;
+
+  function check_if_directory_exists(error, result) {
+    if(!error && result) {
+      callback(new Errors.EEXIST(null, path));
+    } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, write_directory_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_directory_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryData = result;
+      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+        directoryNode = result;
+        directoryNode.nlinks += 1;
+        context.putObject(directoryNode.id, directoryNode, write_directory_data);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = {};
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, parentDirectoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_parent_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(directoryNode.id, MODE_DIRECTORY);
+      context.putObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, parentDirectoryData, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, path, check_if_directory_exists);
+}
+
+/**
+ * remove_directory
+ */
+function remove_directory(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var parentDirectoryNode;
+  var parentDirectoryData;
+
+  function read_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, check_if_node_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_node_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+      callback(new Errors.EBUSY(null, path));
+    } else if(!_(result).has(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
+    } else {
+      parentDirectoryData = result;
+      directoryNode = parentDirectoryData[name].id;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode, check_if_node_is_directory);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode != MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_directory_is_empty);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_directory_is_empty(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(_(directoryData).size() > 0) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOTEMPTY(null, path));
+      } else {
+        remove_directory_entry_from_parent_directory_node();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, parentDirectoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, remove_directory_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function remove_directory_entry_from_parent_directory_node() {
+    delete parentDirectoryData[name];
+    context.putObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, parentDirectoryData, update_time);
+  }
+
+  function remove_directory_node(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.delete(directoryNode.id, remove_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function remove_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.delete(directoryNode.data, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+}
+
+function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var directoryEntry;
+  var fileNode;
+  var fileData;
+
+  var followedCount = 0;
+
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    if(_(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+      callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
+    } else {
+      find_node(context, path, set_file_node);
+    }
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        if(_(flags).contains(O_EXCLUSIVE)) {
+          callback(new Errors.ENOENT('O_CREATE and O_EXCLUSIVE are set, and the named file exists', path));
+        } else {
+          directoryEntry = directoryData[name];
+          if(directoryEntry.type == MODE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+            callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
+          } else {
+            context.getObject(directoryEntry.id, check_if_symbolic_link);
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        if(!_(flags).contains(O_CREATE)) {
+          callback(new Errors.ENOENT('O_CREATE is not set and the named file does not exist', path));
+        } else {
+          write_file_node();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_symbolic_link(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var node = result;
+      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+        followedCount++;
+        if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
+          callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
+        } else {
+          follow_symbolic_link(node.data);
+        }
+      } else {
+        set_file_node(undefined, node);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function follow_symbolic_link(data) {
+    data = normalize(data);
+    parentPath = dirname(data);
+    name = basename(data);
+    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+      if(_(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+        callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
+      } else {
+        find_node(context, path, set_file_node);
+      }
+    }
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+  }
+
+  function set_file_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      callback(null, fileNode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_file_node() {
+    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_FILE}, function(error, result) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+      fileNode = result;
+      fileNode.nlinks += 1;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, write_file_data);
+    });
+  }
+
+  function write_file_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileData = new Buffer(0);
+      fileData.fill(0);
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, fileData, update_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, directoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, handle_update_result);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_FILE);
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function handle_update_result(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      callback(null, fileNode);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function replace_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, callback) {
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function return_nbytes(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      callback(null, length);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, fileNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, return_nbytes);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      var newData = new Buffer(length);
+      newData.fill(0);
+      buffer.copy(newData, 0, offset, offset + length);
+      ofd.position = length;
+
+      fileNode.size = length;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
+
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, newData, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(ofd.id, write_file_data);
+}
+
+function write_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
+  var fileNode;
+  var fileData;
+
+  function return_nbytes(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      callback(null, length);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, fileNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, return_nbytes);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileData = result;
+      if(!fileData) {
+        return callback(new Errors.EIO('Expected Buffer'));
+      }
+      var _position = (!(undefined === position || null === position)) ? position : ofd.position;
+      var newSize = Math.max(fileData.length, _position + length);
+      var newData = new Buffer(newSize);
+      newData.fill(0);
+      if(fileData) {
+        fileData.copy(newData);
+      }
+      buffer.copy(newData, _position, offset, offset + length);
+      if(undefined === position) {
+        ofd.position += length;
+      }
+
+      fileNode.size = newSize;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
+
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, newData, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      context.getBuffer(fileNode.data, update_file_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(ofd.id, read_file_data);
+}
+
+function read_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
+  var fileNode;
+  var fileData;
+
+  function handle_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileData = result;
+      if(!fileData) {
+        return callback(new Errors.EIO('Expected Buffer'));
+      }
+      var _position = (!(undefined === position || null === position)) ? position : ofd.position;
+      length = (_position + length > buffer.length) ? length - _position : length;
+      fileData.copy(buffer, offset, _position, _position + length);
+      if(undefined === position) {
+        ofd.position += length;
+      }
+      callback(null, length);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_file_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory', ofd.path));
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      context.getBuffer(fileNode.data, handle_file_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(ofd.id, read_file_data);
+}
+
+function stat_file(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  find_node(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function fstat_file(context, ofd, callback) {
+  ofd.getNode(context, callback);
+}
+
+function lstat_file(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    find_node(context, path, callback);
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(!_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of the path does not name an existing file', path));
+      } else {
+        context.getObject(directoryData[name].id, callback);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
+  oldpath = normalize(oldpath);
+  var oldname = basename(oldpath);
+  var oldParentPath = dirname(oldpath);
+
+  newpath = normalize(newpath);
+  var newname = basename(newpath);
+  var newParentPath = dirname(newpath);
+
+  var oldDirectoryNode;
+  var oldDirectoryData;
+  var newDirectoryNode;
+  var newDirectoryData;
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, newpath,  fileNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      fileNode.nlinks += 1;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_entry(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(newDirectoryData[newname].id, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_new_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newDirectoryData = result;
+      if(_(newDirectoryData).has(newname)) {
+        callback(new Errors.EEXIST('newpath resolves to an existing file', newname));
+      } else {
+        newDirectoryData[newname] = oldDirectoryData[oldname];
+        context.putObject(newDirectoryNode.data, newDirectoryData, read_directory_entry);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_new_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newDirectoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(newDirectoryNode.data, check_if_new_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_old_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldDirectoryData = result;
+      if(!_(oldDirectoryData).has(oldname)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of either path prefix does not exist', oldname));
+      } else if(oldDirectoryData[oldname].type === 'DIRECTORY') {
+        callback(new Errors.EPERM('oldpath refers to a directory'));
+      } else {
+        find_node(context, newParentPath, read_new_directory_data);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_old_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldDirectoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(oldDirectoryNode.data, check_if_old_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, oldParentPath, read_old_directory_data);
+}
+
+function unlink_node(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function update_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      delete directoryData[name];
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, function(error) {
+        var now = Date.now();
+        update_node_times(context, parentPath, directoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  function delete_file_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.delete(fileNode.data, update_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = result;
+      fileNode.nlinks -= 1;
+      if(fileNode.nlinks < 1) {
+        context.delete(fileNode.id, delete_file_data);
+      } else {
+        context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, function(error) {
+          update_node_times(context, path, fileNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, update_directory_data);
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      callback(new Errors.EPERM('unlink not permitted on directories', name));
+    } else {
+      update_file_node(null, result);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(!_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of the path does not name an existing file', name));
+      } else {
+        context.getObject(directoryData[name].id, check_if_node_is_directory);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+}
+
+function read_directory(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+
+  function handle_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      var files = Object.keys(directoryData);
+      callback(null, files);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, handle_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, path, read_directory_data);
+}
+
+function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
+  dstpath = normalize(dstpath);
+  var name = basename(dstpath);
+  var parentPath = dirname(dstpath);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+  var fileNode;
+
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EEXIST(null, name));
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+  }
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.EEXIST(null, name));
+      } else {
+        write_file_node();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function write_file_node() {
+    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK}, function(error, result) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+      fileNode = result;
+      fileNode.nlinks += 1;
+      fileNode.size = srcpath.length;
+      fileNode.data = srcpath;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_directory_data);
+    });
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, parentPath, directoryNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK);
+      context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function read_link(context, path, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+  var name = basename(path);
+  var parentPath = dirname(path);
+
+  var directoryNode;
+  var directoryData;
+
+  find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
+
+  function read_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryNode = result;
+      context.getObject(directoryNode.data, check_if_file_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_file_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      directoryData = result;
+      if(!_(directoryData).has(name)) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of the path does not name an existing file', name));
+      } else {
+        context.getObject(directoryData[name].id, check_if_symbolic);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_symbolic(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(result.mode != MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+        callback(new Errors.EINVAL('path not a symbolic link', path));
+      } else {
+        callback(null, result.data);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function truncate_file(context, path, length, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function read_file_data (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+      callback(new Errors.EISDIR(null, path));
+    } else{
+      fileNode = node;
+      context.getBuffer(fileNode.data, truncate_file_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function truncate_file_data(error, fileData) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(!fileData) {
+        return callback(new Errors.EIO('Expected Buffer'));
+      }
+      var data = new Buffer(length);
+      data.fill(0);
+      if(fileData) {
+        fileData.copy(data);
+      }
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, data, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, path, fileNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node (error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode.size = length;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(length < 0) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('length cannot be negative'));
+  } else {
+    find_node(context, path, read_file_data);
+  }
+}
+
+function ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback) {
+  var fileNode;
+
+  function read_file_data (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+      callback(new Errors.EISDIR());
+    } else{
+      fileNode = node;
+      context.getBuffer(fileNode.data, truncate_file_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function truncate_file_data(error, fileData) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var data;
+      if(!fileData) {
+        return callback(new Errors.EIO('Expected Buffer'));
+      }
+      if(fileData) {
+        data = fileData.slice(0, length);
+      } else {
+        data = new Buffer(length);
+        data.fill(0);
+      }
+      context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, data, update_file_node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_time(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var now = Date.now();
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, fileNode, { mtime: now, ctime: now }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node (error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode.size = length;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(length < 0) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('length cannot be negative'));
+  } else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, read_file_data);
+  }
+}
+
+function utimes_file(context, path, atime, mtime, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function update_times(error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, path, node, { atime: atime, ctime: mtime, mtime: mtime }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof atime != 'number' || typeof mtime != 'number') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be number', path));
+  }
+  else if (atime < 0 || mtime < 0) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be positive integers', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, update_times);
+  }
+}
+
+function futimes_file(context, ofd, atime, mtime, callback) {
+
+  function update_times (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, node, { atime: atime, ctime: mtime, mtime: mtime }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof atime != 'number' || typeof mtime != 'number') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be a number'));
+  }
+  else if (atime < 0 || mtime < 0) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be positive integers'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, update_times);
+  }
+}
+
+function setxattr_file(context, path, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function setxattr(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+    set_extended_attribute(context, path, node, name, value, flag, callback);
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string', path));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string', path));
+  }
+  else if (flag !== null &&
+           flag !== XATTR_CREATE && flag !== XATTR_REPLACE) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('invalid flag, must be null, XATTR_CREATE or XATTR_REPLACE', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, setxattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function fsetxattr_file (context, ofd, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  function setxattr(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+    set_extended_attribute(context, ofd.path, node, name, value, flag, callback);
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string'));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string'));
+  }
+  else if (flag !== null &&
+           flag !== XATTR_CREATE && flag !== XATTR_REPLACE) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('invalid flag, must be null, XATTR_CREATE or XATTR_REPLACE'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, setxattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function getxattr_file (context, path, name, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function get_xattr(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+    if (!xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOATTR(null, path));
+    }
+    else {
+      callback(null, xattrs[name]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string', path));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, get_xattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function fgetxattr_file (context, ofd, name, callback) {
+
+  function get_xattr (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+    if (!xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOATTR());
+    }
+    else {
+      callback(null, xattrs[name]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL());
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, get_xattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function removexattr_file (context, path, name, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function remove_xattr (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    function update_time(error) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+      } else {
+        update_node_times(context, path, node, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      }
+    }
+
+    var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+    if (!xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOATTR(null, path));
+    }
+    else {
+      delete xattrs[name];
+      context.putObject(node.id, node, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string', path));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, remove_xattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function fremovexattr_file (context, ofd, name, callback) {
+
+  function remove_xattr (error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    function update_time(error) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+      } else {
+        update_node_times(context, ofd.path, node, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      }
+    }
+
+    var xattrs = node.xattrs;
+
+    if (!xattrs.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOATTR());
+    }
+    else {
+      delete xattrs[name];
+      context.putObject(node.id, node, update_time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string'));
+  }
+  else if (!name) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name cannot be an empty string'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, remove_xattr);
+  }
+}
+
+function validate_flags(flags) {
+  if(!_(O_FLAGS).has(flags)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  return O_FLAGS[flags];
+}
+
+function validate_file_options(options, enc, fileMode){
+  if(!options) {
+    options = { encoding: enc, flag: fileMode };
+  } else if(typeof options === "function") {
+    options = { encoding: enc, flag: fileMode };
+  } else if(typeof options === "string") {
+    options = { encoding: options, flag: fileMode };
+  }
+  return options;
+}
+
+function pathCheck(path, callback) {
+  var err;
+
+  if(!path) {
+    err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be a string', path);
+  } else if(isNullPath(path)) {
+    err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be a string without null bytes.', path);
+  } else if(!isAbsolutePath(path)) {
+    err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be absolute.', path);
+  }
+
+  if(err) {
+    callback(err);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+function open(fs, context, path, flags, mode, callback) {
+  // NOTE: we support the same signature as node with a `mode` arg,
+  // but ignore it.
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  function check_result(error, fileNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var position;
+      if(_(flags).contains(O_APPEND)) {
+        position = fileNode.size;
+      } else {
+        position = 0;
+      }
+      var openFileDescription = new OpenFileDescription(path, fileNode.id, flags, position);
+      var fd = fs.allocDescriptor(openFileDescription);
+      callback(null, fd);
+    }
+  }
+
+  flags = validate_flags(flags);
+  if(!flags) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('flags is not valid'), path);
+  }
+
+  open_file(context, path, flags, check_result);
+}
+
+function close(fs, context, fd, callback) {
+  if(!_(fs.openFiles).has(fd)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else {
+    fs.releaseDescriptor(fd);
+    callback(null);
+  }
+}
+
+function mknod(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  make_node(context, path, mode, callback);
+}
+
+function mkdir(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
+  // NOTE: we support passing a mode arg, but we ignore it internally for now.
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  make_directory(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function rmdir(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  remove_directory(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function stat(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  function check_result(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      callback(null, stats);
+    }
+  }
+
+  stat_file(context, path, check_result);
+}
+
+function fstat(fs, context, fd, callback) {
+  function check_result(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      callback(null, stats);
+    }
+  }
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else {
+    fstat_file(context, ofd, check_result);
+  }
+}
+
+function link(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(oldpath, callback)) return;
+  if(!pathCheck(newpath, callback)) return;
+  link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback);
+}
+
+function unlink(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  unlink_node(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function read(fs, context, fd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
+  // Follow how node.js does this
+  function wrapped_cb(err, bytesRead) {
+    // Retain a reference to buffer so that it can't be GC'ed too soon.
+    callback(err, bytesRead || 0, buffer);
+  }
+
+  offset = (undefined === offset) ? 0 : offset;
+  length = (undefined === length) ? buffer.length - offset : length;
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_READ)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit reading'));
+  } else {
+    read_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, wrapped_cb);
+  }
+}
+
+function readFile(fs, context, path, options, callback) {
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  options = validate_file_options(options, null, 'r');
+
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  var flags = validate_flags(options.flag || 'r');
+  if(!flags) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('flags is not valid', path));
+  }
+
+  open_file(context, path, flags, function(err, fileNode) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+    var ofd = new OpenFileDescription(path, fileNode.id, flags, 0);
+    var fd = fs.allocDescriptor(ofd);
+
+    function cleanup() {
+      fs.releaseDescriptor(fd);
+    }
+
+    fstat_file(context, ofd, function(err, fstatResult) {
+      if(err) {
+        cleanup();
+        return callback(err);
+      }
+
+      var stats = new Stats(fstatResult, fs.name);
+
+      if(stats.isDirectory()) {
+        cleanup();
+        return callback(new Errors.EISDIR('illegal operation on directory', path));
+      }
+
+      var size = stats.size;
+      var buffer = new Buffer(size);
+      buffer.fill(0);
+
+      read_data(context, ofd, buffer, 0, size, 0, function(err, nbytes) {
+        cleanup();
+
+        if(err) {
+          return callback(err);
+        }
+
+        var data;
+        if(options.encoding === 'utf8') {
+          data = Encoding.decode(buffer);
+        } else {
+          data = buffer;
+        }
+        callback(null, data);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+function write(fs, context, fd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  offset = (undefined === offset) ? 0 : offset;
+  length = (undefined === length) ? buffer.length - offset : length;
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  } else if(buffer.length - offset < length) {
+    callback(new Errors.EIO('intput buffer is too small'));
+  } else {
+    write_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function writeFile(fs, context, path, data, options, callback) {
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  options = validate_file_options(options, 'utf8', 'w');
+
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  var flags = validate_flags(options.flag || 'w');
+  if(!flags) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('flags is not valid', path));
+  }
+
+  data = data || '';
+  if(typeof data === "number") {
+    data = '' + data;
+  }
+  if(typeof data === "string" && options.encoding === 'utf8') {
+    data = Encoding.encode(data);
+  }
+
+  open_file(context, path, flags, function(err, fileNode) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+    var ofd = new OpenFileDescription(path, fileNode.id, flags, 0);
+    var fd = fs.allocDescriptor(ofd);
+
+    replace_data(context, ofd, data, 0, data.length, function(err, nbytes) {
+      fs.releaseDescriptor(fd);
+
+      if(err) {
+        return callback(err);
+      }
+      callback(null);
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+function appendFile(fs, context, path, data, options, callback) {
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  options = validate_file_options(options, 'utf8', 'a');
+
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  var flags = validate_flags(options.flag || 'a');
+  if(!flags) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('flags is not valid', path));
+  }
+
+  data = data || '';
+  if(typeof data === "number") {
+    data = '' + data;
+  }
+  if(typeof data === "string" && options.encoding === 'utf8') {
+    data = Encoding.encode(data);
+  }
+
+  open_file(context, path, flags, function(err, fileNode) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+    var ofd = new OpenFileDescription(path, fileNode.id, flags, fileNode.size);
+    var fd = fs.allocDescriptor(ofd);
+
+    write_data(context, ofd, data, 0, data.length, ofd.position, function(err, nbytes) {
+      fs.releaseDescriptor(fd);
+
+      if(err) {
+        return callback(err);
+      }
+      callback(null);
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+function exists(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  function cb(err, stats) {
+    callback(err ? false : true);
+  }
+  stat(fs, context, path, cb);
+}
+
+function getxattr(fs, context, path, name, callback) {
+  if (!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  getxattr_file(context, path, name, callback);
+}
+
+function fgetxattr(fs, context, fd, name, callback) {
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if (!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  }
+  else {
+    fgetxattr_file(context, ofd, name, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function setxattr(fs, context, path, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  if(typeof flag === 'function') {
+    callback = flag;
+    flag = null;
+  }
+
+  if (!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  setxattr_file(context, path, name, value, flag, callback);
+}
+
+function fsetxattr(fs, context, fd, name, value, flag, callback) {
+  if(typeof flag === 'function') {
+    callback = flag;
+    flag = null;
+  }
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if (!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  }
+  else if (!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  }
+  else {
+    fsetxattr_file(context, ofd, name, value, flag, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function removexattr(fs, context, path, name, callback) {
+  if (!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  removexattr_file(context, path, name, callback);
+}
+
+function fremovexattr(fs, context, fd, name, callback) {
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if (!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  }
+  else if (!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  }
+  else {
+    fremovexattr_file(context, ofd, name, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function lseek(fs, context, fd, offset, whence, callback) {
+  function update_descriptor_position(error, stats) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(stats.size + offset < 0) {
+        callback(new Errors.EINVAL('resulting file offset would be negative'));
+      } else {
+        ofd.position = stats.size + offset;
+        callback(null, ofd.position);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  }
+
+  if('SET' === whence) {
+    if(offset < 0) {
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('resulting file offset would be negative'));
+    } else {
+      ofd.position = offset;
+      callback(null, ofd.position);
+    }
+  } else if('CUR' === whence) {
+    if(ofd.position + offset < 0) {
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('resulting file offset would be negative'));
+    } else {
+      ofd.position += offset;
+      callback(null, ofd.position);
+    }
+  } else if('END' === whence) {
+    fstat_file(context, ofd, update_descriptor_position);
+  } else {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('whence argument is not a proper value'));
+  }
+}
+
+function readdir(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  read_directory(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function utimes(fs, context, path, atime, mtime, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  var currentTime = Date.now();
+  atime = (atime) ? atime : currentTime;
+  mtime = (mtime) ? mtime : currentTime;
+
+  utimes_file(context, path, atime, mtime, callback);
+}
+
+function futimes(fs, context, fd, atime, mtime, callback) {
+  var currentTime = Date.now();
+  atime = (atime) ? atime : currentTime;
+  mtime = (mtime) ? mtime : currentTime;
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  } else {
+    futimes_file(context, ofd, atime, mtime, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(oldpath, callback)) return;
+  if(!pathCheck(newpath, callback)) return;
+
+  oldpath = normalize(oldpath);
+  newpath = normalize(newpath);
+
+  var oldParentPath = Path.dirname(oldpath);
+  var newParentPath = Path.dirname(oldpath);
+  var oldName = Path.basename(oldpath);
+  var newName = Path.basename(newpath);
+  var oldParentDirectory, oldParentData;
+  var newParentDirectory, newParentData;
+
+  function update_times(error, newNode) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      update_node_times(context, newpath,  newNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_new_directory(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      context.getObject(newParentData[newName].id, update_times);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_old_parent_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      if(oldParentDirectory.id === newParentDirectory.id) {
+        oldParentData = newParentData;
+      }
+      delete oldParentData[oldName];
+      context.putObject(oldParentDirectory.data, oldParentData, read_new_directory);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_new_parent_directory_data(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newParentData[newName] = oldParentData[oldName];
+      context.putObject(newParentDirectory.data, newParentData, update_old_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_if_new_directory_exists(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newParentData = result;
+      if(_(newParentData).has(newName)) {
+        remove_directory(context, newpath, update_new_parent_directory_data);
+      } else {
+        update_new_parent_directory_data();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_new_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      newParentDirectory = result;
+      context.getObject(newParentDirectory.data, check_if_new_directory_exists);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function get_new_parent_directory(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldParentData = result;
+      find_node(context, newParentPath, read_new_parent_directory_data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function read_parent_directory_data(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      oldParentDirectory = result;
+      context.getObject(result.data, get_new_parent_directory);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function unlink_old_file(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      unlink_node(context, oldpath, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function check_node_type(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else if(node.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      find_node(context, oldParentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
+    } else {
+      link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, unlink_old_file);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, oldpath, check_node_type);
+}
+
+function symlink(fs, context, srcpath, dstpath, type, callback) {
+  // NOTE: we support passing the `type` arg, but ignore it.
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  if(!pathCheck(srcpath, callback)) return;
+  if(!pathCheck(dstpath, callback)) return;
+  make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback);
+}
+
+function readlink(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  read_link(context, path, callback);
+}
+
+function lstat(fs, context, path, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+
+  function check_result(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      callback(null, stats);
+    }
+  }
+
+  lstat_file(context, path, check_result);
+}
+
+function truncate(fs, context, path, length, callback) {
+  // NOTE: length is optional
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  length = length || 0;
+
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  truncate_file(context, path, length, callback);
+}
+
+function ftruncate(fs, context, fd, length, callback) {
+  // NOTE: length is optional
+  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  length = length || 0;
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  } else {
+    ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  ensureRootDirectory: ensure_root_directory,
+  open: open,
+  close: close,
+  mknod: mknod,
+  mkdir: mkdir,
+  rmdir: rmdir,
+  unlink: unlink,
+  stat: stat,
+  fstat: fstat,
+  link: link,
+  read: read,
+  readFile: readFile,
+  write: write,
+  writeFile: writeFile,
+  appendFile: appendFile,
+  exists: exists,
+  getxattr: getxattr,
+  fgetxattr: fgetxattr,
+  setxattr: setxattr,
+  fsetxattr: fsetxattr,
+  removexattr: removexattr,
+  fremovexattr: fremovexattr,
+  lseek: lseek,
+  readdir: readdir,
+  utimes: utimes,
+  futimes: futimes,
+  rename: rename,
+  symlink: symlink,
+  readlink: readlink,
+  lstat: lstat,
+  truncate: truncate,
+  ftruncate: ftruncate
+};
+
+},{"../../lib/nodash.js":4,"../buffer.js":51,"../constants.js":52,"../directory-entry.js":53,"../encoding.js":54,"../errors.js":55,"../node.js":60,"../open-file-description.js":61,"../path.js":62,"../stats.js":70,"../super-node.js":71}],57:[function(require,module,exports){
+var _ = require('../../lib/nodash.js');
+
+var isNullPath = require('../path.js').isNull;
+var nop = require('../shared.js').nop;
+
+var Constants = require('../constants.js');
+var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = Constants.FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+var FS_FORMAT = Constants.FS_FORMAT;
+var FS_READY = Constants.FS_READY;
+var FS_PENDING = Constants.FS_PENDING;
+var FS_ERROR = Constants.FS_ERROR;
+var FS_NODUPEIDCHECK = Constants.FS_NODUPEIDCHECK;
+
+var providers = require('../providers/index.js');
+
+var Shell = require('../shell/shell.js');
+var Intercom = require('../../lib/intercom.js');
+var FSWatcher = require('../fs-watcher.js');
+var Errors = require('../errors.js');
+var defaultGuidFn = require('../shared.js').guid;
+
+var STDIN = Constants.STDIN;
+var STDOUT = Constants.STDOUT;
+var STDERR = Constants.STDERR;
+var FIRST_DESCRIPTOR = Constants.FIRST_DESCRIPTOR;
+
+// The core fs operations live on impl
+var impl = require('./implementation.js');
+
+// node.js supports a calling pattern that leaves off a callback.
+function maybeCallback(callback) {
+  if(typeof callback === "function") {
+    return callback;
+  }
+  return function(err) {
+    if(err) {
+      throw err;
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+// Default callback that logs an error if passed in
+function defaultCallback(err) {
+  if(err) {
+    console.error('Filer error: ', err);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * FileSystem
+ *
+ * A FileSystem takes an `options` object, which can specify a number of,
+ * options.  All options are optional, and include:
+ *
+ * name: the name of the file system, defaults to "local"
+ *
+ * flags: one or more flags to use when creating/opening the file system.
+ *        For example: "FORMAT" will cause the file system to be formatted.
+ *        No explicit flags are set by default.
+ *
+ * provider: an explicit storage provider to use for the file
+ *           system's database context provider.  A number of context
+ *           providers are included (see /src/providers), and users
+ *           can write one of their own and pass it in to be used.
+ *           By default an IndexedDB provider is used.
+ *
+ * guid: a function for generating unique IDs for nodes in the filesystem.
+ *       Use this to override the built-in UUID generation. (Used mainly for tests).
+ *
+ * callback: a callback function to be executed when the file system becomes
+ *           ready for use. Depending on the context provider used, this might
+ *           be right away, or could take some time. The callback should expect
+ *           an `error` argument, which will be null if everything worked.  Also
+ *           users should check the file system's `readyState` and `error`
+ *           properties to make sure it is usable.
+ */
+function FileSystem(options, callback) {
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || defaultCallback;
+
+  var flags = options.flags;
+  var guid = options.guid ? options.guid : defaultGuidFn;
+  var provider = options.provider || new providers.Default(options.name || FILE_SYSTEM_NAME);
+  // If we're given a provider, match its name unless we get an explicit name
+  var name = options.name || provider.name;
+  var forceFormatting = _(flags).contains(FS_FORMAT);
+
+  var fs = this;
+  fs.readyState = FS_PENDING;
+  fs.name = name;
+  fs.error = null;
+
+  fs.stdin = STDIN;
+  fs.stdout = STDOUT;
+  fs.stderr = STDERR;
+
+  // Expose Shell constructor
+  this.Shell = Shell.bind(undefined, this);
+
+  // Safely expose the list of open files and file
+  // descriptor management functions
+  var openFiles = {};
+  var nextDescriptor = FIRST_DESCRIPTOR;
+  Object.defineProperty(this, "openFiles", {
+    get: function() { return openFiles; }
+  });
+  this.allocDescriptor = function(openFileDescription) {
+    var fd = nextDescriptor ++;
+    openFiles[fd] = openFileDescription;
+    return fd;
+  };
+  this.releaseDescriptor = function(fd) {
+    delete openFiles[fd];
+  };
+
+  // Safely expose the operation queue
+  var queue = [];
+  this.queueOrRun = function(operation) {
+    var error;
+
+    if(FS_READY == fs.readyState) {
+      operation.call(fs);
+    } else if(FS_ERROR == fs.readyState) {
+      error = new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR('unknown error');
+    } else {
+      queue.push(operation);
+    }
+
+    return error;
+  };
+  function runQueued() {
+    queue.forEach(function(operation) {
+      operation.call(this);
+    }.bind(fs));
+    queue = null;
+  }
+
+  // We support the optional `options` arg from node, but ignore it
+  this.watch = function(filename, options, listener) {
+    if(isNullPath(filename)) {
+      throw new Error('Path must be a string without null bytes.');
+    }
+    if(typeof options === 'function') {
+      listener = options;
+      options = {};
+    }
+    options = options || {};
+    listener = listener || nop;
+
+    var watcher = new FSWatcher();
+    watcher.start(filename, false, options.recursive);
+    watcher.on('change', listener);
+
+    return watcher;
+  };
+
+  // Deal with various approaches to node ID creation
+  function wrappedGuidFn(context) {
+    return function(callback) {
+      // Skip the duplicate ID check if asked to
+      if(_(flags).contains(FS_NODUPEIDCHECK)) {
+        callback(null, guid());
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Otherwise (default) make sure this id is unused first
+      function guidWithCheck(callback) {
+        var id = guid();
+        context.getObject(id, function(err, value) {
+          if(err) {
+            callback(err);
+            return;
+          }
+
+          // If this id is unused, use it, otherwise find another
+          if(!value) {
+            callback(null, id);
+          } else {
+            guidWithCheck(callback);
+          }
+        });
+      }
+      guidWithCheck(callback);
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Let other instances (in this or other windows) know about
+  // any changes to this fs instance.
+  function broadcastChanges(changes) {
+    if(!changes.length) {
+      return;
+    }
+    var intercom = Intercom.getInstance();
+    changes.forEach(function(change) {
+      intercom.emit(change.event, change.path);
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Open file system storage provider
+  provider.open(function(err) {
+    function complete(error) {
+      function wrappedContext(methodName) {
+        var context = provider[methodName]();
+        context.flags = flags;
+        context.changes = [];
+        context.guid = wrappedGuidFn(context);
+
+        // When the context is finished, let the fs deal with any change events
+        context.close = function() {
+          var changes = context.changes;
+          broadcastChanges(changes);
+          changes.length = 0;
+        };
+
+        return context;
+      }
+
+      // Wrap the provider so we can extend the context with fs flags and
+      // an array of changes (e.g., watch event 'change' and 'rename' events
+      // for paths updated during the lifetime of the context). From this
+      // point forward we won't call open again, so it's safe to drop it.
+      fs.provider = {
+        openReadWriteContext: function() {
+          return wrappedContext('getReadWriteContext');
+        },
+        openReadOnlyContext: function() {
+          return wrappedContext('getReadOnlyContext');
+        }
+      };
+
+      if(error) {
+        fs.readyState = FS_ERROR;
+      } else {
+        fs.readyState = FS_READY;
+      }
+      runQueued();
+      callback(error, fs);
+    }
+
+    if(err) {
+      return complete(err);
+    }
+
+    var context = provider.getReadWriteContext();
+    context.guid = wrappedGuidFn(context);
+
+    // Mount the filesystem, formatting if necessary
+    if(forceFormatting) {
+      // Wipe the storage provider, then write root block
+      context.clear(function(err) {
+        if(err) {
+          return complete(err);
+        }
+        impl.ensureRootDirectory(context, complete);
+      });
+    } else {
+      // Use existing (or create new) root and mount
+      impl.ensureRootDirectory(context, complete);
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+// Expose storage providers on FileSystem constructor
+FileSystem.providers = providers;
+
+/**
+ * Public API for FileSystem
+ */
+[
+  'open',
+  'close',
+  'mknod',
+  'mkdir',
+  'rmdir',
+  'stat',
+  'fstat',
+  'link',
+  'unlink',
+  'read',
+  'readFile',
+  'write',
+  'writeFile',
+  'appendFile',
+  'exists',
+  'lseek',
+  'readdir',
+  'rename',
+  'readlink',
+  'symlink',
+  'lstat',
+  'truncate',
+  'ftruncate',
+  'utimes',
+  'futimes',
+  'setxattr',
+  'getxattr',
+  'fsetxattr',
+  'fgetxattr',
+  'removexattr',
+  'fremovexattr'
+].forEach(function(methodName) {
+  FileSystem.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+    var fs = this;
+    var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+    var lastArgIndex = args.length - 1;
+
+    // We may or may not get a callback, and since node.js supports
+    // fire-and-forget style fs operations, we have to dance a bit here.
+    var missingCallback = typeof args[lastArgIndex] !== 'function';
+    var callback = maybeCallback(args[lastArgIndex]);
+
+    var error = fs.queueOrRun(function() {
+      var context = fs.provider.openReadWriteContext();
+
+      // Fail early if the filesystem is in an error state (e.g.,
+      // provider failed to open.
+      if(FS_ERROR === fs.readyState) {
+        var err = new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR('filesystem unavailable, operation canceled');
+        return callback.call(fs, err);
+      }
+
+      // Wrap the callback so we can explicitly close the context
+      function complete() {
+        context.close();
+        callback.apply(fs, arguments);
+      }
+
+      // Either add or replace the callback with our wrapper complete()
+      if(missingCallback) {
+        args.push(complete);
+      } else {
+        args[lastArgIndex] = complete;
+      }
+
+      // Forward this call to the impl's version, using the following
+      // call signature, with complete() as the callback/last-arg now:
+      // fn(fs, context, arg0, arg1, ... , complete);
+      var fnArgs = [fs, context].concat(args);
+      impl[methodName].apply(null, fnArgs);
+    });
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    }
+  };
+});
+
+module.exports = FileSystem;
+
+},{"../../lib/intercom.js":3,"../../lib/nodash.js":4,"../constants.js":52,"../errors.js":55,"../fs-watcher.js":58,"../path.js":62,"../providers/index.js":63,"../shared.js":67,"../shell/shell.js":69,"./implementation.js":56}],58:[function(require,module,exports){
+var EventEmitter = require('../lib/eventemitter.js');
+var Path = require('./path.js');
+var Intercom = require('../lib/intercom.js');
+
+/**
+ * FSWatcher based on node.js' FSWatcher
+ * see https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/lib/fs.js
+ */
+function FSWatcher() {
+  EventEmitter.call(this);
+  var self = this;
+  var recursive = false;
+  var recursivePathPrefix;
+  var filename;
+
+  function onchange(path) {
+    // Watch for exact filename, or parent path when recursive is true.
+    if(filename === path || (recursive && path.indexOf(recursivePathPrefix) === 0)) {
+      self.trigger('change', 'change', path);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // We support, but ignore the second arg, which node.js uses.
+  self.start = function(filename_, persistent_, recursive_) {
+    // Bail if we've already started (and therefore have a filename);
+    if(filename) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if(Path.isNull(filename_)) {
+      throw new Error('Path must be a string without null bytes.');
+    }
+
+    // TODO: get realpath for symlinks on filename...
+
+    // Filer's Path.normalize strips trailing slashes, which we use here.
+    // See https://github.com/js-platform/filer/issues/105
+    filename = Path.normalize(filename_);
+
+    // Whether to watch beneath this path or not
+    recursive = recursive_ === true;
+    // If recursive, construct a path prefix portion for comparisons later
+    // (i.e., '/path' becomes '/path/' so we can search within a filename for the
+    // prefix). We also take care to allow for '/' on its own.
+    if(recursive) {
+      recursivePathPrefix = filename === '/' ? '/' : filename + '/';
+    }
+
+    var intercom = Intercom.getInstance();
+    intercom.on('change', onchange);
+  };
+
+  self.close = function() {
+    var intercom = Intercom.getInstance();
+    intercom.off('change', onchange);
+    self.removeAllListeners('change');
+  };
+}
+FSWatcher.prototype = new EventEmitter();
+FSWatcher.prototype.constructor = FSWatcher;
+
+module.exports = FSWatcher;
+
+},{"../lib/eventemitter.js":2,"../lib/intercom.js":3,"./path.js":62}],59:[function(require,module,exports){
+module.exports = {
+  FileSystem: require('./filesystem/interface.js'),
+  Buffer: require('./buffer.js'),
+  Path: require('./path.js'),
+  Errors: require('./errors.js'),
+  Shell: require('./shell/shell.js')
+};
+
+},{"./buffer.js":51,"./errors.js":55,"./filesystem/interface.js":57,"./path.js":62,"./shell/shell.js":69}],60:[function(require,module,exports){
+var MODE_FILE = require('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+
+function Node(options) {
+  var now = Date.now();
+
+  this.id = options.id;
+  this.mode = options.mode || MODE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
+  this.size = options.size || 0; // size (bytes for files, entries for directories)
+  this.atime = options.atime || now; // access time (will mirror ctime after creation)
+  this.ctime = options.ctime || now; // creation/change time
+  this.mtime = options.mtime || now; // modified time
+  this.flags = options.flags || []; // file flags
+  this.xattrs = options.xattrs || {}; // extended attributes
+  this.nlinks = options.nlinks || 0; // links count
+  this.version = options.version || 0; // node version
+  this.blksize = undefined; // block size
+  this.nblocks = 1; // blocks count
+  this.data = options.data; // id for data object
+}
+
+// Make sure the options object has an id on property,
+// either from caller or one we generate using supplied guid fn.
+function ensureID(options, prop, callback) {
+  if(options[prop]) {
+    callback(null);
+  } else {
+    options.guid(function(err, id) {
+      options[prop] = id;
+      callback(err);
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+Node.create = function(options, callback) {
+  // We expect both options.id and options.data to be provided/generated.
+  ensureID(options, 'id', function(err) {
+    if(err) {
+      callback(err);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    ensureID(options, 'data', function(err) {
+      if(err) {
+        callback(err);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      callback(null, new Node(options));
+    });
+  });
+};
+
+module.exports = Node;
+
+},{"./constants.js":52}],61:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Errors = require('./errors.js');
+
+function OpenFileDescription(path, id, flags, position) {
+  this.path = path;
+  this.id = id;
+  this.flags = flags;
+  this.position = position;
+}
+
+// Tries to find the node associated with an ofd's `id`.
+// If not found, an error is returned on the callback.
+OpenFileDescription.prototype.getNode = function(context, callback) {
+  var id = this.id;
+  var path = this.path;
+
+  function check_if_node_exists(error, node) {
+    if(error) {
+      return callback(error);
+    }
+
+    if(!node) {
+      return callback(new Errors.EBADF('file descriptor refers to unknown node', path));
+    }
+
+    callback(null, node);
+  }
+
+  context.getObject(id, check_if_node_exists);
+};
+
+module.exports = OpenFileDescription;
+
+},{"./errors.js":55}],62:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+// Based on https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/41e53e557992a7d552a8e23de035f9463da25c99/lib/path.js
+
+// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there
+// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array
+// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish
+// relative and absolute paths)
+function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) {
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    var last = parts[i];
+    if (last === '.') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (allowAboveRoot) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      parts.unshift('..');
+    }
+  }
+
+  return parts;
+}
+
+// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version
+// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing.
+var splitPathRe =
+      /^(\/?)([\s\S]+\/(?!$)|\/)?((?:\.{1,2}$|[\s\S]+?)?(\.[^.\/]*)?)$/;
+var splitPath = function(filename) {
+  var result = splitPathRe.exec(filename);
+  return [result[1] || '', result[2] || '', result[3] || '', result[4] || ''];
+};
+
+// path.resolve([from ...], to)
+function resolve() {
+  var resolvedPath = '',
+      resolvedAbsolute = false;
+
+  for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) {
+    // XXXfiler: we don't have process.cwd() so we use '/' as a fallback
+    var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : '/';
+
+    // Skip empty and invalid entries
+    if (typeof path !== 'string' || !path) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath;
+    resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/';
+  }
+
+  // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but
+  // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails)
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  resolvedPath = normalizeArray(resolvedPath.split('/').filter(function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.';
+}
+
+// path.normalize(path)
+function normalize(path) {
+  var isAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/',
+      trailingSlash = path.substr(-1) === '/';
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  path = normalizeArray(path.split('/').filter(function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !isAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  if (!path && !isAbsolute) {
+    path = '.';
+  }
+  /*
+   if (path && trailingSlash) {
+   path += '/';
+   }
+   */
+
+  return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path;
+}
+
+function join() {
+  var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+  return normalize(paths.filter(function(p, index) {
+    return p && typeof p === 'string';
+  }).join('/'));
+}
+
+// path.relative(from, to)
+function relative(from, to) {
+  from = resolve(from).substr(1);
+  to = resolve(to).substr(1);
+
+  function trim(arr) {
+    var start = 0;
+    for (; start < arr.length; start++) {
+      if (arr[start] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    var end = arr.length - 1;
+    for (; end >= 0; end--) {
+      if (arr[end] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    if (start > end) return [];
+    return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1);
+  }
+
+  var fromParts = trim(from.split('/'));
+  var toParts = trim(to.split('/'));
+
+  var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length);
+  var samePartsLength = length;
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) {
+      samePartsLength = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  var outputParts = [];
+  for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) {
+    outputParts.push('..');
+  }
+
+  outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength));
+
+  return outputParts.join('/');
+}
+
+function dirname(path) {
+  var result = splitPath(path),
+      root = result[0],
+      dir = result[1];
+
+  if (!root && !dir) {
+    // No dirname whatsoever
+    return '.';
+  }
+
+  if (dir) {
+    // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash
+    dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1);
+  }
+
+  return root + dir;
+}
+
+function basename(path, ext) {
+  var f = splitPath(path)[2];
+  // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows?
+  if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) {
+    f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length);
+  }
+  // XXXfiler: node.js just does `return f`
+  return f === "" ? "/" : f;
+}
+
+function extname(path) {
+  return splitPath(path)[3];
+}
+
+function isAbsolute(path) {
+  if(path.charAt(0) === '/') {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+function isNull(path) {
+  if (('' + path).indexOf('\u0000') !== -1) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Make sure we don't double-add a trailing slash (e.g., '/' -> '//')
+function addTrailing(path) {
+  return path.replace(/\/*$/, '/');
+}
+
+// Deal with multiple slashes at the end, one, or none
+// and make sure we don't return the empty string.
+function removeTrailing(path) {
+  path = path.replace(/\/*$/, '');
+  return path === '' ? '/' : path;
+}
+
+// XXXfiler: we don't support path.exists() or path.existsSync(), which
+// are deprecated, and need a FileSystem instance to work. Use fs.stat().
+
+module.exports = {
+  normalize: normalize,
+  resolve: resolve,
+  join: join,
+  relative: relative,
+  sep: '/',
+  delimiter: ':',
+  dirname: dirname,
+  basename: basename,
+  extname: extname,
+  isAbsolute: isAbsolute,
+  isNull: isNull,
+  // Non-node but useful...
+  addTrailing: addTrailing,
+  removeTrailing: removeTrailing
+};
+
+},{}],63:[function(require,module,exports){
+var IndexedDB = require('./indexeddb.js');
+var WebSQL = require('./websql.js');
+var Memory = require('./memory.js');
+
+module.exports = {
+  IndexedDB: IndexedDB,
+  WebSQL: WebSQL,
+  Memory: Memory,
+
+  /**
+   * Convenience Provider references
+   */
+
+  // The default provider to use when none is specified
+  Default: IndexedDB,
+
+  // The Fallback provider does automatic fallback checks
+  Fallback: (function() {
+    if(IndexedDB.isSupported()) {
+      return IndexedDB;
+    }
+
+    if(WebSQL.isSupported()) {
+      return WebSQL;
+    }
+
+    function NotSupported() {
+      throw "[Filer Error] Your browser doesn't support IndexedDB or WebSQL.";
+    }
+    NotSupported.isSupported = function() {
+      return false;
+    };
+    return NotSupported;
+  }())
+};
+
+},{"./indexeddb.js":64,"./memory.js":65,"./websql.js":66}],64:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global,Buffer){
+var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+var FILE_STORE_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_STORE_NAME;
+var IDB_RW = require('../constants.js').IDB_RW;
+var IDB_RO = require('../constants.js').IDB_RO;
+var Errors = require('../errors.js');
+var FilerBuffer = require('../buffer.js');
+
+var indexedDB = global.indexedDB       ||
+                global.mozIndexedDB    ||
+                global.webkitIndexedDB ||
+                global.msIndexedDB;
+
+function IndexedDBContext(db, mode) {
+  var transaction = db.transaction(FILE_STORE_NAME, mode);
+  this.objectStore = transaction.objectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+}
+
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.clear = function(callback) {
+  try {
+    var request = this.objectStore.clear();
+    request.onsuccess = function(event) {
+      callback();
+    };
+    request.onerror = function(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    };
+  } catch(e) {
+    callback(e);
+  }
+};
+
+function _get(objectStore, key, callback) {
+  try {
+    var request = objectStore.get(key);
+    request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+      var result = event.target.result;
+      callback(null, result);
+    };
+    request.onerror = function onerror(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    };
+  } catch(e) {
+    callback(e);
+  }
+}
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.getObject = function(key, callback) {
+  _get(this.objectStore, key, callback);
+};
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.getBuffer = function(key, callback) {
+  _get(this.objectStore, key, function(err, arrayBuffer) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+    callback(null, new FilerBuffer(arrayBuffer));
+  });
+};
+
+function _put(objectStore, key, value, callback) {
+  try {
+    var request = objectStore.put(value, key);
+    request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+      var result = event.target.result;
+      callback(null, result);
+    };
+    request.onerror = function onerror(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    };
+  } catch(e) {
+    callback(e);
+  }
+}
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.putObject = function(key, value, callback) {
+  _put(this.objectStore, key, value, callback);
+};
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.putBuffer = function(key, uint8BackedBuffer, callback) {
+  var buf;
+  if(!Buffer._useTypedArrays) { // workaround for fxos 1.3
+    buf = uint8BackedBuffer.toArrayBuffer();
+  } else {
+    buf = uint8BackedBuffer.buffer;
+  }
+  _put(this.objectStore, key, buf, callback);
+};
+
+IndexedDBContext.prototype.delete = function(key, callback) {
+  try {
+    var request = this.objectStore.delete(key);
+    request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+      var result = event.target.result;
+      callback(null, result);
+    };
+    request.onerror = function(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    };
+  } catch(e) {
+    callback(e);
+  }
+};
+
+
+function IndexedDB(name) {
+  this.name = name || FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+  this.db = null;
+}
+IndexedDB.isSupported = function() {
+  return !!indexedDB;
+};
+
+IndexedDB.prototype.open = function(callback) {
+  var that = this;
+
+  // Bail if we already have a db open
+  if(that.db) {
+    return callback();
+  }
+
+  // NOTE: we're not using versioned databases.
+  var openRequest = indexedDB.open(that.name);
+
+  // If the db doesn't exist, we'll create it
+  openRequest.onupgradeneeded = function onupgradeneeded(event) {
+    var db = event.target.result;
+
+    if(db.objectStoreNames.contains(FILE_STORE_NAME)) {
+      db.deleteObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+    }
+    db.createObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+  };
+
+  openRequest.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+    that.db = event.target.result;
+    callback();
+  };
+  openRequest.onerror = function onerror(error) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('IndexedDB cannot be accessed. If private browsing is enabled, disable it.'));
+  };
+};
+IndexedDB.prototype.getReadOnlyContext = function() {
+  // Due to timing issues in Chrome with readwrite vs. readonly indexeddb transactions
+  // always use readwrite so we can make sure pending commits finish before callbacks.
+  // See https://github.com/js-platform/filer/issues/128
+  return new IndexedDBContext(this.db, IDB_RW);
+};
+IndexedDB.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
+  return new IndexedDBContext(this.db, IDB_RW);
+};
+
+module.exports = IndexedDB;
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {},require("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"../buffer.js":51,"../constants.js":52,"../errors.js":55,"buffer":38}],65:[function(require,module,exports){
+var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+// NOTE: prefer setImmediate to nextTick for proper recursion yielding.
+// see https://github.com/js-platform/filer/pull/24
+var asyncCallback = require('../../lib/async.js').setImmediate;
+
+/**
+ * Make shared in-memory DBs possible when using the same name.
+ */
+var createDB = (function() {
+  var pool = {};
+  return function getOrCreate(name) {
+    if(!pool.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+      pool[name] = {};
+    }
+    return pool[name];
+  };
+}());
+
+function MemoryContext(db, readOnly) {
+  this.readOnly = readOnly;
+  this.objectStore = db;
+}
+
+MemoryContext.prototype.clear = function(callback) {
+  if(this.readOnly) {
+    asyncCallback(function() {
+      callback("[MemoryContext] Error: write operation on read only context");
+    });
+    return;
+  }
+  var objectStore = this.objectStore;
+  Object.keys(objectStore).forEach(function(key){
+    delete objectStore[key];
+  });
+  asyncCallback(callback);
+};
+
+// Memory context doesn't care about differences between Object and Buffer
+MemoryContext.prototype.getObject =
+MemoryContext.prototype.getBuffer =
+function(key, callback) {
+  var that = this;
+  asyncCallback(function() {
+    callback(null, that.objectStore[key]);
+  });
+};
+MemoryContext.prototype.putObject =
+MemoryContext.prototype.putBuffer =
+function(key, value, callback) {
+  if(this.readOnly) {
+    asyncCallback(function() {
+      callback("[MemoryContext] Error: write operation on read only context");
+    });
+    return;
+  }
+  this.objectStore[key] = value;
+  asyncCallback(callback);
+};
+
+MemoryContext.prototype.delete = function(key, callback) {
+  if(this.readOnly) {
+    asyncCallback(function() {
+      callback("[MemoryContext] Error: write operation on read only context");
+    });
+    return;
+  }
+  delete this.objectStore[key];
+  asyncCallback(callback);
+};
+
+
+function Memory(name) {
+  this.name = name || FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+}
+Memory.isSupported = function() {
+  return true;
+};
+
+Memory.prototype.open = function(callback) {
+  this.db = createDB(this.name);
+  asyncCallback(callback);
+};
+Memory.prototype.getReadOnlyContext = function() {
+  return new MemoryContext(this.db, true);
+};
+Memory.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
+  return new MemoryContext(this.db, false);
+};
+
+module.exports = Memory;
+
+},{"../../lib/async.js":1,"../constants.js":52}],66:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+var FILE_STORE_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_STORE_NAME;
+var WSQL_VERSION = require('../constants.js').WSQL_VERSION;
+var WSQL_SIZE = require('../constants.js').WSQL_SIZE;
+var WSQL_DESC = require('../constants.js').WSQL_DESC;
+var Errors = require('../errors.js');
+var FilerBuffer = require('../buffer.js');
+var base64ArrayBuffer = require('base64-arraybuffer');
+
+function WebSQLContext(db, isReadOnly) {
+  var that = this;
+  this.getTransaction = function(callback) {
+    if(that.transaction) {
+      callback(that.transaction);
+      return;
+    }
+    // Either do readTransaction() (read-only) or transaction() (read/write)
+    db[isReadOnly ? 'readTransaction' : 'transaction'](function(transaction) {
+      that.transaction = transaction;
+      callback(transaction);
+    });
+  };
+}
+
+WebSQLContext.prototype.clear = function(callback) {
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    callback(null);
+  }
+  this.getTransaction(function(transaction) {
+    transaction.executeSql("DELETE FROM " + FILE_STORE_NAME + ";",
+                           [], onSuccess, onError);
+  });
+};
+
+function _get(getTransaction, key, callback) {
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    // If the key isn't found, return null
+    var value = result.rows.length === 0 ? null : result.rows.item(0).data;
+    callback(null, value);
+  }
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  getTransaction(function(transaction) {
+    transaction.executeSql("SELECT data FROM " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " WHERE id = ? LIMIT 1;",
+                           [key], onSuccess, onError);
+  });
+}
+WebSQLContext.prototype.getObject = function(key, callback) {
+  _get(this.getTransaction, key, function(err, result) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if(result) {
+        result = JSON.parse(result);
+      }
+    } catch(e) {
+      return callback(e);
+    }
+
+    callback(null, result);
+  });
+};
+WebSQLContext.prototype.getBuffer = function(key, callback) {
+  _get(this.getTransaction, key, function(err, result) {
+    if(err) {
+      return callback(err);
+    }
+
+    // Deal with zero-length ArrayBuffers, which will be encoded as ''
+    if(result || result === '') {
+      var arrayBuffer = base64ArrayBuffer.decode(result);
+      result = new FilerBuffer(arrayBuffer);
+    }
+
+    callback(null, result);
+  });
+};
+
+function _put(getTransaction, key, value, callback) {
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    callback(null);
+  }
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  getTransaction(function(transaction) {
+    transaction.executeSql("INSERT OR REPLACE INTO " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " (id, data) VALUES (?, ?);",
+                           [key, value], onSuccess, onError);
+  });
+}
+WebSQLContext.prototype.putObject = function(key, value, callback) {
+  var json = JSON.stringify(value);
+  _put(this.getTransaction, key, json, callback);
+};
+WebSQLContext.prototype.putBuffer = function(key, uint8BackedBuffer, callback) {
+  var base64 = base64ArrayBuffer.encode(uint8BackedBuffer.buffer);
+  _put(this.getTransaction, key, base64, callback);
+};
+
+WebSQLContext.prototype.delete = function(key, callback) {
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    callback(null);
+  }
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  this.getTransaction(function(transaction) {
+    transaction.executeSql("DELETE FROM " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " WHERE id = ?;",
+                           [key], onSuccess, onError);
+  });
+};
+
+
+function WebSQL(name) {
+  this.name = name || FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
+  this.db = null;
+}
+WebSQL.isSupported = function() {
+  return !!global.openDatabase;
+};
+
+WebSQL.prototype.open = function(callback) {
+  var that = this;
+
+  // Bail if we already have a db open
+  if(that.db) {
+    return callback();
+  }
+
+  var db = global.openDatabase(that.name, WSQL_VERSION, WSQL_DESC, WSQL_SIZE);
+  if(!db) {
+    callback("[WebSQL] Unable to open database.");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  function onError(transaction, error) {
+    if (error.code === 5) {
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('WebSQL cannot be accessed. If private browsing is enabled, disable it.'));
+    }
+    callback(error);
+  }
+  function onSuccess(transaction, result) {
+    that.db = db;
+    callback();
+  }
+
+  // Create the table and index we'll need to store the fs data.
+  db.transaction(function(transaction) {
+    function createIndex(transaction) {
+      transaction.executeSql("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_" + FILE_STORE_NAME + "_id" +
+                             " on " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " (id);",
+                             [], onSuccess, onError);
+    }
+    transaction.executeSql("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + FILE_STORE_NAME + " (id unique, data TEXT);",
+                           [], createIndex, onError);
+  });
+};
+WebSQL.prototype.getReadOnlyContext = function() {
+  return new WebSQLContext(this.db, true);
+};
+WebSQL.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
+  return new WebSQLContext(this.db, false);
+};
+
+module.exports = WebSQL;
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../buffer.js":51,"../constants.js":52,"../errors.js":55,"base64-arraybuffer":5}],67:[function(require,module,exports){
+function guid() {
+  return 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/[xy]/g, function(c) {
+    var r = Math.random()*16|0, v = c == 'x' ? r : (r&0x3|0x8);
+    return v.toString(16);
+  }).toUpperCase();
+}
+
+function nop() {}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a Uint8Array to a regular array
+ */
+function u8toArray(u8) {
+  var array = [];
+  var len = u8.length;
+  for(var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    array[i] = u8[i];
+  }
+  return array;
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  guid: guid,
+  u8toArray: u8toArray,
+  nop: nop
+};
+
+},{}],68:[function(require,module,exports){
+var defaults = require('../constants.js').ENVIRONMENT;
+
+module.exports = function Environment(env) {
+  env = env || {};
+  env.TMP = env.TMP || defaults.TMP;
+  env.PATH = env.PATH || defaults.PATH;
+
+  this.get = function(name) {
+    return env[name];
+  };
+
+  this.set = function(name, value) {
+    env[name] = value;
+  };
+};
+
+},{"../constants.js":52}],69:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Path = require('../path.js');
+var Errors = require('../errors.js');
+var Environment = require('./environment.js');
+var async = require('../../lib/async.js');
+var Encoding = require('../encoding.js');
+var minimatch = require('minimatch');
+
+function Shell(fs, options) {
+  options = options || {};
+
+  var env = new Environment(options.env);
+  var cwd = '/';
+
+  /**
+   * The bound FileSystem (cannot be changed)
+   */
+  Object.defineProperty(this, 'fs', {
+    get: function() { return fs; },
+    enumerable: true
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * The shell's environment (e.g., for things like
+   * path, tmp, and other env vars). Use env.get()
+   * and env.set() to work with variables.
+   */
+  Object.defineProperty(this, 'env', {
+    get: function() { return env; },
+    enumerable: true
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * Change the current working directory. We
+   * include `cd` on the `this` vs. proto so that
+   * we can access cwd without exposing it externally.
+   */
+  this.cd = function(path, callback) {
+    path = Path.resolve(cwd, path);
+    // Make sure the path actually exists, and is a dir
+    fs.stat(path, function(err, stats) {
+      if(err) {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+        return;
+      }
+      if(stats.type === 'DIRECTORY') {
+        cwd = path;
+        callback();
+      } else {
+        callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+      }
+    });
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Get the current working directory (changed with `cd()`)
+   */
+  this.pwd = function() {
+    return cwd;
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Execute the .js command located at `path`. Such commands
+ * should assume the existence of 3 arguments, which will be
+ * defined at runtime:
+ *
+ *   * fs - the current shell's bound filesystem object
+ *   * args - a list of arguments for the command, or an empty list if none
+ *   * callback - a callback function(error, result) to call when done.
+ *
+ * The .js command's contents should be the body of a function
+ * that looks like this:
+ *
+ * function(fs, args, callback) {
+ *   // .js code here
+ * }
+ */
+Shell.prototype.exec = function(path, args, callback) {
+  /* jshint evil:true */
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof args === 'function') {
+    callback = args;
+    args = [];
+  }
+  args = args || [];
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+  path = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), path);
+
+  fs.readFile(path, "utf8", function(error, data) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      var cmd = new Function('fs', 'args', 'callback', data);
+      cmd(fs, args, callback);
+    } catch(e) {
+      callback(e);
+    }
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Create a file if it does not exist, or update access and
+ * modified times if it does. Valid options include:
+ *
+ *  * updateOnly - whether to create the file if missing (defaults to false)
+ *  * date - use the provided Date value instead of current date/time
+ */
+Shell.prototype.touch = function(path, options, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof options === 'function') {
+    callback = options;
+    options = {};
+  }
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+  path = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), path);
+
+  function createFile(path) {
+    fs.writeFile(path, '', callback);
+  }
+
+  function updateTimes(path) {
+    var now = Date.now();
+    var atime = options.date || now;
+    var mtime = options.date || now;
+
+    fs.utimes(path, atime, mtime, callback);
+  }
+
+  fs.stat(path, function(error, stats) {
+    if(error) {
+      if(options.updateOnly === true) {
+        callback();
+      } else {
+        createFile(path);
+      }
+    } else {
+      updateTimes(path);
+    }
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Concatenate multiple files into a single String, with each
+ * file separated by a newline. The `files` argument should
+ * be a String (path to single file) or an Array of Strings
+ * (multiple file paths).
+ */
+Shell.prototype.cat = function(files, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  var all = '';
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  if(!files) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing files argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  files = typeof files === 'string' ? [ files ] : files;
+
+  function append(item, callback) {
+    var filename = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), item);
+    fs.readFile(filename, 'utf8', function(error, data) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+      all += data + '\n';
+      callback();
+    });
+  }
+
+  async.eachSeries(files, append, function(error) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      callback(null, all.replace(/\n$/, ''));
+    }
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Get the listing of a directory, returning an array of
+ * file entries in the following form:
+ *
+ * {
+ *   path: <String> the basename of the directory entry
+ *   links: <Number> the number of links to the entry
+ *   size: <Number> the size in bytes of the entry
+ *   modified: <Number> the last modified date/time
+ *   type: <String> the type of the entry
+ *   contents: <Array> an optional array of child entries
+ * }
+ *
+ * By default ls() gives a shallow listing. If you want
+ * to follow directories as they are encountered, use
+ * the `recursive=true` option.
+ */
+Shell.prototype.ls = function(dir, options, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof options === 'function') {
+    callback = options;
+    options = {};
+  }
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  if(!dir) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing dir argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  function list(path, callback) {
+    var pathname = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), path);
+    var result = [];
+
+    fs.readdir(pathname, function(error, entries) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      function getDirEntry(name, callback) {
+        name = Path.join(pathname, name);
+        fs.stat(name, function(error, stats) {
+          if(error) {
+            callback(error);
+            return;
+          }
+          var entry = {
+            path: Path.basename(name),
+            links: stats.nlinks,
+            size: stats.size,
+            modified: stats.mtime,
+            type: stats.type
+          };
+
+          if(options.recursive && stats.type === 'DIRECTORY') {
+            list(Path.join(pathname, entry.path), function(error, items) {
+              if(error) {
+                callback(error);
+                return;
+              }
+              entry.contents = items;
+              result.push(entry);
+              callback();
+            });
+          } else {
+            result.push(entry);
+            callback();
+          }
+        });
+      }
+
+      async.eachSeries(entries, getDirEntry, function(error) {
+        callback(error, result);
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  list(dir, callback);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Removes the file or directory at `path`. If `path` is a file
+ * it will be removed. If `path` is a directory, it will be
+ * removed if it is empty, otherwise the callback will receive
+ * an error. In order to remove non-empty directories, use the
+ * `recursive=true` option.
+ */
+Shell.prototype.rm = function(path, options, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof options === 'function') {
+    callback = options;
+    options = {};
+  }
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  if(!path) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing path argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  function remove(pathname, callback) {
+    pathname = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), pathname);
+    fs.stat(pathname, function(error, stats) {
+      if(error) {
+        callback(error);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // If this is a file, delete it and we're done
+      if(stats.type === 'FILE') {
+        fs.unlink(pathname, callback);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // If it's a dir, check if it's empty
+      fs.readdir(pathname, function(error, entries) {
+        if(error) {
+          callback(error);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // If dir is empty, delete it and we're done
+        if(entries.length === 0) {
+          fs.rmdir(pathname, callback);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // If not, see if we're allowed to delete recursively
+        if(!options.recursive) {
+          callback(new Errors.ENOTEMPTY(null, pathname));
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // Remove each dir entry recursively, then delete the dir.
+        entries = entries.map(function(filename) {
+          // Root dir entries absolutely
+          return Path.join(pathname, filename);
+        });
+        async.eachSeries(entries, remove, function(error) {
+          if(error) {
+            callback(error);
+            return;
+          }
+          fs.rmdir(pathname, callback);
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  remove(path, callback);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets the path to the temporary directory, creating it if not
+ * present. The directory used is the one specified in
+ * env.TMP. The callback receives (error, tempDirName).
+ */
+Shell.prototype.tempDir = function(callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  var tmp = sh.env.get('TMP');
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  // Try and create it, and it will either work or fail
+  // but either way it's now there.
+  fs.mkdir(tmp, function(err) {
+    callback(null, tmp);
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Recursively creates the directory at `path`. If the parent
+ * of `path` does not exist, it will be created.
+ * Based off EnsureDir by Sam X. Xu
+ * https://www.npmjs.org/package/ensureDir
+ * MIT License
+ */
+Shell.prototype.mkdirp = function(path, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  if(!path) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing path argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+  else if (path === '/') {
+    callback();
+    return;
+  }
+  function _mkdirp(path, callback) {
+    fs.stat(path, function (err, stat) {
+      if(stat) {
+        if(stat.isDirectory()) {
+          callback();
+          return;
+        }
+        else if (stat.isFile()) {
+          callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+      else if (err && err.code !== 'ENOENT') {
+        callback(err);
+        return;
+      }
+      else {
+        var parent = Path.dirname(path);
+        if(parent === '/') {
+          fs.mkdir(path, function (err) {
+            if (err && err.code != 'EEXIST') {
+              callback(err);
+              return;
+            }
+            callback();
+            return;
+          });
+        }
+        else {
+          _mkdirp(parent, function (err) {
+            if (err) return callback(err);
+            fs.mkdir(path, function (err) {
+              if (err && err.code != 'EEXIST') {
+                callback(err);
+                return;
+              }
+              callback();
+              return;
+            });
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  _mkdirp(path, callback);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Recursively walk a directory tree, reporting back all paths
+ * that were found along the way. The `path` must be a dir.
+ * Valid options include a `regex` for pattern matching paths
+ * and an `exec` function of the form `function(path, next)` where
+ * `path` is the current path that was found (dir paths have an '/'
+ * appended) and `next` is a callback to call when done processing
+ * the current path, passing any error object back as the first argument.
+ * `find` returns a flat array of absolute paths for all matching/found
+ * paths as the final argument to the callback.
+ */
+ Shell.prototype.find = function(path, options, callback) {
+  var sh = this;
+  var fs = sh.fs;
+  if(typeof options === 'function') {
+    callback = options;
+    options = {};
+  }
+  options = options || {};
+  callback = callback || function(){};
+
+  var exec = options.exec || function(path, next) { next(); };
+  var found = [];
+
+  if(!path) {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('Missing path argument'));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  function processPath(path, callback) {
+    exec(path, function(err) {
+      if(err) {
+        callback(err);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      found.push(path);
+      callback();
+    });
+  }
+
+  function maybeProcessPath(path, callback) {
+    // Test the path against the user's regex, name, path primaries (if any)
+    // and remove any trailing slashes added previously.
+    var rawPath = Path.removeTrailing(path);
+
+    // Check entire path against provided regex, if any
+    if(options.regex && !options.regex.test(rawPath)) {
+      callback();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Check basename for matches against name primary, if any
+    if(options.name && !minimatch(Path.basename(rawPath), options.name)) {
+      callback();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Check dirname for matches against path primary, if any
+    if(options.path && !minimatch(Path.dirname(rawPath), options.path)) {
+      callback();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    processPath(path, callback);
+  }
+
+  function walk(path, callback) {
+    path = Path.resolve(sh.pwd(), path);
+
+    // The path is either a file or dir, and instead of doing
+    // a stat() to determine it first, we just try to readdir()
+    // and it will either work or not, and we handle the non-dir error.
+    fs.readdir(path, function(err, entries) {
+      if(err) {
+        if(err.code === 'ENOTDIR' /* file case, ignore error */) {
+          maybeProcessPath(path, callback);
+        } else {
+          callback(err);
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Path is really a dir, add a trailing / and report it found
+      maybeProcessPath(Path.addTrailing(path), function(err) {
+        if(err) {
+          callback(err);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        entries = entries.map(function(entry) {
+          return Path.join(path, entry);
+        });
+
+        async.eachSeries(entries, walk, function(err) {
+          callback(err, found);
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Make sure we are starting with a dir path
+  fs.stat(path, function(err, stats) {
+    if(err) {
+      callback(err);
+      return;
+    }
+    if(!stats.isDirectory()) {
+      callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
+      return;
+    }
+
+    walk(path, callback);
+  });
+};
+
+module.exports = Shell;
+
+},{"../../lib/async.js":1,"../encoding.js":54,"../errors.js":55,"../path.js":62,"./environment.js":68,"minimatch":48}],70:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Constants = require('./constants.js');
+
+function Stats(fileNode, devName) {
+  this.node = fileNode.id;
+  this.dev = devName;
+  this.size = fileNode.size;
+  this.nlinks = fileNode.nlinks;
+  this.atime = fileNode.atime;
+  this.mtime = fileNode.mtime;
+  this.ctime = fileNode.ctime;
+  this.type = fileNode.mode;
+}
+
+Stats.prototype.isFile = function() {
+  return this.type === Constants.MODE_FILE;
+};
+
+Stats.prototype.isDirectory = function() {
+  return this.type === Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
+};
+
+Stats.prototype.isSymbolicLink = function() {
+  return this.type === Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+};
+
+// These will always be false in Filer.
+Stats.prototype.isSocket          =
+Stats.prototype.isFIFO            =
+Stats.prototype.isCharacterDevice =
+Stats.prototype.isBlockDevice     =
+function() {
+  return false;
+};
+
+module.exports = Stats;
+
+},{"./constants.js":52}],71:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Constants = require('./constants.js');
+
+function SuperNode(options) {
+  var now = Date.now();
+
+  this.id = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
+  this.mode = Constants.MODE_META;
+  this.atime = options.atime || now;
+  this.ctime = options.ctime || now;
+  this.mtime = options.mtime || now;
+  // root node id (randomly generated)
+  this.rnode = options.rnode;
+}
+
+SuperNode.create = function(options, callback) {
+  options.guid(function(err, rnode) {
+    if(err) {
+      callback(err);
+      return;
+    }
+    options.rnode = options.rnode || rnode;
+    callback(null, new SuperNode(options));
+  });
+};
+
+module.exports = SuperNode;
+
+},{"./constants.js":52}],72:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('trailing slashes in path names, issue 105', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should deal with trailing slashes properly, path == path/', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.mkdir('/tmp/foo', function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        // Without trailing slash
+        fs.readdir('/tmp', function(err, result1) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+          expect(result1).to.exist;
+          expect(result1.length).to.equal(1);
+
+          // With trailing slash
+          fs.readdir('/tmp/', function(err, result2) {
+            if(err) throw err;
+            expect(result2).to.exist;
+            expect(result2[0]).to.equal('foo');
+            expect(result1).to.deep.equal(result2);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],73:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.writeFile truncation - issue 106', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should truncate an existing file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var filename = '/test';
+
+    fs.writeFile(filename, '1', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.stat(filename, function(err, stats) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+        expect(stats.size).to.equal(1);
+
+        fs.writeFile(filename, '', function(err) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+
+          fs.stat(filename, function(err, stats) {
+            if(err) throw err;
+            expect(stats.size).to.equal(0);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],74:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.writeFile and non-existing directory, issue 239', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should give ENOENT if writing to a dir that does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/abc.txt', 'content', function(err) {
+      expect(err).not.to.exist;
+
+      fs.writeFile('/abc.txt/abc.txt', 'content', function(err) {
+        expect(err.code).to.equal('ENOENT');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],75:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('sh.cd doesn\'t seem to be working from a relative path if I am one or more folders deep, #247', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should properly deal with relative paths missing ./ and ../', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var sh = new fs.Shell();
+
+    sh.mkdirp('/home/scott', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      sh.cd('/', function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        expect(sh.pwd()).to.equal('/');
+
+        sh.cd('home', function(err) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+
+          expect(sh.pwd()).to.equal('/home');
+
+          sh.cd('scott', function(err) {
+            if(err) throw err;
+
+            expect(sh.pwd()).to.equal('/home/scott');
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],76:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('Filer.Buffer should accept initialized ArrayBuffers, issue 249', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should accept an ArrayBuffer with a specified size', function(done) {
+    var buffer = new Filer.Buffer(new ArrayBuffer(5));
+    expect(buffer.length).to.equal(5);
+    done();
+  });
+});
+
+describe('Filer.Buffer static methods are in tact, issue 249', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should proxy Buffer.isBuffer', function(done) {
+    expect(Filer.Buffer.isBuffer(new Filer.Buffer([]))).to.equal(true);
+    expect(Filer.Buffer.isBuffer('')).to.equal(false);
+    done();
+  });
+
+  it('should proxy Buffer.isEncoding', function(done) {
+    expect(Filer.Buffer.isEncoding('utf8')).to.equal(true);
+    expect(Filer.Buffer.isEncoding('smoop')).to.equal(false);
+    done();
+  });
+
+  it('should proxy Buffer.byteLength', function(done) {
+    expect(Filer.Buffer.byteLength('01100111', 'binary')).to.equal(8);
+    done();
+  });
+
+  it('should proxy Buffer.concat', function(done) {
+    expect(Filer.Buffer.concat([new Filer.Buffer(1), new Filer.Buffer(2)]).length).to.equal(3);
+    done();
+  });
+});
+
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],77:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('EISDIR when trying to open a dir path - issue 254', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should fail with EISDIR for root dir', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.readFile('/', function(err) {
+      expect(err.code).to.equal('EISDIR');
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail with EISDIR for regular dir', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.readFile('/dir', function(err) {
+        expect(err.code).to.equal('EISDIR');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail with EISDIR for symlinked dir', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.symlink('/dir', '/link', function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.readFile('/link', function(err) {
+          expect(err.code).to.equal('EISDIR');
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],78:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+var setImmediate = require('../../lib/async.js').setImmediate;
+
+describe('Queued operations should error when fs is in error state, issue 258', function() {
+  var provider;
+
+  // Provider that does nothing but fail on open.
+  function FailingProviderContext(){}
+  FailingProviderContext.prototype.clear = function(callback) {
+    this.failCallback(callback);
+  };
+  FailingProviderContext.prototype.getObject =
+  FailingProviderContext.prototype.getBuffer = function(key, callback) {
+    this.failCallback(callback);
+  };
+  FailingProviderContext.prototype.putObject =
+  FailingProviderContext.prototype.putBuffer = function(key, value, callback) {
+    this.failCallback(callback);
+  };
+  FailingProviderContext.prototype.delete = function(key, callback) {
+    this.failCallback(callback);
+  };
+
+  function FailingProvider() {
+    var self = this;
+    self.name = 'failure';
+    self.open = function(callback) {
+      // Wait until caller tells us to fail
+      self.failNow = function() {
+        self.failCallback(callback);
+      };
+    };
+    self.failCallback = function(callback) {
+      setImmediate(function() {
+        callback(new Error);
+      });
+    };
+  }
+  FailingProvider.prototype.getReadWriteContext =
+  FailingProvider.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
+    return new FailingProviderContext();
+  };
+
+  beforeEach(function() {
+    provider = new FailingProvider();
+  });
+
+  afterEach(function() {
+    provider = null;
+  });
+
+  it('should get EFILESYSTEMERROR errors on callbacks to queued operations on provider error', function(done) {
+    var errCount = 0;
+    var fs = new Filer.FileSystem({provider: provider});
+
+    function maybeDone(err) {
+      expect(err).to.exist;
+      expect(err.code).to.equal('EFILESYSTEMERROR');
+      errCount++;
+
+      if(errCount === 2) {
+        done();
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Queue some fs operations, and expect them to fail
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp', maybeDone);
+    fs.writeFile('/file', 'data', maybeDone);
+
+    // Operations are queued, tell the provider to fail now.
+    provider.failNow();
+  });
+
+  it('should get EFILESYSTEMERROR errors on callbacks to queued operations after ready callback', function(done) {
+    var fs = new Filer.FileSystem({provider: provider}, function(err) {
+      expect(err).to.exist;
+
+      // Queue is drained, but new operations should also fail
+      fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(err) {
+        expect(err).to.exist;
+        expect(err.code).to.equal('EFILESYSTEMERROR');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+    provider.failNow();
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../../lib/async.js":1,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],79:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.readdir on non-dir paths, issue 267', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should fail with ENOTDIR when called on filepath', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/myfile.txt', 'data', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.readdir('/myfile.txt', function(err, contents) {
+        expect(err).to.exist;
+        expect(err.code).to.equal('ENOTDIR');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],80:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('undefined and relative paths, issue270', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should fail with EINVAL when called on an undefined path', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile(undefined, 'data', function(err) {
+      expect(err).to.exist;
+      expect(err.code).to.equal('EINVAL');
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail with EINVAL when called on a relative path', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('relpath/file.txt', 'data', function(err) {
+      expect(err).to.exist;
+      expect(err.code).to.equal('EINVAL');
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],81:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Path = require('../..').Path;
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('Path.resolve does not work, issue357', function() {
+  it('Path.relative() should not crash', function() {
+    expect(Path.relative("/mydir", "/mydir/file")).to.equal("file");
+
+    // https://nodejs.org/api/path.html#path_path_relative_from_to
+    expect(Path.relative("/data/orandea/test/aaa", "/data/orandea/impl/bbb")).to.equal("../../impl/bbb");
+  });
+
+  it('Path.resolve() should work as expectedh', function() {
+    // https://nodejs.org/api/path.html#path_path_resolve_from_to
+    expect(Path.resolve('/foo/bar', './baz')).to.equal('/foo/bar/baz');
+    expect(Path.resolve('/foo/bar', '/tmp/file/')).to.equal('/tmp/file');
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"chai":6}],82:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+var async = require('../../lib/async.js');
+
+describe('sh.ls and deep directory trees', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should not crash when calling sh.ls() on deep directory layouts', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var sh = new fs.Shell();
+
+    var path = '';
+    for(var i=0; i<50; i++) {
+      path += '/' + i;
+    }
+
+    sh.mkdirp(path, function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      sh.ls('/', {recursive: true}, function(err, listing) {
+        expect(err).not.to.exist;
+        expect(listing).to.exist;
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should not crash when calling sh.ls() on wide directory layouts', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var sh = new fs.Shell();
+
+    var dirName = '/dir';
+
+    fs.mkdir(dirName, function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      var paths = [];
+      for(var i=0; i<100; i++) {
+        paths.push(Filer.Path.join(dirName, ''+i));
+      }
+
+      function writeFile(path, callback) {
+        fs.writeFile(path, 'data', callback);
+      }
+
+      async.eachSeries(paths, writeFile, function(err) {
+        if(err) { console.log('error', err);  throw err; }
+
+        sh.ls('/', {recursive: true}, function(err, listing) {
+          expect(err).not.to.exist;
+          expect(listing).to.exist;
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../../lib/async.js":1,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],83:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('trailing slashes in path names to work when renaming a dir', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should deal with trailing slashes in rename, dir == dir/', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.rename('/tmp/', '/new-tmp/', function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.stat('/new-tmp', function(err, stats) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+          expect(stats).to.exist;
+          expect(stats.isDirectory()).to.be.true;
+
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],84:[function(require,module,exports){
+/**
+ * Add your test spec files to the list in order to
+ * get them running by default.
+ */
+
+// Filer
+require("./spec/filer.spec");
+
+// Filer.FileSystem.*
+require("./spec/filer.filesystem.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.stat.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.lstat.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.exists.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.mknod.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.mkdir.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.readdir.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.rmdir.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.open.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.write.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.writeFile-readFile.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.appendFile.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.read.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.close.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.link.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.unlink.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.rename.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.lseek.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.symlink.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.readlink.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.truncate.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.utimes.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.xattr.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.stats.spec");
+require("./spec/path-resolution.spec");
+require("./spec/trailing-slashes.spec");
+require("./spec/times.spec");
+require("./spec/time-flags.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.watch.spec");
+require("./spec/errors.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.shell.spec");
+
+// Filer.FileSystem.providers.*
+require("./spec/providers/providers.spec");
+require("./spec/providers/providers.indexeddb.spec");
+require("./spec/providers/providers.websql.spec");
+require("./spec/providers/providers.memory.spec");
+
+// Filer.FileSystemShell.*
+require("./spec/shell/cd.spec");
+require("./spec/shell/touch.spec");
+require("./spec/shell/exec.spec");
+require("./spec/shell/cat.spec");
+require("./spec/shell/ls.spec");
+require("./spec/shell/rm.spec");
+require("./spec/shell/env.spec");
+require("./spec/shell/mkdirp.spec");
+require("./spec/shell/find.spec");
+
+// Ported node.js tests (filenames match names in https://github.com/joyent/node/tree/master/test)
+require("./spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-mkdir");
+require("./spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-null-bytes");
+require("./spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-watch");
+require("./spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-watch-recursive");
+
+// Regressions, Bugs
+// NOTE: bugs/issue225.js has to be run outside this step, see gruntfile.js
+require("./bugs/issue105");
+require("./bugs/issue106");
+require("./bugs/issue239");
+require("./bugs/issue249");
+require("./bugs/ls-depth-bug");
+require("./bugs/issue247.js");
+require("./bugs/issue254.js");
+require("./bugs/issue258.js");
+require("./bugs/issue267.js");
+require("./bugs/issue270.js");
+require("./bugs/rename-dir-trailing-slash.js");
+require("./bugs/issue357.js");
+
+},{"./bugs/issue105":72,"./bugs/issue106":73,"./bugs/issue239":74,"./bugs/issue247.js":75,"./bugs/issue249":76,"./bugs/issue254.js":77,"./bugs/issue258.js":78,"./bugs/issue267.js":79,"./bugs/issue270.js":80,"./bugs/issue357.js":81,"./bugs/ls-depth-bug":82,"./bugs/rename-dir-trailing-slash.js":83,"./spec/errors.spec":89,"./spec/filer.filesystem.spec":90,"./spec/filer.spec":91,"./spec/fs.appendFile.spec":92,"./spec/fs.close.spec":93,"./spec/fs.exists.spec":94,"./spec/fs.link.spec":95,"./spec/fs.lseek.spec":96,"./spec/fs.lstat.spec":97,"./spec/fs.mkdir.spec":98,"./spec/fs.mknod.spec":99,"./spec/fs.open.spec":100,"./spec/fs.read.spec":101,"./spec/fs.readdir.spec":102,"./spec/fs.readlink.spec":103,"./spec/fs.rename.spec":104,"./spec/fs.rmdir.spec":105,"./spec/fs.shell.spec":106,"./spec/fs.spec":107,"./spec/fs.stat.spec":108,"./spec/fs.stats.spec":109,"./spec/fs.symlink.spec":110,"./spec/fs.truncate.spec":111,"./spec/fs.unlink.spec":112,"./spec/fs.utimes.spec":113,"./spec/fs.watch.spec":114,"./spec/fs.write.spec":115,"./spec/fs.writeFile-readFile.spec":116,"./spec/fs.xattr.spec":117,"./spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-mkdir":118,"./spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-null-bytes":119,"./spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-watch":121,"./spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-watch-recursive":120,"./spec/path-resolution.spec":122,"./spec/providers/providers.indexeddb.spec":124,"./spec/providers/providers.memory.spec":125,"./spec/providers/providers.spec":126,"./spec/providers/providers.websql.spec":127,"./spec/shell/cat.spec":128,"./spec/shell/cd.spec":129,"./spec/shell/env.spec":130,"./spec/shell/exec.spec":131,"./spec/shell/find.spec":132,"./spec/shell/ls.spec":133,"./spec/shell/mkdirp.spec":134,"./spec/shell/rm.spec":135,"./spec/shell/touch.spec":136,"./spec/time-flags.spec":137,"./spec/times.spec":138,"./spec/trailing-slashes.spec":139}],85:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+var Filer = require("../..");
+
+var indexedDB = global.indexedDB       ||
+                global.mozIndexedDB    ||
+                global.webkitIndexedDB ||
+                global.msIndexedDB;
+
+var needsCleanup = [];
+if(global.addEventListener) {
+  global.addEventListener('beforeunload', function() {
+    needsCleanup.forEach(function(f) { f(); });
+  });
+}
+
+function IndexedDBTestProvider(name) {
+  var _done = false;
+  var that = this;
+
+  function cleanup(callback) {
+    callback = callback || function(){};
+
+    if(!that.provider || _done) {
+      return callback();
+    }
+
+    // We have to force any other connections to close
+    // before we can delete a db.
+    if(that.provider.db) {
+      that.provider.db.close();
+    }
+
+    var request = indexedDB.deleteDatabase(name);
+    function finished() {
+      that.provider = null;
+      _done = true;
+      callback();
+    }
+    request.onsuccess = finished;
+    request.onerror = finished;
+  }
+
+  function init() {
+    if(that.provider) {
+      return;
+    }
+    that.provider = new Filer.FileSystem.providers.IndexedDB(name);
+    needsCleanup.push(cleanup);
+  }
+
+  this.init = init;
+  this.cleanup = cleanup;
+}
+IndexedDBTestProvider.isSupported = function() {
+  return Filer.FileSystem.providers.IndexedDB.isSupported();
+};
+
+module.exports = IndexedDBTestProvider;
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../..":59}],86:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+
+function MemoryTestProvider(name) {
+  var that = this;
+
+  function cleanup(callback) {
+    callback = callback || function(){};
+
+    that.provider = null;
+    callback();
+  }
+
+  function init() {
+    if(that.provider) {
+      return;
+    }
+    that.provider = new Filer.FileSystem.providers.Memory(name);
+  }
+
+  this.init = init;
+  this.cleanup = cleanup;
+}
+MemoryTestProvider.isSupported = function() {
+  return Filer.FileSystem.providers.Memory.isSupported();
+};
+
+module.exports = MemoryTestProvider;
+
+},{"../..":59}],87:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var IndexedDBTestProvider = require('./indexeddb.js');
+var WebSQLTestProvider = require('./websql.js');
+var MemoryTestProvider = require('./memory.js');
+var Url = require('url');
+
+var _provider;
+var _fs;
+
+function uniqueName() {
+  if(!uniqueName.seed) {
+    uniqueName.seed = Date.now();
+  }
+  return 'filer-testdb-' + uniqueName.seed++;
+}
+
+function findBestProvider() {
+  var providers = Filer.FileSystem.providers;
+  if(providers.IndexedDB.isSupported()) {
+    return IndexedDBTestProvider;
+  }
+  if(providers.WebSQL.isSupported()) {
+    return WebSQLTestProvider;
+  }
+  return MemoryTestProvider;
+}
+
+function getUrlParams() {
+  // Check if we are running in node
+  if(!global.location) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  var url = Url.parse(global.location.href, true);
+
+  return url.query;
+}
+
+function getProviderType() {
+  var queryString = getUrlParams();
+
+  // If the environment is node or the query string is empty,
+  // the memory provider will be used.
+  if(!queryString) {
+    return defaultProvider;
+  }
+
+  return queryString['filer-provider'] || 'default';
+}
+
+function setup(callback) {
+  // In browser we support specifying the provider via the query string
+  // (e.g., ?filer-provider=IndexedDB). If not specified, we use
+  // the Memory provider by default.
+  var providerType = getProviderType();
+
+  var name = uniqueName();
+
+  switch(providerType.toLowerCase()) {
+    case 'indexeddb':
+      _provider = new IndexedDBTestProvider(name);
+      break;
+    case 'websql':
+      _provider = new WebSQLTestProvider(name);
+      break;
+    case 'memory':
+      _provider = new MemoryTestProvider(name);
+      break;
+    case 'default':
+    default:
+      console.log('default');
+      var BestProvider = findBestProvider();
+      _provider = new BestProvider(name);
+      break;
+  }
+
+  // Allow passing FS flags on query string
+  var flags = global.filerArgs && global.filerArgs.flags ?
+    global.filerArgs.flags : 'FORMAT';
+
+  // Create a file system and wait for it to get setup
+  _provider.init();
+
+  function complete(err, fs) {
+    if(err) throw err;
+    _fs = fs;
+    callback();
+  }
+  return new Filer.FileSystem({
+    name: name,
+    provider: _provider.provider,
+    flags: flags
+  }, complete);
+}
+
+function fs() {
+  if(!_fs) {
+    throw "TestUtil: call setup() before fs()";
+  }
+  return _fs;
+}
+
+function provider() {
+  if(!_provider) {
+    throw "TestUtil: call setup() before provider()";
+  }
+  return _provider;
+}
+
+function shell(options) {
+  var _fs = fs();
+  return new _fs.Shell(options);
+}
+
+function cleanup(callback) {
+  if(!_provider) {
+    return;
+  }
+  _provider.cleanup(function() {
+    _provider = null;
+    _fs = null;
+    callback();
+  });
+}
+
+function typedArrayEqual(a, b) {
+  if(!(a && b)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if(a.length !== b.length) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  for(var i = 0; i < a.length; ++ i) {
+    if(a[i] !== b[i]) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  uniqueName: uniqueName,
+  setup: setup,
+  fs: fs,
+  shell: shell,
+  provider: provider,
+  providers: {
+    IndexedDB: IndexedDBTestProvider,
+    WebSQL: WebSQLTestProvider,
+    Memory: MemoryTestProvider
+  },
+  cleanup: cleanup,
+  typedArrayEqual: typedArrayEqual
+};
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../..":59,"./indexeddb.js":85,"./memory.js":86,"./websql.js":88,"url":47}],88:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+
+var needsCleanup = [];
+if(global.addEventListener) {
+  global.addEventListener('beforeunload', function() {
+    needsCleanup.forEach(function(f) { f(); });
+  });
+}
+
+function WebSQLTestProvider(name) {
+  var _done = false;
+  var that = this;
+
+  function cleanup(callback) {
+    callback = callback || function(){};
+
+    if(!that.provider || _done) {
+      return callback();
+    }
+
+    // Provider is there, but db was never touched
+    if(!that.provider.db) {
+      return callback();
+    }
+
+    var context = that.provider.getReadWriteContext();
+    context.clear(function() {
+      that.provider = null;
+      _done = true;
+      callback();
+    });
+  }
+
+  function init() {
+    if(that.provider) {
+      return;
+    }
+    that.provider = new Filer.FileSystem.providers.WebSQL(name);
+    needsCleanup.push(cleanup);
+  }
+
+  this.init = init;
+  this.cleanup = cleanup;
+}
+WebSQLTestProvider.isSupported = function() {
+  return Filer.FileSystem.providers.WebSQL.isSupported();
+};
+
+module.exports = WebSQLTestProvider;
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../..":59}],89:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe("Filer.Errors", function() {
+  it("has expected errors", function() {
+    expect(Filer.Errors).to.exist;
+
+    // By ctor -- if you add some to src/errors.js, also add here
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.UNKNOWN).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.OK).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EOF).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EADDRINFO).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EACCES).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EAGAIN).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EADDRINUSE).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EADDRNOTAVAIL).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EAFNOSUPPORT).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EALREADY).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(Filer.Errors.EBADF).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(Filer.Errors.EBUSY).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ECONNABORTED).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ECONNREFUSED).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ECONNRESET).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EDESTADDRREQ).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EFAULT).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EHOSTUNREACH).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EINTR).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(Filer.Errors.EINVAL).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EISCONN).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EMFILE).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EMSGSIZE).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ENETDOWN).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ENETUNREACH).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ENFILE).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ENOBUFS).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ENOMEM).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(Filer.Errors.ENOTDIR).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(Filer.Errors.EISDIR).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ENONET).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ENOTCONN).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ENOTSOCK).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ENOTSUP).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(Filer.Errors.ENOENT).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ENOSYS).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EPIPE).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EPROTO).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EPROTONOSUPPORT).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EPROTOTYPE).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ETIMEDOUT).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ECHARSET).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EAIFAMNOSUPPORT).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EAISERVICE).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EAISOCKTYPE).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ESHUTDOWN).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(Filer.Errors.EEXIST).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ESRCH).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ENAMETOOLONG).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EPERM).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(Filer.Errors.ELOOP).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EXDEV).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(Filer.Errors.ENOTEMPTY).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ENOSPC).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(Filer.Errors.EIO).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.EROFS).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ENODEV).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ESPIPE).to.be.a('function');
+    //expect(Filer.Errors.ECANCELED).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(Filer.Errors.ENOTMOUNTED).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(Filer.Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(Filer.Errors.ENOATTR).to.be.a('function');
+
+    // By errno
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[-1]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.UNKNOWN);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[0]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.OK);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[1]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EOF);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[2]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EADDRINFO);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[3]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EACCES);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[4]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EAGAIN);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[5]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EADDRINUSE);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[6]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EADDRNOTAVAIL);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[7]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EAFNOSUPPORT);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[8]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EALREADY);
+    expect(Filer.Errors[9]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EBADF);
+    expect(Filer.Errors[10]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EBUSY);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[11]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ECONNABORTED);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[12]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ECONNREFUSED);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[13]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ECONNRESET);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[14]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EDESTADDRREQ);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[15]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EFAULT);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[16]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EHOSTUNREACH);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[17]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EINTR);
+    expect(Filer.Errors[18]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EINVAL);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[19]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EISCONN);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[20]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EMFILE);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[21]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EMSGSIZE);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[22]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENETDOWN);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[23]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENETUNREACH);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[24]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENFILE);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[25]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENOBUFS);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[26]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENOMEM);
+    expect(Filer.Errors[27]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENOTDIR);
+    expect(Filer.Errors[28]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EISDIR);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[29]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENONET);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[31]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENOTCONN);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[32]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENOTSOCK);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[33]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENOTSUP);
+    expect(Filer.Errors[34]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENOENT);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[35]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENOSYS);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[36]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EPIPE);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[37]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EPROTO);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[38]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EPROTONOSUPPORT);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[39]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EPROTOTYPE);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[40]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ETIMEDOUT);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[41]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ECHARSET);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[42]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EAIFAMNOSUPPORT);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[44]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EAISERVICE);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[45]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EAISOCKTYPE);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[46]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ESHUTDOWN);
+    expect(Filer.Errors[47]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EEXIST);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[48]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ESRCH);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[49]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENAMETOOLONG);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[50]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EPERM);
+    expect(Filer.Errors[51]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ELOOP);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[52]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EXDEV);
+    expect(Filer.Errors[53]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENOTEMPTY);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[54]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENOSPC);
+    expect(Filer.Errors[55]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EIO);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[56]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EROFS);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[57]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENODEV);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[58]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ESPIPE);
+    //expect(Filer.Errors[59]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ECANCELED);
+    expect(Filer.Errors[1000]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENOTMOUNTED);
+    expect(Filer.Errors[1001]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR);
+    expect(Filer.Errors[1002]).to.equal(Filer.Errors.ENOATTR);
+  });
+
+  it('should include all expected properties by default', function() {
+    var err = new Filer.Errors.ENOENT();
+    expect(err.name).to.equal('ENOENT');
+    expect(err.code).to.equal('ENOENT');
+    expect(err.errno).to.equal(34);
+    expect(err.message).to.equal('no such file or directory');
+  });
+
+  it('should include extra properties when provided', function() {
+    var err = new Filer.Errors.ENOENT('This is the message', '/this/is/the/path');
+    expect(err.name).to.equal('ENOENT');
+    expect(err.code).to.equal('ENOENT');
+    expect(err.errno).to.equal(34);
+    expect(err.message).to.equal('This is the message');
+    expect(err.path).to.equal('/this/is/the/path');
+  });
+
+  it('should include default message and path info when provided', function() {
+    var err = new Filer.Errors.ENOENT(null, '/this/is/the/path');
+    expect(err.message).to.equal('no such file or directory');
+    expect(err.path).to.equal('/this/is/the/path');
+  });
+
+  it('should include just the message when no path provided', function() {
+    var err = new Filer.Errors.ENOENT();
+    expect(err.message).to.equal('no such file or directory');
+    expect(err.path).not.to.exist;
+  });
+
+  it('should not include path in toString() when not provided', function() {
+    var err = new Filer.Errors.ENOENT('This is the message');
+    expect(err.toString()).to.equal("ENOENT: This is the message");
+  });
+
+  it('should include path in toString() when provided', function() {
+    var err = new Filer.Errors.ENOENT(null, '/this/is/the/path');
+    expect(err.toString()).to.equal("ENOENT: no such file or directory, '/this/is/the/path'");
+  });
+
+  it('should include message and path info when provided', function() {
+    var err = new Filer.Errors.ENOENT('This is the message', '/this/is/the/path');
+    expect(err.message).to.equal('This is the message');
+    expect(err.path).to.equal('/this/is/the/path');
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"chai":6}],90:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe("Filer.FileSystem", function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should properly mount new or existing filesystem', function(done) {
+    var provider = util.provider().provider;
+
+    // 1) Should be able to open a new filesystem, and get empty root
+    var fs1 = new Filer.FileSystem({provider: provider}, function() {
+      fs1.readdir('/', function(err, entries) {
+        expect(err).not.to.exist;
+        expect(entries).to.be.an('array');
+        expect(entries.length).to.equal(0);
+
+        fs1.writeFile('/file', 'data', function(err) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+
+          // 2) Should be able to open an existing filesystem
+          var fs2 = new Filer.FileSystem({provider: provider}, function() {
+            fs2.readdir('/', function(err, entries) {
+              expect(err).not.to.exist;
+              expect(entries).to.be.an('array');
+              expect(entries.length).to.equal(1);
+              expect(entries[0]).to.equal('file');
+
+
+              // 3) FORMAT flag should wipe an existing filesystem
+              var fs3 = new Filer.FileSystem({provider: provider, flags: ['FORMAT']}, function() {
+                fs3.readdir('/', function(err, entries) {
+                  expect(err).not.to.exist;
+                  expect(entries).to.be.an('array');
+                  expect(entries.length).to.equal(0);
+                  done();
+                });
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],91:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe("Filer", function() {
+  it("is defined", function() {
+    expect(typeof Filer).not.to.equal(undefined);
+  });
+
+  it("has FileSystem constructor", function() {
+    expect(typeof Filer.FileSystem).to.equal('function');
+  });
+
+  it("has Shell constructor", function() {
+    expect(typeof Filer.Shell).to.equal('function');
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"chai":6}],92:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (Buffer){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.appendFile', function() {
+  beforeEach(function(done) {
+    util.setup(function() {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      fs.writeFile('/myfile', "This is a file.", { encoding: 'utf8' }, function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.appendFile).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should append a utf8 file without specifying utf8 in appendFile', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var contents = "This is a file.";
+    var more = " Appended.";
+
+    fs.appendFile('/myfile', more, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.readFile('/myfile', 'utf8', function(error, data) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(data).to.equal(contents + more);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should append a utf8 file with "utf8" option to appendFile', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var contents = "This is a file.";
+    var more = " Appended.";
+
+    fs.appendFile('/myfile', more, 'utf8', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.readFile('/myfile', 'utf8', function(error, data) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(data).to.equal(contents + more);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should append a utf8 file with {encoding: "utf8"} option to appendFile', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var contents = "This is a file.";
+    var more = " Appended.";
+
+    fs.appendFile('/myfile', more, { encoding: 'utf8' }, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.readFile('/myfile', { encoding: 'utf8' }, function(error, data) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(data).to.equal(contents + more);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should append a binary file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    // String and utf8 binary encoded versions of the same thing:
+    var contents = "This is a file.";
+    var binary = new Buffer([84, 104, 105, 115, 32, 105, 115, 32, 97, 32, 102, 105, 108, 101, 46]);
+    var more = " Appended.";
+    var binary2 = new Buffer([32, 65, 112, 112, 101, 110, 100, 101, 100, 46]);
+    var binary3 = new Buffer([84, 104, 105, 115, 32, 105, 115, 32, 97, 32, 102, 105, 108, 101, 46,
+                              32, 65, 112, 112, 101, 110, 100, 101, 100, 46]);
+
+    fs.writeFile('/mybinaryfile', binary, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.appendFile('/mybinaryfile', binary2, function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.readFile('/mybinaryfile', 'ascii', function(error, data) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(data).to.deep.equal(binary3);
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should follow symbolic links', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var contents = "This is a file.";
+    var more = " Appended.";
+
+    fs.symlink('/myfile', '/myFileLink', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.appendFile('/myFileLink', more, 'utf8', function (error) {
+        if (error) throw error;
+
+        fs.readFile('/myFileLink', 'utf8', function(error, data) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(data).to.equal(contents + more);
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should work when file does not exist, and create the file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var contents = "This is a file.";
+
+    fs.appendFile('/newfile', contents, { encoding: 'utf8' }, function(error) {
+      expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+      fs.readFile('/newfile', 'utf8', function(err, data) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+        expect(data).to.equal(contents);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+}).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"buffer":38,"chai":6}],93:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.close', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(typeof fs.close).to.equal('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should release the file descriptor', function(done) {
+    var buffer = new Filer.Buffer(0);
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      var fd = result;
+      fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+        fs.read(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, undefined, function(error, result) {
+          expect(error).to.exist;
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],94:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.exists', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(typeof fs.exists).to.equal('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.exists('/tmp', function(result) {
+      expect(result).to.be.false;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return true if path exists', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(err, fd) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.close(fd, function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.exists('/myfile', function(result) {
+          expect(result).to.be.true;
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should follow symbolic links and return true for the resulting path', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, fd) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.symlink('/myfile', '/myfilelink', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.exists('/myfilelink', function(result) {
+            expect(result).to.be.true;
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],95:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.link', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.link).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should create a link to an existing file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.link('/myfile', '/myotherfile', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            var _oldstats = result;
+            fs.stat('/myotherfile', function(error, result) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+              expect(result.nlinks).to.equal(2);
+              expect(result.dev).to.equal(_oldstats.dev);
+              expect(result.node).to.equal(_oldstats.node);
+              expect(result.size).to.equal(_oldstats.size);
+              expect(result.type).to.equal(_oldstats.type);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should not follow symbolic links', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.stat('/', function (error, result) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+      var _oldstats = result;
+      fs.symlink('/', '/myfileLink', function (error) {
+        if (error) throw error;
+        fs.link('/myfileLink', '/myotherfile', function (error) {
+          if (error) throw error;
+          fs.lstat('/myfileLink', function (error, result) {
+            if (error) throw error;
+            var _linkstats = result;
+            fs.lstat('/myotherfile', function (error, result) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+              expect(result.dev).to.equal(_linkstats.dev);
+              expect(result.node).to.equal(_linkstats.node);
+              expect(result.size).to.equal(_linkstats.size);
+              expect(result.type).to.equal(_linkstats.type);
+              expect(result.nlinks).to.equal(2);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should not allow links to a directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/mydir', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.link('/mydir', '/mydirlink', function(error) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('EPERM');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],96:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.lseek', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.lseek).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should not follow symbolic links', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function (error, fd) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.close(fd, function (error) {
+        if (error) throw error;
+
+        fs.symlink('/myfile', '/myFileLink', function (error) {
+          if (error) throw error;
+
+          fs.rename('/myFileLink', '/myOtherFileLink', function (error) {
+            if (error) throw error;
+
+            fs.stat('/myfile', function (error, result) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+              fs.lstat('/myFileLink', function (error, result) {
+                expect(error).to.exist;
+
+                fs.stat('/myOtherFileLink', function (error, result) {
+                  if (error) throw error;
+                  expect(result.nlinks).to.equal(1);
+                  done();
+                });
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should set the current position if whence is SET', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var offset = 3;
+    var buffer = new Filer.Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+    var result_buffer = new Filer.Buffer(buffer.length + offset);
+    result_buffer.fill(0);
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, undefined, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.lseek(fd, offset, 'SET', function(error, result) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(result).to.equal(offset);
+
+          fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, undefined, function(error, result) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            fs.read(fd, result_buffer, 0, result_buffer.length, 0, function(error, result) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+
+              fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+                if(error) throw error;
+
+                expect(result.size).to.equal(offset + buffer.length);
+                var expected = new Filer.Buffer([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+                expect(result_buffer).to.deep.equal(expected);
+                done();
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update the current position if whence is CUR', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var offset = -2;
+    var buffer = new Filer.Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+    var result_buffer = new Filer.Buffer(2 * buffer.length + offset);
+    result_buffer.fill(0);
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, undefined, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.lseek(fd, offset, 'CUR', function(error, result) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(result).to.equal(offset + buffer.length);
+
+          fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, undefined, function(error, result) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            fs.read(fd, result_buffer, 0, result_buffer.length, 0, function(error, result) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+
+              fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+                if(error) throw error;
+
+                expect(result.size).to.equal(offset + 2 * buffer.length);
+                var expected = new Filer.Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+                expect(result_buffer).to.deep.equal(expected);
+                done();
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update the current position if whence is END', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var offset = 5;
+    var buffer = new Filer.Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+    var result_buffer;
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      var fd1 = result;
+      fs.write(fd1, buffer, 0, buffer.length, undefined, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, result) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          var fd2 = result;
+          fs.lseek(fd2, offset, 'END', function(error, result) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+            expect(result).to.equal(offset + buffer.length);
+
+            fs.write(fd2, buffer, 0, buffer.length, undefined, function(error, result) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+
+              fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+                if(error) throw error;
+
+                expect(result.size).to.equal(offset + 2 * buffer.length);
+                result_buffer = new Filer.Buffer(result.size);
+                result_buffer.fill(0);
+                fs.read(fd2, result_buffer, 0, result_buffer.length, 0, function(error, result) {
+                  if(error) throw error;
+                  var expected = new Filer.Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+                  expect(result_buffer).to.deep.equal(expected);
+                  done();
+                });
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],97:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.lstat', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(typeof fs.lstat).to.equal('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var _error, _result;
+
+    fs.lstat('/tmp', function(error, result) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOENT");
+      expect(result).not.to.exist;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return a stat object if path is not a symbolic link', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.lstat('/', function(error, result) {
+      expect(error).not.to.exist;
+      expect(result).to.exist;
+      expect(result.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return a stat object if path is a symbolic link', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.symlink('/', '/mylink', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.lstat('/mylink', function(error, result) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(result).to.exist;
+        expect(result.type).to.equal('SYMLINK');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],98:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.mkdir', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.mkdir).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if part of the parent path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp/mydir', function(error) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOENT");
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if the path already exists', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/', function(error) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("EEXIST");
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make a new directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(error) {
+      expect(error).not.to.exist;
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.stat('/tmp', function(error, stats) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(stats).to.exist;
+        expect(stats.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],99:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.mknod', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.mknod).to.be.a('function');
+    done();
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if part of the parent path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mknod('/dir/mydir', 'DIRECTORY', function(error) {
+      expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOENT');
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if path already exists', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mknod('/', 'DIRECTORY', function(error) {
+      expect(error.code).to.equal('EEXIST');
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if the parent node is not a directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mknod('/file', 'FILE' , function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.mknod('/file/myfile', 'FILE', function(error, result) {
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOTDIR');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if the mode provided is not DIRECTORY or FILE', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mknod('/symlink', 'SYMLINK', function(error) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal('EINVAL');
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make a new directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mknod('/dir', 'DIRECTORY', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.stat('/dir', function(error, stats) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(stats.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make a new file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mknod('/file', 'FILE' , function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.stat('/file', function(error, result) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(result.type).to.equal('FILE');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],100:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+var constants = require('../../src/constants.js');
+
+describe('fs.open', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.open).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if the parent path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/tmp/myfile', 'w+', function(error, result) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOENT");
+      expect(result).not.to.exist;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error when flagged for read and the path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'r+', function(error, result) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOENT");
+      expect(result).not.to.exist;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error when flagged for write and the path is a directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.open('/tmp', 'w', function(error, result) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal("EISDIR");
+        expect(result).not.to.exist;
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error when flagged for append and the path is a directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.open('/tmp', 'a', function(error, result) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal("EISDIR");
+        expect(result).not.to.exist;
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return a unique file descriptor', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var fd1;
+
+    fs.open('/file1', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      expect(error).not.to.exist;
+      expect(fd).to.be.a('number');
+
+      fs.open('/file2', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(fd).to.be.a('number');
+        expect(fd).not.to.equal(fd1);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return the argument value of the file descriptor index matching the value set by the first useable file descriptor constant', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var firstFD = constants.FIRST_DESCRIPTOR;
+    var fd1;
+
+    fs.open('/file1', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      expect(fd).to.equal(firstFD);
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should create a new file when flagged for write', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(result).to.exist;
+        expect(result.type).to.equal('FILE');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * This test is currently correct per our code, but incorrect according to the spec.
+   * When we fix https://github.com/filerjs/filer/issues/314 we'll have to update this.
+   */
+  it('should error if an ofd\'s node goes away while open', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/myfile', 'data', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.open('/myfile', 'r', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        // Delete the file while it's still open
+        fs.unlink('/myfile', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          // This should fail now, since fd points to a bad node
+          fs.fstat(fd, function(error, result) {
+            expect(error).to.exist;
+            expect(error.code).to.equal('EBADF');
+            expect(result).not.to.exist;
+
+            fs.close(fd);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../../src/constants.js":52,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],101:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.read', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.read).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should read data from a file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var wbuffer = new Filer.Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+    var rbuffer = new Filer.Buffer(wbuffer.length);
+    rbuffer.fill(0);
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.write(fd, wbuffer, 0, wbuffer.length, 0, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.read(fd, rbuffer, 0, rbuffer.length, 0, function(error, result) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(result).to.equal(rbuffer.length);
+          expect(wbuffer).to.deep.equal(rbuffer);
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update the current file position', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var wbuffer = new Filer.Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+    var rbuffer = new Filer.Buffer(wbuffer.length);
+    rbuffer.fill(0);
+    var _result = 0;
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.write(fd, wbuffer, 0, wbuffer.length, 0, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.read(fd, rbuffer, 0, rbuffer.length / 2, undefined, function(error, result) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          _result += result;
+          fs.read(fd, rbuffer, rbuffer.length / 2, rbuffer.length, undefined, function(error, result) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+            _result += result;
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+            expect(_result).to.equal(rbuffer.length);
+            expect(wbuffer).to.deep.equal(rbuffer);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail to read a directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var buf = new Filer.Buffer(20);
+    var buf2 = new Filer.Buffer(20);
+    buf.fill(0);
+    buf2.fill(0);
+
+    fs.mkdir('/mydir', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw err;
+
+      fs.open('/mydir', 'r', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.read(fd, buf, 0, buf.length, 0, function(error, result) {
+          expect(error).to.exist;
+          expect(error.code).to.equal('EISDIR');
+          expect(result).to.equal(0);
+          expect(buf).to.deep.equal(buf2);
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],102:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.readdir', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.readdir).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if the path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.readdir('/tmp/mydir', function(error, files) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOENT");
+      expect(files).not.to.exist;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return a list of files from an existing directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.readdir('/', function(error, files) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(files).to.exist;
+        expect(files.length).to.equal(1);
+        expect(files[0]).to.equal('tmp');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should follow symbolic links', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.symlink('/', '/tmp/dirLink', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.readdir('/tmp/dirLink', function(error, files) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(files).to.exist;
+          expect(files.length).to.equal(1);
+          expect(files[0]).to.equal('tmp');
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],103:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.readlink', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.readlink).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if part of the parent destination path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.readlink('/tmp/mydir', function(error) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOENT");
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if the path is not a symbolic link', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.readlink('/', function(error) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOENT");
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return the contents of a symbolic link', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.symlink('/', '/myfile', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.readlink('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(result).to.equal('/');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],104:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.rename', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.rename).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should rename an existing file', function(done) {
+    var complete1 = false;
+    var complete2 = false;
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    function maybeDone() {
+      if(complete1 && complete2) {
+        done();
+      }
+    }
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.rename('/myfile', '/myotherfile', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+            expect(error).to.exist;
+            complete1 = true;
+            maybeDone();
+          });
+
+          fs.stat('/myotherfile', function(error, result) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+            expect(result.nlinks).to.equal(1);
+            complete2 = true;
+            maybeDone();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should rename an existing directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/mydir', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.rename('/mydir', '/myotherdir', function(error) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        fs.stat('/mydir', function(error) {
+          expect(error).to.exist;
+          expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOENT');
+
+          fs.stat('/myotherdir', function(error, result) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+            expect(result.nlinks).to.equal(1);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should rename an existing directory if the new path points to an existing directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/mydir', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.mkdir('/myotherdir', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.rename('/mydir', '/myotherdir', function(error) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          fs.stat('/mydir', function(error) {
+            expect(error).to.exist;
+            expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOENT');
+
+            fs.stat('/myotherdir', function(error, result) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+              expect(result.nlinks).to.equal(1);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail to rename an existing directory if the new path points to an existing directory that is not empty', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/mydir', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.mkdir('/myotherdir', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.writeFile('/myotherdir/myfile', 'This is a file', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.rename('/mydir', '/myotherdir', function(error) {
+            expect(error).to.exist;
+            expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOTEMPTY');
+
+            fs.stat('/mydir', function(error) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+              fs.stat('/myotherdir', function(error) {
+                expect(error).not.to.exist;
+                done();
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail to rename an existing directory if the new path points to an existing file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/mydir', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.writeFile('/myfile', 'This is a file', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.rename('/mydir', '/myfile', function(error) {
+          expect(error).to.exist;
+          expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOTDIR');
+
+          fs.stat('/mydir', function(error) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+            fs.stat('/myfile', function(error) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],105:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.rmdir', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.rmdir).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if the path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.rmdir('/tmp/mydir', function(error) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOENT");
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if attempting to remove the root directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.rmdir('/', function(error) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("EBUSY");
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if the directory is not empty', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.mkdir('/tmp/mydir', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.rmdir('/', function(error) {
+          expect(error).to.exist;
+          expect(error.code).to.equal("EBUSY");
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if the path is not a directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.open('/tmp/myfile', 'w', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+          fs.rmdir('/tmp/myfile', function(error) {
+            expect(error).to.exist;
+            expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOTDIR");
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if the path is a symbolic link', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp', function (error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.symlink('/tmp', '/tmp/myfile', function (error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.rmdir('/tmp/myfile', function (error) {
+          expect(error).to.exist;
+          expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOTDIR");
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should remove an existing directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.rmdir('/tmp', function(error) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.stat('/tmp', function(error, stats) {
+          expect(error).to.exist;
+          expect(stats).not.to.exist;
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],106:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe("fs.Shell", function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it("is a function", function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(typeof fs.Shell).to.equal('function');
+
+    done();
+  });
+
+  it('should return a FileSystemShell instance', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var sh = new fs.Shell();
+
+    expect(sh.prototype).to.deep.equal((new Filer.Shell(fs)).prototype);
+    done();
+  });
+
+  it('should reflect changes to the prototype', function(done){
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var sh = new fs.Shell();
+
+    Filer.Shell.prototype.test = "foo";
+
+    expect(sh.test).to.equal("foo");
+    done();
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],107:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe("fs", function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it("is an object", function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(typeof fs).to.equal('object');
+    expect(fs).to.be.an.instanceof(Filer.FileSystem);
+  });
+
+  it('should have a root directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    fs.stat('/', function(error, result) {
+      expect(error).not.to.exist;
+      expect(result).to.exist;
+      expect(result.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],108:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.stat', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(typeof fs.stat).to.equal('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.stat('/tmp', function(error, result) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOENT");
+      expect(result).not.to.exist;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return a stat object if path exists', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.stat('/', function(error, result) {
+      expect(error).not.to.exist;
+      expect(result).to.exit;
+
+      expect(result['node']).to.be.a('string');
+      expect(result['dev']).to.equal(fs.name);
+      expect(result['size']).to.be.a('number');
+      expect(result['nlinks']).to.be.a('number');
+      expect(result['atime']).to.be.a('number');
+      expect(result['mtime']).to.be.a('number');
+      expect(result['ctime']).to.be.a('number');
+      expect(result['type']).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
+
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should follow symbolic links and return a stat object for the resulting path', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      var fd = result;
+      fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          expect(result['node']).to.exist;
+          fs.symlink('/myfile', '/myfilelink', function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            fs.stat('/myfilelink', function(error, result) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+              expect(result).to.exist;
+              expect(result['node']).to.exist;
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return a stat object for a valid descriptor', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.fstat(fd, function(error, result) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(result).to.exist;
+
+        expect(result['node']).to.exist;
+        expect(result['dev']).to.equal(fs.name);
+        expect(result['size']).to.be.a('number');
+        expect(result['nlinks']).to.be.a('number');
+        expect(result['atime']).to.be.a('number');
+        expect(result['mtime']).to.be.a('number');
+        expect(result['ctime']).to.be.a('number');
+        expect(result['type']).to.equal('FILE');
+
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],109:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.stats', function() {
+  describe('#isFile()', function() {
+    beforeEach(util.setup);
+    afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+    it('should be a function', function() {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isFile).to.be.a('function');
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return true if stats are for file', function(done) {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+
+      fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.fstat(fd, function(error, stats) {
+          expect(stats.isFile()).to.be.true;
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return false if stats are for directory', function(done) {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isFile()).to.be.false;
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return false if stats are for symbolic link', function(done) {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+
+      fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.close(fd, function(error, stats) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+          fs.symlink('/myfile', '/myfilelink', function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+            fs.lstat('/myfilelink', function(error, stats) {
+              expect(stats.isFile()).to.be.false;
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('#isDirectory()', function() {
+    beforeEach(util.setup);
+    afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+    it('should be a function', function() {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isDirectory).to.be.a('function');
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return false if stats are for file', function(done) {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+
+      fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.fstat(fd, function(error, stats) {
+          expect(stats.isDirectory()).to.be.false;
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return true if stats are for directory', function(done) {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isDirectory()).to.be.true;
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return false if stats are for symbolic link', function(done) {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+
+      fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.close(fd, function(error, stats) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+          fs.symlink('/myfile', '/myfilelink', function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+            fs.lstat('/myfilelink', function(error, stats) {
+              expect(stats.isDirectory()).to.be.false;
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('#isBlockDevice()', function() {
+    beforeEach(util.setup);
+    afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+    it('should be a function', function() {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isBlockDevice).to.be.a('function');
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return false', function() {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isBlockDevice()).to.be.false;
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('#isCharacterDevice()', function() {
+    beforeEach(util.setup);
+    afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+    it('should be a function', function() {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isCharacterDevice).to.be.a('function');
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return false', function() {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isCharacterDevice()).to.be.false;
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('#isSymbolicLink()', function() {
+    beforeEach(util.setup);
+    afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+    it('should be a function', function() {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isSymbolicLink).to.be.a('function');
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return false if stats are for file', function(done) {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+
+      fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.fstat(fd, function(error, stats) {
+          expect(stats.isSymbolicLink()).to.be.false;
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return false if stats are for directory', function(done) {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isSymbolicLink()).to.be.false;
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return true if stats are for symbolic link', function(done) {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+
+      fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.close(fd, function(error, stats) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+          fs.symlink('/myfile', '/myfilelink', function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+            fs.lstat('/myfilelink', function(error, stats) {
+              expect(stats.isSymbolicLink()).to.be.true;
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('#isFIFO()', function() {
+    beforeEach(util.setup);
+    afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+    it('should be a function', function() {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isFIFO).to.be.a('function');
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return false', function() {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isFIFO()).to.be.false;
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('#isSocket()', function() {
+    beforeEach(util.setup);
+    afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+    it('should be a function', function() {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isSocket).to.be.a('function');
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return false', function() {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        expect(stats.isSocket()).to.be.false;
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],110:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.symlink', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.symlink).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if part of the parent destination path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.symlink('/', '/tmp/mydir', function(error) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOENT");
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return an error if the destination path already exists', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.symlink('/tmp', '/', function(error) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("EEXIST");
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should create a symlink', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.symlink('/', '/myfile', function(error) {
+      expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+      fs.stat('/myfile', function(err, stats) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(stats.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],111:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (Buffer){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.truncate', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.truncate).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should error when length is negative', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var contents = "This is a file.";
+
+    fs.writeFile('/myfile', contents, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.truncate('/myfile', -1, function(error) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal("EINVAL");
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when path is not a file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.truncate('/', 0, function(error) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("EISDIR");
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should truncate a file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var buffer = new Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+    var truncated = new Buffer([1]);
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      var fd = result;
+      fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, 0, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.truncate('/myfile', 1, function(error) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+            fs.readFile('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+
+              expect(result).to.deep.equal(truncated);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should pad a file with zeros when the length is greater than the file size', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var buffer = new Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+    var truncated = new Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0]);
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      var fd = result;
+      fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, 0, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.truncate('/myfile', 9, function(error) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+            fs.readFile('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+
+              expect(result).to.deep.equal(truncated);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update the file size', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var buffer = new Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      var fd = result;
+      fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, 0, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.truncate('/myfile', 0, function(error) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+            fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+
+              expect(result.size).to.equal(0);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should truncate a valid descriptor', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var buffer = new Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      var fd = result;
+      fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, 0, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.ftruncate(fd, 0, function(error) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+          fs.fstat(fd, function(error, result) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            expect(result.size).to.equal(0);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should follow symbolic links', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var buffer = new Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      var fd = result;
+      fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, 0, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.symlink('/myfile', '/mylink', function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            fs.truncate('/mylink', 0, function(error) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+              fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+                if(error) throw error;
+
+                expect(result.size).to.equal(0);
+                fs.lstat('/mylink', function(error, result) {
+                  if(error) throw error;
+
+                  expect(result.size).not.to.equal(0);
+                  done();
+                });
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+}).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"buffer":38,"chai":6}],112:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.unlink', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.unlink).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should remove a link to an existing file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var complete1, complete2;
+
+    function maybeDone() {
+      if(complete1 && complete2) {
+        done();
+      }
+    }
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w+', function(error, fd) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.link('/myfile', '/myotherfile', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.unlink('/myfile', function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+              expect(error).to.exist;
+              complete1 = true;
+              maybeDone();
+            });
+
+            fs.stat('/myotherfile', function(error, result) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+
+              expect(result.nlinks).to.equal(1);
+              complete2 = true;
+              maybeDone();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should not follow symbolic links', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.symlink('/', '/myFileLink', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.link('/myFileLink', '/myotherfile', function (error) {
+        if (error) throw error;
+
+        fs.unlink('/myFileLink', function (error) {
+          if (error) throw error;
+
+          fs.lstat('/myFileLink', function (error, result) {
+            expect(error).to.exist;
+
+            fs.lstat('/myotherfile', function (error, result) {
+              if (error) throw error;
+              expect(result.nlinks).to.equal(1);
+
+              fs.stat('/', function (error, result) {
+                if (error) throw error;
+                expect(result.nlinks).to.equal(1);
+                done();
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should not unlink directories', function (done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/mydir', function (error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.unlink('/mydir', function (error) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('EPERM');
+
+        fs.stat('/mydir', function (error, stats) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(stats).to.exist;
+          expect(stats.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],113:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.utimes', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.utimes).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should error when atime is negative', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function(error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.utimes('/testfile', -1, Date.now(), function (error) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('EINVAL');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when mtime is negative', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function(error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.utimes('/testfile', Date.now(), -1, function (error) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('EINVAL');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when atime is as invalid number', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.utimes('/testfile', 'invalid datetime', Date.now(), function (error) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('EINVAL');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var atime = Date.parse('1 Oct 2000 15:33:22');
+    var mtime = Date.parse('30 Sep 2000 06:43:54');
+
+    fs.utimes('/pathdoesnotexist', atime, mtime, function (error) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOENT');
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when mtime is an invalid number', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.utimes('/testfile', Date.now(), 'invalid datetime', function (error) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('EINVAL');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when file descriptor is invalid', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var atime = Date.parse('1 Oct 2000 15:33:22');
+    var mtime = Date.parse('30 Sep 2000 06:43:54');
+
+    fs.futimes(1, atime, mtime, function (error) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal('EBADF');
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should change atime and mtime of a file path', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var atime = Date.parse('1 Oct 2000 15:33:22');
+    var mtime = Date.parse('30 Sep 2000 06:43:54');
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.utimes('/testfile', atime, mtime, function (error) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+        fs.stat('/testfile', function (error, stat) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(stat.mtime).to.equal(mtime);
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it ('should change atime and mtime for a valid file descriptor', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var ofd;
+    var atime = Date.parse('1 Oct 2000 15:33:22');
+    var mtime = Date.parse('30 Sep 2000 06:43:54');
+
+    fs.open('/testfile', 'w', function (error, result) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      ofd = result;
+      fs.futimes(ofd, atime, mtime, function (error) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+        fs.fstat(ofd, function (error, stat) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(stat.mtime).to.equal(mtime);
+            done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update atime and mtime of directory path', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var atime = Date.parse('1 Oct 2000 15:33:22');
+    var mtime = Date.parse('30 Sep 2000 06:43:54');
+
+    fs.mkdir('/testdir', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.utimes('/testdir', atime, mtime, function (error) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+        fs.stat('/testdir', function (error, stat) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(stat.mtime).to.equal(mtime);
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update atime and mtime using current time if arguments are null', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var atimeEst;
+    var mtimeEst;
+
+    fs.writeFile('/myfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      var then = Date.now();
+      fs.utimes('/myfile', null, null, function (error) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+        fs.stat('/myfile', function (error, stat) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          // Note: testing estimation as time may differ by a couple of milliseconds
+          // This number should be increased if tests are on slow systems
+          var delta = Date.now() - then;
+          expect(then - stat.atime).to.be.at.most(delta);
+          expect(then - stat.mtime).to.be.at.most(delta);
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],114:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.watch', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(typeof fs.watch).to.equal('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should get a change event when writing a file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    var watcher = fs.watch('/myfile', function(event, filename) {
+      expect(event).to.equal('change');
+      expect(filename).to.equal('/myfile');
+      watcher.close();
+      done();
+    });
+
+    fs.writeFile('/myfile', 'data', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should get a change event when writing a file beneath root dir with recursive=true', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    var watcher = fs.watch('/', { recursive: true }, function(event, filename) {
+      expect(event).to.equal('change');
+      expect(filename).to.equal('/');
+      watcher.close();
+      done();
+    });
+
+    fs.writeFile('/myfile', 'data', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should get a change event when writing a file in a dir with recursive=true', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/foo', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      var watcher = fs.watch('/foo', { recursive: true }, function(event, filename) {
+        expect(event).to.equal('change');
+        expect(filename).to.equal('/foo');
+        watcher.close();
+        done();
+      });
+
+      // This shouldn't produce a change event
+      fs.writeFile('/myfile-not-in-foo', 'data', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+      });
+
+      // This should
+      fs.writeFile('/foo/myfile', 'data', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],115:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.write', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.write).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should write data to a file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var buffer = new Filer.Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, fd) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, 0, function(error, result) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(result).to.equal(buffer.length);
+
+        fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(result.type).to.equal('FILE');
+          expect(result.size).to.equal(buffer.length);
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update the current file position', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var buffer = new Filer.Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+    var _result = 0;
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, fd) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, undefined, function(error, result) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        _result += result;
+
+        fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, undefined, function(error, result) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+          _result += result;
+
+          fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+            expect(_result).to.equal(2 * buffer.length);
+            expect(result.size).to.equal(_result);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],116:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (Buffer){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.writeFile, fs.readFile', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.writeFile).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(fs.readFile).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should error when path is wrong to readFile', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var contents = "This is a file.";
+
+    fs.readFile('/no-such-file', 'utf8', function(error, data) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOENT");
+      expect(data).not.to.exist;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should write, read a utf8 file without specifying utf8 in writeFile', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var contents = "This is a file.";
+
+    fs.writeFile('/myfile', contents, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.readFile('/myfile', 'utf8', function(error, data) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(data).to.equal(contents);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should write, read a utf8 file with "utf8" option to writeFile', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var contents = "This is a file.";
+
+    fs.writeFile('/myfile', contents, 'utf8', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.readFile('/myfile', 'utf8', function(error, data) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(data).to.equal(contents);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should write, read a utf8 file with {encoding: "utf8"} option to writeFile', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var contents = "This is a file.";
+
+    fs.writeFile('/myfile', contents, { encoding: 'utf8' }, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.readFile('/myfile', 'utf8', function(error, data) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(data).to.equal(contents);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should write, read a binary file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    // String and utf8 binary encoded versions of the same thing:
+    var contents = "This is a file.";
+    var binary = new Buffer([84, 104, 105, 115, 32, 105, 115, 32, 97, 32, 102, 105, 108, 101, 46]);
+
+    fs.writeFile('/myfile', binary, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.readFile('/myfile', function(error, data) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(data).to.deep.equal(binary);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should follow symbolic links', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var contents = "This is a file.";
+
+    fs.writeFile('/myfile', '', { encoding: 'utf8' }, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.symlink('/myfile', '/myFileLink', function (error) {
+        if (error) throw error;
+        fs.writeFile('/myFileLink', contents, 'utf8', function (error) {
+          if (error) throw error;
+          fs.readFile('/myFileLink', 'utf8', function(error, data) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+            expect(data).to.equal(contents);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+}).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"buffer":38,"chai":6}],117:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.xattr', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function () {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(fs.setxattr).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(fs.getxattr).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(fs.removexattr).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(fs.fsetxattr).to.be.a('function');
+    expect(fs.fgetxattr).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should error when setting with a name that is not a string', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.setxattr('/testfile', 89, 'testvalue', function (error) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('EINVAL');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when setting with a name that is null', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.setxattr('/testfile', null, 'testvalue', function (error) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('EINVAL');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when setting with an invalid flag', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'test', 'value', 'InvalidFlag', function (error) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('EINVAL');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when when setting an extended attribute which exists with XATTR_CREATE flag', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function(error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'test', 'value', function(error) {
+        if (error) throw error;
+
+        fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'test', 'othervalue', 'CREATE', function(error) {
+          expect(error).to.exist;
+          expect(error.code).to.equal('EEXIST');
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when setting an extended attribute which does not exist with XATTR_REPLACE flag', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function(error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'test', 'value', 'REPLACE', function(error) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOATTR');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when getting an attribute with a name that is empty', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function(error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.getxattr('/testfile', '', function(error, value) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('EINVAL');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when getting an attribute where the name is not a string', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function(error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.getxattr('/testfile', 89, function(error, value) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('EINVAL');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when getting an attribute that does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function(error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.getxattr('/testfile', 'test', function(error, value) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOATTR');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when file descriptor is invalid', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var completeSet, completeGet, completeRemove;
+    var _value;
+
+    completeSet = completeGet = completeRemove = false;
+
+    function maybeDone() {
+      if(completeSet && completeGet && completeRemove) {
+        done();
+      }
+    }
+
+    fs.fsetxattr(1, 'test', 'value', function(error) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal('EBADF');
+      completeSet = true;
+      maybeDone();
+    });
+
+    fs.fgetxattr(1, 'test', function(error, value) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal('EBADF');
+      expect(value).not.to.exist;
+      completeGet = true;
+      maybeDone();
+    });
+
+    fs.fremovexattr(1, 'test', function(error, value) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal('EBADF');
+      completeRemove = true;
+      maybeDone();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should set and get an extended attribute of a path', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var name = 'test';
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.setxattr('/testfile', name, 'somevalue', function(error) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+        fs.getxattr('/testfile', name, function(error, value) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(value).to.equal('somevalue');
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error when attempting to remove a non-existing attribute', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'test', '', function (error) {
+        if (error) throw error;
+
+        fs.removexattr('/testfile', 'testenoattr', function (error) {
+          expect(error).to.exist;
+          expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOATTR');
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should set and get an empty string as a value', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'test', '', function (error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.getxattr('/testfile', 'test', function (error, value) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(value).to.equal('');
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should set and get an extended attribute for a valid file descriptor', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/testfile', 'w', function (error, ofd) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.fsetxattr(ofd, 'test', 'value', function (error) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+        fs.fgetxattr(ofd, 'test', function (error, value) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(value).to.equal('value');
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should set and get an object to an extended attribute', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'test', { key1: 'test', key2: 'value', key3: 87 }, function (error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.getxattr('/testfile', 'test', function (error, value) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(value).to.deep.equal({ key1: 'test', key2: 'value', key3: 87 });
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update/overwrite an existing extended attribute', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'test', 'value', function (error) {
+        if (error) throw error;
+
+        fs.getxattr('/testfile', 'test', function (error, value) {
+          if (error) throw error;
+          expect(value).to.equal('value');
+
+          fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'test', { o: 'object', t: 'test' }, function (error) {
+            if (error) throw error;
+
+            fs.getxattr('/testfile', 'test', function (error, value) {
+              if (error) throw error;
+              expect(value).to.deep.equal({ o: 'object', t: 'test' });
+
+              fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'test', 100, 'REPLACE', function (error) {
+                if (error) throw error;
+
+                fs.getxattr('/testfile', 'test', function (error, value) {
+                  expect(value).to.equal(100);
+                  done();
+                });
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      })
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should set multiple extended attributes for a path', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'test', 89, function (error) {
+        if (error) throw error;
+
+        fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'other', 'attribute', function (error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.getxattr('/testfile', 'test', function (error, value) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+            expect(value).to.equal(89);
+
+            fs.getxattr('/testfile', 'other', function (error, value) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+              expect(value).to.equal('attribute');
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should remove an extended attribute from a path', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'test', 'somevalue', function (error) {
+        if (error) throw error;
+
+        fs.getxattr('/testfile', 'test', function (error, value) {
+          if (error) throw error;
+          expect(value).to.equal('somevalue');
+
+          fs.removexattr('/testfile', 'test', function (error) {
+            if (error) throw error;
+
+            fs.getxattr('/testfile', 'test', function (error) {
+              expect(error).to.exist;
+              expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOATTR');
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should remove an extended attribute from a valid file descriptor', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/testfile', 'w', function (error, ofd) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.fsetxattr(ofd, 'test', 'somevalue', function (error) {
+        if (error) throw error;
+
+        fs.fgetxattr(ofd, 'test', function (error, value) {
+          if (error) throw error;
+          expect(value).to.equal('somevalue');
+
+          fs.fremovexattr(ofd, 'test', function (error) {
+            if (error) throw error;
+
+            fs.fgetxattr(ofd, 'test', function (error) {
+              expect(error).to.exist;
+              expect(error.code).to.equal('ENOATTR');
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should allow setting with a null value', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/testfile', '', function (error) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.setxattr('/testfile', 'test', null, function (error) {
+        if (error) throw error;
+
+        fs.getxattr('/testfile', 'test', function (error, value) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(value).to.be.null;
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],118:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../../..');
+var util = require('../../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe("node.js tests: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/test/simple/test-fs-mkdir.js", function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  // Based on test1 from https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/test/simple/test-fs-mkdir.js
+  it('should create a dir without a mode arg', function(done) {
+    var pathname = '/test1';
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir(pathname, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.stat(pathname, function(error, result) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(result).to.exist;
+        expect(result.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  // Based on test2 https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/test/simple/test-fs-mkdir.js
+  it('should create a dir with a mode arg', function(done) {
+    var pathname = '/test2';
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir(pathname, 511 /*=0777*/, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      fs.stat(pathname, function(error, result) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(result).to.exist;
+        expect(result.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../../../..":59,"../../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],119:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../../..');
+var util = require('../../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe("node.js tests: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/test/simple/test-fs-null-bytes.js", function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should reject paths with null bytes in them', function(done) {
+    var checks = [];
+    var fnCount = 0;
+    var fnTotal = 16;
+    var expected = "Path must be a string without null bytes.";
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    // Make sure function fails with null path error in callback.
+    function check(fn) {
+      var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1);
+      args = args.concat(function(err) {
+        checks.push(function(){
+          expect(err).to.exist;
+          expect(err.message).to.equal(expected);
+        });
+        fnCount++;
+        if(fnCount === fnTotal) {
+          done();
+        }
+      });
+
+      fn.apply(fs, args);
+    }
+
+    check(fs.link,        '/foo\u0000bar', 'foobar');
+    check(fs.link,        '/foobar', 'foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.lstat,       '/foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.mkdir,       '/foo\u0000bar', '0755');
+    check(fs.open,        '/foo\u0000bar', 'r');
+    check(fs.readFile,    '/foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.readdir,     '/foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.readlink,    '/foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.rename,      '/foo\u0000bar', 'foobar');
+    check(fs.rename,      '/foobar', 'foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.rmdir,       '/foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.stat,        '/foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.symlink,     '/foo\u0000bar', 'foobar');
+    check(fs.symlink,     '/foobar', 'foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.unlink,      '/foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.writeFile,   '/foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.appendFile,  '/foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.truncate,    '/foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.utimes,      '/foo\u0000bar', 0, 0);
+    // TODO - need to be implemented still...
+    //  check(fs.realpath,    '/foo\u0000bar');
+    //  check(fs.chmod,       '/foo\u0000bar', '0644');
+    //  check(fs.chown,       '/foo\u0000bar', 12, 34);
+    //  check(fs.realpath,    '/foo\u0000bar');
+
+    checks.forEach(function(fn){
+      fn();
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../../../..":59,"../../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],120:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../../..');
+var util = require('../../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+/**
+ * NOTE: unlike node.js, which either doesn't give filenames (e.g., in case of
+ * fd vs. path) for events, or gives only a portion thereof (e.g., basname),
+ * we give full, abs paths always.
+ */
+describe("node.js tests: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/test/simple/test-fs-watch-recursive.js", function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should get change event for writeFile() under a recursive watched dir', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/test', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.mkdir('/test/subdir', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        var watcher = fs.watch('/test', {recursive: true});
+        watcher.on('change', function(event, filename) {
+          expect(event).to.equal('change');
+          // Expect to see that a new file was created in /test/subdir
+          expect(filename).to.equal('/test/subdir');
+          watcher.close();
+          done();
+        });
+
+        fs.writeFile('/test/subdir/watch.txt', 'world');
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../../../..":59,"../../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],121:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../../..');
+var util = require('../../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+/**
+ * NOTE: unlike node.js, which either doesn't give filenames (e.g., in case of
+ * fd vs. path) for events, or gives only a portion thereof (e.g., basname),
+ * we give full, abs paths always.
+ */
+var filenameOne = '/watch.txt';
+var filenameTwo = '/hasOwnProperty';
+
+describe("node.js tests: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/test/simple/test-fs-watch.js", function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should get change event for writeFile() using FSWatcher object', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var changes = 0;
+
+    var watcher = fs.watch(filenameOne);
+    watcher.on('change', function(event, filename) {
+      expect(event).to.equal('change');
+      expect(filename).to.equal(filenameOne);
+
+      // Make sure only one change event comes in (i.e., close() works)
+      changes++;
+      watcher.close();
+
+      fs.writeFile(filenameOne, 'hello again', function(error) {
+        expect(changes).to.equal(1);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+
+    fs.writeFile(filenameOne, 'hello');
+  });
+
+  it('should get change event for writeFile() using fs.watch() only', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var changes = 0;
+
+    var watcher = fs.watch(filenameTwo, function(event, filename) {
+      expect(event).to.equal('change');
+      expect(filename).to.equal(filenameTwo);
+
+      watcher.close();
+      done();
+    });
+
+    fs.writeFile(filenameTwo, 'pardner');
+  });
+
+  it('should allow watches on dirs', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    fs.mkdir('/tmp', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      var watcher = fs.watch('/tmp', function(event, filename) {
+// TODO: node thinks this should be 'rename', need to add rename along with change.
+        expect(event).to.equal('change');
+        expect(filename).to.equal('/tmp');
+        watcher.close();
+        done();
+      });
+
+      fs.open('/tmp/newfile.txt', 'w', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.close(fd);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../../../..":59,"../../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],122:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('path resolution', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should follow a symbolic link to the root directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.symlink('/', '/mydirectorylink', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.stat('/', function(error, result) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        expect(result['node']).to.exist;
+        var _node = result['node'];
+
+        fs.stat('/mydirectorylink', function(error, result) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(result).to.exist;
+          expect(result['node']).to.equal(_node);
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should follow a symbolic link to a directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/mydir', function(error) {
+      fs.symlink('/mydir', '/mydirectorylink', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.stat('/mydir', function(error, result) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          expect(result['node']).to.exist;
+          var _node = result['node'];
+          fs.stat('/mydirectorylink', function(error, result) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+            expect(result).to.exist;
+            expect(result['node']).to.equal(_node);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should follow a symbolic link to a file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      var fd = result;
+      fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          expect(result['node']).to.exist;
+          var _node = result['node'];
+          fs.symlink('/myfile', '/myfilelink', function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            fs.stat('/myfilelink', function(error, result) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+              expect(result).to.exist;
+              expect(result['node']).to.equal(_node);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should follow multiple symbolic links to a file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      var fd = result;
+      fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          expect(result['node']).to.exist;
+          var _node = result['node'];
+          fs.symlink('/myfile', '/myfilelink1', function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+            fs.symlink('/myfilelink1', '/myfilelink2', function(error) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+
+              fs.stat('/myfilelink2', function(error, result) {
+                expect(error).not.to.exist;
+                expect(result).to.exist;
+                expect(result['node']).to.equal(_node);
+                done();
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error if symbolic link leads to itself', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.symlink('/mylink1', '/mylink2', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.symlink('/mylink2', '/mylink1', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.stat('/myfilelink1', function(error, result) {
+          expect(error).to.exist;
+          expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOENT");
+          expect(result).not.to.exist;
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error if it follows more than 10 symbolic links', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var nlinks = 11;
+
+    function createSymlinkChain(n, callback) {
+      if(n > nlinks) {
+        return callback();
+      }
+
+      fs.symlink('/myfile' + (n-1), '/myfile' + n, createSymlinkChain.bind(this, n+1, callback));
+    }
+
+    fs.open('/myfile0', 'w', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      var fd = result;
+      fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.stat('/myfile0', function(error, result) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          createSymlinkChain(1, function() {
+            fs.stat('/myfile11', function(error, result) {
+              expect(error).to.exist;
+              expect(error.code).to.equal('ELOOP');
+              expect(result).not.to.exist;
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should follow a symbolic link in the path to a file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      var fd = result;
+      fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          var _node = result['node'];
+          fs.symlink('/', '/mydirlink', function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            fs.stat('/mydirlink/myfile', function(error, result) {
+              expect(result).to.exist;
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+              expect(_node).to.exist;
+              expect(result['node']).to.equal(_node);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should error if a symbolic link in the path to a file is itself a file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, result) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+      var fd = result;
+      fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+        fs.stat('/myfile', function(error, result) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.open('/myfile2', 'w', function(error, result) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+            var fd = result;
+            fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+              fs.symlink('/myfile2', '/mynotdirlink', function(error) {
+                if(error) throw error;
+
+                fs.stat('/mynotdirlink/myfile', function(error, result) {
+                  expect(error).to.exist;
+                  expect(error.code).to.equal("ENOTDIR");
+                  expect(result).not.to.exist;
+                  done();
+                });
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should properly add trailing slashes with Path.addTrailing()', function() {
+    var Path = Filer.Path;
+    expect(Path.addTrailing('/')).to.equal('/');
+    expect(Path.addTrailing('/////')).to.equal('/');
+    expect(Path.addTrailing('.')).to.equal('./');
+    expect(Path.addTrailing('/dir')).to.equal('/dir/');
+    expect(Path.addTrailing('/dir/')).to.equal('/dir/');
+  });
+
+  it('should properly remove trailing slashes with Path.removeTrailing()', function() {
+    var Path = Filer.Path;
+    expect(Path.removeTrailing('/')).to.equal('/');
+    expect(Path.removeTrailing('/////')).to.equal('/');
+    expect(Path.removeTrailing('./')).to.equal('.');
+    expect(Path.removeTrailing('/dir/')).to.equal('/dir');
+    expect(Path.removeTrailing('/dir//')).to.equal('/dir');
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],123:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Buffer = require('../../..').Buffer;
+var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+/**
+ * Due to the different setup/cleanup needs of the built-in providers,
+ * we use the test provider wrappers instead of the raw providers themselves.
+ */
+module.exports = function createProviderTestsFor(providerName, testProvider) {
+  if(!testProvider.isSupported()) {
+    console.log("Skipping provider tests for `" + providerName +"'--not supported in current environment.");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  describe("Filer Provider Tests for " + providerName, function() {
+    var _provider;
+    var provider;
+
+    beforeEach(function() {
+      _provider = new testProvider(util.uniqueName());
+      _provider.init();
+      provider = _provider.provider;
+    });
+
+    afterEach(function(done) {
+      _provider.cleanup(done);
+      _provider = null;
+      provider = null;
+    });
+
+
+    it("has open, getReadOnlyContext, and getReadWriteContext instance methods", function() {
+      expect(provider.open).to.be.a('function');
+      expect(provider.getReadOnlyContext).to.be.a('function');
+      expect(provider.getReadWriteContext).to.be.a('function');
+    });
+
+    it("should open a new provider database", function(done) {
+      provider.open(function(error) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+
+    it("should allow putObject() and getObject()", function(done) {
+      provider.open(function(error, firstAccess) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        var context = provider.getReadWriteContext();
+        // Simple JS Object
+        var value = {
+          a: "a",
+          b: 1,
+          c: true,
+          d: [1,2,3],
+          e: {
+            e1: ['a', 'b', 'c']
+          }
+        };
+        context.putObject("key", value, function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          context.getObject("key", function(error, result) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+            expect(result).to.be.an('object');
+            expect(result).to.deep.equal(value);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it("should allow putBuffer() and getBuffer()", function(done) {
+      provider.open(function(error, firstAccess) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        var context = provider.getReadWriteContext();
+        // Filer Buffer
+        var buf = new Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]);
+        context.putBuffer("key", buf, function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          context.getBuffer("key", function(error, result) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+            expect(Buffer.isBuffer(result)).to.be.true;
+            expect(result).to.deep.equal(buf);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it("should allow zero-length Buffers with putBuffer() and getBuffer()", function(done) {
+      provider.open(function(error, firstAccess) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        var context = provider.getReadWriteContext();
+        // Zero-length Filer Buffer
+        var buf = new Buffer(new ArrayBuffer(0));
+        context.putBuffer("key", buf, function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          context.getBuffer("key", function(error, result) {
+            expect(error).not.to.exist;
+            expect(Buffer.isBuffer(result)).to.be.true;
+            expect(result).to.deep.equal(buf);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it("should allow delete()", function(done) {
+      var provider = _provider.provider;
+      provider.open(function(error, firstAccess) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        var context = provider.getReadWriteContext();
+        context.putObject("key", "value", function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          context.delete("key", function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            context.getObject("key", function(error, result) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+              expect(result).not.to.exist;
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it("should allow clear()", function(done) {
+      provider.open(function(error, firstAccess) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        var context = provider.getReadWriteContext();
+        context.putObject("key1", "value1", function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          context.putObject("key2", "value2", function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            context.clear(function(err) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+
+              context.getObject("key1", function(error, result) {
+                if(error) throw error;
+                expect(result).not.to.exist;
+
+                context.getObject("key2", function(error, result) {
+                  if(error) throw error;
+                  expect(result).not.to.exist;
+                  done();
+                });
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+};
+
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],124:[function(require,module,exports){
+var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var providerBase = require('./providers.base.js');
+
+providerBase('IndexedDB', util.providers.IndexedDB);
+
+},{"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"./providers.base.js":123}],125:[function(require,module,exports){
+var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var providerBase = require('./providers.base.js');
+
+providerBase('Memory', util.providers.Memory);
+
+},{"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"./providers.base.js":123}],126:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../..');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe("Filer.FileSystem.providers", function() {
+  it("is defined", function() {
+    expect(Filer.FileSystem.providers).to.exist;
+  });
+
+  it("has IndexedDB constructor", function() {
+    expect(Filer.FileSystem.providers.IndexedDB).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it("has WebSQL constructor", function() {
+    expect(Filer.FileSystem.providers.WebSQL).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it("has Memory constructor", function() {
+    expect(Filer.FileSystem.providers.Memory).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it("has a Default constructor", function() {
+    expect(Filer.FileSystem.providers.Default).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it("has Fallback constructor", function() {
+    expect(Filer.FileSystem.providers.Fallback).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../../..":59,"chai":6}],127:[function(require,module,exports){
+var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var providerBase = require('./providers.base.js');
+
+providerBase('WebSQL', util.providers.WebSQL);
+
+},{"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"./providers.base.js":123}],128:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../..');
+var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('FileSystemShell.cat', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+    expect(shell.cat).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when files argument is absent', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    shell.cat(null, function(error, data) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("EINVAL");
+      expect(data).not.to.exist;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return the contents of a single file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    var contents = "file contents";
+
+    fs.writeFile('/file', contents, function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      shell.cat('/file', function(err, data) {
+        expect(err).not.to.exist;
+        expect(data).to.equal(contents);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return the contents of multiple files', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    var contents = "file contents";
+    var contents2 = contents + '\n' + contents;
+
+    fs.writeFile('/file', contents, function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.writeFile('/file2', contents2, function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        shell.cat(['/file', '/file2'], function(err, data) {
+          expect(err).not.to.exist;
+          expect(data).to.equal(contents + '\n' + contents2);
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail if any of multiple file paths is invalid', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    var contents = "file contents";
+    var contents2 = contents + '\n' + contents;
+
+    fs.writeFile('/file', contents, function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.writeFile('/file2', contents2, function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        shell.cat(['/file', '/nofile'], function(err, data) {
+          expect(err).to.exist;
+          expect(err.code).to.equal("ENOENT");
+          expect(data).not.to.exist;
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],129:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../..');
+var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('FileSystemShell.cd', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+    expect(shell.cd).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should default to a cwd of /', function() {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+    expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/');
+  });
+
+  it('should allow changing the path to a valid dir', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/');
+      shell.cd('/dir', function(err) {
+        expect(err).not.to.exist;
+        expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/dir');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when changing the path to an invalid dir', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/');
+      shell.cd('/nodir', function(err) {
+        expect(err).to.exist;
+        expect(err.code).to.equal('ENOTDIR');
+        expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when changing the path to a file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    fs.writeFile('/file', 'file', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/');
+      shell.cd('/file', function(err) {
+        expect(err).to.exist;
+        expect(err.code).to.equal('ENOTDIR');
+        expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should allow relative paths for a valid dir', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/');
+      shell.cd('./dir', function(err) {
+        expect(err).not.to.exist;
+        expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/dir');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should allow .. in paths for a valid dir', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/');
+      shell.cd('./dir', function(err) {
+        expect(err).not.to.exist;
+        expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/dir');
+        shell.cd('..', function(err) {
+          expect(err).not.to.exist;
+          expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/');
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should follow symlinks to dirs', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.symlink('/dir', '/link', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        var shell = new fs.Shell();
+        shell.cd('link', function(error) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+          expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/link');
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],130:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../..');
+var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('FileSystemShell.env', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should get default env options', function() {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+    expect(shell.env).to.exist;
+    expect(shell.env.get('TMP')).to.equal('/tmp');
+    expect(shell.env.get('PATH')).to.equal('');
+    expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/');
+  });
+
+  it('should be able to specify env options', function() {
+    var options = {
+      env: {
+        TMP: '/tempdir',
+        PATH: '/dir'
+      }
+    };
+    var shell = util.shell(options);
+    expect(shell.env).to.exist;
+    expect(shell.env.get('TMP')).to.equal('/tempdir');
+    expect(shell.env.get('PATH')).to.equal('/dir');
+    expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/');
+
+    expect(shell.env.get('FOO')).not.to.exist;
+    shell.env.set('FOO', 1);
+    expect(shell.env.get('FOO')).to.equal(1);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when dirs argument is absent', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    shell.cat(null, function(error, list) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("EINVAL");
+      expect(list).not.to.exist;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should give new value for shell.pwd() when cwd changes', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/');
+      shell.cd('/dir', function(err) {
+        expect(err).not.to.exist;
+        expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/dir');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should create/return the default tmp dir', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    expect(shell.env.get('TMP')).to.equal('/tmp');
+    shell.tempDir(function(err, tmp) {
+      expect(err).not.to.exist;
+      shell.cd(tmp, function(err) {
+        expect(err).not.to.exist;
+        expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/tmp');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should create/return the tmp dir specified in env.TMP', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell({
+      env: {
+        TMP: '/tempdir'
+      }
+    });
+
+    expect(shell.env.get('TMP')).to.equal('/tempdir');
+    shell.tempDir(function(err, tmp) {
+      expect(err).not.to.exist;
+      shell.cd(tmp, function(err) {
+        expect(err).not.to.exist;
+        expect(shell.pwd()).to.equal('/tempdir');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should allow repeated calls to tempDir()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    expect(shell.env.get('TMP')).to.equal('/tmp');
+    shell.tempDir(function(err, tmp) {
+      expect(err).not.to.exist;
+      expect(tmp).to.equal('/tmp');
+
+      shell.tempDir(function(err, tmp) {
+        expect(err).not.to.exist;
+        expect(tmp).to.equal('/tmp');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],131:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../..');
+var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('FileSystemShell.exec', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+    expect(shell.exec).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should be able to execute a command .js file from the filesystem', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    var cmdString = "fs.writeFile(args[0], args[1], callback);";
+
+    fs.writeFile('/cmd.js', cmdString, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      shell.exec('/cmd.js', ['/test', 'hello world'], function(error, result) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.readFile('/test', 'utf8', function(error, data) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+          expect(data).to.equal('hello world');
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],132:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../..');
+var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('FileSystemShell.find', function() {
+  beforeEach(function(done) {
+    util.setup(function() {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      /**
+       * Create a basic fs layout for each test:
+       *
+       * /
+       * --file1
+       * --file2
+       * --dir1/
+       *   --file3
+       *   --subdir1/
+       * --dir2/
+       *   --file4
+       */
+      fs.writeFile('/file1', 'file1', function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.writeFile('/file2', 'file2', function(err) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+
+          fs.mkdir('/dir1', function(err) {
+            if(err) throw err;
+
+            fs.writeFile('/dir1/file3', 'file3', function(err) {
+              if(err) throw err;
+
+              fs.mkdir('/dir1/subdir1', function(err) {
+                if(err) throw err;
+
+                fs.mkdir('/dir2', function(err) {
+                  if(err) throw err;
+
+                  fs.writeFile('/dir2/file4', 'file4', function(err) {
+                    if(err) throw err;
+
+                    done();
+                  });
+                });
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+    expect(shell.find).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+
+    shell.find('/no-such-folder', function(err, found) {
+      expect(err).to.exist;
+      expect(err.code).to.equal('ENOENT');
+      expect(found).not.to.exist;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when path exists but is non-dir', function(done) {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+
+    shell.find('/file1', function(err, found) {
+      expect(err).to.exist;
+      expect(err.code).to.equal('ENOTDIR');
+      expect(found).not.to.exist;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should find all paths in the filesystem with no options', function(done) {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+
+    shell.find('/', function(err, found) {
+      expect(err).not.to.exist;
+
+      var expected = [
+        '/',
+        '/file1',
+        '/file2',
+        '/dir1/',
+        '/dir1/file3',
+        '/dir1/subdir1/',
+        '/dir2/',
+        '/dir2/file4'
+      ];
+      expect(found).to.deep.equal(expected);
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should get same paths in exec as are found when complete', function(done) {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+    var pathsSeen = [];
+
+    function processPath(path, next) {
+      pathsSeen.push(path);
+      next();
+    }
+
+    shell.find('/', {exec: processPath}, function(err, found) {
+      expect(err).not.to.exist;
+
+      expect(found).to.deep.equal(pathsSeen);
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return only paths that match a regex pattern', function(done) {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+
+    shell.find('/', {regex: /file\d$/}, function(err, found) {
+      expect(err).not.to.exist;
+
+      var expected = [
+        '/file1',
+        '/file2',
+        '/dir1/file3',
+        '/dir2/file4'
+      ];
+      expect(found).to.deep.equal(expected);
+      done();
+    });    
+  });
+
+  it('should append a / to the end of a dir path', function(done) {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+    var dirsSeen = 0;
+
+    function endsWith(str, suffix) {
+      var lastIndex = str.lastIndexOf(suffix);
+      return (lastIndex !== -1) && (lastIndex + suffix.length === str.length);
+    }
+
+    function processPath(path, next) {
+      expect(endsWith(path, '/')).to.be.true;
+      dirsSeen++;
+      next();
+    }
+
+    shell.find('/', {regex: /dir\d$/, exec: processPath}, function(err) {
+      expect(err).not.to.exist;
+      expect(dirsSeen).to.equal(3);
+      done();
+    });    
+  });
+
+  it('should only look below the specified dir path', function(done) {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+
+    shell.find('/dir1', function(err, found) {
+      expect(err).not.to.exist;
+
+      var expected = [
+        '/dir1/',
+        '/dir1/file3',
+        '/dir1/subdir1/'
+      ];
+      expect(found).to.deep.equal(expected);
+      done();
+    });    
+  });
+
+  it('should allow using options.name to match basename with a pattern', function(done) {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+
+    shell.find('/', {name: 'file*'}, function(err, found) {
+      expect(err).not.to.exist;
+
+      var expected = [
+        '/file1',
+        '/file2',
+        '/dir1/file3',
+        '/dir2/file4'
+      ];
+      expect(found).to.deep.equal(expected);
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should allow using options.path to match dirname with a pattern', function(done) {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+
+    shell.find('/', {name: '*ir1*'}, function(err, found) {
+      expect(err).not.to.exist;
+
+      var expected = [
+        '/dir1/',
+        '/dir1/subdir1/'
+      ];
+      expect(found).to.deep.equal(expected);
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+});
+
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],133:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../..');
+var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('FileSystemShell.ls', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+    expect(shell.ls).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when dirs argument is absent', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    shell.cat(null, function(error, list) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("EINVAL");
+      expect(list).not.to.exist;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return the contents of a simple dir', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    var contents = "a";
+    var contents2 = "bb";
+
+    fs.writeFile('/file', contents, function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.writeFile('/file2', contents2, function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        shell.ls('/', function(err, list) {
+          expect(err).not.to.exist;
+          expect(list.length).to.equal(2);
+
+          var item0 = list[0];
+          expect(item0.path).to.equal('file');
+          expect(item0.links).to.equal(1);
+          expect(item0.size).to.equal(1);
+          expect(item0.modified).to.be.a('number');
+          expect(item0.type).to.equal('FILE');
+          expect(item0.contents).not.to.exist;
+
+          var item1 = list[1];
+          expect(item1.path).to.equal('file2');
+          expect(item1.links).to.equal(1);
+          expect(item1.size).to.equal(2);
+          expect(item1.modified).to.be.a('number');
+          expect(item1.type).to.equal('FILE');
+          expect(item0.contents).not.to.exist;
+
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return the shallow contents of a dir tree', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    var contents = "a";
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.mkdir('/dir/dir2', function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.writeFile('/dir/file', contents, function(err) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+
+          fs.writeFile('/dir/file2', contents, function(err) {
+            if(err) throw err;
+
+            shell.ls('/dir', function(err, list) {
+              expect(err).not.to.exist;
+              expect(list.length).to.equal(3);
+
+              // We shouldn't rely on the order we'll get the listing
+              list.forEach(function(item, i, arr) {
+                switch(item.path) {
+                case 'dir2':
+                  expect(item.links).to.equal(1);
+                  expect(item.size).to.be.a('number');
+                  expect(item.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                  expect(item.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
+                  expect(item.contents).not.to.exist;
+                  break;
+                case 'file':
+                case 'file2':
+                  expect(item.links).to.equal(1);
+                  expect(item.size).to.equal(1);
+                  expect(item.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                  expect(item.type).to.equal('FILE');
+                  expect(item.contents).not.to.exist;
+                  break;
+                default:
+                  // shouldn't happen
+                  expect(true).to.be.false;
+                  break;
+                }
+
+                if(i === arr.length -1) {
+                  done();
+                }
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return the deep contents of a dir tree', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    var contents = "a";
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.mkdir('/dir/dir2', function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.writeFile('/dir/dir2/file', contents, function(err) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+
+          fs.writeFile('/dir/file', contents, function(err) {
+            if(err) throw err;
+
+            fs.writeFile('/dir/file2', contents, function(err) {
+              if(err) throw err;
+
+              shell.ls('/dir', { recursive: true }, function(err, list) {
+                expect(err).not.to.exist;
+                expect(list.length).to.equal(3);
+
+                // We shouldn't rely on the order we'll get the listing
+                list.forEach(function(item, i, arr) {
+                  switch(item.path) {
+                  case 'dir2':
+                    expect(item.links).to.equal(1);
+                    expect(item.size).to.be.a('number');
+                    expect(item.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                    expect(item.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
+                    expect(item.contents).to.exist;
+                    expect(item.contents.length).to.equal(1);
+                    var contents0 = item.contents[0];
+                    expect(contents0.path).to.equal('file');
+                    expect(contents0.links).to.equal(1);
+                    expect(contents0.size).to.equal(1);
+                    expect(contents0.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                    expect(contents0.type).to.equal('FILE');
+                    expect(contents0.contents).not.to.exist;
+                    break;
+                  case 'file':
+                  case 'file2':
+                    expect(item.links).to.equal(1);
+                    expect(item.size).to.equal(1);
+                    expect(item.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                    expect(item.type).to.equal('FILE');
+                    expect(item.contents).not.to.exist;
+                    break;
+                  default:
+                    // shouldn't happen
+                    expect(true).to.be.false;
+                    break;
+                  }
+
+                  if(i === arr.length -1) {
+                    done();
+                  }
+                });
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],134:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../..');
+var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('FileSystemShell.mkdirp', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+    expect(shell.mkdirp).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should fail without a path provided', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    shell.mkdirp(null, function(err) {
+      expect(err).to.exist;
+      expect(err.code).to.equal('EINVAL');
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should succeed if provided path is root', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    shell.mkdirp('/', function(err) {
+      expect(err).to.not.exist;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should succeed if the directory exists', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    fs.mkdir('/test', function(err){
+      expect(err).to.not.exist;
+      shell.mkdirp('/test',function(err) {
+        expect(err).to.not.exist;
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('fail if a file name is provided', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    fs.writeFile('/test.txt', 'test', function(err){
+      expect(err).to.not.exist;
+      shell.mkdirp('/test.txt', function(err) {
+        expect(err).to.exist;
+        expect(err.code).to.equal('ENOTDIR');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should succeed on a folder on root (\'/test\')', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    shell.mkdirp('/test', function(err) {
+      expect(err).to.not.exist;
+      fs.exists('/test', function(dir){
+        expect(dir).to.be.true;
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should succeed on a folder with a nonexistant parent (\'/test/test\')', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    shell.mkdirp('/test/test', function(err) {
+      expect(err).to.not.exist;
+      fs.exists('/test', function(dir1){
+        expect(dir1).to.be.true;
+        fs.exists('/test/test', function(dir2){
+          expect(dir2).to.be.true;
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail on a folder with a file for its parent (\'/test.txt/test\')', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    fs.writeFile('/test.txt', 'test', function(err){
+      expect(err).to.not.exist;
+      shell.mkdirp('/test.txt/test', function(err) {
+        expect(err).to.exist;
+        expect(err.code).to.equal('ENOTDIR');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],135:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../..');
+var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('FileSystemShell.rm', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+    expect(shell.rm).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when path argument is absent', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    shell.rm(null, function(error, list) {
+      expect(error).to.exist;
+      expect(error.code).to.equal("EINVAL");
+      expect(list).not.to.exist;
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should remove a single file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    var contents = "a";
+
+    fs.writeFile('/file', contents, function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      shell.rm('/file', function(err) {
+        expect(err).not.to.exist;
+
+        fs.stat('/file', function(err, stats) {
+          expect(err).to.exist;
+          expect(stats).not.to.exist;
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should remove an empty dir', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      shell.rm('/dir', function(err) {
+        expect(err).not.to.exist;
+
+        fs.stat('/dir', function(err, stats) {
+          expect(err).to.exist;
+          expect(stats).not.to.exist;
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail to remove a non-empty dir', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      shell.touch('/dir/file', function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        shell.rm('/dir', function(err) {
+          expect(err).to.exist;
+          expect(err.code).to.equal('ENOTEMPTY');
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should remove a non-empty dir with option.recursive set', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      shell.touch('/dir/file', function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        shell.rm('/dir', { recursive: true }, function(err) {
+          expect(err).not.to.exist;
+
+          fs.stat('/dir', function(err, stats) {
+            expect(err).to.exist;
+            expect(stats).not.to.exist;
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should work on a complex dir structure', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    var contents = "a";
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.mkdir('/dir/dir2', function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.writeFile('/dir/file', contents, function(err) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+
+          fs.writeFile('/dir/file2', contents, function(err) {
+            if(err) throw err;
+
+            shell.rm('/dir', { recursive: true }, function(err) {
+              expect(err).not.to.exist;
+
+              fs.stat('/dir', function(err, stats) {
+                expect(err).to.exist;
+                expect(stats).not.to.exist;
+                done();
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],136:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../../..');
+var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+function getTimes(fs, path, callback) {
+  fs.stat(path, function(error, stats) {
+    if(error) throw error;
+    callback({mtime: stats.mtime, atime: stats.atime});
+  });
+}
+
+describe('FileSystemShell.touch', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be a function', function() {
+    var shell = util.shell();
+    expect(shell.touch).to.be.a('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should create a new file if path does not exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    shell.touch('/newfile', function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.stat('/newfile', function(error, stats) {
+        expect(error).not.to.exist;
+        expect(stats.type).to.equal('FILE');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should skip creating a new file if options.updateOnly is true', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+
+    shell.touch('/newfile', { updateOnly: true }, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.stat('/newfile', function(error, stats) {
+        expect(error).to.exist;
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update times if path does exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    var atime = Date.parse('1 Oct 2000 15:33:22');
+    var mtime = Date.parse('30 Sep 2000 06:43:54');
+
+    fs.open('/newfile', 'w', function (error, fd) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.futimes(fd, atime, mtime, function (error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          getTimes(fs, '/newfile', function(times1) {
+            shell.touch('/newfile', function(error) {
+              expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+              getTimes(fs, '/newfile', function(times2) {
+                expect(times2.mtime).to.be.above(times1.mtime);
+                expect(times2.atime).to.be.above(times1.atime);
+                done();
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update times to specified date if path does exist', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var shell = new fs.Shell();
+    var date = Date.parse('1 Oct 2001 15:33:22');
+
+    fs.open('/newfile', 'w', function (error, fd) {
+      if (error) throw error;
+
+      fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        shell.touch('/newfile', { date: date }, function(error) {
+          expect(error).not.to.exist;
+
+          getTimes(fs, '/newfile', function(times) {
+            expect(times.mtime).to.equal(date);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],137:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('node times (atime, mtime, ctime) with mount flags', function() {
+
+  var dirname = "/dir";
+  var filename = "/dir/file";
+
+  function memoryFS(flags, callback) {
+    var name = util.uniqueName();
+    var fs = new Filer.FileSystem({
+      name: name,
+      flags: flags || [],
+      provider: new Filer.FileSystem.providers.Memory(name)
+    }, callback);
+  }
+
+  function createTree(fs, callback) {
+    fs.mkdir(dirname, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.open(filename, 'w', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.close(fd, callback);
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  function stat(fs, path, callback) {
+    fs.stat(path, function(error, stats) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      callback(stats);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * We test the actual time updates in times.spec.js, whereas these just test
+   * the overrides with the mount flags.  The particular fs methods called
+   * are unimportant, but are known to affect the particular times being suppressed.
+   */
+
+  it('should not update ctime when calling fs.rename() with NOCTIME', function(done) {
+    memoryFS(['NOCTIME'], function(error, fs) {
+      var newfilename = filename + '1';
+
+      createTree(fs, function() {
+        stat(fs, filename, function(stats1) {
+
+          fs.rename(filename, newfilename, function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            stat(fs, newfilename, function(stats2) {
+              expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+              expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+              expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should not update ctime, mtime, atime when calling fs.truncate() with NOCTIME, NOMTIME', function(done) {
+    memoryFS(['NOCTIME', 'NOMTIME'], function(error, fs) {
+      createTree(fs, function() {
+        stat(fs, filename, function(stats1) {
+
+          fs.truncate(filename, 5, function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            stat(fs, filename, function(stats2) {
+              expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+              expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+              expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should not update mtime when calling fs.truncate() with NOMTIME', function(done) {
+    memoryFS(['NOMTIME'], function(error, fs) {
+      createTree(fs, function() {
+        stat(fs, filename, function(stats1) {
+
+          fs.truncate(filename, 5, function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            stat(fs, filename, function(stats2) {
+              expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+              expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+              expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],138:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('node times (atime, mtime, ctime)', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  var dirname = "/dir";
+  var filename = "/dir/file";
+
+  function createTree(callback) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    fs.mkdir(dirname, function(error) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      fs.open(filename, 'w', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.close(fd, callback);
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  function stat(path, callback) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    fs.stat(path, function(error, stats) {
+      if(error) throw error;
+
+      callback(stats);
+    });
+  }
+
+  it('should update ctime when calling fs.rename()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var newfilename = filename + '1';
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+
+        fs.rename(filename, newfilename, function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          stat(newfilename, function(stats2) {
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update ctime, mtime, atime when calling fs.truncate()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+
+        fs.truncate(filename, 5, function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.be.at.least(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update ctime, mtime, atime when calling fs.ftruncate()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+
+        fs.open(filename, 'w', function(error, fd) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.ftruncate(fd, 5, function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+              expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+              expect(stats2.mtime).to.be.at.least(stats1.mtime);
+              expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+
+              fs.close(fd, done);
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make no change when calling fs.stat()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+
+        fs.stat(filename, function(error, stats2) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+          expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+          expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+          done();
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make no change when calling fs.fstat()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+
+        fs.open(filename, 'w', function(error, fd) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.fstat(fd, function(error, stats2) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+
+            fs.close(fd, done);
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make no change when calling fs.lstat()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      fs.link(filename, '/link', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+          fs.lstat('/link', function(error, stats2) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make no change when calling fs.exists()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+
+        fs.exists(filename, function(exists) {
+          expect(exists).to.be.true;
+
+          fs.stat(filename, function(error, stats2) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update ctime, atime when calling fs.link()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+        fs.link(filename, '/link', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make no change when calling fs.symlink()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+        fs.symlink(filename, '/link', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make no change when calling fs.readlink()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      fs.symlink(filename, '/link', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        stat('/link', function(stats1) {
+          fs.readlink('/link', function(error, contents) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+            expect(contents).to.equal(filename);
+
+            stat('/link', function(stats2) {
+              expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+              expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+              expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update ctime, atime, mtime of parent dir when calling fs.unlink()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(dirname, function(stats1) {
+        fs.unlink(filename, function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          stat(dirname, function(stats2) {
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.be.at.least(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update ctime, atime, mtime of parent dir when calling fs.rmdir()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat('/', function(stats1) {
+
+        fs.unlink(filename, function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          fs.rmdir(dirname, function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            stat('/', function(stats2) {
+              expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+              expect(stats2.mtime).to.be.at.least(stats1.mtime);
+              expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update ctime, atime, mtime of parent dir when calling fs.mkdir()', function(done) {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat('/', function(stats1) {
+
+        fs.mkdir('/a', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          stat('/', function(stats2) {
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.be.at.least(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make no change when calling fs.close()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      fs.open(filename, 'w', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+          fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+              expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+              expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+              expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make no change when calling fs.open()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+        fs.open(filename, 'w', function(error, fd) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+
+            fs.close(fd, done);
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * fs.utimes and fs.futimes are tested elsewhere already, skipping
+   */
+
+  it('should update atime, ctime, mtime when calling fs.write()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var buffer = new Filer.Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        stat('/myfile', function(stats1) {
+          fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, 0, function(error, nbytes) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+
+              stat('/myfile', function(stats2) {
+                expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+                expect(stats2.mtime).to.be.at.least(stats1.mtime);
+                expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+                done();
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make no change when calling fs.read()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var buffer = new Filer.Buffer([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      fs.open('/myfile', 'w', function(err, fd) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.write(fd, buffer, 0, buffer.length, 0, function(err, nbytes) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+
+          fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            fs.open('/myfile', 'r', function(error, fd) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+
+              stat('/myfile', function(stats1) {
+                var buffer2 = new Filer.Buffer(buffer.length);
+                buffer2.fill(0);
+                fs.read(fd, buffer2, 0, buffer2.length, 0, function(err, nbytes) {
+
+                  fs.close(fd, function(error) {
+                    if(error) throw error;
+
+                    stat('/myfile', function(stats2) {
+                      expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+                      expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+                      expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+                      done();
+                    });
+                  });
+                });
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make no change when calling fs.readFile()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+        fs.readFile(filename, function(error, data) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update atime, ctime, mtime when calling fs.writeFile()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+        fs.writeFile(filename, 'data', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.be.at.least(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update atime, ctime, mtime when calling fs.appendFile()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+        fs.appendFile(filename, '...more data', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.be.at.least(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update ctime, atime when calling fs.setxattr()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+        fs.setxattr(filename, 'extra', 'data', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+            expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+            expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+            expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update ctime, atime when calling fs.fsetxattr()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      fs.open(filename, 'w', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+          fs.fsetxattr(fd, 'extra', 'data', function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+              expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+              expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+              expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make no change when calling fs.getxattr()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      fs.setxattr(filename, 'extra', 'data', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+          fs.getxattr(filename, 'extra', function(error, value) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+              expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+              expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+              expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should make no change when calling fs.fgetxattr()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      fs.open(filename, 'w', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.fsetxattr(fd, 'extra', 'data', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+            fs.fgetxattr(fd, 'extra', function(error, value) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+
+              stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+                expect(stats2.ctime).to.equal(stats1.ctime);
+                expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+                expect(stats2.atime).to.equal(stats1.atime);
+                done();
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update ctime, atime when calling fs.removexattr()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      fs.setxattr(filename, 'extra', 'data', function(error) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+          fs.removexattr(filename, 'extra', function(error) {
+            if(error) throw error;
+
+            stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+              expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+              expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+              expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+              done();
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should update ctime, atime when calling fs.fremovexattr()', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    createTree(function() {
+      fs.open(filename, 'w', function(error, fd) {
+        if(error) throw error;
+
+        fs.fsetxattr(fd, 'extra', 'data', function(error) {
+          if(error) throw error;
+
+          stat(filename, function(stats1) {
+            fs.fremovexattr(fd, 'extra', function(error) {
+              if(error) throw error;
+
+              stat(filename, function(stats2) {
+                expect(stats2.ctime).to.be.at.least(stats1.ctime);
+                expect(stats2.mtime).to.equal(stats1.mtime);
+                expect(stats2.atime).to.be.at.least(stats1.atime);
+                done();
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],139:[function(require,module,exports){
+var Path = require('../..').Path;
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('Path.normalize and trailing slashes', function() {
+
+  it('should remove trailing slashes as expected', function() {
+    var strip = Path.normalize;
+
+    expect(strip('/')).to.equal('/');
+    expect(strip('/foo/')).to.equal('/foo');
+    expect(strip('/foo//')).to.equal('/foo');
+    expect(strip('/foo/bar/baz/')).to.equal('/foo/bar/baz');
+  });
+
+});
+
+},{"../..":59,"chai":6}]},{},[84]);
diff --git a/tests/lib/test-utils.js b/tests/lib/test-utils.js
index abcf9cf..ee6ef91 100644
--- a/tests/lib/test-utils.js
+++ b/tests/lib/test-utils.js
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ function getUrlParams() {
 }
 
 function getProviderType() {
-  var defaultProvider = 'Memory';
   var queryString = getUrlParams();
 
   // If the environment is node or the query string is empty,
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ function getProviderType() {
     return defaultProvider;
   }
 
-  return queryString['filer-provider'] || defaultProvider;
+  return queryString['filer-provider'] || 'default';
 }
 
 function setup(callback) {
@@ -65,7 +64,9 @@ function setup(callback) {
       _provider = new WebSQLTestProvider(name);
       break;
     case 'memory':
-    /* falls through */
+      _provider = new MemoryTestProvider(name);
+      break;
+    case 'default':
     default:
       var BestProvider = findBestProvider();
       _provider = new BestProvider(name);