From 2e627cfe5b9ca54889fc7ee503aa1a91164b9f8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Tue, 15 May 2018 13:33:45 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 01/19] Update Filer for things needed for Plan 9 sharing

---
 src/constants.js                 | 38 +++++++++++++++
 src/encoding.js                  | 18 ++++++-
 src/filesystem/implementation.js | 51 ++++++++++++++++----
 src/node.js                      | 80 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 177 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/constants.js b/src/constants.js
index 78ae91e..cfb24ed 100644
--- a/src/constants.js
+++ b/src/constants.js
@@ -76,5 +76,43 @@ module.exports = {
   ENVIRONMENT: {
     TMP: '/tmp',
     PATH: ''
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Plan 9 related
+   *  - https://github.com/chaos/diod/blob/master/libnpfs/9p.h
+   *  - https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C_Programming/POSIX_Reference/sys/stat.h
+   */
+  P9: {
+    /**
+    * QID types
+    * 
+    * @P9_QTDIR: directory
+    * @P9_QTAPPEND: append-only
+    * @P9_QTEXCL: excluse use (only one open handle allowed)
+    * @P9_QTMOUNT: mount points
+    * @P9_QTAUTH: authentication file
+    * @P9_QTTMP: non-backed-up files
+    * @P9_QTSYMLINK: symbolic links (9P2000.u)
+    * @P9_QTLINK: hard-link (9P2000.u)
+    * @P9_QTFILE: normal files
+    */
+    QTDIR: 0x80,
+    QTAPPEND: 0x40,
+    QTEXCL: 0x20,
+    QTMOUNT: 0x10,
+    QTAUTH: 0x08,
+    QTTMP: 0x04,
+    QTSYMLINK: 0x02,
+    QTLINK: 0x01,
+    QTFILE: 0x00,
+
+    /**
+     * POSIX System Values
+     */
+    S_IFMT: 0xF000, // mask for file type 
+    S_IFLNK: 0xA000, // symbolic link
+    S_IFDIR: 0x4000, // directory
+    S_IFREG: 0x8000 // regular file
   }
 };
diff --git a/src/encoding.js b/src/encoding.js
index b3f1031..bd6189b 100644
--- a/src/encoding.js
+++ b/src/encoding.js
@@ -7,7 +7,23 @@ function encode(string) {
   return new Buffer(string, 'utf8');
 }
 
+// https://github.com/darkskyapp/string-hash
+function hash32(string) {
+  var hash = 5381;
+  var i = string.length;
+
+  while(i) {
+    hash = (hash * 33) ^ string.charCodeAt(--i);
+  }
+
+  /* JavaScript does bitwise operations (like XOR, above) on 32-bit signed
+   * integers. Since we want the results to be always positive, convert the
+   * signed int to an unsigned by doing an unsigned bitshift. */
+  return hash >>> 0;
+}
+
 module.exports = {
   encode: encode,
-  decode: decode
+  decode: decode,
+  hash32: hash32
 };
diff --git a/src/filesystem/implementation.js b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
index 0dde525..8d5ebda 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/implementation.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ var MODE_FILE = Constants.MODE_FILE;
 var MODE_DIRECTORY = Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
 var MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
 var MODE_META = Constants.MODE_META;
+var P9_QTDIR = Constants.P9.QTDIR;
+var P9_QTFILE = Constants.P9.QTFILE;
+var P9_QTSYMLINK = Constants.P9.QTSYMLINK;
 
 var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = Constants.ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
 var SUPER_NODE_ID = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
@@ -44,17 +47,24 @@ var Buffer = require('../buffer.js');
  * and filesystem flags are examined in order to override update logic.
  */
 function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
+  var update = false;
+
+  if(times.ctime || times.mtime) {
+    // Update the qid's version field, since node has changed.
+    // TODO: this might more than I need to do...
+    node.p9.qid.version = times.ctime || times.mtime;
+    update = true;
+  }
+
   // Honour mount flags for how we update times
   var flags = context.flags;
   if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOCTIME)) {
     delete times.ctime;
   }
-  if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
+   if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
     delete times.mtime;
   }
 
-  // Only do the update if required (i.e., times are still present)
-  var update = false;
   if(times.ctime) {
     node.ctime = times.ctime;
     // We don't do atime tracking for perf reasons, but do mirror ctime
@@ -69,6 +79,8 @@ function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
   }
   if(times.mtime) {
     node.mtime = times.mtime;
+    // Also update the qid's version filed, since file has changed.
+    node.p9.qid.version = times.mtime;
     update = true;
   }
 
@@ -133,7 +145,11 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       parentNodeData = result;
-      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: mode}, function(error, result) {
+      Node.create({
+        path: path,
+        guid: context.guid,
+        mode: mode
+      }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -311,7 +327,7 @@ function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
     } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      SuperNode.create({guid: context.guid}, function(error, result) {
+      SuperNode.create({ guid: context.guid }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -326,7 +342,12 @@ function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      Node.create({guid: context.guid, id: superNode.rnode, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+      Node.create({
+        guid: context.guid,
+        id: superNode.rnode,
+        mode: MODE_DIRECTORY,
+        path: ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME
+      }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -387,7 +408,11 @@ function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       parentDirectoryData = result;
-      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+      Node.create({
+        guid: context.guid,
+        mode: MODE_DIRECTORY,
+        path: path
+      }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -624,7 +649,11 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
   }
 
   function write_file_node() {
-    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_FILE}, function(error, result) {
+    Node.create({
+      guid: context.guid,
+      mode: MODE_FILE,
+      path: path
+    }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
         callback(error);
         return;
@@ -1111,7 +1140,11 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
   }
 
   function write_file_node() {
-    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK}, function(error, result) {
+    Node.create({
+      guid: context.guid,
+      mode: MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK,
+      path: dstpath
+    }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
         callback(error);
         return;
diff --git a/src/node.js b/src/node.js
index 4293500..3a119a7 100644
--- a/src/node.js
+++ b/src/node.js
@@ -1,4 +1,46 @@
+var path = require('./path.js');
+var hash32 = require('./encoding.js').hash32;
+
 var MODE_FILE = require('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+var MODE_DIRECTORY = require('./constants.js').MODE_DIRECTORY;
+var MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = require('./constants.js').MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+var MODE_META = require('./constants.js').MODE_META;
+
+var P9_QTFILE = require('./constants.js').P9.QTFILE;
+var P9_QTDIR = require('./constants.js').P9.QTDIR;
+var P9_QTSYMLINK = require('./constants.js').P9.QTSYMLINK;
+
+var S_IFLNK = require('./constants.js').P9.S_IFLNK;
+var S_IFDIR = require('./constants.js').P9.S_IFDIR;
+var S_IFREG = require('./constants.js').P9.S_IFREG;
+
+var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = require('./constants.js').ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
+
+function getQType(mode) {
+  switch(mode) {
+    case MODE_FILE:
+      return P9_QTFILE;
+    case MODE_DIRECTORY:
+      return P9_QTDIR;
+    case MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
+      return P9_QTSYMLINK;
+    default:
+      return null;
+  }
+}
+
+function getPOSIXMode(mode) {
+  switch(mode) {
+    case MODE_FILE:
+      return S_IFREG;
+    case MODE_DIRECTORY:
+      return S_IFDIR;
+    case MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
+      return S_IFLNK;
+    default:
+      return null;
+  }
+}
 
 function Node(options) {
   var now = Date.now();
@@ -16,6 +58,44 @@ function Node(options) {
   this.blksize = undefined; // block size
   this.nblocks = 1; // blocks count
   this.data = options.data; // id for data object
+
+  /**
+   * Plan 9 related metadata:
+   * https://web.archive.org/web/20170601072902/http://plan9.bell-labs.com/magic/man2html/5/0intro
+   * 
+   * "The qid represents the server's unique identification for the file being
+   * accessed: two files on the same server hierarchy are the same if and only
+   * if their qids are the same. (The client may have multiple fids pointing to
+   * a single file on a server and hence having a single qid.) The thirteen–byte
+   * qid fields hold a one–byte type, specifying whether the file is a directory,
+   * append–only file, etc., and two unsigned integers: first the four–byte qid
+   * version, then the eight–byte qid path. The path is an integer unique among
+   * all files in the hierarchy. If a file is deleted and recreated with the same
+   * name in the same directory, the old and new path components of the qids
+   * should be different. The version is a version number for a file; typically,
+   * it is incremented every time the file is modified."
+   */
+  this.p9 = {
+    qid: {
+      type: getQType(this.mode) || P9_QTFILE,
+      // use mtime for version info, since we already keep that updated
+      version: now,
+      // files have a unique `path` number, which takes into account files with same
+      // name but created at different times.
+      path: hash32(options.path + this.ctime)
+    },
+    // permissions and flags
+    // TODO: I don't think I'm doing this correctly yet...
+    mode: getPOSIXMode(this.mode) || S_IFREG,
+    // Name of file/dir. Must be / if the file is the root directory of the server
+    // TODO: do I need this or can I derive it from abs path?
+    name: options.path === ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME ? ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME : path.basename(options.path),
+    uid: 0x0, // owner name
+    gid: 0x0, // group name
+    muid: 0x0// name of the user who last modified the file 
+  };
+
+  console.log('Node', this);
 }
 
 // Make sure the options object has an id on property,

From 93633da6228eda83646ba84b4e62dd1ddc1c860b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Tue, 22 May 2018 14:16:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 02/19] All basic operations now working in Linux 9P mounted fs

---
 src/filesystem/implementation.js | 39 ++++++++++++++++------
 src/node.js                      | 55 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/shell/shell.js               |  4 ++-
 src/stats.js                     |  2 ++
 4 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/filesystem/implementation.js b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
index 8d5ebda..528264b 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/implementation.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
@@ -48,10 +48,12 @@ var Buffer = require('../buffer.js');
  */
 function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
   var update = false;
+  // If updating the P9 info only, don't send change events (honour flags).
+  var queueChangeEvent = false;
 
   if(times.ctime || times.mtime) {
     // Update the qid's version field, since node has changed.
-    // TODO: this might more than I need to do...
+    // TODO: this might be more than I need to do...
     node.p9.qid.version = times.ctime || times.mtime;
     update = true;
   }
@@ -70,24 +72,27 @@ function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
     // We don't do atime tracking for perf reasons, but do mirror ctime
     node.atime = times.ctime;
     update = true;
+    queueChangeEvent = true;
   }
   if(times.atime) {
     // The only time we explicitly pass atime is when utimes(), futimes() is called.
     // Override ctime mirror here if so
     node.atime = times.atime;
     update = true;
+    queueChangeEvent = true;
   }
   if(times.mtime) {
     node.mtime = times.mtime;
-    // Also update the qid's version filed, since file has changed.
-    node.p9.qid.version = times.mtime;
     update = true;
+    queueChangeEvent = true;
   }
 
   function complete(error) {
     // Queue this change so we can send watch events.
     // Unlike node.js, we send the full path vs. basename/dirname only.
-    context.changes.push({ event: 'change', path: path });
+    if(queueChangeEvent) {
+      context.changes.push({ event: 'change', path: path });
+    }
     callback(error);
   }
 
@@ -908,6 +913,7 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   newpath = normalize(newpath);
   var newname = basename(newpath);
   var newParentPath = dirname(newpath);
+  var ctime = Date.now();
 
   var oldDirectoryNode;
   var oldDirectoryData;
@@ -919,7 +925,7 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      update_node_times(context, newpath,  fileNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      update_node_times(context, newpath, fileNode, { ctime: ctime }, callback);
     }
   }
 
@@ -927,8 +933,9 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      fileNode = result;
+      fileNode = Node.fromObject(result);
       fileNode.nlinks += 1;
+      fileNode.updatePathInfo(newpath, ctime);
       context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -2018,12 +2025,26 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   var newName = Path.basename(newpath);
   var oldParentDirectory, oldParentData;
   var newParentDirectory, newParentData;
+  var ctime = Date.now();
+  var fileNode;
 
-  function update_times(error, newNode) {
+  function update_times(error) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      update_node_times(context, newpath,  newNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      update_node_times(context, newpath, fileNode, { ctime: ctime }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_file_node(error, result) {
+    if(error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      fileNode = Node.fromObject(result);
+// Don't think I need this here...
+//      fileNode.nlinks += 1;
+      fileNode.updatePathInfo(newpath, ctime);
+      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_times);
     }
   }
 
@@ -2031,7 +2052,7 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      context.getObject(newParentData[newName].id, update_times);
+      context.getObject(newParentData[newName].id, update_file_node);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/node.js b/src/node.js
index 3a119a7..1cfc6ff 100644
--- a/src/node.js
+++ b/src/node.js
@@ -75,29 +75,37 @@ function Node(options) {
    * should be different. The version is a version number for a file; typically,
    * it is incremented every time the file is modified."
    */
+
+  options.p9 = options.p9 || {qid: {}};
+
   this.p9 = {
     qid: {
-      type: getQType(this.mode) || P9_QTFILE,
+      type: options.p9.qid.type || (getQType(this.mode) || P9_QTFILE),
       // use mtime for version info, since we already keep that updated
-      version: now,
+      version: options.p9.qid.now || now,
       // files have a unique `path` number, which takes into account files with same
       // name but created at different times.
-      path: hash32(options.path + this.ctime)
+      path: options.p9.qid.path || hash32(options.path + this.ctime)
     },
     // permissions and flags
     // TODO: I don't think I'm doing this correctly yet...
-    mode: getPOSIXMode(this.mode) || S_IFREG,
+    mode: options.p9.mode || (getPOSIXMode(this.mode) || S_IFREG),
     // Name of file/dir. Must be / if the file is the root directory of the server
     // TODO: do I need this or can I derive it from abs path?
-    name: options.path === ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME ? ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME : path.basename(options.path),
-    uid: 0x0, // owner name
-    gid: 0x0, // group name
-    muid: 0x0// name of the user who last modified the file 
+    name: options.p9.name || (options.path === ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME ? ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME : path.basename(options.path)),
+    uid: options.p9.uid || 0x0, // owner name
+    gid: options.p9.gid || 0x0, // group name
+    muid: options.p9.muid || 0x0 // name of the user who last modified the file 
   };
-
-  console.log('Node', this);
 }
 
+// When the node's path changes, update info that relates to it.
+Node.prototype.updatePathInfo = function(newPath, ctime) {
+  // XXX: need to confirm that qid's path actually changes on rename.
+  this.p9.qid.path = hash32(newPath + (ctime || this.ctime));
+  this.p9.name = newPath === ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME ? ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME : path.basename(newPath);
+};
+
 // Make sure the options object has an id on property,
 // either from caller or one we generate using supplied guid fn.
 function ensureID(options, prop, callback) {
@@ -130,4 +138,31 @@ Node.create = function(options, callback) {
   });
 };
 
+Node.fromObject = function(object) {
+  return new Node({
+    id: object.id,
+    mode: object.mode,
+    size: object.size,
+    atime: object.atime,
+    ctime: object.ctime,
+    mtime: object.mtime,
+    flags: object.flags,
+    xattrs: object.xattrs,
+    nlinks: object.nlinks,
+    data: object.data,
+    p9: {
+      qid: {
+        type: object.p9.qid.type,
+        version: object.p9.qid.version,
+        path: object.p9.qid.path
+      },
+      mode: object.p9.mode,
+      name: object.p9.name,
+      uid: object.p9.uid,
+      gid: object.p9.gid,
+      muid: object.p9.muid 
+    }
+  });
+};
+
 module.exports = Node;
diff --git a/src/shell/shell.js b/src/shell/shell.js
index 000fc02..0d46ebd 100644
--- a/src/shell/shell.js
+++ b/src/shell/shell.js
@@ -238,7 +238,9 @@ Shell.prototype.ls = function(dir, options, callback) {
             links: stats.nlinks,
             size: stats.size,
             modified: stats.mtime,
-            type: stats.type
+            type: stats.type,
+            // Also expose the Plan 9 bits
+            p9: stats.p9
           };
 
           if(options.recursive && stats.type === 'DIRECTORY') {
diff --git a/src/stats.js b/src/stats.js
index 15e6868..1f5080a 100644
--- a/src/stats.js
+++ b/src/stats.js
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ function Stats(fileNode, devName) {
   this.mtime = fileNode.mtime;
   this.ctime = fileNode.ctime;
   this.type = fileNode.mode;
+  // Expose extra Plan 9 bits too
+  this.p9 = fileNode.p9;
 }
 
 Stats.prototype.isFile = function() {

From 2efb9564119ac899f23c560006dcbca1a8b2a2a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Thu, 24 May 2018 14:15:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 03/19] Switch from MODE_* to NODE_TYPE_*

---
 src/constants.js                 |  8 ++---
 src/directory-entry.js           |  4 +--
 src/filesystem/implementation.js | 56 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/node.js                      | 22 ++++++-------
 src/stats.js                     |  6 ++--
 src/super-node.js                |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/constants.js b/src/constants.js
index cfb24ed..3c27355 100644
--- a/src/constants.js
+++ b/src/constants.js
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ module.exports = {
   WSQL_SIZE: 5 * 1024 * 1024,
   WSQL_DESC: "FileSystem Storage",
 
-  MODE_FILE: 'FILE',
-  MODE_DIRECTORY: 'DIRECTORY',
-  MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK: 'SYMLINK',
-  MODE_META: 'META',
+  NODE_TYPE_FILE: 'FILE',
+  NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY: 'DIRECTORY',
+  NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK: 'SYMLINK',
+  NODE_TYPE_META: 'META',
 
   SYMLOOP_MAX: 10,
 
diff --git a/src/directory-entry.js b/src/directory-entry.js
index 819d46a..3159cae 100644
--- a/src/directory-entry.js
+++ b/src/directory-entry.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-var MODE_FILE = require('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+var NODE_TYPE_FILE = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 
 module.exports = function DirectoryEntry(id, type) {
   this.id = id;
-  this.type = type || MODE_FILE;
+  this.type = type || NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 };
diff --git a/src/filesystem/implementation.js b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
index 528264b..d97835d 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/implementation.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ var isAbsolutePath = Path.isAbsolute;
 var isNullPath = Path.isNull;
 
 var Constants = require('../constants.js');
-var MODE_FILE = Constants.MODE_FILE;
-var MODE_DIRECTORY = Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
-var MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
-var MODE_META = Constants.MODE_META;
+var NODE_TYPE_FILE = Constants.NODE_TYPE_FILE;
+var NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY = Constants.NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
+var NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+var NODE_TYPE_META = Constants.NODE_TYPE_META;
 var P9_QTDIR = Constants.P9.QTDIR;
 var P9_QTFILE = Constants.P9.QTFILE;
 var P9_QTSYMLINK = Constants.P9.QTSYMLINK;
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
 // in: file or directory path
 // out: new node representing file/directory
 function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
-  if(mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY && mode !== MODE_FILE) {
+  if(mode !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && mode !== NODE_TYPE_FILE) {
     return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be a directory or file', path));
   }
 
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
   function create_node_in_parent(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
     } else {
       parentNode = parentDirectoryNode;
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
   function read_root_directory_node(error, superNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(!superNode || superNode.mode !== MODE_META || !superNode.rnode) {
+    } else if(!superNode || superNode.mode !== NODE_TYPE_META || !superNode.rnode) {
       callback(new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR());
     } else {
       context.getObject(superNode.rnode, check_root_directory_node);
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
   function read_parent_directory_data(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY || !parentDirectoryNode.data) {
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY || !parentDirectoryNode.data) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
     } else {
       context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, get_node_from_parent_directory_data);
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.mode == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
       Node.create({
         guid: context.guid,
         id: superNode.rnode,
-        mode: MODE_DIRECTORY,
+        mode: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY,
         path: ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME
       }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
       parentDirectoryData = result;
       Node.create({
         guid: context.guid,
-        mode: MODE_DIRECTORY,
+        mode: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY,
         path: path
       }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      parentDirectoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(directoryNode.id, MODE_DIRECTORY);
+      parentDirectoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(directoryNode.id, NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY);
       context.putObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, parentDirectoryData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ function remove_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode != MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.mode != NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
   function read_directory_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.mode !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
           callback(new Errors.ENOENT('O_CREATE and O_EXCLUSIVE are set, and the named file exists', path));
         } else {
           directoryEntry = directoryData[name];
-          if(directoryEntry.type == MODE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+          if(directoryEntry.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
             callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
           } else {
             context.getObject(directoryEntry.id, check_if_symbolic_link);
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       var node = result;
-      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.mode == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
   function write_file_node() {
     Node.create({
       guid: context.guid,
-      mode: MODE_FILE,
+      mode: NODE_TYPE_FILE,
       path: path
     }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_FILE);
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, NODE_TYPE_FILE);
       context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ function read_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
   function read_file_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+    } else if(result.mode === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory', ofd.path));
     } else {
       fileNode = result;
@@ -978,7 +978,7 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
       oldDirectoryData = result;
       if(!_(oldDirectoryData).has(oldname)) {
         callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of either path prefix does not exist', oldname));
-      } else if(oldDirectoryData[oldname].type === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      } else if(oldDirectoryData[oldname].type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
         callback(new Errors.EPERM('oldpath refers to a directory'));
       } else {
         find_node(context, newParentPath, read_new_directory_data);
@@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@ function unlink_node(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+    } else if(result.mode === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.EPERM('unlink not permitted on directories', name));
     } else {
       update_file_node(null, result);
@@ -1098,7 +1098,7 @@ function read_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function read_directory_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.mode !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -1149,7 +1149,7 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
   function write_file_node() {
     Node.create({
       guid: context.guid,
-      mode: MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK,
+      mode: NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK,
       path: dstpath
     }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
@@ -1177,7 +1177,7 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK);
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK);
       context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -1219,7 +1219,7 @@ function read_link(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(result.mode != MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(result.mode != NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         callback(new Errors.EINVAL('path not a symbolic link', path));
       } else {
         callback(null, result.data);
@@ -1236,7 +1236,7 @@ function truncate_file(context, path, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.mode == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR(null, path));
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@ function ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.mode == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR());
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -2128,7 +2128,7 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   function check_node_type(error, node) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+    } else if(node.mode === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       find_node(context, oldParentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
     } else {
       link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, unlink_old_file);
diff --git a/src/node.js b/src/node.js
index 1cfc6ff..a486034 100644
--- a/src/node.js
+++ b/src/node.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 var path = require('./path.js');
 var hash32 = require('./encoding.js').hash32;
 
-var MODE_FILE = require('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
-var MODE_DIRECTORY = require('./constants.js').MODE_DIRECTORY;
-var MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = require('./constants.js').MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
-var MODE_META = require('./constants.js').MODE_META;
+var NODE_TYPE_FILE = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_FILE;
+var NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
+var NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+var NODE_TYPE_META = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_META;
 
 var P9_QTFILE = require('./constants.js').P9.QTFILE;
 var P9_QTDIR = require('./constants.js').P9.QTDIR;
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = require('./constants.js').ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
 
 function getQType(mode) {
   switch(mode) {
-    case MODE_FILE:
+    case NODE_TYPE_FILE:
       return P9_QTFILE;
-    case MODE_DIRECTORY:
+    case NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
       return P9_QTDIR;
-    case MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
+    case NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
       return P9_QTSYMLINK;
     default:
       return null;
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ function getQType(mode) {
 
 function getPOSIXMode(mode) {
   switch(mode) {
-    case MODE_FILE:
+    case NODE_TYPE_FILE:
       return S_IFREG;
-    case MODE_DIRECTORY:
+    case NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
       return S_IFDIR;
-    case MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
+    case NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
       return S_IFLNK;
     default:
       return null;
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ function Node(options) {
   var now = Date.now();
 
   this.id = options.id;
-  this.mode = options.mode || MODE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
+  this.mode = options.mode || NODE_TYPE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
   this.size = options.size || 0; // size (bytes for files, entries for directories)
   this.atime = options.atime || now; // access time (will mirror ctime after creation)
   this.ctime = options.ctime || now; // creation/change time
diff --git a/src/stats.js b/src/stats.js
index 1f5080a..1fe3d30 100644
--- a/src/stats.js
+++ b/src/stats.js
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@ function Stats(fileNode, devName) {
 }
 
 Stats.prototype.isFile = function() {
-  return this.type === Constants.MODE_FILE;
+  return this.type === Constants.NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 };
 
 Stats.prototype.isDirectory = function() {
-  return this.type === Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
+  return this.type === Constants.NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
 };
 
 Stats.prototype.isSymbolicLink = function() {
-  return this.type === Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+  return this.type === Constants.NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
 };
 
 // These will always be false in Filer.
diff --git a/src/super-node.js b/src/super-node.js
index d08cb57..b195bfd 100644
--- a/src/super-node.js
+++ b/src/super-node.js
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ function SuperNode(options) {
   var now = Date.now();
 
   this.id = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
-  this.mode = Constants.MODE_META;
+  this.mode = Constants.NODE_TYPE_META;
   this.atime = options.atime || now;
   this.ctime = options.ctime || now;
   this.mtime = options.mtime || now;

From 9244e9be6e3e460c342118f744cc00ed04b89612 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Thu, 24 May 2018 14:32:27 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 04/19] Switch from .mode to .type on nodes

---
 src/filesystem/implementation.js | 50 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/node.js                      | 16 +++++-----
 src/stats.js                     |  2 +-
 src/super-node.js                |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/filesystem/implementation.js b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
index d97835d..fb9a298 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/implementation.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
@@ -108,9 +108,9 @@ function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
  */
 // in: file or directory path
 // out: new node representing file/directory
-function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
-  if(mode !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && mode !== NODE_TYPE_FILE) {
-    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be a directory or file', path));
+function make_node(context, path, type, callback) {
+  if(type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && type !== NODE_TYPE_FILE) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('type must be a directory or file', path));
   }
 
   path = normalize(path);
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
   function create_node_in_parent(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
     } else {
       parentNode = parentDirectoryNode;
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
       Node.create({
         path: path,
         guid: context.guid,
-        mode: mode
+        type: type
       }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      parentNodeData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(node.id, mode);
+      parentNodeData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(node.id, type);
       context.putObject(parentNode.data, parentNodeData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
   function read_root_directory_node(error, superNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(!superNode || superNode.mode !== NODE_TYPE_META || !superNode.rnode) {
+    } else if(!superNode || superNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_META || !superNode.rnode) {
       callback(new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR());
     } else {
       context.getObject(superNode.rnode, check_root_directory_node);
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
   function read_parent_directory_data(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY || !parentDirectoryNode.data) {
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY || !parentDirectoryNode.data) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
     } else {
       context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, get_node_from_parent_directory_data);
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(node.mode == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
       Node.create({
         guid: context.guid,
         id: superNode.rnode,
-        mode: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY,
+        type: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY,
         path: ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME
       }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
       parentDirectoryData = result;
       Node.create({
         guid: context.guid,
-        mode: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY,
+        type: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY,
         path: path
       }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ function remove_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode != NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type != NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
   function read_directory_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       var node = result;
-      if(node.mode == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
   function write_file_node() {
     Node.create({
       guid: context.guid,
-      mode: NODE_TYPE_FILE,
+      type: NODE_TYPE_FILE,
       path: path
     }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ function read_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
   function read_file_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory', ofd.path));
     } else {
       fileNode = result;
@@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@ function unlink_node(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.EPERM('unlink not permitted on directories', name));
     } else {
       update_file_node(null, result);
@@ -1098,7 +1098,7 @@ function read_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function read_directory_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -1149,7 +1149,7 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
   function write_file_node() {
     Node.create({
       guid: context.guid,
-      mode: NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK,
+      type: NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK,
       path: dstpath
     }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
@@ -1219,7 +1219,7 @@ function read_link(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(result.mode != NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(result.type != NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         callback(new Errors.EINVAL('path not a symbolic link', path));
       } else {
         callback(null, result.data);
@@ -1236,7 +1236,7 @@ function truncate_file(context, path, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR(null, path));
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@ function ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR());
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -1643,9 +1643,9 @@ function close(fs, context, fd, callback) {
   }
 }
 
-function mknod(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
+function mknod(fs, context, path, type, callback) {
   if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
-  make_node(context, path, mode, callback);
+  make_node(context, path, type, callback);
 }
 
 function mkdir(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
@@ -2128,7 +2128,7 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   function check_node_type(error, node) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(node.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       find_node(context, oldParentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
     } else {
       link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, unlink_old_file);
diff --git a/src/node.js b/src/node.js
index a486034..c119c0a 100644
--- a/src/node.js
+++ b/src/node.js
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ var S_IFREG = require('./constants.js').P9.S_IFREG;
 
 var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = require('./constants.js').ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
 
-function getQType(mode) {
-  switch(mode) {
+function getQType(type) {
+  switch(type) {
     case NODE_TYPE_FILE:
       return P9_QTFILE;
     case NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ function getQType(mode) {
   }
 }
 
-function getPOSIXMode(mode) {
-  switch(mode) {
+function getPOSIXMode(type) {
+  switch(type) {
     case NODE_TYPE_FILE:
       return S_IFREG;
     case NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ function Node(options) {
   var now = Date.now();
 
   this.id = options.id;
-  this.mode = options.mode || NODE_TYPE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
+  this.type = options.type || NODE_TYPE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
   this.size = options.size || 0; // size (bytes for files, entries for directories)
   this.atime = options.atime || now; // access time (will mirror ctime after creation)
   this.ctime = options.ctime || now; // creation/change time
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ function Node(options) {
 
   this.p9 = {
     qid: {
-      type: options.p9.qid.type || (getQType(this.mode) || P9_QTFILE),
+      type: options.p9.qid.type || (getQType(this.type) || P9_QTFILE),
       // use mtime for version info, since we already keep that updated
       version: options.p9.qid.now || now,
       // files have a unique `path` number, which takes into account files with same
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ function Node(options) {
     },
     // permissions and flags
     // TODO: I don't think I'm doing this correctly yet...
-    mode: options.p9.mode || (getPOSIXMode(this.mode) || S_IFREG),
+    mode: options.p9.mode || (getPOSIXMode(this.type) || S_IFREG),
     // Name of file/dir. Must be / if the file is the root directory of the server
     // TODO: do I need this or can I derive it from abs path?
     name: options.p9.name || (options.path === ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME ? ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME : path.basename(options.path)),
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ Node.create = function(options, callback) {
 Node.fromObject = function(object) {
   return new Node({
     id: object.id,
-    mode: object.mode,
+    type: object.type,
     size: object.size,
     atime: object.atime,
     ctime: object.ctime,
diff --git a/src/stats.js b/src/stats.js
index 1fe3d30..b83484d 100644
--- a/src/stats.js
+++ b/src/stats.js
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ function Stats(fileNode, devName) {
   this.atime = fileNode.atime;
   this.mtime = fileNode.mtime;
   this.ctime = fileNode.ctime;
-  this.type = fileNode.mode;
+  this.type = fileNode.type;
   // Expose extra Plan 9 bits too
   this.p9 = fileNode.p9;
 }
diff --git a/src/super-node.js b/src/super-node.js
index b195bfd..620320b 100644
--- a/src/super-node.js
+++ b/src/super-node.js
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ function SuperNode(options) {
   var now = Date.now();
 
   this.id = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
-  this.mode = Constants.NODE_TYPE_META;
+  this.type = Constants.NODE_TYPE_META;
   this.atime = options.atime || now;
   this.ctime = options.ctime || now;
   this.mtime = options.mtime || now;

From ee412d4abe259a08ba036cd6d980f469ff8a2ef0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Thu, 24 May 2018 14:55:36 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 05/19] Restructure layout of node

---
 src/filesystem/implementation.js | 30 +++----------
 src/node.js                      | 73 ++++++++++----------------------
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/filesystem/implementation.js b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
index fb9a298..d6c2121 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/implementation.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
@@ -48,15 +48,6 @@ var Buffer = require('../buffer.js');
  */
 function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
   var update = false;
-  // If updating the P9 info only, don't send change events (honour flags).
-  var queueChangeEvent = false;
-
-  if(times.ctime || times.mtime) {
-    // Update the qid's version field, since node has changed.
-    // TODO: this might be more than I need to do...
-    node.p9.qid.version = times.ctime || times.mtime;
-    update = true;
-  }
 
   // Honour mount flags for how we update times
   var flags = context.flags;
@@ -72,27 +63,20 @@ function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
     // We don't do atime tracking for perf reasons, but do mirror ctime
     node.atime = times.ctime;
     update = true;
-    queueChangeEvent = true;
   }
   if(times.atime) {
     // The only time we explicitly pass atime is when utimes(), futimes() is called.
     // Override ctime mirror here if so
     node.atime = times.atime;
     update = true;
-    queueChangeEvent = true;
   }
   if(times.mtime) {
     node.mtime = times.mtime;
     update = true;
-    queueChangeEvent = true;
   }
 
   function complete(error) {
-    // Queue this change so we can send watch events.
-    // Unlike node.js, we send the full path vs. basename/dirname only.
-    if(queueChangeEvent) {
-      context.changes.push({ event: 'change', path: path });
-    }
+    context.changes.push({ event: 'change', path: path });
     callback(error);
   }
 
@@ -745,7 +729,7 @@ function replace_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, callback) {
       ofd.position = length;
 
       fileNode.size = length;
-      fileNode.version += 1;
+      fileNode.qid_version += 1;
 
       context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, newData, update_file_node);
     }
@@ -804,7 +788,7 @@ function write_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
       }
 
       fileNode.size = newSize;
-      fileNode.version += 1;
+      fileNode.qid_version += 1;
 
       context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, newData, update_file_node);
     }
@@ -935,7 +919,7 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
     } else {
       fileNode = Node.fromObject(result);
       fileNode.nlinks += 1;
-      fileNode.updatePathInfo(newpath, ctime);
+      fileNode.updatePathInfo(newpath);
       context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -1274,7 +1258,7 @@ function truncate_file(context, path, length, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       fileNode.size = length;
-      fileNode.version += 1;
+      fileNode.qid_version += 1;
       context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -1332,7 +1316,7 @@ function ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       fileNode.size = length;
-      fileNode.version += 1;
+      fileNode.qid_version += 1;
       context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -2043,7 +2027,7 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
       fileNode = Node.fromObject(result);
 // Don't think I need this here...
 //      fileNode.nlinks += 1;
-      fileNode.updatePathInfo(newpath, ctime);
+      fileNode.updatePathInfo(newpath);
       context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_times);
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/node.js b/src/node.js
index c119c0a..1d8619a 100644
--- a/src/node.js
+++ b/src/node.js
@@ -25,21 +25,13 @@ function getQType(type) {
     case NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
       return P9_QTSYMLINK;
     default:
-      return null;
+      return P9_QTFILE;
   }
 }
 
-function getPOSIXMode(type) {
-  switch(type) {
-    case NODE_TYPE_FILE:
-      return S_IFREG;
-    case NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
-      return S_IFDIR;
-    case NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
-      return S_IFLNK;
-    default:
-      return null;
-  }
+// Name of file/dir. Must be '/' if the file is the root directory of the server
+function pathToName(pathName) {
+  return pathName === ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME ? ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME : path.basename(pathName);
 }
 
 function Node(options) {
@@ -47,6 +39,7 @@ function Node(options) {
 
   this.id = options.id;
   this.type = options.type || NODE_TYPE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
+  this.name = options.name || (pathToName(options.path));
   this.size = options.size || 0; // size (bytes for files, entries for directories)
   this.atime = options.atime || now; // access time (will mirror ctime after creation)
   this.ctime = options.ctime || now; // creation/change time
@@ -54,9 +47,6 @@ function Node(options) {
   this.flags = options.flags || []; // file flags
   this.xattrs = options.xattrs || {}; // extended attributes
   this.nlinks = options.nlinks || 0; // links count
-  this.version = options.version || 0; // node version
-  this.blksize = undefined; // block size
-  this.nblocks = 1; // blocks count
   this.data = options.data; // id for data object
 
   /**
@@ -75,35 +65,21 @@ function Node(options) {
    * should be different. The version is a version number for a file; typically,
    * it is incremented every time the file is modified."
    */
+  this.qid_type = options.qid_type || (getQType(this.type));
+  this.qid_version = options.qid_version || 1;
+  this.qid_path = options.qid_path || hash32(options.path + this.qid_version);
 
-  options.p9 = options.p9 || {qid: {}};
-
-  this.p9 = {
-    qid: {
-      type: options.p9.qid.type || (getQType(this.type) || P9_QTFILE),
-      // use mtime for version info, since we already keep that updated
-      version: options.p9.qid.now || now,
-      // files have a unique `path` number, which takes into account files with same
-      // name but created at different times.
-      path: options.p9.qid.path || hash32(options.path + this.ctime)
-    },
-    // permissions and flags
-    // TODO: I don't think I'm doing this correctly yet...
-    mode: options.p9.mode || (getPOSIXMode(this.type) || S_IFREG),
-    // Name of file/dir. Must be / if the file is the root directory of the server
-    // TODO: do I need this or can I derive it from abs path?
-    name: options.p9.name || (options.path === ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME ? ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME : path.basename(options.path)),
-    uid: options.p9.uid || 0x0, // owner name
-    gid: options.p9.gid || 0x0, // group name
-    muid: options.p9.muid || 0x0 // name of the user who last modified the file 
-  };
+  // permissions and flags
+  this.mode = options.mode || (this.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ? /* 755 */ 493 : /* 644 */ 420);
+  this.uid = options.uid || 0x0; // owner name
+  this.gid = options.gid || 0x0; // group name
 }
 
 // When the node's path changes, update info that relates to it.
-Node.prototype.updatePathInfo = function(newPath, ctime) {
+Node.prototype.updatePathInfo = function(newPath) {
   // XXX: need to confirm that qid's path actually changes on rename.
-  this.p9.qid.path = hash32(newPath + (ctime || this.ctime));
-  this.p9.name = newPath === ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME ? ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME : path.basename(newPath);
+  this.qid_path = hash32(newPath + this.qid_version);
+  this.name = pathToName(newPath);
 };
 
 // Make sure the options object has an id on property,
@@ -142,6 +118,7 @@ Node.fromObject = function(object) {
   return new Node({
     id: object.id,
     type: object.type,
+    name: object.name,
     size: object.size,
     atime: object.atime,
     ctime: object.ctime,
@@ -150,18 +127,12 @@ Node.fromObject = function(object) {
     xattrs: object.xattrs,
     nlinks: object.nlinks,
     data: object.data,
-    p9: {
-      qid: {
-        type: object.p9.qid.type,
-        version: object.p9.qid.version,
-        path: object.p9.qid.path
-      },
-      mode: object.p9.mode,
-      name: object.p9.name,
-      uid: object.p9.uid,
-      gid: object.p9.gid,
-      muid: object.p9.muid 
-    }
+    mode: object.mode,
+    uid: object.uid,
+    gid: object.gid,
+    qid_type: object.qid_type,
+    qid_version: object.qid_version,
+    qid_path: object.qid_path
   });
 };
 

From 0aaaeacd1a1efb24e6bc74f2662486c70c58ae25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Thu, 24 May 2018 15:41:54 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 06/19] Update sh.ls and stats to remove bits I don't need, add
 what I do.

---
 README.md                        | 34 ++++++++++------------
 src/constants.js                 | 38 -------------------------
 src/encoding.js                  | 18 +-----------
 src/filesystem/implementation.js | 11 +++-----
 src/node.js                      | 48 ++------------------------------
 src/shell/shell.js               | 12 ++------
 src/stats.js                     | 11 +++++---
 tests/spec/shell/ls.spec.js      | 38 ++++++++++++-------------
 8 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 160 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c671374..f300ac3 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -397,14 +397,19 @@ Callback gets `(error, stats)`, where `stats` is an object with the following pr
 
 ```
 {
-  node: <string>   // internal node id (unique)
-  dev: <string>    // file system name
-  size: <number>   // file size in bytes
-  nlinks: <number> // number of links
-  atime: <number>  // last access time
-  mtime: <number>  // last modified time
-  ctime: <number>  // creation time
-  type: <string>   // file type (FILE, DIRECTORY, SYMLINK)
+  node: <string>    // internal node id (unique)
+  dev: <string>     // file system name
+  name: <string>    // the entry's name (basename)
+  size: <number>    // file size in bytes
+  nlinks: <number>  // number of links
+  atime: <number>   // last access time
+  mtime: <number>   // last modified time
+  ctime: <number>   // creation time
+  type: <string>    // file type (FILE, DIRECTORY, SYMLINK),
+  gid: <number>     // group name
+  uid: <number>     // owner name
+  mode: <number>    // permissions
+  version: <number> // version of the node
 }
 ```
 
@@ -1263,17 +1268,8 @@ sh.find('/app/user', {
 #### sh.ls(dir, [options], callback)<a name="ls"></a>
 
 Get the listing of a directory, returning an array of directory entries
-in the following form:
-```
-{
-  path: <String> the basename of the directory entry
-  links: <Number> the number of links to the entry
-  size: <Number> the size in bytes of the entry
-  modified: <Number> the last modified date/time
-  type: <String> the type of the entry
-  contents: <Array> an optional array of child entries, if this entry is itself a directory
-}
-```
+in the same form as [fs.stat()](#stat), with the exception that a new Array named
+`contents` is added for directory entries, containing child entries.
 
 By default `sh.ls()` gives a shallow listing. If you want to follow
 directories as they are encountered, use the `recursive=true` option. NOTE:
diff --git a/src/constants.js b/src/constants.js
index 3c27355..b3abb04 100644
--- a/src/constants.js
+++ b/src/constants.js
@@ -76,43 +76,5 @@ module.exports = {
   ENVIRONMENT: {
     TMP: '/tmp',
     PATH: ''
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Plan 9 related
-   *  - https://github.com/chaos/diod/blob/master/libnpfs/9p.h
-   *  - https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C_Programming/POSIX_Reference/sys/stat.h
-   */
-  P9: {
-    /**
-    * QID types
-    * 
-    * @P9_QTDIR: directory
-    * @P9_QTAPPEND: append-only
-    * @P9_QTEXCL: excluse use (only one open handle allowed)
-    * @P9_QTMOUNT: mount points
-    * @P9_QTAUTH: authentication file
-    * @P9_QTTMP: non-backed-up files
-    * @P9_QTSYMLINK: symbolic links (9P2000.u)
-    * @P9_QTLINK: hard-link (9P2000.u)
-    * @P9_QTFILE: normal files
-    */
-    QTDIR: 0x80,
-    QTAPPEND: 0x40,
-    QTEXCL: 0x20,
-    QTMOUNT: 0x10,
-    QTAUTH: 0x08,
-    QTTMP: 0x04,
-    QTSYMLINK: 0x02,
-    QTLINK: 0x01,
-    QTFILE: 0x00,
-
-    /**
-     * POSIX System Values
-     */
-    S_IFMT: 0xF000, // mask for file type 
-    S_IFLNK: 0xA000, // symbolic link
-    S_IFDIR: 0x4000, // directory
-    S_IFREG: 0x8000 // regular file
   }
 };
diff --git a/src/encoding.js b/src/encoding.js
index bd6189b..b3f1031 100644
--- a/src/encoding.js
+++ b/src/encoding.js
@@ -7,23 +7,7 @@ function encode(string) {
   return new Buffer(string, 'utf8');
 }
 
-// https://github.com/darkskyapp/string-hash
-function hash32(string) {
-  var hash = 5381;
-  var i = string.length;
-
-  while(i) {
-    hash = (hash * 33) ^ string.charCodeAt(--i);
-  }
-
-  /* JavaScript does bitwise operations (like XOR, above) on 32-bit signed
-   * integers. Since we want the results to be always positive, convert the
-   * signed int to an unsigned by doing an unsigned bitshift. */
-  return hash >>> 0;
-}
-
 module.exports = {
   encode: encode,
-  decode: decode,
-  hash32: hash32
+  decode: decode
 };
diff --git a/src/filesystem/implementation.js b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
index d6c2121..b5d1521 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/implementation.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@ var NODE_TYPE_FILE = Constants.NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 var NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY = Constants.NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
 var NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
 var NODE_TYPE_META = Constants.NODE_TYPE_META;
-var P9_QTDIR = Constants.P9.QTDIR;
-var P9_QTFILE = Constants.P9.QTFILE;
-var P9_QTSYMLINK = Constants.P9.QTSYMLINK;
 
 var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = Constants.ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
 var SUPER_NODE_ID = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
@@ -729,7 +726,7 @@ function replace_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, callback) {
       ofd.position = length;
 
       fileNode.size = length;
-      fileNode.qid_version += 1;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
 
       context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, newData, update_file_node);
     }
@@ -788,7 +785,7 @@ function write_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
       }
 
       fileNode.size = newSize;
-      fileNode.qid_version += 1;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
 
       context.putBuffer(fileNode.data, newData, update_file_node);
     }
@@ -1258,7 +1255,7 @@ function truncate_file(context, path, length, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       fileNode.size = length;
-      fileNode.qid_version += 1;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
       context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -1316,7 +1313,7 @@ function ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       fileNode.size = length;
-      fileNode.qid_version += 1;
+      fileNode.version += 1;
       context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/node.js b/src/node.js
index 1d8619a..8164daf 100644
--- a/src/node.js
+++ b/src/node.js
@@ -6,29 +6,8 @@ var NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
 var NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
 var NODE_TYPE_META = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_META;
 
-var P9_QTFILE = require('./constants.js').P9.QTFILE;
-var P9_QTDIR = require('./constants.js').P9.QTDIR;
-var P9_QTSYMLINK = require('./constants.js').P9.QTSYMLINK;
-
-var S_IFLNK = require('./constants.js').P9.S_IFLNK;
-var S_IFDIR = require('./constants.js').P9.S_IFDIR;
-var S_IFREG = require('./constants.js').P9.S_IFREG;
-
 var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = require('./constants.js').ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
 
-function getQType(type) {
-  switch(type) {
-    case NODE_TYPE_FILE:
-      return P9_QTFILE;
-    case NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
-      return P9_QTDIR;
-    case NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
-      return P9_QTSYMLINK;
-    default:
-      return P9_QTFILE;
-  }
-}
-
 // Name of file/dir. Must be '/' if the file is the root directory of the server
 function pathToName(pathName) {
   return pathName === ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME ? ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME : path.basename(pathName);
@@ -48,26 +27,7 @@ function Node(options) {
   this.xattrs = options.xattrs || {}; // extended attributes
   this.nlinks = options.nlinks || 0; // links count
   this.data = options.data; // id for data object
-
-  /**
-   * Plan 9 related metadata:
-   * https://web.archive.org/web/20170601072902/http://plan9.bell-labs.com/magic/man2html/5/0intro
-   * 
-   * "The qid represents the server's unique identification for the file being
-   * accessed: two files on the same server hierarchy are the same if and only
-   * if their qids are the same. (The client may have multiple fids pointing to
-   * a single file on a server and hence having a single qid.) The thirteen–byte
-   * qid fields hold a one–byte type, specifying whether the file is a directory,
-   * append–only file, etc., and two unsigned integers: first the four–byte qid
-   * version, then the eight–byte qid path. The path is an integer unique among
-   * all files in the hierarchy. If a file is deleted and recreated with the same
-   * name in the same directory, the old and new path components of the qids
-   * should be different. The version is a version number for a file; typically,
-   * it is incremented every time the file is modified."
-   */
-  this.qid_type = options.qid_type || (getQType(this.type));
-  this.qid_version = options.qid_version || 1;
-  this.qid_path = options.qid_path || hash32(options.path + this.qid_version);
+  this.version = options.version || 1;
 
   // permissions and flags
   this.mode = options.mode || (this.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ? /* 755 */ 493 : /* 644 */ 420);
@@ -77,8 +37,6 @@ function Node(options) {
 
 // When the node's path changes, update info that relates to it.
 Node.prototype.updatePathInfo = function(newPath) {
-  // XXX: need to confirm that qid's path actually changes on rename.
-  this.qid_path = hash32(newPath + this.qid_version);
   this.name = pathToName(newPath);
 };
 
@@ -130,9 +88,7 @@ Node.fromObject = function(object) {
     mode: object.mode,
     uid: object.uid,
     gid: object.gid,
-    qid_type: object.qid_type,
-    qid_version: object.qid_version,
-    qid_path: object.qid_path
+    version: object.version
   });
 };
 
diff --git a/src/shell/shell.js b/src/shell/shell.js
index 0d46ebd..92e0c57 100644
--- a/src/shell/shell.js
+++ b/src/shell/shell.js
@@ -233,18 +233,10 @@ Shell.prototype.ls = function(dir, options, callback) {
             callback(error);
             return;
           }
-          var entry = {
-            path: Path.basename(name),
-            links: stats.nlinks,
-            size: stats.size,
-            modified: stats.mtime,
-            type: stats.type,
-            // Also expose the Plan 9 bits
-            p9: stats.p9
-          };
+          var entry = stats;
 
           if(options.recursive && stats.type === 'DIRECTORY') {
-            list(Path.join(pathname, entry.path), function(error, items) {
+            list(Path.join(pathname, entry.name), function(error, items) {
               if(error) {
                 callback(error);
                 return;
diff --git a/src/stats.js b/src/stats.js
index b83484d..d74698c 100644
--- a/src/stats.js
+++ b/src/stats.js
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 var Constants = require('./constants.js');
 
 function Stats(fileNode, devName) {
-  this.node = fileNode.id;
   this.dev = devName;
+  this.node = fileNode.id;
+  this.type = fileNode.type;
+  this.name = fileNode.name;
   this.size = fileNode.size;
   this.nlinks = fileNode.nlinks;
   this.atime = fileNode.atime;
   this.mtime = fileNode.mtime;
   this.ctime = fileNode.ctime;
-  this.type = fileNode.type;
-  // Expose extra Plan 9 bits too
-  this.p9 = fileNode.p9;
+  this.version = fileNode.version;
+  this.mode = fileNode.mode;
+  this.uid = fileNode.uid;
+  this.gid = fileNode.gid;
 }
 
 Stats.prototype.isFile = function() {
diff --git a/tests/spec/shell/ls.spec.js b/tests/spec/shell/ls.spec.js
index c9a718d..f1e6e84 100644
--- a/tests/spec/shell/ls.spec.js
+++ b/tests/spec/shell/ls.spec.js
@@ -40,18 +40,18 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.ls', function() {
           expect(list.length).to.equal(2);
 
           var item0 = list[0];
-          expect(item0.path).to.equal('file');
-          expect(item0.links).to.equal(1);
+          expect(item0.name).to.equal('file');
+          expect(item0.nlinks).to.equal(1);
           expect(item0.size).to.equal(1);
-          expect(item0.modified).to.be.a('number');
+          expect(item0.mtime).to.be.a('number');
           expect(item0.type).to.equal('FILE');
           expect(item0.contents).not.to.exist;
 
           var item1 = list[1];
-          expect(item1.path).to.equal('file2');
-          expect(item1.links).to.equal(1);
+          expect(item1.name).to.equal('file2');
+          expect(item1.nlinks).to.equal(1);
           expect(item1.size).to.equal(2);
-          expect(item1.modified).to.be.a('number');
+          expect(item1.mtime).to.be.a('number');
           expect(item1.type).to.equal('FILE');
           expect(item0.contents).not.to.exist;
 
@@ -84,19 +84,19 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.ls', function() {
 
               // We shouldn't rely on the order we'll get the listing
               list.forEach(function(item, i, arr) {
-                switch(item.path) {
+                switch(item.name) {
                 case 'dir2':
-                  expect(item.links).to.equal(1);
+                  expect(item.nlinks).to.equal(1);
                   expect(item.size).to.be.a('number');
-                  expect(item.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                  expect(item.mtime).to.be.a('number');
                   expect(item.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
                   expect(item.contents).not.to.exist;
                   break;
                 case 'file':
                 case 'file2':
-                  expect(item.links).to.equal(1);
+                  expect(item.nlinks).to.equal(1);
                   expect(item.size).to.equal(1);
-                  expect(item.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                  expect(item.mtime).to.be.a('number');
                   expect(item.type).to.equal('FILE');
                   expect(item.contents).not.to.exist;
                   break;
@@ -143,27 +143,27 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.ls', function() {
 
                 // We shouldn't rely on the order we'll get the listing
                 list.forEach(function(item, i, arr) {
-                  switch(item.path) {
+                  switch(item.name) {
                   case 'dir2':
-                    expect(item.links).to.equal(1);
+                    expect(item.nlinks).to.equal(1);
                     expect(item.size).to.be.a('number');
-                    expect(item.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                    expect(item.mtime).to.be.a('number');
                     expect(item.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
                     expect(item.contents).to.exist;
                     expect(item.contents.length).to.equal(1);
                     var contents0 = item.contents[0];
-                    expect(contents0.path).to.equal('file');
-                    expect(contents0.links).to.equal(1);
+                    expect(contents0.name).to.equal('file');
+                    expect(contents0.nlinks).to.equal(1);
                     expect(contents0.size).to.equal(1);
-                    expect(contents0.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                    expect(contents0.mtime).to.be.a('number');
                     expect(contents0.type).to.equal('FILE');
                     expect(contents0.contents).not.to.exist;
                     break;
                   case 'file':
                   case 'file2':
-                    expect(item.links).to.equal(1);
+                    expect(item.nlinks).to.equal(1);
                     expect(item.size).to.equal(1);
-                    expect(item.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                    expect(item.mtime).to.be.a('number');
                     expect(item.type).to.equal('FILE');
                     expect(item.contents).not.to.exist;
                     break;

From c526445a4358f74865f7bcbdcf0a43514940bf4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Sat, 26 May 2018 16:57:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 07/19] Fix mode, fs.link, fix other bugs and cleanup

---
 src/constants.js                 |  7 +++++
 src/filesystem/implementation.js | 36 +++++++++--------------
 src/node.js                      | 50 +++++++++++++-------------------
 src/stats.js                     |  4 ++-
 tests/spec/fs.link.spec.js       | 24 +++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/constants.js b/src/constants.js
index b3abb04..c7534ac 100644
--- a/src/constants.js
+++ b/src/constants.js
@@ -24,6 +24,13 @@ module.exports = {
   NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK: 'SYMLINK',
   NODE_TYPE_META: 'META',
 
+  S_IFREG: 0x8000,
+  S_IFDIR: 0x4000,
+  S_IFLNK: 0xA000,
+
+  DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS: 0x1ED, // 755
+  DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS: 0x1A4, // 644
+
   SYMLOOP_MAX: 10,
 
   BINARY_MIME_TYPE: 'application/octet-stream',
diff --git a/src/filesystem/implementation.js b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
index b5d1521..794760f 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/implementation.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
@@ -900,6 +900,7 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   var oldDirectoryData;
   var newDirectoryNode;
   var newDirectoryData;
+  var fileNodeID;
   var fileNode;
 
   function update_time(error) {
@@ -914,18 +915,17 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      fileNode = Node.fromObject(result);
+      fileNode = result;
       fileNode.nlinks += 1;
-      fileNode.updatePathInfo(newpath);
       context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_time);
     }
   }
 
-  function read_directory_entry(error, result) {
+  function read_file_node(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      context.getObject(newDirectoryData[newname].id, update_file_node);
+      context.getObject(fileNodeID, update_file_node);
     }
   }
 
@@ -938,7 +938,8 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
         callback(new Errors.EEXIST('newpath resolves to an existing file', newname));
       } else {
         newDirectoryData[newname] = oldDirectoryData[oldname];
-        context.putObject(newDirectoryNode.data, newDirectoryData, read_directory_entry);
+        fileNodeID = newDirectoryData[newname].id;
+        context.putObject(newDirectoryNode.data, newDirectoryData, read_file_node);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1648,7 +1649,7 @@ function stat(fs, context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(path, result, fs.name);
       callback(null, stats);
     }
   }
@@ -1661,7 +1662,7 @@ function fstat(fs, context, fd, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(fd.path, result, fs.name);
       callback(null, stats);
     }
   }
@@ -1734,7 +1735,7 @@ function readFile(fs, context, path, options, callback) {
         return callback(err);
       }
 
-      var stats = new Stats(fstatResult, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(ofd.path, fstatResult, fs.name);
 
       if(stats.isDirectory()) {
         cleanup();
@@ -2009,31 +2010,20 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   var ctime = Date.now();
   var fileNode;
 
-  function update_times(error) {
+  function update_times(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
+      fileNode = result;
       update_node_times(context, newpath, fileNode, { ctime: ctime }, callback);
     }
   }
 
-  function update_file_node(error, result) {
-    if(error) {
-      callback(error);
-    } else {
-      fileNode = Node.fromObject(result);
-// Don't think I need this here...
-//      fileNode.nlinks += 1;
-      fileNode.updatePathInfo(newpath);
-      context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_times);
-    }
-  }
-
   function read_new_directory(error) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      context.getObject(newParentData[newName].id, update_file_node);
+      context.getObject(newParentData[newName].id, update_times);
     }
   }
 
@@ -2139,7 +2129,7 @@ function lstat(fs, context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(path, result, fs.name);
       callback(null, stats);
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/node.js b/src/node.js
index 8164daf..fb80959 100644
--- a/src/node.js
+++ b/src/node.js
@@ -8,9 +8,25 @@ var NODE_TYPE_META = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_META;
 
 var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = require('./constants.js').ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
 
-// Name of file/dir. Must be '/' if the file is the root directory of the server
-function pathToName(pathName) {
-  return pathName === ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME ? ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME : path.basename(pathName);
+var S_IFREG = require('./constants.js').S_IFREG;
+var S_IFDIR = require('./constants.js').S_IFDIR;
+var S_IFLNK = require('./constants.js').S_IFLNK;
+
+var DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS = require('./constants.js').DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
+var DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS = require('./constants.js').DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS;
+
+function getMode(type) {
+  switch(type) {
+    case NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
+      return DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS | S_IFDIR;
+    case NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
+      return DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS | S_IFLNK;
+    /* jshint -W086 */
+    case NODE_TYPE_FILE:
+      // falls through
+    default:
+      return DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS | S_IFREG;
+  }
 }
 
 function Node(options) {
@@ -18,7 +34,6 @@ function Node(options) {
 
   this.id = options.id;
   this.type = options.type || NODE_TYPE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
-  this.name = options.name || (pathToName(options.path));
   this.size = options.size || 0; // size (bytes for files, entries for directories)
   this.atime = options.atime || now; // access time (will mirror ctime after creation)
   this.ctime = options.ctime || now; // creation/change time
@@ -30,16 +45,11 @@ function Node(options) {
   this.version = options.version || 1;
 
   // permissions and flags
-  this.mode = options.mode || (this.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ? /* 755 */ 493 : /* 644 */ 420);
+  this.mode = options.mode || (getMode(this.type));
   this.uid = options.uid || 0x0; // owner name
   this.gid = options.gid || 0x0; // group name
 }
 
-// When the node's path changes, update info that relates to it.
-Node.prototype.updatePathInfo = function(newPath) {
-  this.name = pathToName(newPath);
-};
-
 // Make sure the options object has an id on property,
 // either from caller or one we generate using supplied guid fn.
 function ensureID(options, prop, callback) {
@@ -72,24 +82,4 @@ Node.create = function(options, callback) {
   });
 };
 
-Node.fromObject = function(object) {
-  return new Node({
-    id: object.id,
-    type: object.type,
-    name: object.name,
-    size: object.size,
-    atime: object.atime,
-    ctime: object.ctime,
-    mtime: object.mtime,
-    flags: object.flags,
-    xattrs: object.xattrs,
-    nlinks: object.nlinks,
-    data: object.data,
-    mode: object.mode,
-    uid: object.uid,
-    gid: object.gid,
-    version: object.version
-  });
-};
-
 module.exports = Node;
diff --git a/src/stats.js b/src/stats.js
index d74698c..11b7d4d 100644
--- a/src/stats.js
+++ b/src/stats.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 var Constants = require('./constants.js');
+var Path = require('./path.js');
 
-function Stats(fileNode, devName) {
+function Stats(path, fileNode, devName) {
   this.dev = devName;
   this.node = fileNode.id;
   this.type = fileNode.type;
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ function Stats(fileNode, devName) {
   this.mode = fileNode.mode;
   this.uid = fileNode.uid;
   this.gid = fileNode.gid;
+  this.name = Path.basename(path);
 }
 
 Stats.prototype.isFile = function() {
diff --git a/tests/spec/fs.link.spec.js b/tests/spec/fs.link.spec.js
index e1c8e1a..6c61082 100644
--- a/tests/spec/fs.link.spec.js
+++ b/tests/spec/fs.link.spec.js
@@ -42,6 +42,30 @@ describe('fs.link', function() {
     });
   });
 
+  it('should create hard link to identical data node', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var contents = "Hello World!";
+
+    fs.writeFile('/file', contents, function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.link('/file', '/hlink', function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.readFile('/file', 'utf8', function(err, fileData) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+
+          fs.readFile('/hlink', 'utf8', function(err, hlinkData) {
+            if(err) throw err;
+
+            expect(fileData).to.equal(hlinkData);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
   it('should not follow symbolic links', function(done) {
     var fs = util.fs();
 

From bf1d0e41d6b05f47130cf1fde33003ab47e4ef5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Sat, 26 May 2018 17:45:28 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 08/19] Fix bug with stats.name generated from fd, add tests

---
 src/filesystem/implementation.js |  2 +-
 tests/spec/fs.stats.spec.js      | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/filesystem/implementation.js b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
index 794760f..c1f5b3e 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/implementation.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
@@ -1662,7 +1662,7 @@ function fstat(fs, context, fd, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      var stats = new Stats(fd.path, result, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(ofd.path, result, fs.name);
       callback(null, stats);
     }
   }
diff --git a/tests/spec/fs.stats.spec.js b/tests/spec/fs.stats.spec.js
index 6094e98..b2fc77c 100644
--- a/tests/spec/fs.stats.spec.js
+++ b/tests/spec/fs.stats.spec.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 var Filer = require('../..');
+var Path = Filer.Path;
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
 
@@ -256,4 +257,41 @@ describe('fs.stats', function() {
       });
     });
   });
+
+  describe('generated name property', function() {
+    beforeEach(util.setup);
+    afterEach(util.cleanup);
+    
+    it('should correct return name for a file', function(done) {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      var filepath = '/a';
+
+      fs.writeFile(filepath, 'data', function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.stat(filepath, function(err, stats) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+
+          expect(stats.name).to.equal(Path.basename(filepath));
+          done();
+        });
+      })
+    });
+
+    it('should correct return name for an fd', function(done) {
+      var fs = util.fs();
+      var filepath = '/a';
+
+      fs.open(filepath, 'w', function(err, fd) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.fstat(fd, function(err, stats) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+
+          expect(stats.name).to.equal(Path.basename(filepath));
+          done();
+        });
+      })
+    });
+  })
 });

From e77a8bacd3d3145e8c9c4a0b889351b872c4427a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Mon, 28 May 2018 15:02:43 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 09/19] Add fs.constants and file mode permissions

---
 src/constants.js | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/constants.js b/src/constants.js
index c7534ac..2b9f980 100644
--- a/src/constants.js
+++ b/src/constants.js
@@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ module.exports = {
 
   DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS: 0x1ED, // 755
   DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS: 0x1A4, // 644
-
+  FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS: 0x1FF, // 777
+  READ_WRITE_PERMISSIONS: 0x1B6, /// 666
+  
   SYMLOOP_MAX: 10,
 
   BINARY_MIME_TYPE: 'application/octet-stream',
@@ -83,5 +85,49 @@ module.exports = {
   ENVIRONMENT: {
     TMP: '/tmp',
     PATH: ''
+  },
+
+  // Duplicate Node's fs.constants
+  fsConstants: {
+    O_RDONLY: 0,
+    O_WRONLY: 1,
+    O_RDWR: 2,
+    S_IFMT: 61440,
+    S_IFREG: 32768,
+    S_IFDIR: 16384,
+    S_IFCHR: 8192,
+    S_IFBLK: 24576,
+    S_IFIFO: 4096,
+    S_IFLNK: 40960,
+    S_IFSOCK: 49152,
+    O_CREAT: 512,
+    O_EXCL: 2048,
+    O_NOCTTY: 131072,
+    O_TRUNC: 1024,
+    O_APPEND: 8,
+    O_DIRECTORY: 1048576,
+    O_NOFOLLOW: 256,
+    O_SYNC: 128,
+    O_DSYNC: 4194304,
+    O_SYMLINK: 2097152,
+    O_NONBLOCK: 4,
+    S_IRWXU: 448,
+    S_IRUSR: 256,
+    S_IWUSR: 128,
+    S_IXUSR: 64,
+    S_IRWXG: 56,
+    S_IRGRP: 32,
+    S_IWGRP: 16,
+    S_IXGRP: 8,
+    S_IRWXO: 7,
+    S_IROTH: 4,
+    S_IWOTH: 2,
+    S_IXOTH: 1,
+    F_OK: 0,
+    R_OK: 4,
+    W_OK: 2,
+    X_OK: 1,
+    UV_FS_COPYFILE_EXCL: 1,
+    COPYFILE_EXCL: 1
   }
 };

From 9508833b3764a0e26197d76cd0a7570ded24882c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Mon, 28 May 2018 15:03:34 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 10/19] Add chown, fchown, chmod, fchmod and tests.

---
 src/filesystem/implementation.js | 205 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/filesystem/interface.js      |   7 ++
 tests/index.js                   |   2 +
 tests/spec/fs.chmod.spec.js      |  74 +++++++++++
 tests/spec/fs.chown.spec.js      |  65 ++++++++++
 5 files changed, 348 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/spec/fs.chmod.spec.js
 create mode 100644 tests/spec/fs.chown.spec.js

diff --git a/src/filesystem/implementation.js b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
index c1f5b3e..2ef72ca 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/implementation.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ var NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY = Constants.NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
 var NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
 var NODE_TYPE_META = Constants.NODE_TYPE_META;
 
+var DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS = Constants.DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
+var DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS = Constants.DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS;
+var FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS = Constants.FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS;
+
 var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = Constants.ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
 var SUPER_NODE_ID = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
 var SYMLOOP_MAX = Constants.SYMLOOP_MAX;
@@ -1587,8 +1591,22 @@ function pathCheck(path, callback) {
 
 
 function open(fs, context, path, flags, mode, callback) {
-  // NOTE: we support the same signature as node with a `mode` arg,
-  // but ignore it.
+  /**
+   * NOTE: we support the same signature as node with a `mode` arg,
+   * but ignore it. We need to add it.  Here is what node.js does:
+   * function open(path, flags, mode, callback) {
+   *    path = getPathFromURL(path);
+   *  validatePath(path);
+   *  const flagsNumber = stringToFlags(flags);
+   *  if (arguments.length < 4) {
+   *    callback = makeCallback(mode);
+   *    mode = 0o666;
+   *  } else {
+   *    mode = validateAndMaskMode(mode, 'mode', 0o666);
+   *    callback = makeCallback(callback);
+   * }
+  */
+
   callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
   if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
 
@@ -1631,8 +1649,14 @@ function mknod(fs, context, path, type, callback) {
 }
 
 function mkdir(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
-  // NOTE: we support passing a mode arg, but we ignore it internally for now.
-  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  if (arguments.length < 5) {
+    callback = mode;
+    mode = FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS;
+  } else {
+    mode = validateAndMaskMode(mode, FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS, callback);
+    if(!mode) return;
+  }
+ 
   if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
   make_directory(context, path, callback);
 }
@@ -1863,6 +1887,121 @@ function exists(fs, context, path, callback) {
   stat(fs, context, path, cb);
 }
 
+// Based on https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/c700cc42da9cf73af9fec2098520a6c0a631d901/lib/internal/validators.js#L21
+var octalReg = /^[0-7]+$/;
+var modeDesc = 'must be a 32-bit unsigned integer or an octal string';
+function isUint32(value) {
+  return value === (value >>> 0);
+}
+// Validator for mode_t (the S_* constants). Valid numbers or octal strings
+// will be masked with 0o777 to be consistent with the behavior in POSIX APIs.
+function validateAndMaskMode(value, def, callback) {
+  if(typeof def === 'function') {
+    callback = def;
+    def = undefined;
+  }
+
+  if (isUint32(value)) {
+    return value & FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === 'number') {
+    if (!Number.isInteger(value)) {
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode not a valid an integer value', value));
+      return false;
+    } else {
+      // 2 ** 32 === 4294967296
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode not a valid an integer value', value));
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    if (!octalReg.test(value)) {
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode not a valid octal string', value));
+      return false;
+    }
+    var parsed = parseInt(value, 8);
+    return parsed & FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS;
+  }
+
+  // TODO(BridgeAR): Only return `def` in case `value == null`
+  if (def !== undefined) {
+    return def;
+  }
+
+  callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode not valid', value));
+  return false;
+}
+
+function chmod_file(context, path, mode, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function update_mode(error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      node.mode = mode;
+      update_node_times(context, path, node, { mtime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof mode != 'number') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be number', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, update_mode);
+  }
+}
+
+function fchmod_file(context, ofd, mode, callback) {
+  function update_mode(error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      node.mode = mode;
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, node, { mtime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof mode != 'number') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be a number'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, update_mode);
+  }
+}
+
+function chown_file(context, path, uid, gid, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function update_owner(error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      node.uid = uid;
+      node.gid = gid;
+      update_node_times(context, path, node, { mtime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, path, update_owner);
+}
+
+function fchown_file(context, ofd, uid, gid, callback) {
+  function update_owner(error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      node.uid = uid;
+      node.gid = gid;
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, node, { mtime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  ofd.getNode(context, update_owner);
+}
+
 function getxattr(fs, context, path, name, callback) {
   if (!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
   getxattr_file(context, path, name, callback);
@@ -1877,7 +2016,7 @@ function fgetxattr(fs, context, fd, name, callback) {
     fgetxattr_file(context, ofd, name, callback);
   }
 }
-
+  
 function setxattr(fs, context, path, name, value, flag, callback) {
   if(typeof flag === 'function') {
     callback = flag;
@@ -1994,6 +2133,58 @@ function futimes(fs, context, fd, atime, mtime, callback) {
   }
 }
 
+function chmod(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  mode = validateAndMaskMode(mode, 'mode');
+  if(!mode) return;
+
+  chmod_file(context, path, mode, callback);
+}
+
+function fchmod(fs, context, fd, mode, callback) {
+  mode = validateAndMaskMode(mode, 'mode');
+  if(!mode) return;
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  } else {
+    fchmod_file(context, ofd, mode, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function chown(fs, context, path, uid, gid, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  if(!isUint32(uid)) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('uid must be a valid integer', uid));
+  }
+  if(!isUint32(gid)) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('gid must be a valid integer', gid));
+  }
+
+  chown_file(context, path, uid, gid, callback);
+}
+
+function fchown(fs, context, fd, uid, gid, callback) {
+  if(!isUint32(uid)) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('uid must be a valid integer', uid));
+  }
+  if(!isUint32(gid)) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('gid must be a valid integer', gid));
+  }
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  } else {
+    fchown_file(context, ofd, uid, gid, callback);
+  }
+}
+
 function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   if(!pathCheck(oldpath, callback)) return;
   if(!pathCheck(newpath, callback)) return;
@@ -2164,6 +2355,10 @@ function ftruncate(fs, context, fd, length, callback) {
 module.exports = {
   ensureRootDirectory: ensure_root_directory,
   open: open,
+  chmod: chmod,
+  fchmod: fchmod,
+  chown: chown,
+  fchown: fchown,
   close: close,
   mknod: mknod,
   mkdir: mkdir,
diff --git a/src/filesystem/interface.js b/src/filesystem/interface.js
index 7d8fa2e..719fd35 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/interface.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/interface.js
@@ -94,6 +94,9 @@ function FileSystem(options, callback) {
   fs.stdout = STDOUT;
   fs.stderr = STDERR;
 
+  // Expose Node's fs.constants to users
+  fs.constants = Constants.fsConstants;
+
   // Expose Shell constructor
   this.Shell = Shell.bind(undefined, this);
 
@@ -268,6 +271,10 @@ FileSystem.providers = providers;
  */
 [
   'open',
+  'chmod',
+  'fchmod',
+  'chown',
+  'fchown',
   'close',
   'mknod',
   'mkdir',
diff --git a/tests/index.js b/tests/index.js
index c9743ad..2a3f313 100644
--- a/tests/index.js
+++ b/tests/index.js
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ require("./spec/time-flags.spec");
 require("./spec/fs.watch.spec");
 require("./spec/errors.spec");
 require("./spec/fs.shell.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.chmod.spec");
+require("./spec/fs.chown.spec")
 
 // Filer.FileSystem.providers.*
 require("./spec/providers/providers.spec");
diff --git a/tests/spec/fs.chmod.spec.js b/tests/spec/fs.chmod.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54d5484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/spec/fs.chmod.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.chmod, fs.fchmod', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be functions', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(typeof fs.chmod).to.equal('function');
+    expect(typeof fs.fchmod).to.equal('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should automatically set mode=755 for a directory', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.mkdir('/dir', function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.stat('/dir', function(err, stats) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+        expect(stats.mode & 0o755).to.equal(0o755);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should automatically set mode=644 for a file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/file', 'w', function(err, fd) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.fstat(fd, function(err, stats) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+        expect(stats.mode & 0o644).to.equal(0o644);
+        fs.close(fd, done);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should allow for updating mode of a given file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/file', 'w', function(err, fd) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.fchmod(fd, 0o777, function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.fstat(fd, function(err, stats) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+          expect(stats.mode & 0o777).to.equal(0o777);
+
+          fs.close(fd, function(err) {
+            if(err) throw err;
+                       
+            fs.chmod('/file', 0o444, function(err) {
+              if(err) throw err;
+      
+              fs.stat('/file', function(err, stats) {
+                if(err) throw err;
+
+                expect(stats.mode & 0o444).to.equal(0o444);
+                done();
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/spec/fs.chown.spec.js b/tests/spec/fs.chown.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa72312
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/spec/fs.chown.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+var Filer = require('../..');
+var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
+var expect = require('chai').expect;
+
+describe('fs.chown, fs.fchown', function() {
+  beforeEach(util.setup);
+  afterEach(util.cleanup);
+
+  it('should be functions', function() {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    expect(typeof fs.chown).to.equal('function');
+    expect(typeof fs.fchown).to.equal('function');
+  });
+
+  it('should automatically set a file\s uid and gid to 0 (i.e., root)', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/file', 'w', function(err, fd) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.fstat(fd, function(err, stats) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        expect(stats.uid).to.equal(0);
+        expect(stats.gid).to.equal(0);
+        fs.close(fd, done);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should allow updating gid and uid for a file', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+
+    fs.open('/file', 'w', function(err, fd) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.fchown(fd, 1001, 1001, function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.fstat(fd, function(err, stats) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+
+          expect(stats.uid).to.equal(1001);
+          expect(stats.gid).to.equal(1001);
+
+          fs.close(fd, function(err) {
+            if(err) throw err;
+                        
+            fs.chown('/file', 500, 500, function(err) {
+              if(err) throw err;
+    
+              fs.stat('/file', function(err, stats) {
+                if(err) throw err;
+
+                expect(stats.uid).to.equal(500);
+                expect(stats.gid).to.equal(500);
+                done();
+              });
+            });
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});

From 4e73ef8d9b050dc67bfd221edcd0816014e72c54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Tue, 29 May 2018 10:48:18 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 11/19] Allow relpaths for symlink targets (needed by P9vfs),
 get rid of path info in Node

---
 src/filesystem/implementation.js              | 47 +++++++++++++------
 src/node.js                                   |  3 --
 .../spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-null-bytes.js | 11 ++---
 3 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/filesystem/implementation.js b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
index 2ef72ca..4869e0a 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/implementation.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
@@ -136,7 +136,6 @@ function make_node(context, path, type, callback) {
     } else {
       parentNodeData = result;
       Node.create({
-        path: path,
         guid: context.guid,
         type: type
       }, function(error, result) {
@@ -335,8 +334,7 @@ function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
       Node.create({
         guid: context.guid,
         id: superNode.rnode,
-        type: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY,
-        path: ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME
+        type: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY
       }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
@@ -400,8 +398,7 @@ function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
       parentDirectoryData = result;
       Node.create({
         guid: context.guid,
-        type: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY,
-        path: path
+        type: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY
       }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
@@ -641,8 +638,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
   function write_file_node() {
     Node.create({
       guid: context.guid,
-      type: NODE_TYPE_FILE,
-      path: path
+      type: NODE_TYPE_FILE
     }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
         callback(error);
@@ -1135,8 +1131,7 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
   function write_file_node() {
     Node.create({
       guid: context.guid,
-      type: NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK,
-      path: dstpath
+      type: NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK
     }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
         callback(error);
@@ -1144,8 +1139,17 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
       }
       fileNode = result;
       fileNode.nlinks += 1;
+
+      // If the srcpath isn't absolute, resolve it relative to the dstpath
+      // but store both versions, since we'll use the relative one in readlink().
+      if(!isAbsolutePath(srcpath)) {
+        fileNode.symlink_relpath = srcpath;
+        srcpath = Path.resolve(parentPath, srcpath); 
+      }
+
       fileNode.size = srcpath.length;
       fileNode.data = srcpath;
+      
       context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_directory_data);
     });
   }
@@ -1201,14 +1205,17 @@ function read_link(context, path, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  function check_if_symbolic(error, result) {
+  function check_if_symbolic(error, fileNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(result.type != NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(fileNode.type != NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         callback(new Errors.EINVAL('path not a symbolic link', path));
       } else {
-        callback(null, result.data);
+        // If we were originally given a relative path, return that now vs. the
+        // absolute path we've generated and use elsewhere internally.
+        var target = fileNode.symlink_relpath ? fileNode.symlink_relpath : fileNode.data;
+        callback(null, target);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1571,14 +1578,19 @@ function validate_file_options(options, enc, fileMode){
   return options;
 }
 
-function pathCheck(path, callback) {
+function pathCheck(path, allowRelative, callback) {
   var err;
 
+  if(typeof allowRelative === 'function') {
+    callback = allowRelative;
+    allowRelative = false;
+  }
+
   if(!path) {
     err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be a string', path);
   } else if(isNullPath(path)) {
     err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be a string without null bytes.', path);
-  } else if(!isAbsolutePath(path)) {
+  } else if(!allowRelative && !isAbsolutePath(path)) {
     err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be absolute.', path);
   }
 
@@ -2303,8 +2315,13 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
 function symlink(fs, context, srcpath, dstpath, type, callback) {
   // NOTE: we support passing the `type` arg, but ignore it.
   callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
-  if(!pathCheck(srcpath, callback)) return;
+
+  // Special Case: allow srcpath to be relative, which we normally don't permit.
+  // If the srcpath is relative, we assume it's relative to the dirpath of 
+  // dstpath.
+  if(!pathCheck(srcpath, true, callback)) return;
   if(!pathCheck(dstpath, callback)) return;
+
   make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/node.js b/src/node.js
index fb80959..a8be4c7 100644
--- a/src/node.js
+++ b/src/node.js
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-var path = require('./path.js');
-var hash32 = require('./encoding.js').hash32;
-
 var NODE_TYPE_FILE = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 var NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
 var NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
diff --git a/tests/spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-null-bytes.js b/tests/spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-null-bytes.js
index 37c5f7a..19ba73f 100644
--- a/tests/spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-null-bytes.js
+++ b/tests/spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-null-bytes.js
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe("node.js tests: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/test/simple/
           done();
         }
       });
-
+      console.log('fn', fn);
       fn.apply(fs, args);
     }
 
@@ -49,11 +49,10 @@ describe("node.js tests: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/test/simple/
     check(fs.appendFile,  '/foo\u0000bar');
     check(fs.truncate,    '/foo\u0000bar');
     check(fs.utimes,      '/foo\u0000bar', 0, 0);
-    // TODO - need to be implemented still...
-    //  check(fs.realpath,    '/foo\u0000bar');
-    //  check(fs.chmod,       '/foo\u0000bar', '0644');
-    //  check(fs.chown,       '/foo\u0000bar', 12, 34);
-    //  check(fs.realpath,    '/foo\u0000bar');
+// Not implemented
+//    check(fs.realpath,    '/foo\u0000bar');
+    check(fs.chmod,       '/foo\u0000bar', '0644');
+    check(fs.chown,       '/foo\u0000bar', 12, 34);
 
     checks.forEach(function(fn){
       fn();

From 1087371fc4fd5faa0368a81e7b3c8e204ae99d5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Tue, 29 May 2018 13:47:16 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 12/19] Deal with file type bits in mode when setting
 permissions via chmod

---
 src/filesystem/implementation.js |  2 +-
 src/node.js                      | 13 +++++++++----
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/filesystem/implementation.js b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
index 4869e0a..fbccc1f 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/implementation.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
@@ -1953,7 +1953,7 @@ function chmod_file(context, path, mode, callback) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      node.mode = mode;
+      Node.setMode(mode, node);
       update_node_times(context, path, node, { mtime: Date.now() }, callback);
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/node.js b/src/node.js
index a8be4c7..9c15166 100644
--- a/src/node.js
+++ b/src/node.js
@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ var S_IFLNK = require('./constants.js').S_IFLNK;
 var DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS = require('./constants.js').DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
 var DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS = require('./constants.js').DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS;
 
-function getMode(type) {
+function getMode(type, mode) {
   switch(type) {
     case NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
-      return DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS | S_IFDIR;
+      return (mode || DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS) | S_IFDIR;
     case NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
-      return DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS | S_IFLNK;
+      return (mode || DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS) | S_IFLNK;
     /* jshint -W086 */
     case NODE_TYPE_FILE:
       // falls through
     default:
-      return DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS | S_IFREG;
+      return (mode || DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS) | S_IFREG;
   }
 }
 
@@ -79,4 +79,9 @@ Node.create = function(options, callback) {
   });
 };
 
+// Update the node's mode (permissions), taking file type bits into account.
+Node.setMode = function(mode, node) {
+  node.mode = getMode(node.type, mode);
+};
+
 module.exports = Node;

From eee8200e237c6f233ca3e909cca772576787483c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Tue, 29 May 2018 14:02:14 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 13/19] Remove FirefoxOS hack for
 https://github.com/humphd/next/issues/59

---
 src/providers/indexeddb.js | 7 +------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/providers/indexeddb.js b/src/providers/indexeddb.js
index 0e90e7f..83363ae 100644
--- a/src/providers/indexeddb.js
+++ b/src/providers/indexeddb.js
@@ -89,12 +89,7 @@ IndexedDBContext.prototype.putObject = function(key, value, callback) {
   this._put(key, value, callback);
 };
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.putBuffer = function(key, uint8BackedBuffer, callback) {
-  var buf;
-  if(!Buffer._useTypedArrays) { // workaround for fxos 1.3
-    buf = uint8BackedBuffer.toArrayBuffer();
-  } else {
-    buf = uint8BackedBuffer.buffer;
-  }
+  var buf = uint8BackedBuffer.buffer;
   this._put(key, buf, callback);
 };
 

From c71a91f72fb28a1b24f225ad98ab437f54ebc730 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Tue, 29 May 2018 14:03:59 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 14/19] Update dist/ with newest stuff

---
 dist/buffer.js     |  650 ++--
 dist/buffer.min.js |    4 +-
 dist/filer-perf.js | 4685 +++++++++++++------------
 dist/filer-test.js | 8204 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 dist/filer.js      | 2124 +++++++-----
 dist/filer.min.js  |    8 +-
 dist/path.js       |    2 +-
 dist/path.min.js   |    4 +-
 8 files changed, 8291 insertions(+), 7390 deletions(-)

diff --git a/dist/buffer.js b/dist/buffer.js
index dd34e77..71460df 100644
--- a/dist/buffer.js
+++ b/dist/buffer.js
@@ -1,21 +1,150 @@
 (function(f){if(typeof exports==="object"&&typeof module!=="undefined"){module.exports=f()}else if(typeof define==="function"&&define.amd){define([],f)}else{var g;if(typeof window!=="undefined"){g=window}else if(typeof global!=="undefined"){g=global}else if(typeof self!=="undefined"){g=self}else{g=this}g.FilerBuffer = f()}})(function(){var define,module,exports;return (function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'");throw f.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++)s(r[o]);return s})({1:[function(require,module,exports){
+var lookup = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
+
+;(function (exports) {
+	'use strict';
+
+  var Arr = (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined')
+    ? Uint8Array
+    : Array
+
+	var PLUS   = '+'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var SLASH  = '/'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var NUMBER = '0'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var LOWER  = 'a'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var UPPER  = 'A'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var PLUS_URL_SAFE = '-'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var SLASH_URL_SAFE = '_'.charCodeAt(0)
+
+	function decode (elt) {
+		var code = elt.charCodeAt(0)
+		if (code === PLUS ||
+		    code === PLUS_URL_SAFE)
+			return 62 // '+'
+		if (code === SLASH ||
+		    code === SLASH_URL_SAFE)
+			return 63 // '/'
+		if (code < NUMBER)
+			return -1 //no match
+		if (code < NUMBER + 10)
+			return code - NUMBER + 26 + 26
+		if (code < UPPER + 26)
+			return code - UPPER
+		if (code < LOWER + 26)
+			return code - LOWER + 26
+	}
+
+	function b64ToByteArray (b64) {
+		var i, j, l, tmp, placeHolders, arr
+
+		if (b64.length % 4 > 0) {
+			throw new Error('Invalid string. Length must be a multiple of 4')
+		}
+
+		// the number of equal signs (place holders)
+		// if there are two placeholders, than the two characters before it
+		// represent one byte
+		// if there is only one, then the three characters before it represent 2 bytes
+		// this is just a cheap hack to not do indexOf twice
+		var len = b64.length
+		placeHolders = '=' === b64.charAt(len - 2) ? 2 : '=' === b64.charAt(len - 1) ? 1 : 0
+
+		// base64 is 4/3 + up to two characters of the original data
+		arr = new Arr(b64.length * 3 / 4 - placeHolders)
+
+		// if there are placeholders, only get up to the last complete 4 chars
+		l = placeHolders > 0 ? b64.length - 4 : b64.length
+
+		var L = 0
+
+		function push (v) {
+			arr[L++] = v
+		}
+
+		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < l; i += 4, j += 3) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 18) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 12) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) << 6) | decode(b64.charAt(i + 3))
+			push((tmp & 0xFF0000) >> 16)
+			push((tmp & 0xFF00) >> 8)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		if (placeHolders === 2) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 2) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) >> 4)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		} else if (placeHolders === 1) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 10) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 4) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) >> 2)
+			push((tmp >> 8) & 0xFF)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		return arr
+	}
+
+	function uint8ToBase64 (uint8) {
+		var i,
+			extraBytes = uint8.length % 3, // if we have 1 byte left, pad 2 bytes
+			output = "",
+			temp, length
+
+		function encode (num) {
+			return lookup.charAt(num)
+		}
+
+		function tripletToBase64 (num) {
+			return encode(num >> 18 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 12 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 6 & 0x3F) + encode(num & 0x3F)
+		}
+
+		// go through the array every three bytes, we'll deal with trailing stuff later
+		for (i = 0, length = uint8.length - extraBytes; i < length; i += 3) {
+			temp = (uint8[i] << 16) + (uint8[i + 1] << 8) + (uint8[i + 2])
+			output += tripletToBase64(temp)
+		}
+
+		// pad the end with zeros, but make sure to not forget the extra bytes
+		switch (extraBytes) {
+			case 1:
+				temp = uint8[uint8.length - 1]
+				output += encode(temp >> 2)
+				output += encode((temp << 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += '=='
+				break
+			case 2:
+				temp = (uint8[uint8.length - 2] << 8) + (uint8[uint8.length - 1])
+				output += encode(temp >> 10)
+				output += encode((temp >> 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += encode((temp << 2) & 0x3F)
+				output += '='
+				break
+		}
+
+		return output
+	}
+
+	exports.toByteArray = b64ToByteArray
+	exports.fromByteArray = uint8ToBase64
+}(typeof exports === 'undefined' ? (this.base64js = {}) : exports))
+
+},{}],2:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
 /*!
  * The buffer module from node.js, for the browser.
  *
  * @author   Feross Aboukhadijeh <feross@feross.org> <http://feross.org>
  * @license  MIT
  */
+/* eslint-disable no-proto */
+
+'use strict'
 
 var base64 = require('base64-js')
 var ieee754 = require('ieee754')
-var isArray = require('is-array')
+var isArray = require('isarray')
 
 exports.Buffer = Buffer
 exports.SlowBuffer = SlowBuffer
 exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES = 50
 Buffer.poolSize = 8192 // not used by this implementation
 
-var kMaxLength = 0x3fffffff
 var rootParent = {}
 
 /**
@@ -26,32 +155,49 @@ var rootParent = {}
  * Browsers that support typed arrays are IE 10+, Firefox 4+, Chrome 7+, Safari 5.1+,
  * Opera 11.6+, iOS 4.2+.
  *
+ * Due to various browser bugs, sometimes the Object implementation will be used even
+ * when the browser supports typed arrays.
+ *
  * Note:
  *
- * - Implementation must support adding new properties to `Uint8Array` instances.
- *   Firefox 4-29 lacked support, fixed in Firefox 30+.
- *   See: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=695438.
+ *   - Firefox 4-29 lacks support for adding new properties to `Uint8Array` instances,
+ *     See: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=695438.
  *
- *  - Chrome 9-10 is missing the `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function.
+ *   - Safari 5-7 lacks support for changing the `Object.prototype.constructor` property
+ *     on objects.
  *
- *  - IE10 has a broken `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function which returns arrays of
- *    incorrect length in some situations.
+ *   - Chrome 9-10 is missing the `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function.
  *
- * We detect these buggy browsers and set `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT` to `false` so they will
- * get the Object implementation, which is slower but will work correctly.
+ *   - IE10 has a broken `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function which returns arrays of
+ *     incorrect length in some situations.
+
+ * We detect these buggy browsers and set `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT` to `false` so they
+ * get the Object implementation, which is slower but behaves correctly.
  */
-Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT = (function () {
+Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT = global.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT !== undefined
+  ? global.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT
+  : typedArraySupport()
+
+function typedArraySupport () {
+  function Bar () {}
   try {
-    var buf = new ArrayBuffer(0)
-    var arr = new Uint8Array(buf)
+    var arr = new Uint8Array(1)
     arr.foo = function () { return 42 }
+    arr.constructor = Bar
     return arr.foo() === 42 && // typed array instances can be augmented
+        arr.constructor === Bar && // constructor can be set
         typeof arr.subarray === 'function' && // chrome 9-10 lack `subarray`
-        new Uint8Array(1).subarray(1, 1).byteLength === 0 // ie10 has broken `subarray`
+        arr.subarray(1, 1).byteLength === 0 // ie10 has broken `subarray`
   } catch (e) {
     return false
   }
-})()
+}
+
+function kMaxLength () {
+  return Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT
+    ? 0x7fffffff
+    : 0x3fffffff
+}
 
 /**
  * Class: Buffer
@@ -72,8 +218,10 @@ function Buffer (arg) {
     return new Buffer(arg)
   }
 
-  this.length = 0
-  this.parent = undefined
+  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this.length = 0
+    this.parent = undefined
+  }
 
   // Common case.
   if (typeof arg === 'number') {
@@ -119,8 +267,13 @@ function fromObject (that, object) {
     throw new TypeError('must start with number, buffer, array or string')
   }
 
-  if (typeof ArrayBuffer !== 'undefined' && object.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
-    return fromTypedArray(that, object)
+  if (typeof ArrayBuffer !== 'undefined') {
+    if (object.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+      return fromTypedArray(that, object)
+    }
+    if (object instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+      return fromArrayBuffer(that, object)
+    }
   }
 
   if (object.length) return fromArrayLike(that, object)
@@ -157,6 +310,18 @@ function fromTypedArray (that, array) {
   return that
 }
 
+function fromArrayBuffer (that, array) {
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    // Return an augmented `Uint8Array` instance, for best performance
+    array.byteLength
+    that = Buffer._augment(new Uint8Array(array))
+  } else {
+    // Fallback: Return an object instance of the Buffer class
+    that = fromTypedArray(that, new Uint8Array(array))
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
 function fromArrayLike (that, array) {
   var length = checked(array.length) | 0
   that = allocate(that, length)
@@ -184,10 +349,20 @@ function fromJsonObject (that, object) {
   return that
 }
 
+if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+  Buffer.prototype.__proto__ = Uint8Array.prototype
+  Buffer.__proto__ = Uint8Array
+} else {
+  // pre-set for values that may exist in the future
+  Buffer.prototype.length = undefined
+  Buffer.prototype.parent = undefined
+}
+
 function allocate (that, length) {
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
     // Return an augmented `Uint8Array` instance, for best performance
     that = Buffer._augment(new Uint8Array(length))
+    that.__proto__ = Buffer.prototype
   } else {
     // Fallback: Return an object instance of the Buffer class
     that.length = length
@@ -203,9 +378,9 @@ function allocate (that, length) {
 function checked (length) {
   // Note: cannot use `length < kMaxLength` here because that fails when
   // length is NaN (which is otherwise coerced to zero.)
-  if (length >= kMaxLength) {
+  if (length >= kMaxLength()) {
     throw new RangeError('Attempt to allocate Buffer larger than maximum ' +
-                         'size: 0x' + kMaxLength.toString(16) + ' bytes')
+                         'size: 0x' + kMaxLength().toString(16) + ' bytes')
   }
   return length | 0
 }
@@ -274,8 +449,6 @@ Buffer.concat = function concat (list, length) {
 
   if (list.length === 0) {
     return new Buffer(0)
-  } else if (list.length === 1) {
-    return list[0]
   }
 
   var i
@@ -297,39 +470,43 @@ Buffer.concat = function concat (list, length) {
 }
 
 function byteLength (string, encoding) {
-  if (typeof string !== 'string') string = String(string)
+  if (typeof string !== 'string') string = '' + string
 
-  if (string.length === 0) return 0
+  var len = string.length
+  if (len === 0) return 0
 
-  switch (encoding || 'utf8') {
-    case 'ascii':
-    case 'binary':
-    case 'raw':
-      return string.length
-    case 'ucs2':
-    case 'ucs-2':
-    case 'utf16le':
-    case 'utf-16le':
-      return string.length * 2
-    case 'hex':
-      return string.length >>> 1
-    case 'utf8':
-    case 'utf-8':
-      return utf8ToBytes(string).length
-    case 'base64':
-      return base64ToBytes(string).length
-    default:
-      return string.length
+  // Use a for loop to avoid recursion
+  var loweredCase = false
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (encoding) {
+      case 'ascii':
+      case 'binary':
+      // Deprecated
+      case 'raw':
+      case 'raws':
+        return len
+      case 'utf8':
+      case 'utf-8':
+        return utf8ToBytes(string).length
+      case 'ucs2':
+      case 'ucs-2':
+      case 'utf16le':
+      case 'utf-16le':
+        return len * 2
+      case 'hex':
+        return len >>> 1
+      case 'base64':
+        return base64ToBytes(string).length
+      default:
+        if (loweredCase) return utf8ToBytes(string).length // assume utf8
+        encoding = ('' + encoding).toLowerCase()
+        loweredCase = true
+    }
   }
 }
 Buffer.byteLength = byteLength
 
-// pre-set for values that may exist in the future
-Buffer.prototype.length = undefined
-Buffer.prototype.parent = undefined
-
-// toString(encoding, start=0, end=buffer.length)
-Buffer.prototype.toString = function toString (encoding, start, end) {
+function slowToString (encoding, start, end) {
   var loweredCase = false
 
   start = start | 0
@@ -372,6 +549,13 @@ Buffer.prototype.toString = function toString (encoding, start, end) {
   }
 }
 
+Buffer.prototype.toString = function toString () {
+  var length = this.length | 0
+  if (length === 0) return ''
+  if (arguments.length === 0) return utf8Slice(this, 0, length)
+  return slowToString.apply(this, arguments)
+}
+
 Buffer.prototype.equals = function equals (b) {
   if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) throw new TypeError('Argument must be a Buffer')
   if (this === b) return true
@@ -435,13 +619,13 @@ Buffer.prototype.indexOf = function indexOf (val, byteOffset) {
   throw new TypeError('val must be string, number or Buffer')
 }
 
-// `get` will be removed in Node 0.13+
+// `get` is deprecated
 Buffer.prototype.get = function get (offset) {
   console.log('.get() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
   return this.readUInt8(offset)
 }
 
-// `set` will be removed in Node 0.13+
+// `set` is deprecated
 Buffer.prototype.set = function set (v, offset) {
   console.log('.set() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
   return this.writeUInt8(v, offset)
@@ -582,20 +766,99 @@ function base64Slice (buf, start, end) {
 }
 
 function utf8Slice (buf, start, end) {
-  var res = ''
-  var tmp = ''
   end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+  var res = []
 
-  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
-    if (buf[i] <= 0x7F) {
-      res += decodeUtf8Char(tmp) + String.fromCharCode(buf[i])
-      tmp = ''
-    } else {
-      tmp += '%' + buf[i].toString(16)
+  var i = start
+  while (i < end) {
+    var firstByte = buf[i]
+    var codePoint = null
+    var bytesPerSequence = (firstByte > 0xEF) ? 4
+      : (firstByte > 0xDF) ? 3
+      : (firstByte > 0xBF) ? 2
+      : 1
+
+    if (i + bytesPerSequence <= end) {
+      var secondByte, thirdByte, fourthByte, tempCodePoint
+
+      switch (bytesPerSequence) {
+        case 1:
+          if (firstByte < 0x80) {
+            codePoint = firstByte
+          }
+          break
+        case 2:
+          secondByte = buf[i + 1]
+          if ((secondByte & 0xC0) === 0x80) {
+            tempCodePoint = (firstByte & 0x1F) << 0x6 | (secondByte & 0x3F)
+            if (tempCodePoint > 0x7F) {
+              codePoint = tempCodePoint
+            }
+          }
+          break
+        case 3:
+          secondByte = buf[i + 1]
+          thirdByte = buf[i + 2]
+          if ((secondByte & 0xC0) === 0x80 && (thirdByte & 0xC0) === 0x80) {
+            tempCodePoint = (firstByte & 0xF) << 0xC | (secondByte & 0x3F) << 0x6 | (thirdByte & 0x3F)
+            if (tempCodePoint > 0x7FF && (tempCodePoint < 0xD800 || tempCodePoint > 0xDFFF)) {
+              codePoint = tempCodePoint
+            }
+          }
+          break
+        case 4:
+          secondByte = buf[i + 1]
+          thirdByte = buf[i + 2]
+          fourthByte = buf[i + 3]
+          if ((secondByte & 0xC0) === 0x80 && (thirdByte & 0xC0) === 0x80 && (fourthByte & 0xC0) === 0x80) {
+            tempCodePoint = (firstByte & 0xF) << 0x12 | (secondByte & 0x3F) << 0xC | (thirdByte & 0x3F) << 0x6 | (fourthByte & 0x3F)
+            if (tempCodePoint > 0xFFFF && tempCodePoint < 0x110000) {
+              codePoint = tempCodePoint
+            }
+          }
+      }
     }
+
+    if (codePoint === null) {
+      // we did not generate a valid codePoint so insert a
+      // replacement char (U+FFFD) and advance only 1 byte
+      codePoint = 0xFFFD
+      bytesPerSequence = 1
+    } else if (codePoint > 0xFFFF) {
+      // encode to utf16 (surrogate pair dance)
+      codePoint -= 0x10000
+      res.push(codePoint >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800)
+      codePoint = 0xDC00 | codePoint & 0x3FF
+    }
+
+    res.push(codePoint)
+    i += bytesPerSequence
   }
 
-  return res + decodeUtf8Char(tmp)
+  return decodeCodePointsArray(res)
+}
+
+// Based on http://stackoverflow.com/a/22747272/680742, the browser with
+// the lowest limit is Chrome, with 0x10000 args.
+// We go 1 magnitude less, for safety
+var MAX_ARGUMENTS_LENGTH = 0x1000
+
+function decodeCodePointsArray (codePoints) {
+  var len = codePoints.length
+  if (len <= MAX_ARGUMENTS_LENGTH) {
+    return String.fromCharCode.apply(String, codePoints) // avoid extra slice()
+  }
+
+  // Decode in chunks to avoid "call stack size exceeded".
+  var res = ''
+  var i = 0
+  while (i < len) {
+    res += String.fromCharCode.apply(
+      String,
+      codePoints.slice(i, i += MAX_ARGUMENTS_LENGTH)
+    )
+  }
+  return res
 }
 
 function asciiSlice (buf, start, end) {
@@ -884,7 +1147,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt8 = function writeUInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
   offset = offset | 0
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0xff, 0)
   if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
-  this[offset] = value
+  this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
   return offset + 1
 }
 
@@ -901,7 +1164,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16LE = function writeUInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert
   offset = offset | 0
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
@@ -915,7 +1178,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16BE = function writeUInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
     this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 1] = value
+    this[offset + 1] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
   }
@@ -937,7 +1200,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32LE = function writeUInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert
     this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
     this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, true)
   }
@@ -952,7 +1215,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32BE = function writeUInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert
     this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
     this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 3] = value
+    this[offset + 3] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
   }
@@ -1005,7 +1268,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt8 = function writeInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0x7f, -0x80)
   if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
   if (value < 0) value = 0xff + value + 1
-  this[offset] = value
+  this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
   return offset + 1
 }
 
@@ -1014,7 +1277,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt16LE = function writeInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert)
   offset = offset | 0
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
@@ -1028,7 +1291,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt16BE = function writeInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert)
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
     this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 1] = value
+    this[offset + 1] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
   }
@@ -1040,7 +1303,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt32LE = function writeInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert)
   offset = offset | 0
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
     this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
     this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
@@ -1059,7 +1322,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt32BE = function writeInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert)
     this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
     this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 3] = value
+    this[offset + 3] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
   }
@@ -1130,9 +1393,16 @@ Buffer.prototype.copy = function copy (target, targetStart, start, end) {
   }
 
   var len = end - start
+  var i
 
-  if (len < 1000 || !Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+  if (this === target && start < targetStart && targetStart < end) {
+    // descending copy from end
+    for (i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      target[i + targetStart] = this[i + start]
+    }
+  } else if (len < 1000 || !Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    // ascending copy from start
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
       target[i + targetStart] = this[i + start]
     }
   } else {
@@ -1208,7 +1478,7 @@ Buffer._augment = function _augment (arr) {
   // save reference to original Uint8Array set method before overwriting
   arr._set = arr.set
 
-  // deprecated, will be removed in node 0.13+
+  // deprecated
   arr.get = BP.get
   arr.set = BP.set
 
@@ -1264,7 +1534,7 @@ Buffer._augment = function _augment (arr) {
   return arr
 }
 
-var INVALID_BASE64_RE = /[^+\/0-9A-z\-]/g
+var INVALID_BASE64_RE = /[^+\/0-9A-Za-z-_]/g
 
 function base64clean (str) {
   // Node strips out invalid characters like \n and \t from the string, base64-js does not
@@ -1294,28 +1564,15 @@ function utf8ToBytes (string, units) {
   var length = string.length
   var leadSurrogate = null
   var bytes = []
-  var i = 0
 
-  for (; i < length; i++) {
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
     codePoint = string.charCodeAt(i)
 
     // is surrogate component
     if (codePoint > 0xD7FF && codePoint < 0xE000) {
       // last char was a lead
-      if (leadSurrogate) {
-        // 2 leads in a row
-        if (codePoint < 0xDC00) {
-          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
-          leadSurrogate = codePoint
-          continue
-        } else {
-          // valid surrogate pair
-          codePoint = leadSurrogate - 0xD800 << 10 | codePoint - 0xDC00 | 0x10000
-          leadSurrogate = null
-        }
-      } else {
+      if (!leadSurrogate) {
         // no lead yet
-
         if (codePoint > 0xDBFF) {
           // unexpected trail
           if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
@@ -1324,18 +1581,30 @@ function utf8ToBytes (string, units) {
           // unpaired lead
           if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
           continue
-        } else {
-          // valid lead
-          leadSurrogate = codePoint
-          continue
         }
+
+        // valid lead
+        leadSurrogate = codePoint
+
+        continue
       }
+
+      // 2 leads in a row
+      if (codePoint < 0xDC00) {
+        if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+        leadSurrogate = codePoint
+        continue
+      }
+
+      // valid surrogate pair
+      codePoint = (leadSurrogate - 0xD800 << 10 | codePoint - 0xDC00) + 0x10000
     } else if (leadSurrogate) {
       // valid bmp char, but last char was a lead
       if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
-      leadSurrogate = null
     }
 
+    leadSurrogate = null
+
     // encode utf8
     if (codePoint < 0x80) {
       if ((units -= 1) < 0) break
@@ -1353,7 +1622,7 @@ function utf8ToBytes (string, units) {
         codePoint >> 0x6 & 0x3F | 0x80,
         codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
       )
-    } else if (codePoint < 0x200000) {
+    } else if (codePoint < 0x110000) {
       if ((units -= 4) < 0) break
       bytes.push(
         codePoint >> 0x12 | 0xF0,
@@ -1406,144 +1675,18 @@ function blitBuffer (src, dst, offset, length) {
   return i
 }
 
-function decodeUtf8Char (str) {
-  try {
-    return decodeURIComponent(str)
-  } catch (err) {
-    return String.fromCharCode(0xFFFD) // UTF 8 invalid char
-  }
-}
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"base64-js":1,"ieee754":4,"isarray":3}],3:[function(require,module,exports){
+var toString = {}.toString;
 
-},{"base64-js":2,"ieee754":3,"is-array":4}],2:[function(require,module,exports){
-var lookup = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
+module.exports = Array.isArray || function (arr) {
+  return toString.call(arr) == '[object Array]';
+};
 
-;(function (exports) {
-	'use strict';
-
-  var Arr = (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined')
-    ? Uint8Array
-    : Array
-
-	var PLUS   = '+'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var SLASH  = '/'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var NUMBER = '0'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var LOWER  = 'a'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var UPPER  = 'A'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var PLUS_URL_SAFE = '-'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var SLASH_URL_SAFE = '_'.charCodeAt(0)
-
-	function decode (elt) {
-		var code = elt.charCodeAt(0)
-		if (code === PLUS ||
-		    code === PLUS_URL_SAFE)
-			return 62 // '+'
-		if (code === SLASH ||
-		    code === SLASH_URL_SAFE)
-			return 63 // '/'
-		if (code < NUMBER)
-			return -1 //no match
-		if (code < NUMBER + 10)
-			return code - NUMBER + 26 + 26
-		if (code < UPPER + 26)
-			return code - UPPER
-		if (code < LOWER + 26)
-			return code - LOWER + 26
-	}
-
-	function b64ToByteArray (b64) {
-		var i, j, l, tmp, placeHolders, arr
-
-		if (b64.length % 4 > 0) {
-			throw new Error('Invalid string. Length must be a multiple of 4')
-		}
-
-		// the number of equal signs (place holders)
-		// if there are two placeholders, than the two characters before it
-		// represent one byte
-		// if there is only one, then the three characters before it represent 2 bytes
-		// this is just a cheap hack to not do indexOf twice
-		var len = b64.length
-		placeHolders = '=' === b64.charAt(len - 2) ? 2 : '=' === b64.charAt(len - 1) ? 1 : 0
-
-		// base64 is 4/3 + up to two characters of the original data
-		arr = new Arr(b64.length * 3 / 4 - placeHolders)
-
-		// if there are placeholders, only get up to the last complete 4 chars
-		l = placeHolders > 0 ? b64.length - 4 : b64.length
-
-		var L = 0
-
-		function push (v) {
-			arr[L++] = v
-		}
-
-		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < l; i += 4, j += 3) {
-			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 18) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 12) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) << 6) | decode(b64.charAt(i + 3))
-			push((tmp & 0xFF0000) >> 16)
-			push((tmp & 0xFF00) >> 8)
-			push(tmp & 0xFF)
-		}
-
-		if (placeHolders === 2) {
-			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 2) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) >> 4)
-			push(tmp & 0xFF)
-		} else if (placeHolders === 1) {
-			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 10) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 4) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) >> 2)
-			push((tmp >> 8) & 0xFF)
-			push(tmp & 0xFF)
-		}
-
-		return arr
-	}
-
-	function uint8ToBase64 (uint8) {
-		var i,
-			extraBytes = uint8.length % 3, // if we have 1 byte left, pad 2 bytes
-			output = "",
-			temp, length
-
-		function encode (num) {
-			return lookup.charAt(num)
-		}
-
-		function tripletToBase64 (num) {
-			return encode(num >> 18 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 12 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 6 & 0x3F) + encode(num & 0x3F)
-		}
-
-		// go through the array every three bytes, we'll deal with trailing stuff later
-		for (i = 0, length = uint8.length - extraBytes; i < length; i += 3) {
-			temp = (uint8[i] << 16) + (uint8[i + 1] << 8) + (uint8[i + 2])
-			output += tripletToBase64(temp)
-		}
-
-		// pad the end with zeros, but make sure to not forget the extra bytes
-		switch (extraBytes) {
-			case 1:
-				temp = uint8[uint8.length - 1]
-				output += encode(temp >> 2)
-				output += encode((temp << 4) & 0x3F)
-				output += '=='
-				break
-			case 2:
-				temp = (uint8[uint8.length - 2] << 8) + (uint8[uint8.length - 1])
-				output += encode(temp >> 10)
-				output += encode((temp >> 4) & 0x3F)
-				output += encode((temp << 2) & 0x3F)
-				output += '='
-				break
-		}
-
-		return output
-	}
-
-	exports.toByteArray = b64ToByteArray
-	exports.fromByteArray = uint8ToBase64
-}(typeof exports === 'undefined' ? (this.base64js = {}) : exports))
-
-},{}],3:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],4:[function(require,module,exports){
 exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   var e, m
-  var eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1
+  var eLen = (nBytes * 8) - mLen - 1
   var eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1
   var eBias = eMax >> 1
   var nBits = -7
@@ -1556,12 +1699,12 @@ exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   e = s & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1)
   s >>= (-nBits)
   nBits += eLen
-  for (; nBits > 0; e = e * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
+  for (; nBits > 0; e = (e * 256) + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
 
   m = e & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1)
   e >>= (-nBits)
   nBits += mLen
-  for (; nBits > 0; m = m * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
+  for (; nBits > 0; m = (m * 256) + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
 
   if (e === 0) {
     e = 1 - eBias
@@ -1576,7 +1719,7 @@ exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
 
 exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   var e, m, c
-  var eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1
+  var eLen = (nBytes * 8) - mLen - 1
   var eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1
   var eBias = eMax >> 1
   var rt = (mLen === 23 ? Math.pow(2, -24) - Math.pow(2, -77) : 0)
@@ -1609,7 +1752,7 @@ exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
       m = 0
       e = eMax
     } else if (e + eBias >= 1) {
-      m = (value * c - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
+      m = ((value * c) - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
       e = e + eBias
     } else {
       m = value * Math.pow(2, eBias - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
@@ -1626,41 +1769,6 @@ exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   buffer[offset + i - d] |= s * 128
 }
 
-},{}],4:[function(require,module,exports){
-
-/**
- * isArray
- */
-
-var isArray = Array.isArray;
-
-/**
- * toString
- */
-
-var str = Object.prototype.toString;
-
-/**
- * Whether or not the given `val`
- * is an array.
- *
- * example:
- *
- *        isArray([]);
- *        // > true
- *        isArray(arguments);
- *        // > false
- *        isArray('');
- *        // > false
- *
- * @param {mixed} val
- * @return {bool}
- */
-
-module.exports = isArray || function (val) {
-  return !! val && '[object Array]' == str.call(val);
-};
-
 },{}],5:[function(require,module,exports){
 (function (Buffer){
 function FilerBuffer (subject, encoding, nonZero) {
@@ -1688,5 +1796,5 @@ Object.keys(Buffer).forEach(function (p) {
 module.exports = FilerBuffer;
 
 }).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"buffer":1}]},{},[5])(5)
-});
\ No newline at end of file
+},{"buffer":2}]},{},[5])(5)
+});
diff --git a/dist/buffer.min.js b/dist/buffer.min.js
index 6ddaf28..5e36947 100644
--- a/dist/buffer.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffer.min.js
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-/*! filer 0.0.44 2017-05-25 */
-!function(a){if("object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module)module.exports=a();else if("function"==typeof define&&define.amd)define([],a);else{var b;b="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:this,b.FilerBuffer=a()}}(function(){return function a(b,c,d){function e(g,h){if(!c[g]){if(!b[g]){var i="function"==typeof require&&require;if(!h&&i)return i(g,!0);if(f)return f(g,!0);var j=new Error("Cannot find module '"+g+"'");throw j.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",j}var k=c[g]={exports:{}};b[g][0].call(k.exports,function(a){var c=b[g][1][a];return e(c?c:a)},k,k.exports,a,b,c,d)}return c[g].exports}for(var f="function"==typeof require&&require,g=0;g<d.length;g++)e(d[g]);return e}({1:[function(a,b,c){function d(a){return this instanceof d?(this.length=0,this.parent=void 0,"number"==typeof a?e(this,a):"string"==typeof a?f(this,a,arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:"utf8"):g(this,a)):arguments.length>1?new d(a,arguments[1]):new d(a)}function e(a,b){if(a=m(a,0>b?0:0|n(b)),!d.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT)for(var c=0;b>c;c++)a[c]=0;return a}function f(a,b,c){("string"!=typeof c||""===c)&&(c="utf8");var d=0|p(b,c);return a=m(a,d),a.write(b,c),a}function g(a,b){if(d.isBuffer(b))return h(a,b);if(U(b))return i(a,b);if(null==b)throw new TypeError("must start with number, buffer, array or string");return"undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&b.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer?j(a,b):b.length?k(a,b):l(a,b)}function h(a,b){var c=0|n(b.length);return a=m(a,c),b.copy(a,0,0,c),a}function i(a,b){var c=0|n(b.length);a=m(a,c);for(var d=0;c>d;d+=1)a[d]=255&b[d];return a}function j(a,b){var c=0|n(b.length);a=m(a,c);for(var d=0;c>d;d+=1)a[d]=255&b[d];return a}function k(a,b){var c=0|n(b.length);a=m(a,c);for(var d=0;c>d;d+=1)a[d]=255&b[d];return a}function l(a,b){var c,d=0;"Buffer"===b.type&&U(b.data)&&(c=b.data,d=0|n(c.length)),a=m(a,d);for(var e=0;d>e;e+=1)a[e]=255&c[e];return a}function m(a,b){d.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT?a=d._augment(new 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f=c-1,g=1,h=a<0?1:0;for(this[b+f]=255&a;--f>=0&&(g*=256);)this[b+f]=(a/g>>0)-h&255;return b+c},f.prototype.writeInt8=function(a,b,c){return a=+a,b|=0,c||I(this,a,b,1,127,-128),f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT||(a=Math.floor(a)),a<0&&(a=255+a+1),this[b]=255&a,b+1},f.prototype.writeInt16LE=function(a,b,c){return a=+a,b|=0,c||I(this,a,b,2,32767,-32768),f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT?(this[b]=255&a,this[b+1]=a>>>8):J(this,a,b,!0),b+2},f.prototype.writeInt16BE=function(a,b,c){return a=+a,b|=0,c||I(this,a,b,2,32767,-32768),f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT?(this[b]=a>>>8,this[b+1]=255&a):J(this,a,b,!1),b+2},f.prototype.writeInt32LE=function(a,b,c){return a=+a,b|=0,c||I(this,a,b,4,2147483647,-2147483648),f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT?(this[b]=255&a,this[b+1]=a>>>8,this[b+2]=a>>>16,this[b+3]=a>>>24):K(this,a,b,!0),b+4},f.prototype.writeInt32BE=function(a,b,c){return a=+a,b|=0,c||I(this,a,b,4,2147483647,-2147483648),a<0&&(a=4294967295+a+1),f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT?(this[b]=a>>>24,this[b+1]=a>>>16,this[b+2]=a>>>8,this[b+3]=255&a):K(this,a,b,!1),b+4},f.prototype.writeFloatLE=function(a,b,c){return M(this,a,b,!0,c)},f.prototype.writeFloatBE=function(a,b,c){return M(this,a,b,!1,c)},f.prototype.writeDoubleLE=function(a,b,c){return N(this,a,b,!0,c)},f.prototype.writeDoubleBE=function(a,b,c){return N(this,a,b,!1,c)},f.prototype.copy=function(a,b,c,d){if(c||(c=0),d||0===d||(d=this.length),b>=a.length&&(b=a.length),b||(b=0),d>0&&d<c&&(d=c),d===c)return 0;if(0===a.length||0===this.length)return 0;if(b<0)throw new RangeError("targetStart out of bounds");if(c<0||c>=this.length)throw new RangeError("sourceStart out of bounds");if(d<0)throw new RangeError("sourceEnd out of bounds");d>this.length&&(d=this.length),a.length-b<d-c&&(d=a.length-b+c);var e,g=d-c;if(this===a&&c<b&&b<d)for(e=g-1;e>=0;e--)a[e+b]=this[e+c];else if(g<1e3||!f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT)for(e=0;e<g;e++)a[e+b]=this[e+c];else a._set(this.subarray(c,c+g),b);return g},f.prototype.fill=function(a,b,c){if(a||(a=0),b||(b=0),c||(c=this.length),c<b)throw new RangeError("end < start");if(c!==b&&0!==this.length){if(b<0||b>=this.length)throw new RangeError("start out of bounds");if(c<0||c>this.length)throw new RangeError("end out of bounds");var d;if("number"==typeof a)for(d=b;d<c;d++)this[d]=a;else{var e=R(a.toString()),f=e.length;for(d=b;d<c;d++)this[d]=e[d%f]}return this}},f.prototype.toArrayBuffer=function(){if("undefined"!=typeof Uint8Array){if(f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT)return new f(this).buffer;for(var a=new Uint8Array(this.length),b=0,c=a.length;b<c;b+=1)a[b]=this[b];return a.buffer}throw new TypeError("Buffer.toArrayBuffer not supported in this browser")};var _=f.prototype;f._augment=function(a){return a.constructor=f,a._isBuffer=!0,a._set=a.set,a.get=_.get,a.set=_.set,a.write=_.write,a.toString=_.toString,a.toLocaleString=_.toString,a.toJSON=_.toJSON,a.equals=_.equals,a.compare=_.compare,a.indexOf=_.indexOf,a.copy=_.copy,a.slice=_.slice,a.readUIntLE=_.readUIntLE,a.readUIntBE=_.readUIntBE,a.readUInt8=_.readUInt8,a.readUInt16LE=_.readUInt16LE,a.readUInt16BE=_.readUInt16BE,a.readUInt32LE=_.readUInt32LE,a.readUInt32BE=_.readUInt32BE,a.readIntLE=_.readIntLE,a.readIntBE=_.readIntBE,a.readInt8=_.readInt8,a.readInt16LE=_.readInt16LE,a.readInt16BE=_.readInt16BE,a.readInt32LE=_.readInt32LE,a.readInt32BE=_.readInt32BE,a.readFloatLE=_.readFloatLE,a.readFloatBE=_.readFloatBE,a.readDoubleLE=_.readDoubleLE,a.readDoubleBE=_.readDoubleBE,a.writeUInt8=_.writeUInt8,a.writeUIntLE=_.writeUIntLE,a.writeUIntBE=_.writeUIntBE,a.writeUInt16LE=_.writeUInt16LE,a.writeUInt16BE=_.writeUInt16BE,a.writeUInt32LE=_.writeUInt32LE,a.writeUInt32BE=_.writeUInt32BE,a.writeIntLE=_.writeIntLE,a.writeIntBE=_.writeIntBE,a.writeInt8=_.writeInt8,a.writeInt16LE=_.writeInt16LE,a.writeInt16BE=_.writeInt16BE,a.writeInt32LE=_.writeInt32LE,a.writeInt32BE=_.writeInt32BE,a.writeFloatLE=_.writeFloatLE,a.writeFloatBE=_.writeFloatBE,a.writeDoubleLE=_.writeDoubleLE,a.writeDoubleBE=_.writeDoubleBE,a.fill=_.fill,a.inspect=_.inspect,a.toArrayBuffer=_.toArrayBuffer,a};var aa=/[^+\/0-9A-Za-z-_]/g}).call(this,"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:"undefined"!=typeof window?window:{})},{"base64-js":1,ieee754:4,isarray:3}],3:[function(a,b,c){var d={}.toString;b.exports=Array.isArray||function(a){return"[object Array]"==d.call(a)}},{}],4:[function(a,b,c){c.read=function(a,b,c,d,e){var f,g,h=8*e-d-1,i=(1<<h)-1,j=i>>1,k=-7,l=c?e-1:0,m=c?-1:1,n=a[b+l];for(l+=m,f=n&(1<<-k)-1,n>>=-k,k+=h;k>0;f=256*f+a[b+l],l+=m,k-=8);for(g=f&(1<<-k)-1,f>>=-k,k+=d;k>0;g=256*g+a[b+l],l+=m,k-=8);if(0===f)f=1-j;else{if(f===i)return g?NaN:1/0*(n?-1:1);g+=Math.pow(2,d),f-=j}return(n?-1:1)*g*Math.pow(2,f-d)},c.write=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){var g,h,i,j=8*f-e-1,k=(1<<j)-1,l=k>>1,m=23===e?Math.pow(2,-24)-Math.pow(2,-77):0,n=d?0:f-1,o=d?1:-1,p=b<0||0===b&&1/b<0?1:0;for(b=Math.abs(b),isNaN(b)||b===1/0?(h=isNaN(b)?1:0,g=k):(g=Math.floor(Math.log(b)/Math.LN2),b*(i=Math.pow(2,-g))<1&&(g--,i*=2),b+=g+l>=1?m/i:m*Math.pow(2,1-l),b*i>=2&&(g++,i/=2),g+l>=k?(h=0,g=k):g+l>=1?(h=(b*i-1)*Math.pow(2,e),g+=l):(h=b*Math.pow(2,l-1)*Math.pow(2,e),g=0));e>=8;a[c+n]=255&h,n+=o,h/=256,e-=8);for(g=g<<e|h,j+=e;j>0;a[c+n]=255&g,n+=o,g/=256,j-=8);a[c+n-o]|=128*p}},{}],5:[function(a,b,c){(function(a){function c(b,c,d){return b instanceof ArrayBuffer&&(b=new Uint8Array(b)),new a(b,c,d)}c.prototype=Object.create(a.prototype),c.prototype.constructor=c,Object.keys(a).forEach(function(b){a.hasOwnProperty(b)&&(c[b]=a[b])}),b.exports=c}).call(this,a("buffer").Buffer)},{buffer:2}]},{},[5])(5)});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dist/filer-perf.js b/dist/filer-perf.js
index 180846a..d59041c 100644
--- a/dist/filer-perf.js
+++ b/dist/filer-perf.js
@@ -587,9 +587,17 @@ module.exports = nodash;
  * Copyright (c) 2012 Niklas von Hertzen
  * Licensed under the MIT license.
  */
-(function(chars){
+(function(){
   "use strict";
 
+  var chars = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
+
+  // Use a lookup table to find the index.
+  var lookup = new Uint8Array(256);
+  for (var i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
+    lookup[chars.charCodeAt(i)] = i;
+  }
+
   exports.encode = function(arraybuffer) {
     var bytes = new Uint8Array(arraybuffer),
     i, len = bytes.length, base64 = "";
@@ -626,10 +634,10 @@ module.exports = nodash;
     bytes = new Uint8Array(arraybuffer);
 
     for (i = 0; i < len; i+=4) {
-      encoded1 = chars.indexOf(base64[i]);
-      encoded2 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+1]);
-      encoded3 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+2]);
-      encoded4 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+3]);
+      encoded1 = lookup[base64.charCodeAt(i)];
+      encoded2 = lookup[base64.charCodeAt(i+1)];
+      encoded3 = lookup[base64.charCodeAt(i+2)];
+      encoded4 = lookup[base64.charCodeAt(i+3)];
 
       bytes[p++] = (encoded1 << 2) | (encoded2 >> 4);
       bytes[p++] = ((encoded2 & 15) << 4) | (encoded3 >> 2);
@@ -638,19 +646,149 @@ module.exports = nodash;
 
     return arraybuffer;
   };
-})("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/");
+})();
 
 },{}],6:[function(require,module,exports){
+var lookup = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
+
+;(function (exports) {
+	'use strict';
+
+  var Arr = (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined')
+    ? Uint8Array
+    : Array
+
+	var PLUS   = '+'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var SLASH  = '/'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var NUMBER = '0'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var LOWER  = 'a'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var UPPER  = 'A'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var PLUS_URL_SAFE = '-'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var SLASH_URL_SAFE = '_'.charCodeAt(0)
+
+	function decode (elt) {
+		var code = elt.charCodeAt(0)
+		if (code === PLUS ||
+		    code === PLUS_URL_SAFE)
+			return 62 // '+'
+		if (code === SLASH ||
+		    code === SLASH_URL_SAFE)
+			return 63 // '/'
+		if (code < NUMBER)
+			return -1 //no match
+		if (code < NUMBER + 10)
+			return code - NUMBER + 26 + 26
+		if (code < UPPER + 26)
+			return code - UPPER
+		if (code < LOWER + 26)
+			return code - LOWER + 26
+	}
+
+	function b64ToByteArray (b64) {
+		var i, j, l, tmp, placeHolders, arr
+
+		if (b64.length % 4 > 0) {
+			throw new Error('Invalid string. Length must be a multiple of 4')
+		}
+
+		// the number of equal signs (place holders)
+		// if there are two placeholders, than the two characters before it
+		// represent one byte
+		// if there is only one, then the three characters before it represent 2 bytes
+		// this is just a cheap hack to not do indexOf twice
+		var len = b64.length
+		placeHolders = '=' === b64.charAt(len - 2) ? 2 : '=' === b64.charAt(len - 1) ? 1 : 0
+
+		// base64 is 4/3 + up to two characters of the original data
+		arr = new Arr(b64.length * 3 / 4 - placeHolders)
+
+		// if there are placeholders, only get up to the last complete 4 chars
+		l = placeHolders > 0 ? b64.length - 4 : b64.length
+
+		var L = 0
+
+		function push (v) {
+			arr[L++] = v
+		}
+
+		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < l; i += 4, j += 3) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 18) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 12) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) << 6) | decode(b64.charAt(i + 3))
+			push((tmp & 0xFF0000) >> 16)
+			push((tmp & 0xFF00) >> 8)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		if (placeHolders === 2) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 2) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) >> 4)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		} else if (placeHolders === 1) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 10) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 4) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) >> 2)
+			push((tmp >> 8) & 0xFF)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		return arr
+	}
+
+	function uint8ToBase64 (uint8) {
+		var i,
+			extraBytes = uint8.length % 3, // if we have 1 byte left, pad 2 bytes
+			output = "",
+			temp, length
+
+		function encode (num) {
+			return lookup.charAt(num)
+		}
+
+		function tripletToBase64 (num) {
+			return encode(num >> 18 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 12 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 6 & 0x3F) + encode(num & 0x3F)
+		}
+
+		// go through the array every three bytes, we'll deal with trailing stuff later
+		for (i = 0, length = uint8.length - extraBytes; i < length; i += 3) {
+			temp = (uint8[i] << 16) + (uint8[i + 1] << 8) + (uint8[i + 2])
+			output += tripletToBase64(temp)
+		}
+
+		// pad the end with zeros, but make sure to not forget the extra bytes
+		switch (extraBytes) {
+			case 1:
+				temp = uint8[uint8.length - 1]
+				output += encode(temp >> 2)
+				output += encode((temp << 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += '=='
+				break
+			case 2:
+				temp = (uint8[uint8.length - 2] << 8) + (uint8[uint8.length - 1])
+				output += encode(temp >> 10)
+				output += encode((temp >> 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += encode((temp << 2) & 0x3F)
+				output += '='
+				break
+		}
+
+		return output
+	}
+
+	exports.toByteArray = b64ToByteArray
+	exports.fromByteArray = uint8ToBase64
+}(typeof exports === 'undefined' ? (this.base64js = {}) : exports))
+
+},{}],7:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
 /*!
  * The buffer module from node.js, for the browser.
  *
  * @author   Feross Aboukhadijeh <feross@feross.org> <http://feross.org>
  * @license  MIT
  */
+/* eslint-disable no-proto */
+
+'use strict'
 
 var base64 = require('base64-js')
 var ieee754 = require('ieee754')
-var isArray = require('is-array')
+var isArray = require('isarray')
 
 exports.Buffer = Buffer
 exports.SlowBuffer = SlowBuffer
@@ -667,35 +805,43 @@ var rootParent = {}
  * Browsers that support typed arrays are IE 10+, Firefox 4+, Chrome 7+, Safari 5.1+,
  * Opera 11.6+, iOS 4.2+.
  *
+ * Due to various browser bugs, sometimes the Object implementation will be used even
+ * when the browser supports typed arrays.
+ *
  * Note:
  *
- * - Implementation must support adding new properties to `Uint8Array` instances.
- *   Firefox 4-29 lacked support, fixed in Firefox 30+.
- *   See: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=695438.
+ *   - Firefox 4-29 lacks support for adding new properties to `Uint8Array` instances,
+ *     See: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=695438.
  *
- *  - Chrome 9-10 is missing the `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function.
+ *   - Safari 5-7 lacks support for changing the `Object.prototype.constructor` property
+ *     on objects.
  *
- *  - IE10 has a broken `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function which returns arrays of
- *    incorrect length in some situations.
+ *   - Chrome 9-10 is missing the `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function.
  *
- * We detect these buggy browsers and set `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT` to `false` so they will
- * get the Object implementation, which is slower but will work correctly.
+ *   - IE10 has a broken `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function which returns arrays of
+ *     incorrect length in some situations.
+
+ * We detect these buggy browsers and set `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT` to `false` so they
+ * get the Object implementation, which is slower but behaves correctly.
  */
-Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT = (function () {
-  function Foo () {}
+Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT = global.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT !== undefined
+  ? global.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT
+  : typedArraySupport()
+
+function typedArraySupport () {
+  function Bar () {}
   try {
-    var buf = new ArrayBuffer(0)
-    var arr = new Uint8Array(buf)
+    var arr = new Uint8Array(1)
     arr.foo = function () { return 42 }
-    arr.constructor = Foo
+    arr.constructor = Bar
     return arr.foo() === 42 && // typed array instances can be augmented
-        arr.constructor === Foo && // constructor can be set
+        arr.constructor === Bar && // constructor can be set
         typeof arr.subarray === 'function' && // chrome 9-10 lack `subarray`
-        new Uint8Array(1).subarray(1, 1).byteLength === 0 // ie10 has broken `subarray`
+        arr.subarray(1, 1).byteLength === 0 // ie10 has broken `subarray`
   } catch (e) {
     return false
   }
-})()
+}
 
 function kMaxLength () {
   return Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT
@@ -722,8 +868,10 @@ function Buffer (arg) {
     return new Buffer(arg)
   }
 
-  this.length = 0
-  this.parent = undefined
+  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this.length = 0
+    this.parent = undefined
+  }
 
   // Common case.
   if (typeof arg === 'number') {
@@ -769,8 +917,13 @@ function fromObject (that, object) {
     throw new TypeError('must start with number, buffer, array or string')
   }
 
-  if (typeof ArrayBuffer !== 'undefined' && object.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
-    return fromTypedArray(that, object)
+  if (typeof ArrayBuffer !== 'undefined') {
+    if (object.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+      return fromTypedArray(that, object)
+    }
+    if (object instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+      return fromArrayBuffer(that, object)
+    }
   }
 
   if (object.length) return fromArrayLike(that, object)
@@ -807,6 +960,18 @@ function fromTypedArray (that, array) {
   return that
 }
 
+function fromArrayBuffer (that, array) {
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    // Return an augmented `Uint8Array` instance, for best performance
+    array.byteLength
+    that = Buffer._augment(new Uint8Array(array))
+  } else {
+    // Fallback: Return an object instance of the Buffer class
+    that = fromTypedArray(that, new Uint8Array(array))
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
 function fromArrayLike (that, array) {
   var length = checked(array.length) | 0
   that = allocate(that, length)
@@ -834,10 +999,20 @@ function fromJsonObject (that, object) {
   return that
 }
 
+if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+  Buffer.prototype.__proto__ = Uint8Array.prototype
+  Buffer.__proto__ = Uint8Array
+} else {
+  // pre-set for values that may exist in the future
+  Buffer.prototype.length = undefined
+  Buffer.prototype.parent = undefined
+}
+
 function allocate (that, length) {
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
     // Return an augmented `Uint8Array` instance, for best performance
     that = Buffer._augment(new Uint8Array(length))
+    that.__proto__ = Buffer.prototype
   } else {
     // Fallback: Return an object instance of the Buffer class
     that.length = length
@@ -924,8 +1099,6 @@ Buffer.concat = function concat (list, length) {
 
   if (list.length === 0) {
     return new Buffer(0)
-  } else if (list.length === 1) {
-    return list[0]
   }
 
   var i
@@ -983,10 +1156,6 @@ function byteLength (string, encoding) {
 }
 Buffer.byteLength = byteLength
 
-// pre-set for values that may exist in the future
-Buffer.prototype.length = undefined
-Buffer.prototype.parent = undefined
-
 function slowToString (encoding, start, end) {
   var loweredCase = false
 
@@ -1100,13 +1269,13 @@ Buffer.prototype.indexOf = function indexOf (val, byteOffset) {
   throw new TypeError('val must be string, number or Buffer')
 }
 
-// `get` will be removed in Node 0.13+
+// `get` is deprecated
 Buffer.prototype.get = function get (offset) {
   console.log('.get() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
   return this.readUInt8(offset)
 }
 
-// `set` will be removed in Node 0.13+
+// `set` is deprecated
 Buffer.prototype.set = function set (v, offset) {
   console.log('.set() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
   return this.writeUInt8(v, offset)
@@ -1247,20 +1416,99 @@ function base64Slice (buf, start, end) {
 }
 
 function utf8Slice (buf, start, end) {
-  var res = ''
-  var tmp = ''
   end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+  var res = []
 
-  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
-    if (buf[i] <= 0x7F) {
-      res += decodeUtf8Char(tmp) + String.fromCharCode(buf[i])
-      tmp = ''
-    } else {
-      tmp += '%' + buf[i].toString(16)
+  var i = start
+  while (i < end) {
+    var firstByte = buf[i]
+    var codePoint = null
+    var bytesPerSequence = (firstByte > 0xEF) ? 4
+      : (firstByte > 0xDF) ? 3
+      : (firstByte > 0xBF) ? 2
+      : 1
+
+    if (i + bytesPerSequence <= end) {
+      var secondByte, thirdByte, fourthByte, tempCodePoint
+
+      switch (bytesPerSequence) {
+        case 1:
+          if (firstByte < 0x80) {
+            codePoint = firstByte
+          }
+          break
+        case 2:
+          secondByte = buf[i + 1]
+          if ((secondByte & 0xC0) === 0x80) {
+            tempCodePoint = (firstByte & 0x1F) << 0x6 | (secondByte & 0x3F)
+            if (tempCodePoint > 0x7F) {
+              codePoint = tempCodePoint
+            }
+          }
+          break
+        case 3:
+          secondByte = buf[i + 1]
+          thirdByte = buf[i + 2]
+          if ((secondByte & 0xC0) === 0x80 && (thirdByte & 0xC0) === 0x80) {
+            tempCodePoint = (firstByte & 0xF) << 0xC | (secondByte & 0x3F) << 0x6 | (thirdByte & 0x3F)
+            if (tempCodePoint > 0x7FF && (tempCodePoint < 0xD800 || tempCodePoint > 0xDFFF)) {
+              codePoint = tempCodePoint
+            }
+          }
+          break
+        case 4:
+          secondByte = buf[i + 1]
+          thirdByte = buf[i + 2]
+          fourthByte = buf[i + 3]
+          if ((secondByte & 0xC0) === 0x80 && (thirdByte & 0xC0) === 0x80 && (fourthByte & 0xC0) === 0x80) {
+            tempCodePoint = (firstByte & 0xF) << 0x12 | (secondByte & 0x3F) << 0xC | (thirdByte & 0x3F) << 0x6 | (fourthByte & 0x3F)
+            if (tempCodePoint > 0xFFFF && tempCodePoint < 0x110000) {
+              codePoint = tempCodePoint
+            }
+          }
+      }
     }
+
+    if (codePoint === null) {
+      // we did not generate a valid codePoint so insert a
+      // replacement char (U+FFFD) and advance only 1 byte
+      codePoint = 0xFFFD
+      bytesPerSequence = 1
+    } else if (codePoint > 0xFFFF) {
+      // encode to utf16 (surrogate pair dance)
+      codePoint -= 0x10000
+      res.push(codePoint >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800)
+      codePoint = 0xDC00 | codePoint & 0x3FF
+    }
+
+    res.push(codePoint)
+    i += bytesPerSequence
   }
 
-  return res + decodeUtf8Char(tmp)
+  return decodeCodePointsArray(res)
+}
+
+// Based on http://stackoverflow.com/a/22747272/680742, the browser with
+// the lowest limit is Chrome, with 0x10000 args.
+// We go 1 magnitude less, for safety
+var MAX_ARGUMENTS_LENGTH = 0x1000
+
+function decodeCodePointsArray (codePoints) {
+  var len = codePoints.length
+  if (len <= MAX_ARGUMENTS_LENGTH) {
+    return String.fromCharCode.apply(String, codePoints) // avoid extra slice()
+  }
+
+  // Decode in chunks to avoid "call stack size exceeded".
+  var res = ''
+  var i = 0
+  while (i < len) {
+    res += String.fromCharCode.apply(
+      String,
+      codePoints.slice(i, i += MAX_ARGUMENTS_LENGTH)
+    )
+  }
+  return res
 }
 
 function asciiSlice (buf, start, end) {
@@ -1549,7 +1797,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt8 = function writeUInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
   offset = offset | 0
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0xff, 0)
   if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
-  this[offset] = value
+  this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
   return offset + 1
 }
 
@@ -1566,7 +1814,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16LE = function writeUInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert
   offset = offset | 0
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
@@ -1580,7 +1828,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16BE = function writeUInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
     this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 1] = value
+    this[offset + 1] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
   }
@@ -1602,7 +1850,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32LE = function writeUInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert
     this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
     this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, true)
   }
@@ -1617,7 +1865,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32BE = function writeUInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert
     this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
     this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 3] = value
+    this[offset + 3] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
   }
@@ -1670,7 +1918,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt8 = function writeInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0x7f, -0x80)
   if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
   if (value < 0) value = 0xff + value + 1
-  this[offset] = value
+  this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
   return offset + 1
 }
 
@@ -1679,7 +1927,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt16LE = function writeInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert)
   offset = offset | 0
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
@@ -1693,7 +1941,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt16BE = function writeInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert)
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
     this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 1] = value
+    this[offset + 1] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
   }
@@ -1705,7 +1953,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt32LE = function writeInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert)
   offset = offset | 0
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
     this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
     this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
@@ -1724,7 +1972,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt32BE = function writeInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert)
     this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
     this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 3] = value
+    this[offset + 3] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
   }
@@ -1795,9 +2043,16 @@ Buffer.prototype.copy = function copy (target, targetStart, start, end) {
   }
 
   var len = end - start
+  var i
 
-  if (len < 1000 || !Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+  if (this === target && start < targetStart && targetStart < end) {
+    // descending copy from end
+    for (i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      target[i + targetStart] = this[i + start]
+    }
+  } else if (len < 1000 || !Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    // ascending copy from start
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
       target[i + targetStart] = this[i + start]
     }
   } else {
@@ -1873,7 +2128,7 @@ Buffer._augment = function _augment (arr) {
   // save reference to original Uint8Array set method before overwriting
   arr._set = arr.set
 
-  // deprecated, will be removed in node 0.13+
+  // deprecated
   arr.get = BP.get
   arr.set = BP.set
 
@@ -1929,7 +2184,7 @@ Buffer._augment = function _augment (arr) {
   return arr
 }
 
-var INVALID_BASE64_RE = /[^+\/0-9A-z\-]/g
+var INVALID_BASE64_RE = /[^+\/0-9A-Za-z-_]/g
 
 function base64clean (str) {
   // Node strips out invalid characters like \n and \t from the string, base64-js does not
@@ -1959,28 +2214,15 @@ function utf8ToBytes (string, units) {
   var length = string.length
   var leadSurrogate = null
   var bytes = []
-  var i = 0
 
-  for (; i < length; i++) {
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
     codePoint = string.charCodeAt(i)
 
     // is surrogate component
     if (codePoint > 0xD7FF && codePoint < 0xE000) {
       // last char was a lead
-      if (leadSurrogate) {
-        // 2 leads in a row
-        if (codePoint < 0xDC00) {
-          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
-          leadSurrogate = codePoint
-          continue
-        } else {
-          // valid surrogate pair
-          codePoint = leadSurrogate - 0xD800 << 10 | codePoint - 0xDC00 | 0x10000
-          leadSurrogate = null
-        }
-      } else {
+      if (!leadSurrogate) {
         // no lead yet
-
         if (codePoint > 0xDBFF) {
           // unexpected trail
           if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
@@ -1989,18 +2231,30 @@ function utf8ToBytes (string, units) {
           // unpaired lead
           if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
           continue
-        } else {
-          // valid lead
-          leadSurrogate = codePoint
-          continue
         }
+
+        // valid lead
+        leadSurrogate = codePoint
+
+        continue
       }
+
+      // 2 leads in a row
+      if (codePoint < 0xDC00) {
+        if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+        leadSurrogate = codePoint
+        continue
+      }
+
+      // valid surrogate pair
+      codePoint = (leadSurrogate - 0xD800 << 10 | codePoint - 0xDC00) + 0x10000
     } else if (leadSurrogate) {
       // valid bmp char, but last char was a lead
       if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
-      leadSurrogate = null
     }
 
+    leadSurrogate = null
+
     // encode utf8
     if (codePoint < 0x80) {
       if ((units -= 1) < 0) break
@@ -2018,7 +2272,7 @@ function utf8ToBytes (string, units) {
         codePoint >> 0x6 & 0x3F | 0x80,
         codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
       )
-    } else if (codePoint < 0x200000) {
+    } else if (codePoint < 0x110000) {
       if ((units -= 4) < 0) break
       bytes.push(
         codePoint >> 0x12 | 0xF0,
@@ -2071,144 +2325,18 @@ function blitBuffer (src, dst, offset, length) {
   return i
 }
 
-function decodeUtf8Char (str) {
-  try {
-    return decodeURIComponent(str)
-  } catch (err) {
-    return String.fromCharCode(0xFFFD) // UTF 8 invalid char
-  }
-}
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"base64-js":6,"ieee754":9,"isarray":8}],8:[function(require,module,exports){
+var toString = {}.toString;
 
-},{"base64-js":7,"ieee754":8,"is-array":9}],7:[function(require,module,exports){
-var lookup = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
+module.exports = Array.isArray || function (arr) {
+  return toString.call(arr) == '[object Array]';
+};
 
-;(function (exports) {
-	'use strict';
-
-  var Arr = (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined')
-    ? Uint8Array
-    : Array
-
-	var PLUS   = '+'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var SLASH  = '/'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var NUMBER = '0'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var LOWER  = 'a'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var UPPER  = 'A'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var PLUS_URL_SAFE = '-'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var SLASH_URL_SAFE = '_'.charCodeAt(0)
-
-	function decode (elt) {
-		var code = elt.charCodeAt(0)
-		if (code === PLUS ||
-		    code === PLUS_URL_SAFE)
-			return 62 // '+'
-		if (code === SLASH ||
-		    code === SLASH_URL_SAFE)
-			return 63 // '/'
-		if (code < NUMBER)
-			return -1 //no match
-		if (code < NUMBER + 10)
-			return code - NUMBER + 26 + 26
-		if (code < UPPER + 26)
-			return code - UPPER
-		if (code < LOWER + 26)
-			return code - LOWER + 26
-	}
-
-	function b64ToByteArray (b64) {
-		var i, j, l, tmp, placeHolders, arr
-
-		if (b64.length % 4 > 0) {
-			throw new Error('Invalid string. Length must be a multiple of 4')
-		}
-
-		// the number of equal signs (place holders)
-		// if there are two placeholders, than the two characters before it
-		// represent one byte
-		// if there is only one, then the three characters before it represent 2 bytes
-		// this is just a cheap hack to not do indexOf twice
-		var len = b64.length
-		placeHolders = '=' === b64.charAt(len - 2) ? 2 : '=' === b64.charAt(len - 1) ? 1 : 0
-
-		// base64 is 4/3 + up to two characters of the original data
-		arr = new Arr(b64.length * 3 / 4 - placeHolders)
-
-		// if there are placeholders, only get up to the last complete 4 chars
-		l = placeHolders > 0 ? b64.length - 4 : b64.length
-
-		var L = 0
-
-		function push (v) {
-			arr[L++] = v
-		}
-
-		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < l; i += 4, j += 3) {
-			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 18) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 12) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) << 6) | decode(b64.charAt(i + 3))
-			push((tmp & 0xFF0000) >> 16)
-			push((tmp & 0xFF00) >> 8)
-			push(tmp & 0xFF)
-		}
-
-		if (placeHolders === 2) {
-			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 2) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) >> 4)
-			push(tmp & 0xFF)
-		} else if (placeHolders === 1) {
-			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 10) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 4) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) >> 2)
-			push((tmp >> 8) & 0xFF)
-			push(tmp & 0xFF)
-		}
-
-		return arr
-	}
-
-	function uint8ToBase64 (uint8) {
-		var i,
-			extraBytes = uint8.length % 3, // if we have 1 byte left, pad 2 bytes
-			output = "",
-			temp, length
-
-		function encode (num) {
-			return lookup.charAt(num)
-		}
-
-		function tripletToBase64 (num) {
-			return encode(num >> 18 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 12 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 6 & 0x3F) + encode(num & 0x3F)
-		}
-
-		// go through the array every three bytes, we'll deal with trailing stuff later
-		for (i = 0, length = uint8.length - extraBytes; i < length; i += 3) {
-			temp = (uint8[i] << 16) + (uint8[i + 1] << 8) + (uint8[i + 2])
-			output += tripletToBase64(temp)
-		}
-
-		// pad the end with zeros, but make sure to not forget the extra bytes
-		switch (extraBytes) {
-			case 1:
-				temp = uint8[uint8.length - 1]
-				output += encode(temp >> 2)
-				output += encode((temp << 4) & 0x3F)
-				output += '=='
-				break
-			case 2:
-				temp = (uint8[uint8.length - 2] << 8) + (uint8[uint8.length - 1])
-				output += encode(temp >> 10)
-				output += encode((temp >> 4) & 0x3F)
-				output += encode((temp << 2) & 0x3F)
-				output += '='
-				break
-		}
-
-		return output
-	}
-
-	exports.toByteArray = b64ToByteArray
-	exports.fromByteArray = uint8ToBase64
-}(typeof exports === 'undefined' ? (this.base64js = {}) : exports))
-
-},{}],8:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],9:[function(require,module,exports){
 exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   var e, m
-  var eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1
+  var eLen = (nBytes * 8) - mLen - 1
   var eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1
   var eBias = eMax >> 1
   var nBits = -7
@@ -2221,12 +2349,12 @@ exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   e = s & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1)
   s >>= (-nBits)
   nBits += eLen
-  for (; nBits > 0; e = e * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
+  for (; nBits > 0; e = (e * 256) + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
 
   m = e & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1)
   e >>= (-nBits)
   nBits += mLen
-  for (; nBits > 0; m = m * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
+  for (; nBits > 0; m = (m * 256) + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
 
   if (e === 0) {
     e = 1 - eBias
@@ -2241,7 +2369,7 @@ exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
 
 exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   var e, m, c
-  var eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1
+  var eLen = (nBytes * 8) - mLen - 1
   var eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1
   var eBias = eMax >> 1
   var rt = (mLen === 23 ? Math.pow(2, -24) - Math.pow(2, -77) : 0)
@@ -2274,7 +2402,7 @@ exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
       m = 0
       e = eMax
     } else if (e + eBias >= 1) {
-      m = (value * c - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
+      m = ((value * c) - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
       e = e + eBias
     } else {
       m = value * Math.pow(2, eBias - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
@@ -2291,1690 +2419,262 @@ exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   buffer[offset + i - d] |= s * 128
 }
 
-},{}],9:[function(require,module,exports){
-
-/**
- * isArray
- */
-
-var isArray = Array.isArray;
-
-/**
- * toString
- */
-
-var str = Object.prototype.toString;
-
-/**
- * Whether or not the given `val`
- * is an array.
- *
- * example:
- *
- *        isArray([]);
- *        // > true
- *        isArray(arguments);
- *        // > false
- *        isArray('');
- *        // > false
- *
- * @param {mixed} val
- * @return {bool}
- */
-
-module.exports = isArray || function (val) {
-  return !! val && '[object Array]' == str.call(val);
-};
-
 },{}],10:[function(require,module,exports){
-// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
-// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
-// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
-// following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
-// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
-// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
-// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
-// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
-// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+;(function () { // closure for web browsers
 
-// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there
-// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array
-// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish
-// relative and absolute paths)
-function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) {
-  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
-  var up = 0;
-  for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-    var last = parts[i];
-    if (last === '.') {
-      parts.splice(i, 1);
-    } else if (last === '..') {
-      parts.splice(i, 1);
-      up++;
-    } else if (up) {
-      parts.splice(i, 1);
-      up--;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
-  if (allowAboveRoot) {
-    for (; up--; up) {
-      parts.unshift('..');
-    }
-  }
-
-  return parts;
+if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
+  module.exports = LRUCache
+} else {
+  // just set the global for non-node platforms.
+  this.LRUCache = LRUCache
 }
 
-// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version
-// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing.
-var splitPathRe =
-    /^(\/?|)([\s\S]*?)((?:\.{1,2}|[^\/]+?|)(\.[^.\/]*|))(?:[\/]*)$/;
-var splitPath = function(filename) {
-  return splitPathRe.exec(filename).slice(1);
-};
-
-// path.resolve([from ...], to)
-// posix version
-exports.resolve = function() {
-  var resolvedPath = '',
-      resolvedAbsolute = false;
-
-  for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) {
-    var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : process.cwd();
-
-    // Skip empty and invalid entries
-    if (typeof path !== 'string') {
-      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.resolve must be strings');
-    } else if (!path) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath;
-    resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/';
-  }
-
-  // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but
-  // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails)
-
-  // Normalize the path
-  resolvedPath = normalizeArray(filter(resolvedPath.split('/'), function(p) {
-    return !!p;
-  }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/');
-
-  return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.';
-};
-
-// path.normalize(path)
-// posix version
-exports.normalize = function(path) {
-  var isAbsolute = exports.isAbsolute(path),
-      trailingSlash = substr(path, -1) === '/';
-
-  // Normalize the path
-  path = normalizeArray(filter(path.split('/'), function(p) {
-    return !!p;
-  }), !isAbsolute).join('/');
-
-  if (!path && !isAbsolute) {
-    path = '.';
-  }
-  if (path && trailingSlash) {
-    path += '/';
-  }
-
-  return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path;
-};
-
-// posix version
-exports.isAbsolute = function(path) {
-  return path.charAt(0) === '/';
-};
-
-// posix version
-exports.join = function() {
-  var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
-  return exports.normalize(filter(paths, function(p, index) {
-    if (typeof p !== 'string') {
-      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.join must be strings');
-    }
-    return p;
-  }).join('/'));
-};
-
-
-// path.relative(from, to)
-// posix version
-exports.relative = function(from, to) {
-  from = exports.resolve(from).substr(1);
-  to = exports.resolve(to).substr(1);
-
-  function trim(arr) {
-    var start = 0;
-    for (; start < arr.length; start++) {
-      if (arr[start] !== '') break;
-    }
-
-    var end = arr.length - 1;
-    for (; end >= 0; end--) {
-      if (arr[end] !== '') break;
-    }
-
-    if (start > end) return [];
-    return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1);
-  }
-
-  var fromParts = trim(from.split('/'));
-  var toParts = trim(to.split('/'));
-
-  var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length);
-  var samePartsLength = length;
-  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-    if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) {
-      samePartsLength = i;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  var outputParts = [];
-  for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) {
-    outputParts.push('..');
-  }
-
-  outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength));
-
-  return outputParts.join('/');
-};
-
-exports.sep = '/';
-exports.delimiter = ':';
-
-exports.dirname = function(path) {
-  var result = splitPath(path),
-      root = result[0],
-      dir = result[1];
-
-  if (!root && !dir) {
-    // No dirname whatsoever
-    return '.';
-  }
-
-  if (dir) {
-    // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash
-    dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1);
-  }
-
-  return root + dir;
-};
-
-
-exports.basename = function(path, ext) {
-  var f = splitPath(path)[2];
-  // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows?
-  if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) {
-    f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length);
-  }
-  return f;
-};
-
-
-exports.extname = function(path) {
-  return splitPath(path)[3];
-};
-
-function filter (xs, f) {
-    if (xs.filter) return xs.filter(f);
-    var res = [];
-    for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
-        if (f(xs[i], i, xs)) res.push(xs[i]);
-    }
-    return res;
+function hOP (obj, key) {
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)
 }
 
-// String.prototype.substr - negative index don't work in IE8
-var substr = 'ab'.substr(-1) === 'b'
-    ? function (str, start, len) { return str.substr(start, len) }
-    : function (str, start, len) {
-        if (start < 0) start = str.length + start;
-        return str.substr(start, len);
-    }
-;
+function naiveLength () { return 1 }
 
-},{}],11:[function(require,module,exports){
-(function (global){
-/*! https://mths.be/punycode v1.3.2 by @mathias */
-;(function(root) {
+function LRUCache (options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof LRUCache))
+    return new LRUCache(options)
 
-	/** Detect free variables */
-	var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports &&
-		!exports.nodeType && exports;
-	var freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module &&
-		!module.nodeType && module;
-	var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global;
-	if (
-		freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal ||
-		freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal ||
-		freeGlobal.self === freeGlobal
-	) {
-		root = freeGlobal;
-	}
+  if (typeof options === 'number')
+    options = { max: options }
 
-	/**
-	 * The `punycode` object.
-	 * @name punycode
-	 * @type Object
-	 */
-	var punycode,
+  if (!options)
+    options = {}
 
-	/** Highest positive signed 32-bit float value */
-	maxInt = 2147483647, // aka. 0x7FFFFFFF or 2^31-1
+  this._max = options.max
+  // Kind of weird to have a default max of Infinity, but oh well.
+  if (!this._max || !(typeof this._max === "number") || this._max <= 0 )
+    this._max = Infinity
 
-	/** Bootstring parameters */
-	base = 36,
-	tMin = 1,
-	tMax = 26,
-	skew = 38,
-	damp = 700,
-	initialBias = 72,
-	initialN = 128, // 0x80
-	delimiter = '-', // '\x2D'
+  this._lengthCalculator = options.length || naiveLength
+  if (typeof this._lengthCalculator !== "function")
+    this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
 
-	/** Regular expressions */
-	regexPunycode = /^xn--/,
-	regexNonASCII = /[^\x20-\x7E]/, // unprintable ASCII chars + non-ASCII chars
-	regexSeparators = /[\x2E\u3002\uFF0E\uFF61]/g, // RFC 3490 separators
-
-	/** Error messages */
-	errors = {
-		'overflow': 'Overflow: input needs wider integers to process',
-		'not-basic': 'Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)',
-		'invalid-input': 'Invalid input'
-	},
-
-	/** Convenience shortcuts */
-	baseMinusTMin = base - tMin,
-	floor = Math.floor,
-	stringFromCharCode = String.fromCharCode,
-
-	/** Temporary variable */
-	key;
-
-	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-	/**
-	 * A generic error utility function.
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {String} type The error type.
-	 * @returns {Error} Throws a `RangeError` with the applicable error message.
-	 */
-	function error(type) {
-		throw RangeError(errors[type]);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * A generic `Array#map` utility function.
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
-	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every array
-	 * item.
-	 * @returns {Array} A new array of values returned by the callback function.
-	 */
-	function map(array, fn) {
-		var length = array.length;
-		var result = [];
-		while (length--) {
-			result[length] = fn(array[length]);
-		}
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * A simple `Array#map`-like wrapper to work with domain name strings or email
-	 * addresses.
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {String} domain The domain name or email address.
-	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every
-	 * character.
-	 * @returns {Array} A new string of characters returned by the callback
-	 * function.
-	 */
-	function mapDomain(string, fn) {
-		var parts = string.split('@');
-		var result = '';
-		if (parts.length > 1) {
-			// In email addresses, only the domain name should be punycoded. Leave
-			// the local part (i.e. everything up to `@`) intact.
-			result = parts[0] + '@';
-			string = parts[1];
-		}
-		// Avoid `split(regex)` for IE8 compatibility. See #17.
-		string = string.replace(regexSeparators, '\x2E');
-		var labels = string.split('.');
-		var encoded = map(labels, fn).join('.');
-		return result + encoded;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Creates an array containing the numeric code points of each Unicode
-	 * character in the string. While JavaScript uses UCS-2 internally,
-	 * this function will convert a pair of surrogate halves (each of which
-	 * UCS-2 exposes as separate characters) into a single code point,
-	 * matching UTF-16.
-	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.encode`
-	 * @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
-	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
-	 * @name decode
-	 * @param {String} string The Unicode input string (UCS-2).
-	 * @returns {Array} The new array of code points.
-	 */
-	function ucs2decode(string) {
-		var output = [],
-		    counter = 0,
-		    length = string.length,
-		    value,
-		    extra;
-		while (counter < length) {
-			value = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
-			if (value >= 0xD800 && value <= 0xDBFF && counter < length) {
-				// high surrogate, and there is a next character
-				extra = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
-				if ((extra & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) { // low surrogate
-					output.push(((value & 0x3FF) << 10) + (extra & 0x3FF) + 0x10000);
-				} else {
-					// unmatched surrogate; only append this code unit, in case the next
-					// code unit is the high surrogate of a surrogate pair
-					output.push(value);
-					counter--;
-				}
-			} else {
-				output.push(value);
-			}
-		}
-		return output;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Creates a string based on an array of numeric code points.
-	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.decode`
-	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
-	 * @name encode
-	 * @param {Array} codePoints The array of numeric code points.
-	 * @returns {String} The new Unicode string (UCS-2).
-	 */
-	function ucs2encode(array) {
-		return map(array, function(value) {
-			var output = '';
-			if (value > 0xFFFF) {
-				value -= 0x10000;
-				output += stringFromCharCode(value >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800);
-				value = 0xDC00 | value & 0x3FF;
-			}
-			output += stringFromCharCode(value);
-			return output;
-		}).join('');
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a basic code point into a digit/integer.
-	 * @see `digitToBasic()`
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {Number} codePoint The basic numeric code point value.
-	 * @returns {Number} The numeric value of a basic code point (for use in
-	 * representing integers) in the range `0` to `base - 1`, or `base` if
-	 * the code point does not represent a value.
-	 */
-	function basicToDigit(codePoint) {
-		if (codePoint - 48 < 10) {
-			return codePoint - 22;
-		}
-		if (codePoint - 65 < 26) {
-			return codePoint - 65;
-		}
-		if (codePoint - 97 < 26) {
-			return codePoint - 97;
-		}
-		return base;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a digit/integer into a basic code point.
-	 * @see `basicToDigit()`
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {Number} digit The numeric value of a basic code point.
-	 * @returns {Number} The basic code point whose value (when used for
-	 * representing integers) is `digit`, which needs to be in the range
-	 * `0` to `base - 1`. If `flag` is non-zero, the uppercase form is
-	 * used; else, the lowercase form is used. The behavior is undefined
-	 * if `flag` is non-zero and `digit` has no uppercase form.
-	 */
-	function digitToBasic(digit, flag) {
-		//  0..25 map to ASCII a..z or A..Z
-		// 26..35 map to ASCII 0..9
-		return digit + 22 + 75 * (digit < 26) - ((flag != 0) << 5);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Bias adaptation function as per section 3.4 of RFC 3492.
-	 * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492#section-3.4
-	 * @private
-	 */
-	function adapt(delta, numPoints, firstTime) {
-		var k = 0;
-		delta = firstTime ? floor(delta / damp) : delta >> 1;
-		delta += floor(delta / numPoints);
-		for (/* no initialization */; delta > baseMinusTMin * tMax >> 1; k += base) {
-			delta = floor(delta / baseMinusTMin);
-		}
-		return floor(k + (baseMinusTMin + 1) * delta / (delta + skew));
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols to a string of Unicode
-	 * symbols.
-	 * @memberOf punycode
-	 * @param {String} input The Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
-	 * @returns {String} The resulting string of Unicode symbols.
-	 */
-	function decode(input) {
-		// Don't use UCS-2
-		var output = [],
-		    inputLength = input.length,
-		    out,
-		    i = 0,
-		    n = initialN,
-		    bias = initialBias,
-		    basic,
-		    j,
-		    index,
-		    oldi,
-		    w,
-		    k,
-		    digit,
-		    t,
-		    /** Cached calculation results */
-		    baseMinusT;
-
-		// Handle the basic code points: let `basic` be the number of input code
-		// points before the last delimiter, or `0` if there is none, then copy
-		// the first basic code points to the output.
-
-		basic = input.lastIndexOf(delimiter);
-		if (basic < 0) {
-			basic = 0;
-		}
-
-		for (j = 0; j < basic; ++j) {
-			// if it's not a basic code point
-			if (input.charCodeAt(j) >= 0x80) {
-				error('not-basic');
-			}
-			output.push(input.charCodeAt(j));
-		}
-
-		// Main decoding loop: start just after the last delimiter if any basic code
-		// points were copied; start at the beginning otherwise.
-
-		for (index = basic > 0 ? basic + 1 : 0; index < inputLength; /* no final expression */) {
-
-			// `index` is the index of the next character to be consumed.
-			// Decode a generalized variable-length integer into `delta`,
-			// which gets added to `i`. The overflow checking is easier
-			// if we increase `i` as we go, then subtract off its starting
-			// value at the end to obtain `delta`.
-			for (oldi = i, w = 1, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
-
-				if (index >= inputLength) {
-					error('invalid-input');
-				}
-
-				digit = basicToDigit(input.charCodeAt(index++));
-
-				if (digit >= base || digit > floor((maxInt - i) / w)) {
-					error('overflow');
-				}
-
-				i += digit * w;
-				t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
-
-				if (digit < t) {
-					break;
-				}
-
-				baseMinusT = base - t;
-				if (w > floor(maxInt / baseMinusT)) {
-					error('overflow');
-				}
-
-				w *= baseMinusT;
-
-			}
-
-			out = output.length + 1;
-			bias = adapt(i - oldi, out, oldi == 0);
-
-			// `i` was supposed to wrap around from `out` to `0`,
-			// incrementing `n` each time, so we'll fix that now:
-			if (floor(i / out) > maxInt - n) {
-				error('overflow');
-			}
-
-			n += floor(i / out);
-			i %= out;
-
-			// Insert `n` at position `i` of the output
-			output.splice(i++, 0, n);
-
-		}
-
-		return ucs2encode(output);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a string of Unicode symbols (e.g. a domain name label) to a
-	 * Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
-	 * @memberOf punycode
-	 * @param {String} input The string of Unicode symbols.
-	 * @returns {String} The resulting Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
-	 */
-	function encode(input) {
-		var n,
-		    delta,
-		    handledCPCount,
-		    basicLength,
-		    bias,
-		    j,
-		    m,
-		    q,
-		    k,
-		    t,
-		    currentValue,
-		    output = [],
-		    /** `inputLength` will hold the number of code points in `input`. */
-		    inputLength,
-		    /** Cached calculation results */
-		    handledCPCountPlusOne,
-		    baseMinusT,
-		    qMinusT;
-
-		// Convert the input in UCS-2 to Unicode
-		input = ucs2decode(input);
-
-		// Cache the length
-		inputLength = input.length;
-
-		// Initialize the state
-		n = initialN;
-		delta = 0;
-		bias = initialBias;
-
-		// Handle the basic code points
-		for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
-			currentValue = input[j];
-			if (currentValue < 0x80) {
-				output.push(stringFromCharCode(currentValue));
-			}
-		}
-
-		handledCPCount = basicLength = output.length;
-
-		// `handledCPCount` is the number of code points that have been handled;
-		// `basicLength` is the number of basic code points.
-
-		// Finish the basic string - if it is not empty - with a delimiter
-		if (basicLength) {
-			output.push(delimiter);
-		}
-
-		// Main encoding loop:
-		while (handledCPCount < inputLength) {
-
-			// All non-basic code points < n have been handled already. Find the next
-			// larger one:
-			for (m = maxInt, j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
-				currentValue = input[j];
-				if (currentValue >= n && currentValue < m) {
-					m = currentValue;
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Increase `delta` enough to advance the decoder's <n,i> state to <m,0>,
-			// but guard against overflow
-			handledCPCountPlusOne = handledCPCount + 1;
-			if (m - n > floor((maxInt - delta) / handledCPCountPlusOne)) {
-				error('overflow');
-			}
-
-			delta += (m - n) * handledCPCountPlusOne;
-			n = m;
-
-			for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
-				currentValue = input[j];
-
-				if (currentValue < n && ++delta > maxInt) {
-					error('overflow');
-				}
-
-				if (currentValue == n) {
-					// Represent delta as a generalized variable-length integer
-					for (q = delta, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
-						t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
-						if (q < t) {
-							break;
-						}
-						qMinusT = q - t;
-						baseMinusT = base - t;
-						output.push(
-							stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(t + qMinusT % baseMinusT, 0))
-						);
-						q = floor(qMinusT / baseMinusT);
-					}
-
-					output.push(stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(q, 0)));
-					bias = adapt(delta, handledCPCountPlusOne, handledCPCount == basicLength);
-					delta = 0;
-					++handledCPCount;
-				}
-			}
-
-			++delta;
-			++n;
-
-		}
-		return output.join('');
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a Punycode string representing a domain name or an email address
-	 * to Unicode. Only the Punycoded parts of the input will be converted, i.e.
-	 * it doesn't matter if you call it on a string that has already been
-	 * converted to Unicode.
-	 * @memberOf punycode
-	 * @param {String} input The Punycoded domain name or email address to
-	 * convert to Unicode.
-	 * @returns {String} The Unicode representation of the given Punycode
-	 * string.
-	 */
-	function toUnicode(input) {
-		return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
-			return regexPunycode.test(string)
-				? decode(string.slice(4).toLowerCase())
-				: string;
-		});
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a Unicode string representing a domain name or an email address to
-	 * Punycode. Only the non-ASCII parts of the domain name will be converted,
-	 * i.e. it doesn't matter if you call it with a domain that's already in
-	 * ASCII.
-	 * @memberOf punycode
-	 * @param {String} input The domain name or email address to convert, as a
-	 * Unicode string.
-	 * @returns {String} The Punycode representation of the given domain name or
-	 * email address.
-	 */
-	function toASCII(input) {
-		return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
-			return regexNonASCII.test(string)
-				? 'xn--' + encode(string)
-				: string;
-		});
-	}
-
-	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-	/** Define the public API */
-	punycode = {
-		/**
-		 * A string representing the current Punycode.js version number.
-		 * @memberOf punycode
-		 * @type String
-		 */
-		'version': '1.3.2',
-		/**
-		 * An object of methods to convert from JavaScript's internal character
-		 * representation (UCS-2) to Unicode code points, and back.
-		 * @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
-		 * @memberOf punycode
-		 * @type Object
-		 */
-		'ucs2': {
-			'decode': ucs2decode,
-			'encode': ucs2encode
-		},
-		'decode': decode,
-		'encode': encode,
-		'toASCII': toASCII,
-		'toUnicode': toUnicode
-	};
-
-	/** Expose `punycode` */
-	// Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns
-	// like the following:
-	if (
-		typeof define == 'function' &&
-		typeof define.amd == 'object' &&
-		define.amd
-	) {
-		define('punycode', function() {
-			return punycode;
-		});
-	} else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
-		if (module.exports == freeExports) { // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+
-			freeModule.exports = punycode;
-		} else { // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-
-			for (key in punycode) {
-				punycode.hasOwnProperty(key) && (freeExports[key] = punycode[key]);
-			}
-		}
-	} else { // in Rhino or a web browser
-		root.punycode = punycode;
-	}
-
-}(this));
-
-}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
-},{}],12:[function(require,module,exports){
-// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
-// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
-// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
-// following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
-// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
-// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
-// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
-// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
-// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-
-'use strict';
-
-// If obj.hasOwnProperty has been overridden, then calling
-// obj.hasOwnProperty(prop) will break.
-// See: https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/1707
-function hasOwnProperty(obj, prop) {
-  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop);
+  this._allowStale = options.stale || false
+  this._maxAge = options.maxAge || null
+  this._dispose = options.dispose
+  this.reset()
 }
 
-module.exports = function(qs, sep, eq, options) {
-  sep = sep || '&';
-  eq = eq || '=';
-  var obj = {};
-
-  if (typeof qs !== 'string' || qs.length === 0) {
-    return obj;
-  }
-
-  var regexp = /\+/g;
-  qs = qs.split(sep);
-
-  var maxKeys = 1000;
-  if (options && typeof options.maxKeys === 'number') {
-    maxKeys = options.maxKeys;
-  }
-
-  var len = qs.length;
-  // maxKeys <= 0 means that we should not limit keys count
-  if (maxKeys > 0 && len > maxKeys) {
-    len = maxKeys;
-  }
-
-  for (var i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-    var x = qs[i].replace(regexp, '%20'),
-        idx = x.indexOf(eq),
-        kstr, vstr, k, v;
-
-    if (idx >= 0) {
-      kstr = x.substr(0, idx);
-      vstr = x.substr(idx + 1);
-    } else {
-      kstr = x;
-      vstr = '';
+// resize the cache when the max changes.
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "max",
+  { set : function (mL) {
+      if (!mL || !(typeof mL === "number") || mL <= 0 ) mL = Infinity
+      this._max = mL
+      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
     }
+  , get : function () { return this._max }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
 
-    k = decodeURIComponent(kstr);
-    v = decodeURIComponent(vstr);
-
-    if (!hasOwnProperty(obj, k)) {
-      obj[k] = v;
-    } else if (isArray(obj[k])) {
-      obj[k].push(v);
-    } else {
-      obj[k] = [obj[k], v];
-    }
-  }
-
-  return obj;
-};
-
-var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) {
-  return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]';
-};
-
-},{}],13:[function(require,module,exports){
-// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
-// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
-// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
-// following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
-// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
-// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
-// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
-// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
-// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-
-'use strict';
-
-var stringifyPrimitive = function(v) {
-  switch (typeof v) {
-    case 'string':
-      return v;
-
-    case 'boolean':
-      return v ? 'true' : 'false';
-
-    case 'number':
-      return isFinite(v) ? v : '';
-
-    default:
-      return '';
-  }
-};
-
-module.exports = function(obj, sep, eq, name) {
-  sep = sep || '&';
-  eq = eq || '=';
-  if (obj === null) {
-    obj = undefined;
-  }
-
-  if (typeof obj === 'object') {
-    return map(objectKeys(obj), function(k) {
-      var ks = encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(k)) + eq;
-      if (isArray(obj[k])) {
-        return map(obj[k], function(v) {
-          return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(v));
-        }).join(sep);
+// resize the cache when the lengthCalculator changes.
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "lengthCalculator",
+  { set : function (lC) {
+      if (typeof lC !== "function") {
+        this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
+        this._length = this._itemCount
+        for (var key in this._cache) {
+          this._cache[key].length = 1
+        }
       } else {
-        return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj[k]));
-      }
-    }).join(sep);
-
-  }
-
-  if (!name) return '';
-  return encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(name)) + eq +
-         encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj));
-};
-
-var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) {
-  return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]';
-};
-
-function map (xs, f) {
-  if (xs.map) return xs.map(f);
-  var res = [];
-  for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
-    res.push(f(xs[i], i));
-  }
-  return res;
-}
-
-var objectKeys = Object.keys || function (obj) {
-  var res = [];
-  for (var key in obj) {
-    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) res.push(key);
-  }
-  return res;
-};
-
-},{}],14:[function(require,module,exports){
-'use strict';
-
-exports.decode = exports.parse = require('./decode');
-exports.encode = exports.stringify = require('./encode');
-
-},{"./decode":12,"./encode":13}],15:[function(require,module,exports){
-// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
-// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
-// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
-// following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
-// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
-// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
-// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
-// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
-// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-
-var punycode = require('punycode');
-
-exports.parse = urlParse;
-exports.resolve = urlResolve;
-exports.resolveObject = urlResolveObject;
-exports.format = urlFormat;
-
-exports.Url = Url;
-
-function Url() {
-  this.protocol = null;
-  this.slashes = null;
-  this.auth = null;
-  this.host = null;
-  this.port = null;
-  this.hostname = null;
-  this.hash = null;
-  this.search = null;
-  this.query = null;
-  this.pathname = null;
-  this.path = null;
-  this.href = null;
-}
-
-// Reference: RFC 3986, RFC 1808, RFC 2396
-
-// define these here so at least they only have to be
-// compiled once on the first module load.
-var protocolPattern = /^([a-z0-9.+-]+:)/i,
-    portPattern = /:[0-9]*$/,
-
-    // RFC 2396: characters reserved for delimiting URLs.
-    // We actually just auto-escape these.
-    delims = ['<', '>', '"', '`', ' ', '\r', '\n', '\t'],
-
-    // RFC 2396: characters not allowed for various reasons.
-    unwise = ['{', '}', '|', '\\', '^', '`'].concat(delims),
-
-    // Allowed by RFCs, but cause of XSS attacks.  Always escape these.
-    autoEscape = ['\''].concat(unwise),
-    // Characters that are never ever allowed in a hostname.
-    // Note that any invalid chars are also handled, but these
-    // are the ones that are *expected* to be seen, so we fast-path
-    // them.
-    nonHostChars = ['%', '/', '?', ';', '#'].concat(autoEscape),
-    hostEndingChars = ['/', '?', '#'],
-    hostnameMaxLen = 255,
-    hostnamePartPattern = /^[a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63}$/,
-    hostnamePartStart = /^([a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63})(.*)$/,
-    // protocols that can allow "unsafe" and "unwise" chars.
-    unsafeProtocol = {
-      'javascript': true,
-      'javascript:': true
-    },
-    // protocols that never have a hostname.
-    hostlessProtocol = {
-      'javascript': true,
-      'javascript:': true
-    },
-    // protocols that always contain a // bit.
-    slashedProtocol = {
-      'http': true,
-      'https': true,
-      'ftp': true,
-      'gopher': true,
-      'file': true,
-      'http:': true,
-      'https:': true,
-      'ftp:': true,
-      'gopher:': true,
-      'file:': true
-    },
-    querystring = require('querystring');
-
-function urlParse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) {
-  if (url && isObject(url) && url instanceof Url) return url;
-
-  var u = new Url;
-  u.parse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost);
-  return u;
-}
-
-Url.prototype.parse = function(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) {
-  if (!isString(url)) {
-    throw new TypeError("Parameter 'url' must be a string, not " + typeof url);
-  }
-
-  var rest = url;
-
-  // trim before proceeding.
-  // This is to support parse stuff like "  http://foo.com  \n"
-  rest = rest.trim();
-
-  var proto = protocolPattern.exec(rest);
-  if (proto) {
-    proto = proto[0];
-    var lowerProto = proto.toLowerCase();
-    this.protocol = lowerProto;
-    rest = rest.substr(proto.length);
-  }
-
-  // figure out if it's got a host
-  // user@server is *always* interpreted as a hostname, and url
-  // resolution will treat //foo/bar as host=foo,path=bar because that's
-  // how the browser resolves relative URLs.
-  if (slashesDenoteHost || proto || rest.match(/^\/\/[^@\/]+@[^@\/]+/)) {
-    var slashes = rest.substr(0, 2) === '//';
-    if (slashes && !(proto && hostlessProtocol[proto])) {
-      rest = rest.substr(2);
-      this.slashes = true;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!hostlessProtocol[proto] &&
-      (slashes || (proto && !slashedProtocol[proto]))) {
-
-    // there's a hostname.
-    // the first instance of /, ?, ;, or # ends the host.
-    //
-    // If there is an @ in the hostname, then non-host chars *are* allowed
-    // to the left of the last @ sign, unless some host-ending character
-    // comes *before* the @-sign.
-    // URLs are obnoxious.
-    //
-    // ex:
-    // http://a@b@c/ => user:a@b host:c
-    // http://a@b?@c => user:a host:c path:/?@c
-
-    // v0.12 TODO(isaacs): This is not quite how Chrome does things.
-    // Review our test case against browsers more comprehensively.
-
-    // find the first instance of any hostEndingChars
-    var hostEnd = -1;
-    for (var i = 0; i < hostEndingChars.length; i++) {
-      var hec = rest.indexOf(hostEndingChars[i]);
-      if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd))
-        hostEnd = hec;
-    }
-
-    // at this point, either we have an explicit point where the
-    // auth portion cannot go past, or the last @ char is the decider.
-    var auth, atSign;
-    if (hostEnd === -1) {
-      // atSign can be anywhere.
-      atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@');
-    } else {
-      // atSign must be in auth portion.
-      // http://a@b/c@d => host:b auth:a path:/c@d
-      atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@', hostEnd);
-    }
-
-    // Now we have a portion which is definitely the auth.
-    // Pull that off.
-    if (atSign !== -1) {
-      auth = rest.slice(0, atSign);
-      rest = rest.slice(atSign + 1);
-      this.auth = decodeURIComponent(auth);
-    }
-
-    // the host is the remaining to the left of the first non-host char
-    hostEnd = -1;
-    for (var i = 0; i < nonHostChars.length; i++) {
-      var hec = rest.indexOf(nonHostChars[i]);
-      if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd))
-        hostEnd = hec;
-    }
-    // if we still have not hit it, then the entire thing is a host.
-    if (hostEnd === -1)
-      hostEnd = rest.length;
-
-    this.host = rest.slice(0, hostEnd);
-    rest = rest.slice(hostEnd);
-
-    // pull out port.
-    this.parseHost();
-
-    // we've indicated that there is a hostname,
-    // so even if it's empty, it has to be present.
-    this.hostname = this.hostname || '';
-
-    // if hostname begins with [ and ends with ]
-    // assume that it's an IPv6 address.
-    var ipv6Hostname = this.hostname[0] === '[' &&
-        this.hostname[this.hostname.length - 1] === ']';
-
-    // validate a little.
-    if (!ipv6Hostname) {
-      var hostparts = this.hostname.split(/\./);
-      for (var i = 0, l = hostparts.length; i < l; i++) {
-        var part = hostparts[i];
-        if (!part) continue;
-        if (!part.match(hostnamePartPattern)) {
-          var newpart = '';
-          for (var j = 0, k = part.length; j < k; j++) {
-            if (part.charCodeAt(j) > 127) {
-              // we replace non-ASCII char with a temporary placeholder
-              // we need this to make sure size of hostname is not
-              // broken by replacing non-ASCII by nothing
-              newpart += 'x';
-            } else {
-              newpart += part[j];
-            }
-          }
-          // we test again with ASCII char only
-          if (!newpart.match(hostnamePartPattern)) {
-            var validParts = hostparts.slice(0, i);
-            var notHost = hostparts.slice(i + 1);
-            var bit = part.match(hostnamePartStart);
-            if (bit) {
-              validParts.push(bit[1]);
-              notHost.unshift(bit[2]);
-            }
-            if (notHost.length) {
-              rest = '/' + notHost.join('.') + rest;
-            }
-            this.hostname = validParts.join('.');
-            break;
-          }
+        this._lengthCalculator = lC
+        this._length = 0
+        for (var key in this._cache) {
+          this._cache[key].length = this._lengthCalculator(this._cache[key].value)
+          this._length += this._cache[key].length
         }
       }
-    }
 
-    if (this.hostname.length > hostnameMaxLen) {
-      this.hostname = '';
+      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
+    }
+  , get : function () { return this._lengthCalculator }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "length",
+  { get : function () { return this._length }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "itemCount",
+  { get : function () { return this._itemCount }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+LRUCache.prototype.forEach = function (fn, thisp) {
+  thisp = thisp || this
+  var i = 0;
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    i++
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    if (this._maxAge && (Date.now() - hit.now > this._maxAge)) {
+      del(this, hit)
+      if (!this._allowStale) hit = undefined
+    }
+    if (hit) {
+      fn.call(thisp, hit.value, hit.key, this)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.keys = function () {
+  var keys = new Array(this._itemCount)
+  var i = 0
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    keys[i++] = hit.key
+  }
+  return keys
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.values = function () {
+  var values = new Array(this._itemCount)
+  var i = 0
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    values[i++] = hit.value
+  }
+  return values
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.reset = function () {
+  if (this._dispose && this._cache) {
+    for (var k in this._cache) {
+      this._dispose(k, this._cache[k].value)
+    }
+  }
+
+  this._cache = Object.create(null) // hash of items by key
+  this._lruList = Object.create(null) // list of items in order of use recency
+  this._mru = 0 // most recently used
+  this._lru = 0 // least recently used
+  this._length = 0 // number of items in the list
+  this._itemCount = 0
+}
+
+// Provided for debugging/dev purposes only. No promises whatsoever that
+// this API stays stable.
+LRUCache.prototype.dump = function () {
+  return this._cache
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.dumpLru = function () {
+  return this._lruList
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.set = function (key, value) {
+  if (hOP(this._cache, key)) {
+    // dispose of the old one before overwriting
+    if (this._dispose) this._dispose(key, this._cache[key].value)
+    if (this._maxAge) this._cache[key].now = Date.now()
+    this._cache[key].value = value
+    this.get(key)
+    return true
+  }
+
+  var len = this._lengthCalculator(value)
+  var age = this._maxAge ? Date.now() : 0
+  var hit = new Entry(key, value, this._mru++, len, age)
+
+  // oversized objects fall out of cache automatically.
+  if (hit.length > this._max) {
+    if (this._dispose) this._dispose(key, value)
+    return false
+  }
+
+  this._length += hit.length
+  this._lruList[hit.lu] = this._cache[key] = hit
+  this._itemCount ++
+
+  if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
+  return true
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.has = function (key) {
+  if (!hOP(this._cache, key)) return false
+  var hit = this._cache[key]
+  if (this._maxAge && (Date.now() - hit.now > this._maxAge)) {
+    return false
+  }
+  return true
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.get = function (key) {
+  return get(this, key, true)
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.peek = function (key) {
+  return get(this, key, false)
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.pop = function () {
+  var hit = this._lruList[this._lru]
+  del(this, hit)
+  return hit || null
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.del = function (key) {
+  del(this, this._cache[key])
+}
+
+function get (self, key, doUse) {
+  var hit = self._cache[key]
+  if (hit) {
+    if (self._maxAge && (Date.now() - hit.now > self._maxAge)) {
+      del(self, hit)
+      if (!self._allowStale) hit = undefined
     } else {
-      // hostnames are always lower case.
-      this.hostname = this.hostname.toLowerCase();
-    }
-
-    if (!ipv6Hostname) {
-      // IDNA Support: Returns a puny coded representation of "domain".
-      // It only converts the part of the domain name that
-      // has non ASCII characters. I.e. it dosent matter if
-      // you call it with a domain that already is in ASCII.
-      var domainArray = this.hostname.split('.');
-      var newOut = [];
-      for (var i = 0; i < domainArray.length; ++i) {
-        var s = domainArray[i];
-        newOut.push(s.match(/[^A-Za-z0-9_-]/) ?
-            'xn--' + punycode.encode(s) : s);
-      }
-      this.hostname = newOut.join('.');
-    }
-
-    var p = this.port ? ':' + this.port : '';
-    var h = this.hostname || '';
-    this.host = h + p;
-    this.href += this.host;
-
-    // strip [ and ] from the hostname
-    // the host field still retains them, though
-    if (ipv6Hostname) {
-      this.hostname = this.hostname.substr(1, this.hostname.length - 2);
-      if (rest[0] !== '/') {
-        rest = '/' + rest;
-      }
+      if (doUse) use(self, hit)
     }
+    if (hit) hit = hit.value
   }
-
-  // now rest is set to the post-host stuff.
-  // chop off any delim chars.
-  if (!unsafeProtocol[lowerProto]) {
-
-    // First, make 100% sure that any "autoEscape" chars get
-    // escaped, even if encodeURIComponent doesn't think they
-    // need to be.
-    for (var i = 0, l = autoEscape.length; i < l; i++) {
-      var ae = autoEscape[i];
-      var esc = encodeURIComponent(ae);
-      if (esc === ae) {
-        esc = escape(ae);
-      }
-      rest = rest.split(ae).join(esc);
-    }
-  }
-
-
-  // chop off from the tail first.
-  var hash = rest.indexOf('#');
-  if (hash !== -1) {
-    // got a fragment string.
-    this.hash = rest.substr(hash);
-    rest = rest.slice(0, hash);
-  }
-  var qm = rest.indexOf('?');
-  if (qm !== -1) {
-    this.search = rest.substr(qm);
-    this.query = rest.substr(qm + 1);
-    if (parseQueryString) {
-      this.query = querystring.parse(this.query);
-    }
-    rest = rest.slice(0, qm);
-  } else if (parseQueryString) {
-    // no query string, but parseQueryString still requested
-    this.search = '';
-    this.query = {};
-  }
-  if (rest) this.pathname = rest;
-  if (slashedProtocol[lowerProto] &&
-      this.hostname && !this.pathname) {
-    this.pathname = '/';
-  }
-
-  //to support http.request
-  if (this.pathname || this.search) {
-    var p = this.pathname || '';
-    var s = this.search || '';
-    this.path = p + s;
-  }
-
-  // finally, reconstruct the href based on what has been validated.
-  this.href = this.format();
-  return this;
-};
-
-// format a parsed object into a url string
-function urlFormat(obj) {
-  // ensure it's an object, and not a string url.
-  // If it's an obj, this is a no-op.
-  // this way, you can call url_format() on strings
-  // to clean up potentially wonky urls.
-  if (isString(obj)) obj = urlParse(obj);
-  if (!(obj instanceof Url)) return Url.prototype.format.call(obj);
-  return obj.format();
+  return hit
 }
 
-Url.prototype.format = function() {
-  var auth = this.auth || '';
-  if (auth) {
-    auth = encodeURIComponent(auth);
-    auth = auth.replace(/%3A/i, ':');
-    auth += '@';
-  }
-
-  var protocol = this.protocol || '',
-      pathname = this.pathname || '',
-      hash = this.hash || '',
-      host = false,
-      query = '';
-
-  if (this.host) {
-    host = auth + this.host;
-  } else if (this.hostname) {
-    host = auth + (this.hostname.indexOf(':') === -1 ?
-        this.hostname :
-        '[' + this.hostname + ']');
-    if (this.port) {
-      host += ':' + this.port;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (this.query &&
-      isObject(this.query) &&
-      Object.keys(this.query).length) {
-    query = querystring.stringify(this.query);
-  }
-
-  var search = this.search || (query && ('?' + query)) || '';
-
-  if (protocol && protocol.substr(-1) !== ':') protocol += ':';
-
-  // only the slashedProtocols get the //.  Not mailto:, xmpp:, etc.
-  // unless they had them to begin with.
-  if (this.slashes ||
-      (!protocol || slashedProtocol[protocol]) && host !== false) {
-    host = '//' + (host || '');
-    if (pathname && pathname.charAt(0) !== '/') pathname = '/' + pathname;
-  } else if (!host) {
-    host = '';
-  }
-
-  if (hash && hash.charAt(0) !== '#') hash = '#' + hash;
-  if (search && search.charAt(0) !== '?') search = '?' + search;
-
-  pathname = pathname.replace(/[?#]/g, function(match) {
-    return encodeURIComponent(match);
-  });
-  search = search.replace('#', '%23');
-
-  return protocol + host + pathname + search + hash;
-};
-
-function urlResolve(source, relative) {
-  return urlParse(source, false, true).resolve(relative);
+function use (self, hit) {
+  shiftLU(self, hit)
+  hit.lu = self._mru ++
+  if (self._maxAge) hit.now = Date.now()
+  self._lruList[hit.lu] = hit
 }
 
-Url.prototype.resolve = function(relative) {
-  return this.resolveObject(urlParse(relative, false, true)).format();
-};
-
-function urlResolveObject(source, relative) {
-  if (!source) return relative;
-  return urlParse(source, false, true).resolveObject(relative);
+function trim (self) {
+  while (self._lru < self._mru && self._length > self._max)
+    del(self, self._lruList[self._lru])
 }
 
-Url.prototype.resolveObject = function(relative) {
-  if (isString(relative)) {
-    var rel = new Url();
-    rel.parse(relative, false, true);
-    relative = rel;
-  }
-
-  var result = new Url();
-  Object.keys(this).forEach(function(k) {
-    result[k] = this[k];
-  }, this);
-
-  // hash is always overridden, no matter what.
-  // even href="" will remove it.
-  result.hash = relative.hash;
-
-  // if the relative url is empty, then there's nothing left to do here.
-  if (relative.href === '') {
-    result.href = result.format();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  // hrefs like //foo/bar always cut to the protocol.
-  if (relative.slashes && !relative.protocol) {
-    // take everything except the protocol from relative
-    Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) {
-      if (k !== 'protocol')
-        result[k] = relative[k];
-    });
-
-    //urlParse appends trailing / to urls like http://www.example.com
-    if (slashedProtocol[result.protocol] &&
-        result.hostname && !result.pathname) {
-      result.path = result.pathname = '/';
-    }
-
-    result.href = result.format();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  if (relative.protocol && relative.protocol !== result.protocol) {
-    // if it's a known url protocol, then changing
-    // the protocol does weird things
-    // first, if it's not file:, then we MUST have a host,
-    // and if there was a path
-    // to begin with, then we MUST have a path.
-    // if it is file:, then the host is dropped,
-    // because that's known to be hostless.
-    // anything else is assumed to be absolute.
-    if (!slashedProtocol[relative.protocol]) {
-      Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) {
-        result[k] = relative[k];
-      });
-      result.href = result.format();
-      return result;
-    }
-
-    result.protocol = relative.protocol;
-    if (!relative.host && !hostlessProtocol[relative.protocol]) {
-      var relPath = (relative.pathname || '').split('/');
-      while (relPath.length && !(relative.host = relPath.shift()));
-      if (!relative.host) relative.host = '';
-      if (!relative.hostname) relative.hostname = '';
-      if (relPath[0] !== '') relPath.unshift('');
-      if (relPath.length < 2) relPath.unshift('');
-      result.pathname = relPath.join('/');
-    } else {
-      result.pathname = relative.pathname;
-    }
-    result.search = relative.search;
-    result.query = relative.query;
-    result.host = relative.host || '';
-    result.auth = relative.auth;
-    result.hostname = relative.hostname || relative.host;
-    result.port = relative.port;
-    // to support http.request
-    if (result.pathname || result.search) {
-      var p = result.pathname || '';
-      var s = result.search || '';
-      result.path = p + s;
-    }
-    result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes;
-    result.href = result.format();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  var isSourceAbs = (result.pathname && result.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'),
-      isRelAbs = (
-          relative.host ||
-          relative.pathname && relative.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'
-      ),
-      mustEndAbs = (isRelAbs || isSourceAbs ||
-                    (result.host && relative.pathname)),
-      removeAllDots = mustEndAbs,
-      srcPath = result.pathname && result.pathname.split('/') || [],
-      relPath = relative.pathname && relative.pathname.split('/') || [],
-      psychotic = result.protocol && !slashedProtocol[result.protocol];
-
-  // if the url is a non-slashed url, then relative
-  // links like ../.. should be able
-  // to crawl up to the hostname, as well.  This is strange.
-  // result.protocol has already been set by now.
-  // Later on, put the first path part into the host field.
-  if (psychotic) {
-    result.hostname = '';
-    result.port = null;
-    if (result.host) {
-      if (srcPath[0] === '') srcPath[0] = result.host;
-      else srcPath.unshift(result.host);
-    }
-    result.host = '';
-    if (relative.protocol) {
-      relative.hostname = null;
-      relative.port = null;
-      if (relative.host) {
-        if (relPath[0] === '') relPath[0] = relative.host;
-        else relPath.unshift(relative.host);
-      }
-      relative.host = null;
-    }
-    mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs && (relPath[0] === '' || srcPath[0] === '');
-  }
-
-  if (isRelAbs) {
-    // it's absolute.
-    result.host = (relative.host || relative.host === '') ?
-                  relative.host : result.host;
-    result.hostname = (relative.hostname || relative.hostname === '') ?
-                      relative.hostname : result.hostname;
-    result.search = relative.search;
-    result.query = relative.query;
-    srcPath = relPath;
-    // fall through to the dot-handling below.
-  } else if (relPath.length) {
-    // it's relative
-    // throw away the existing file, and take the new path instead.
-    if (!srcPath) srcPath = [];
-    srcPath.pop();
-    srcPath = srcPath.concat(relPath);
-    result.search = relative.search;
-    result.query = relative.query;
-  } else if (!isNullOrUndefined(relative.search)) {
-    // just pull out the search.
-    // like href='?foo'.
-    // Put this after the other two cases because it simplifies the booleans
-    if (psychotic) {
-      result.hostname = result.host = srcPath.shift();
-      //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host
-      //this especialy happens in cases like
-      //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2')
-      var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ?
-                       result.host.split('@') : false;
-      if (authInHost) {
-        result.auth = authInHost.shift();
-        result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift();
-      }
-    }
-    result.search = relative.search;
-    result.query = relative.query;
-    //to support http.request
-    if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) {
-      result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') +
-                    (result.search ? result.search : '');
-    }
-    result.href = result.format();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  if (!srcPath.length) {
-    // no path at all.  easy.
-    // we've already handled the other stuff above.
-    result.pathname = null;
-    //to support http.request
-    if (result.search) {
-      result.path = '/' + result.search;
-    } else {
-      result.path = null;
-    }
-    result.href = result.format();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  // if a url ENDs in . or .., then it must get a trailing slash.
-  // however, if it ends in anything else non-slashy,
-  // then it must NOT get a trailing slash.
-  var last = srcPath.slice(-1)[0];
-  var hasTrailingSlash = (
-      (result.host || relative.host) && (last === '.' || last === '..') ||
-      last === '');
-
-  // strip single dots, resolve double dots to parent dir
-  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
-  var up = 0;
-  for (var i = srcPath.length; i >= 0; i--) {
-    last = srcPath[i];
-    if (last == '.') {
-      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
-    } else if (last === '..') {
-      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
-      up++;
-    } else if (up) {
-      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
-      up--;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
-  if (!mustEndAbs && !removeAllDots) {
-    for (; up--; up) {
-      srcPath.unshift('..');
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (mustEndAbs && srcPath[0] !== '' &&
-      (!srcPath[0] || srcPath[0].charAt(0) !== '/')) {
-    srcPath.unshift('');
-  }
-
-  if (hasTrailingSlash && (srcPath.join('/').substr(-1) !== '/')) {
-    srcPath.push('');
-  }
-
-  var isAbsolute = srcPath[0] === '' ||
-      (srcPath[0] && srcPath[0].charAt(0) === '/');
-
-  // put the host back
-  if (psychotic) {
-    result.hostname = result.host = isAbsolute ? '' :
-                                    srcPath.length ? srcPath.shift() : '';
-    //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host
-    //this especialy happens in cases like
-    //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2')
-    var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ?
-                     result.host.split('@') : false;
-    if (authInHost) {
-      result.auth = authInHost.shift();
-      result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift();
-    }
-  }
-
-  mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs || (result.host && srcPath.length);
-
-  if (mustEndAbs && !isAbsolute) {
-    srcPath.unshift('');
-  }
-
-  if (!srcPath.length) {
-    result.pathname = null;
-    result.path = null;
-  } else {
-    result.pathname = srcPath.join('/');
-  }
-
-  //to support request.http
-  if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) {
-    result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') +
-                  (result.search ? result.search : '');
-  }
-  result.auth = relative.auth || result.auth;
-  result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes;
-  result.href = result.format();
-  return result;
-};
-
-Url.prototype.parseHost = function() {
-  var host = this.host;
-  var port = portPattern.exec(host);
-  if (port) {
-    port = port[0];
-    if (port !== ':') {
-      this.port = port.substr(1);
-    }
-    host = host.substr(0, host.length - port.length);
-  }
-  if (host) this.hostname = host;
-};
-
-function isString(arg) {
-  return typeof arg === "string";
+function shiftLU (self, hit) {
+  delete self._lruList[ hit.lu ]
+  while (self._lru < self._mru && !self._lruList[self._lru]) self._lru ++
 }
 
-function isObject(arg) {
-  return typeof arg === 'object' && arg !== null;
+function del (self, hit) {
+  if (hit) {
+    if (self._dispose) self._dispose(hit.key, hit.value)
+    self._length -= hit.length
+    self._itemCount --
+    delete self._cache[ hit.key ]
+    shiftLU(self, hit)
+  }
 }
 
-function isNull(arg) {
-  return arg === null;
-}
-function isNullOrUndefined(arg) {
-  return  arg == null;
+// classy, since V8 prefers predictable objects.
+function Entry (key, value, lu, length, now) {
+  this.key = key
+  this.value = value
+  this.lu = lu
+  this.length = length
+  this.now = now
 }
 
-},{"punycode":11,"querystring":14}],16:[function(require,module,exports){
+})()
+
+},{}],11:[function(require,module,exports){
 ;(function (require, exports, module, platform) {
 
 if (module) module.exports = minimatch
@@ -5049,283 +3749,949 @@ function regExpEscape (s) {
     typeof process === "object" ? process.platform : "win32"
   )
 
-},{"lru-cache":17,"path":10,"sigmund":18}],17:[function(require,module,exports){
-;(function () { // closure for web browsers
+},{"lru-cache":10,"path":12,"sigmund":17}],12:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
-if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
-  module.exports = LRUCache
-} else {
-  // just set the global for non-node platforms.
-  this.LRUCache = LRUCache
-}
-
-function hOP (obj, key) {
-  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)
-}
-
-function naiveLength () { return 1 }
-
-function LRUCache (options) {
-  if (!(this instanceof LRUCache))
-    return new LRUCache(options)
-
-  if (typeof options === 'number')
-    options = { max: options }
-
-  if (!options)
-    options = {}
-
-  this._max = options.max
-  // Kind of weird to have a default max of Infinity, but oh well.
-  if (!this._max || !(typeof this._max === "number") || this._max <= 0 )
-    this._max = Infinity
-
-  this._lengthCalculator = options.length || naiveLength
-  if (typeof this._lengthCalculator !== "function")
-    this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
-
-  this._allowStale = options.stale || false
-  this._maxAge = options.maxAge || null
-  this._dispose = options.dispose
-  this.reset()
-}
-
-// resize the cache when the max changes.
-Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "max",
-  { set : function (mL) {
-      if (!mL || !(typeof mL === "number") || mL <= 0 ) mL = Infinity
-      this._max = mL
-      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
-    }
-  , get : function () { return this._max }
-  , enumerable : true
-  })
-
-// resize the cache when the lengthCalculator changes.
-Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "lengthCalculator",
-  { set : function (lC) {
-      if (typeof lC !== "function") {
-        this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
-        this._length = this._itemCount
-        for (var key in this._cache) {
-          this._cache[key].length = 1
-        }
-      } else {
-        this._lengthCalculator = lC
-        this._length = 0
-        for (var key in this._cache) {
-          this._cache[key].length = this._lengthCalculator(this._cache[key].value)
-          this._length += this._cache[key].length
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
-    }
-  , get : function () { return this._lengthCalculator }
-  , enumerable : true
-  })
-
-Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "length",
-  { get : function () { return this._length }
-  , enumerable : true
-  })
-
-
-Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "itemCount",
-  { get : function () { return this._itemCount }
-  , enumerable : true
-  })
-
-LRUCache.prototype.forEach = function (fn, thisp) {
-  thisp = thisp || this
-  var i = 0
-  var itemCount = this._itemCount
-
-  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
-    i++
-    var hit = this._lruList[k]
-    if (isStale(this, hit)) {
-      del(this, hit)
-      if (!this._allowStale) hit = undefined
-    }
-    if (hit) {
-      fn.call(thisp, hit.value, hit.key, this)
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.keys = function () {
-  var keys = new Array(this._itemCount)
-  var i = 0
-  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
-    var hit = this._lruList[k]
-    keys[i++] = hit.key
-  }
-  return keys
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.values = function () {
-  var values = new Array(this._itemCount)
-  var i = 0
-  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
-    var hit = this._lruList[k]
-    values[i++] = hit.value
-  }
-  return values
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.reset = function () {
-  if (this._dispose && this._cache) {
-    for (var k in this._cache) {
-      this._dispose(k, this._cache[k].value)
+// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there
+// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array
+// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish
+// relative and absolute paths)
+function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) {
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    var last = parts[i];
+    if (last === '.') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
     }
   }
 
-  this._cache = Object.create(null) // hash of items by key
-  this._lruList = Object.create(null) // list of items in order of use recency
-  this._mru = 0 // most recently used
-  this._lru = 0 // least recently used
-  this._length = 0 // number of items in the list
-  this._itemCount = 0
-}
-
-// Provided for debugging/dev purposes only. No promises whatsoever that
-// this API stays stable.
-LRUCache.prototype.dump = function () {
-  return this._cache
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.dumpLru = function () {
-  return this._lruList
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.set = function (key, value, maxAge) {
-  maxAge = maxAge || this._maxAge
-  var now = maxAge ? Date.now() : 0
-
-  if (hOP(this._cache, key)) {
-    // dispose of the old one before overwriting
-    if (this._dispose)
-      this._dispose(key, this._cache[key].value)
-
-    this._cache[key].now = now
-    this._cache[key].maxAge = maxAge
-    this._cache[key].value = value
-    this.get(key)
-    return true
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (allowAboveRoot) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      parts.unshift('..');
+    }
   }
 
-  var len = this._lengthCalculator(value)
-  var hit = new Entry(key, value, this._mru++, len, now, maxAge)
+  return parts;
+}
 
-  // oversized objects fall out of cache automatically.
-  if (hit.length > this._max) {
-    if (this._dispose) this._dispose(key, value)
-    return false
+// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version
+// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing.
+var splitPathRe =
+    /^(\/?|)([\s\S]*?)((?:\.{1,2}|[^\/]+?|)(\.[^.\/]*|))(?:[\/]*)$/;
+var splitPath = function(filename) {
+  return splitPathRe.exec(filename).slice(1);
+};
+
+// path.resolve([from ...], to)
+// posix version
+exports.resolve = function() {
+  var resolvedPath = '',
+      resolvedAbsolute = false;
+
+  for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) {
+    var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : process.cwd();
+
+    // Skip empty and invalid entries
+    if (typeof path !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.resolve must be strings');
+    } else if (!path) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath;
+    resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/';
   }
 
-  this._length += hit.length
-  this._lruList[hit.lu] = this._cache[key] = hit
-  this._itemCount ++
+  // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but
+  // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails)
 
-  if (this._length > this._max)
-    trim(this)
+  // Normalize the path
+  resolvedPath = normalizeArray(filter(resolvedPath.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/');
 
-  return true
-}
+  return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.';
+};
 
-LRUCache.prototype.has = function (key) {
-  if (!hOP(this._cache, key)) return false
-  var hit = this._cache[key]
-  if (isStale(this, hit)) {
-    return false
+// path.normalize(path)
+// posix version
+exports.normalize = function(path) {
+  var isAbsolute = exports.isAbsolute(path),
+      trailingSlash = substr(path, -1) === '/';
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  path = normalizeArray(filter(path.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !isAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  if (!path && !isAbsolute) {
+    path = '.';
   }
-  return true
+  if (path && trailingSlash) {
+    path += '/';
+  }
+
+  return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path;
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.isAbsolute = function(path) {
+  return path.charAt(0) === '/';
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.join = function() {
+  var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+  return exports.normalize(filter(paths, function(p, index) {
+    if (typeof p !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.join must be strings');
+    }
+    return p;
+  }).join('/'));
+};
+
+
+// path.relative(from, to)
+// posix version
+exports.relative = function(from, to) {
+  from = exports.resolve(from).substr(1);
+  to = exports.resolve(to).substr(1);
+
+  function trim(arr) {
+    var start = 0;
+    for (; start < arr.length; start++) {
+      if (arr[start] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    var end = arr.length - 1;
+    for (; end >= 0; end--) {
+      if (arr[end] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    if (start > end) return [];
+    return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1);
+  }
+
+  var fromParts = trim(from.split('/'));
+  var toParts = trim(to.split('/'));
+
+  var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length);
+  var samePartsLength = length;
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) {
+      samePartsLength = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  var outputParts = [];
+  for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) {
+    outputParts.push('..');
+  }
+
+  outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength));
+
+  return outputParts.join('/');
+};
+
+exports.sep = '/';
+exports.delimiter = ':';
+
+exports.dirname = function(path) {
+  var result = splitPath(path),
+      root = result[0],
+      dir = result[1];
+
+  if (!root && !dir) {
+    // No dirname whatsoever
+    return '.';
+  }
+
+  if (dir) {
+    // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash
+    dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1);
+  }
+
+  return root + dir;
+};
+
+
+exports.basename = function(path, ext) {
+  var f = splitPath(path)[2];
+  // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows?
+  if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) {
+    f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length);
+  }
+  return f;
+};
+
+
+exports.extname = function(path) {
+  return splitPath(path)[3];
+};
+
+function filter (xs, f) {
+    if (xs.filter) return xs.filter(f);
+    var res = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
+        if (f(xs[i], i, xs)) res.push(xs[i]);
+    }
+    return res;
 }
 
-LRUCache.prototype.get = function (key) {
-  return get(this, key, true)
+// String.prototype.substr - negative index don't work in IE8
+var substr = 'ab'.substr(-1) === 'b'
+    ? function (str, start, len) { return str.substr(start, len) }
+    : function (str, start, len) {
+        if (start < 0) start = str.length + start;
+        return str.substr(start, len);
+    }
+;
+
+},{}],13:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+/*! https://mths.be/punycode v1.4.1 by @mathias */
+;(function(root) {
+
+	/** Detect free variables */
+	var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports &&
+		!exports.nodeType && exports;
+	var freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module &&
+		!module.nodeType && module;
+	var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global;
+	if (
+		freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal ||
+		freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal ||
+		freeGlobal.self === freeGlobal
+	) {
+		root = freeGlobal;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The `punycode` object.
+	 * @name punycode
+	 * @type Object
+	 */
+	var punycode,
+
+	/** Highest positive signed 32-bit float value */
+	maxInt = 2147483647, // aka. 0x7FFFFFFF or 2^31-1
+
+	/** Bootstring parameters */
+	base = 36,
+	tMin = 1,
+	tMax = 26,
+	skew = 38,
+	damp = 700,
+	initialBias = 72,
+	initialN = 128, // 0x80
+	delimiter = '-', // '\x2D'
+
+	/** Regular expressions */
+	regexPunycode = /^xn--/,
+	regexNonASCII = /[^\x20-\x7E]/, // unprintable ASCII chars + non-ASCII chars
+	regexSeparators = /[\x2E\u3002\uFF0E\uFF61]/g, // RFC 3490 separators
+
+	/** Error messages */
+	errors = {
+		'overflow': 'Overflow: input needs wider integers to process',
+		'not-basic': 'Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)',
+		'invalid-input': 'Invalid input'
+	},
+
+	/** Convenience shortcuts */
+	baseMinusTMin = base - tMin,
+	floor = Math.floor,
+	stringFromCharCode = String.fromCharCode,
+
+	/** Temporary variable */
+	key;
+
+	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+	/**
+	 * A generic error utility function.
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {String} type The error type.
+	 * @returns {Error} Throws a `RangeError` with the applicable error message.
+	 */
+	function error(type) {
+		throw new RangeError(errors[type]);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A generic `Array#map` utility function.
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every array
+	 * item.
+	 * @returns {Array} A new array of values returned by the callback function.
+	 */
+	function map(array, fn) {
+		var length = array.length;
+		var result = [];
+		while (length--) {
+			result[length] = fn(array[length]);
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A simple `Array#map`-like wrapper to work with domain name strings or email
+	 * addresses.
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {String} domain The domain name or email address.
+	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every
+	 * character.
+	 * @returns {Array} A new string of characters returned by the callback
+	 * function.
+	 */
+	function mapDomain(string, fn) {
+		var parts = string.split('@');
+		var result = '';
+		if (parts.length > 1) {
+			// In email addresses, only the domain name should be punycoded. Leave
+			// the local part (i.e. everything up to `@`) intact.
+			result = parts[0] + '@';
+			string = parts[1];
+		}
+		// Avoid `split(regex)` for IE8 compatibility. See #17.
+		string = string.replace(regexSeparators, '\x2E');
+		var labels = string.split('.');
+		var encoded = map(labels, fn).join('.');
+		return result + encoded;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates an array containing the numeric code points of each Unicode
+	 * character in the string. While JavaScript uses UCS-2 internally,
+	 * this function will convert a pair of surrogate halves (each of which
+	 * UCS-2 exposes as separate characters) into a single code point,
+	 * matching UTF-16.
+	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.encode`
+	 * @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
+	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
+	 * @name decode
+	 * @param {String} string The Unicode input string (UCS-2).
+	 * @returns {Array} The new array of code points.
+	 */
+	function ucs2decode(string) {
+		var output = [],
+		    counter = 0,
+		    length = string.length,
+		    value,
+		    extra;
+		while (counter < length) {
+			value = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
+			if (value >= 0xD800 && value <= 0xDBFF && counter < length) {
+				// high surrogate, and there is a next character
+				extra = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
+				if ((extra & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) { // low surrogate
+					output.push(((value & 0x3FF) << 10) + (extra & 0x3FF) + 0x10000);
+				} else {
+					// unmatched surrogate; only append this code unit, in case the next
+					// code unit is the high surrogate of a surrogate pair
+					output.push(value);
+					counter--;
+				}
+			} else {
+				output.push(value);
+			}
+		}
+		return output;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a string based on an array of numeric code points.
+	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.decode`
+	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
+	 * @name encode
+	 * @param {Array} codePoints The array of numeric code points.
+	 * @returns {String} The new Unicode string (UCS-2).
+	 */
+	function ucs2encode(array) {
+		return map(array, function(value) {
+			var output = '';
+			if (value > 0xFFFF) {
+				value -= 0x10000;
+				output += stringFromCharCode(value >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800);
+				value = 0xDC00 | value & 0x3FF;
+			}
+			output += stringFromCharCode(value);
+			return output;
+		}).join('');
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a basic code point into a digit/integer.
+	 * @see `digitToBasic()`
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Number} codePoint The basic numeric code point value.
+	 * @returns {Number} The numeric value of a basic code point (for use in
+	 * representing integers) in the range `0` to `base - 1`, or `base` if
+	 * the code point does not represent a value.
+	 */
+	function basicToDigit(codePoint) {
+		if (codePoint - 48 < 10) {
+			return codePoint - 22;
+		}
+		if (codePoint - 65 < 26) {
+			return codePoint - 65;
+		}
+		if (codePoint - 97 < 26) {
+			return codePoint - 97;
+		}
+		return base;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a digit/integer into a basic code point.
+	 * @see `basicToDigit()`
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Number} digit The numeric value of a basic code point.
+	 * @returns {Number} The basic code point whose value (when used for
+	 * representing integers) is `digit`, which needs to be in the range
+	 * `0` to `base - 1`. If `flag` is non-zero, the uppercase form is
+	 * used; else, the lowercase form is used. The behavior is undefined
+	 * if `flag` is non-zero and `digit` has no uppercase form.
+	 */
+	function digitToBasic(digit, flag) {
+		//  0..25 map to ASCII a..z or A..Z
+		// 26..35 map to ASCII 0..9
+		return digit + 22 + 75 * (digit < 26) - ((flag != 0) << 5);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Bias adaptation function as per section 3.4 of RFC 3492.
+	 * https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492#section-3.4
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	function adapt(delta, numPoints, firstTime) {
+		var k = 0;
+		delta = firstTime ? floor(delta / damp) : delta >> 1;
+		delta += floor(delta / numPoints);
+		for (/* no initialization */; delta > baseMinusTMin * tMax >> 1; k += base) {
+			delta = floor(delta / baseMinusTMin);
+		}
+		return floor(k + (baseMinusTMin + 1) * delta / (delta + skew));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols to a string of Unicode
+	 * symbols.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
+	 * @returns {String} The resulting string of Unicode symbols.
+	 */
+	function decode(input) {
+		// Don't use UCS-2
+		var output = [],
+		    inputLength = input.length,
+		    out,
+		    i = 0,
+		    n = initialN,
+		    bias = initialBias,
+		    basic,
+		    j,
+		    index,
+		    oldi,
+		    w,
+		    k,
+		    digit,
+		    t,
+		    /** Cached calculation results */
+		    baseMinusT;
+
+		// Handle the basic code points: let `basic` be the number of input code
+		// points before the last delimiter, or `0` if there is none, then copy
+		// the first basic code points to the output.
+
+		basic = input.lastIndexOf(delimiter);
+		if (basic < 0) {
+			basic = 0;
+		}
+
+		for (j = 0; j < basic; ++j) {
+			// if it's not a basic code point
+			if (input.charCodeAt(j) >= 0x80) {
+				error('not-basic');
+			}
+			output.push(input.charCodeAt(j));
+		}
+
+		// Main decoding loop: start just after the last delimiter if any basic code
+		// points were copied; start at the beginning otherwise.
+
+		for (index = basic > 0 ? basic + 1 : 0; index < inputLength; /* no final expression */) {
+
+			// `index` is the index of the next character to be consumed.
+			// Decode a generalized variable-length integer into `delta`,
+			// which gets added to `i`. The overflow checking is easier
+			// if we increase `i` as we go, then subtract off its starting
+			// value at the end to obtain `delta`.
+			for (oldi = i, w = 1, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
+
+				if (index >= inputLength) {
+					error('invalid-input');
+				}
+
+				digit = basicToDigit(input.charCodeAt(index++));
+
+				if (digit >= base || digit > floor((maxInt - i) / w)) {
+					error('overflow');
+				}
+
+				i += digit * w;
+				t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
+
+				if (digit < t) {
+					break;
+				}
+
+				baseMinusT = base - t;
+				if (w > floor(maxInt / baseMinusT)) {
+					error('overflow');
+				}
+
+				w *= baseMinusT;
+
+			}
+
+			out = output.length + 1;
+			bias = adapt(i - oldi, out, oldi == 0);
+
+			// `i` was supposed to wrap around from `out` to `0`,
+			// incrementing `n` each time, so we'll fix that now:
+			if (floor(i / out) > maxInt - n) {
+				error('overflow');
+			}
+
+			n += floor(i / out);
+			i %= out;
+
+			// Insert `n` at position `i` of the output
+			output.splice(i++, 0, n);
+
+		}
+
+		return ucs2encode(output);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a string of Unicode symbols (e.g. a domain name label) to a
+	 * Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The string of Unicode symbols.
+	 * @returns {String} The resulting Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
+	 */
+	function encode(input) {
+		var n,
+		    delta,
+		    handledCPCount,
+		    basicLength,
+		    bias,
+		    j,
+		    m,
+		    q,
+		    k,
+		    t,
+		    currentValue,
+		    output = [],
+		    /** `inputLength` will hold the number of code points in `input`. */
+		    inputLength,
+		    /** Cached calculation results */
+		    handledCPCountPlusOne,
+		    baseMinusT,
+		    qMinusT;
+
+		// Convert the input in UCS-2 to Unicode
+		input = ucs2decode(input);
+
+		// Cache the length
+		inputLength = input.length;
+
+		// Initialize the state
+		n = initialN;
+		delta = 0;
+		bias = initialBias;
+
+		// Handle the basic code points
+		for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
+			currentValue = input[j];
+			if (currentValue < 0x80) {
+				output.push(stringFromCharCode(currentValue));
+			}
+		}
+
+		handledCPCount = basicLength = output.length;
+
+		// `handledCPCount` is the number of code points that have been handled;
+		// `basicLength` is the number of basic code points.
+
+		// Finish the basic string - if it is not empty - with a delimiter
+		if (basicLength) {
+			output.push(delimiter);
+		}
+
+		// Main encoding loop:
+		while (handledCPCount < inputLength) {
+
+			// All non-basic code points < n have been handled already. Find the next
+			// larger one:
+			for (m = maxInt, j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
+				currentValue = input[j];
+				if (currentValue >= n && currentValue < m) {
+					m = currentValue;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Increase `delta` enough to advance the decoder's <n,i> state to <m,0>,
+			// but guard against overflow
+			handledCPCountPlusOne = handledCPCount + 1;
+			if (m - n > floor((maxInt - delta) / handledCPCountPlusOne)) {
+				error('overflow');
+			}
+
+			delta += (m - n) * handledCPCountPlusOne;
+			n = m;
+
+			for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
+				currentValue = input[j];
+
+				if (currentValue < n && ++delta > maxInt) {
+					error('overflow');
+				}
+
+				if (currentValue == n) {
+					// Represent delta as a generalized variable-length integer
+					for (q = delta, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
+						t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
+						if (q < t) {
+							break;
+						}
+						qMinusT = q - t;
+						baseMinusT = base - t;
+						output.push(
+							stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(t + qMinusT % baseMinusT, 0))
+						);
+						q = floor(qMinusT / baseMinusT);
+					}
+
+					output.push(stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(q, 0)));
+					bias = adapt(delta, handledCPCountPlusOne, handledCPCount == basicLength);
+					delta = 0;
+					++handledCPCount;
+				}
+			}
+
+			++delta;
+			++n;
+
+		}
+		return output.join('');
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a Punycode string representing a domain name or an email address
+	 * to Unicode. Only the Punycoded parts of the input will be converted, i.e.
+	 * it doesn't matter if you call it on a string that has already been
+	 * converted to Unicode.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The Punycoded domain name or email address to
+	 * convert to Unicode.
+	 * @returns {String} The Unicode representation of the given Punycode
+	 * string.
+	 */
+	function toUnicode(input) {
+		return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
+			return regexPunycode.test(string)
+				? decode(string.slice(4).toLowerCase())
+				: string;
+		});
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a Unicode string representing a domain name or an email address to
+	 * Punycode. Only the non-ASCII parts of the domain name will be converted,
+	 * i.e. it doesn't matter if you call it with a domain that's already in
+	 * ASCII.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The domain name or email address to convert, as a
+	 * Unicode string.
+	 * @returns {String} The Punycode representation of the given domain name or
+	 * email address.
+	 */
+	function toASCII(input) {
+		return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
+			return regexNonASCII.test(string)
+				? 'xn--' + encode(string)
+				: string;
+		});
+	}
+
+	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+	/** Define the public API */
+	punycode = {
+		/**
+		 * A string representing the current Punycode.js version number.
+		 * @memberOf punycode
+		 * @type String
+		 */
+		'version': '1.4.1',
+		/**
+		 * An object of methods to convert from JavaScript's internal character
+		 * representation (UCS-2) to Unicode code points, and back.
+		 * @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
+		 * @memberOf punycode
+		 * @type Object
+		 */
+		'ucs2': {
+			'decode': ucs2decode,
+			'encode': ucs2encode
+		},
+		'decode': decode,
+		'encode': encode,
+		'toASCII': toASCII,
+		'toUnicode': toUnicode
+	};
+
+	/** Expose `punycode` */
+	// Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns
+	// like the following:
+	if (
+		typeof define == 'function' &&
+		typeof define.amd == 'object' &&
+		define.amd
+	) {
+		define('punycode', function() {
+			return punycode;
+		});
+	} else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
+		if (module.exports == freeExports) {
+			// in Node.js, io.js, or RingoJS v0.8.0+
+			freeModule.exports = punycode;
+		} else {
+			// in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-
+			for (key in punycode) {
+				punycode.hasOwnProperty(key) && (freeExports[key] = punycode[key]);
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		// in Rhino or a web browser
+		root.punycode = punycode;
+	}
+
+}(this));
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{}],14:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+'use strict';
+
+// If obj.hasOwnProperty has been overridden, then calling
+// obj.hasOwnProperty(prop) will break.
+// See: https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/1707
+function hasOwnProperty(obj, prop) {
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop);
 }
 
-LRUCache.prototype.peek = function (key) {
-  return get(this, key, false)
-}
+module.exports = function(qs, sep, eq, options) {
+  sep = sep || '&';
+  eq = eq || '=';
+  var obj = {};
 
-LRUCache.prototype.pop = function () {
-  var hit = this._lruList[this._lru]
-  del(this, hit)
-  return hit || null
-}
+  if (typeof qs !== 'string' || qs.length === 0) {
+    return obj;
+  }
 
-LRUCache.prototype.del = function (key) {
-  del(this, this._cache[key])
-}
+  var regexp = /\+/g;
+  qs = qs.split(sep);
 
-function get (self, key, doUse) {
-  var hit = self._cache[key]
-  if (hit) {
-    if (isStale(self, hit)) {
-      del(self, hit)
-      if (!self._allowStale) hit = undefined
+  var maxKeys = 1000;
+  if (options && typeof options.maxKeys === 'number') {
+    maxKeys = options.maxKeys;
+  }
+
+  var len = qs.length;
+  // maxKeys <= 0 means that we should not limit keys count
+  if (maxKeys > 0 && len > maxKeys) {
+    len = maxKeys;
+  }
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+    var x = qs[i].replace(regexp, '%20'),
+        idx = x.indexOf(eq),
+        kstr, vstr, k, v;
+
+    if (idx >= 0) {
+      kstr = x.substr(0, idx);
+      vstr = x.substr(idx + 1);
     } else {
-      if (doUse) use(self, hit)
+      kstr = x;
+      vstr = '';
+    }
+
+    k = decodeURIComponent(kstr);
+    v = decodeURIComponent(vstr);
+
+    if (!hasOwnProperty(obj, k)) {
+      obj[k] = v;
+    } else if (isArray(obj[k])) {
+      obj[k].push(v);
+    } else {
+      obj[k] = [obj[k], v];
     }
-    if (hit) hit = hit.value
   }
-  return hit
-}
 
-function isStale(self, hit) {
-  if (!hit || (!hit.maxAge && !self._maxAge)) return false
-  var stale = false;
-  var diff = Date.now() - hit.now
-  if (hit.maxAge) {
-    stale = diff > hit.maxAge
-  } else {
-    stale = self._maxAge && (diff > self._maxAge)
+  return obj;
+};
+
+var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) {
+  return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]';
+};
+
+},{}],15:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+'use strict';
+
+var stringifyPrimitive = function(v) {
+  switch (typeof v) {
+    case 'string':
+      return v;
+
+    case 'boolean':
+      return v ? 'true' : 'false';
+
+    case 'number':
+      return isFinite(v) ? v : '';
+
+    default:
+      return '';
   }
-  return stale;
-}
+};
 
-function use (self, hit) {
-  shiftLU(self, hit)
-  hit.lu = self._mru ++
-  self._lruList[hit.lu] = hit
-}
-
-function trim (self) {
-  while (self._lru < self._mru && self._length > self._max)
-    del(self, self._lruList[self._lru])
-}
-
-function shiftLU (self, hit) {
-  delete self._lruList[ hit.lu ]
-  while (self._lru < self._mru && !self._lruList[self._lru]) self._lru ++
-}
-
-function del (self, hit) {
-  if (hit) {
-    if (self._dispose) self._dispose(hit.key, hit.value)
-    self._length -= hit.length
-    self._itemCount --
-    delete self._cache[ hit.key ]
-    shiftLU(self, hit)
+module.exports = function(obj, sep, eq, name) {
+  sep = sep || '&';
+  eq = eq || '=';
+  if (obj === null) {
+    obj = undefined;
   }
+
+  if (typeof obj === 'object') {
+    return map(objectKeys(obj), function(k) {
+      var ks = encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(k)) + eq;
+      if (isArray(obj[k])) {
+        return map(obj[k], function(v) {
+          return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(v));
+        }).join(sep);
+      } else {
+        return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj[k]));
+      }
+    }).join(sep);
+
+  }
+
+  if (!name) return '';
+  return encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(name)) + eq +
+         encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj));
+};
+
+var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) {
+  return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]';
+};
+
+function map (xs, f) {
+  if (xs.map) return xs.map(f);
+  var res = [];
+  for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
+    res.push(f(xs[i], i));
+  }
+  return res;
 }
 
-// classy, since V8 prefers predictable objects.
-function Entry (key, value, lu, length, now, maxAge) {
-  this.key = key
-  this.value = value
-  this.lu = lu
-  this.length = length
-  this.now = now
-  if (maxAge) this.maxAge = maxAge
-}
+var objectKeys = Object.keys || function (obj) {
+  var res = [];
+  for (var key in obj) {
+    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) res.push(key);
+  }
+  return res;
+};
 
-})()
+},{}],16:[function(require,module,exports){
+'use strict';
 
-},{}],18:[function(require,module,exports){
+exports.decode = exports.parse = require('./decode');
+exports.encode = exports.stringify = require('./encode');
+
+},{"./decode":14,"./encode":15}],17:[function(require,module,exports){
 module.exports = sigmund
 function sigmund (subject, maxSessions) {
     maxSessions = maxSessions || 10;
@@ -5366,7 +4732,716 @@ function sigmund (subject, maxSessions) {
 
 // vim: set softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4:
 
-},{}],19:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],18:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+var punycode = require('punycode');
+
+exports.parse = urlParse;
+exports.resolve = urlResolve;
+exports.resolveObject = urlResolveObject;
+exports.format = urlFormat;
+
+exports.Url = Url;
+
+function Url() {
+  this.protocol = null;
+  this.slashes = null;
+  this.auth = null;
+  this.host = null;
+  this.port = null;
+  this.hostname = null;
+  this.hash = null;
+  this.search = null;
+  this.query = null;
+  this.pathname = null;
+  this.path = null;
+  this.href = null;
+}
+
+// Reference: RFC 3986, RFC 1808, RFC 2396
+
+// define these here so at least they only have to be
+// compiled once on the first module load.
+var protocolPattern = /^([a-z0-9.+-]+:)/i,
+    portPattern = /:[0-9]*$/,
+
+    // RFC 2396: characters reserved for delimiting URLs.
+    // We actually just auto-escape these.
+    delims = ['<', '>', '"', '`', ' ', '\r', '\n', '\t'],
+
+    // RFC 2396: characters not allowed for various reasons.
+    unwise = ['{', '}', '|', '\\', '^', '`'].concat(delims),
+
+    // Allowed by RFCs, but cause of XSS attacks.  Always escape these.
+    autoEscape = ['\''].concat(unwise),
+    // Characters that are never ever allowed in a hostname.
+    // Note that any invalid chars are also handled, but these
+    // are the ones that are *expected* to be seen, so we fast-path
+    // them.
+    nonHostChars = ['%', '/', '?', ';', '#'].concat(autoEscape),
+    hostEndingChars = ['/', '?', '#'],
+    hostnameMaxLen = 255,
+    hostnamePartPattern = /^[a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63}$/,
+    hostnamePartStart = /^([a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63})(.*)$/,
+    // protocols that can allow "unsafe" and "unwise" chars.
+    unsafeProtocol = {
+      'javascript': true,
+      'javascript:': true
+    },
+    // protocols that never have a hostname.
+    hostlessProtocol = {
+      'javascript': true,
+      'javascript:': true
+    },
+    // protocols that always contain a // bit.
+    slashedProtocol = {
+      'http': true,
+      'https': true,
+      'ftp': true,
+      'gopher': true,
+      'file': true,
+      'http:': true,
+      'https:': true,
+      'ftp:': true,
+      'gopher:': true,
+      'file:': true
+    },
+    querystring = require('querystring');
+
+function urlParse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) {
+  if (url && isObject(url) && url instanceof Url) return url;
+
+  var u = new Url;
+  u.parse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost);
+  return u;
+}
+
+Url.prototype.parse = function(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) {
+  if (!isString(url)) {
+    throw new TypeError("Parameter 'url' must be a string, not " + typeof url);
+  }
+
+  var rest = url;
+
+  // trim before proceeding.
+  // This is to support parse stuff like "  http://foo.com  \n"
+  rest = rest.trim();
+
+  var proto = protocolPattern.exec(rest);
+  if (proto) {
+    proto = proto[0];
+    var lowerProto = proto.toLowerCase();
+    this.protocol = lowerProto;
+    rest = rest.substr(proto.length);
+  }
+
+  // figure out if it's got a host
+  // user@server is *always* interpreted as a hostname, and url
+  // resolution will treat //foo/bar as host=foo,path=bar because that's
+  // how the browser resolves relative URLs.
+  if (slashesDenoteHost || proto || rest.match(/^\/\/[^@\/]+@[^@\/]+/)) {
+    var slashes = rest.substr(0, 2) === '//';
+    if (slashes && !(proto && hostlessProtocol[proto])) {
+      rest = rest.substr(2);
+      this.slashes = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!hostlessProtocol[proto] &&
+      (slashes || (proto && !slashedProtocol[proto]))) {
+
+    // there's a hostname.
+    // the first instance of /, ?, ;, or # ends the host.
+    //
+    // If there is an @ in the hostname, then non-host chars *are* allowed
+    // to the left of the last @ sign, unless some host-ending character
+    // comes *before* the @-sign.
+    // URLs are obnoxious.
+    //
+    // ex:
+    // http://a@b@c/ => user:a@b host:c
+    // http://a@b?@c => user:a host:c path:/?@c
+
+    // v0.12 TODO(isaacs): This is not quite how Chrome does things.
+    // Review our test case against browsers more comprehensively.
+
+    // find the first instance of any hostEndingChars
+    var hostEnd = -1;
+    for (var i = 0; i < hostEndingChars.length; i++) {
+      var hec = rest.indexOf(hostEndingChars[i]);
+      if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd))
+        hostEnd = hec;
+    }
+
+    // at this point, either we have an explicit point where the
+    // auth portion cannot go past, or the last @ char is the decider.
+    var auth, atSign;
+    if (hostEnd === -1) {
+      // atSign can be anywhere.
+      atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@');
+    } else {
+      // atSign must be in auth portion.
+      // http://a@b/c@d => host:b auth:a path:/c@d
+      atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@', hostEnd);
+    }
+
+    // Now we have a portion which is definitely the auth.
+    // Pull that off.
+    if (atSign !== -1) {
+      auth = rest.slice(0, atSign);
+      rest = rest.slice(atSign + 1);
+      this.auth = decodeURIComponent(auth);
+    }
+
+    // the host is the remaining to the left of the first non-host char
+    hostEnd = -1;
+    for (var i = 0; i < nonHostChars.length; i++) {
+      var hec = rest.indexOf(nonHostChars[i]);
+      if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd))
+        hostEnd = hec;
+    }
+    // if we still have not hit it, then the entire thing is a host.
+    if (hostEnd === -1)
+      hostEnd = rest.length;
+
+    this.host = rest.slice(0, hostEnd);
+    rest = rest.slice(hostEnd);
+
+    // pull out port.
+    this.parseHost();
+
+    // we've indicated that there is a hostname,
+    // so even if it's empty, it has to be present.
+    this.hostname = this.hostname || '';
+
+    // if hostname begins with [ and ends with ]
+    // assume that it's an IPv6 address.
+    var ipv6Hostname = this.hostname[0] === '[' &&
+        this.hostname[this.hostname.length - 1] === ']';
+
+    // validate a little.
+    if (!ipv6Hostname) {
+      var hostparts = this.hostname.split(/\./);
+      for (var i = 0, l = hostparts.length; i < l; i++) {
+        var part = hostparts[i];
+        if (!part) continue;
+        if (!part.match(hostnamePartPattern)) {
+          var newpart = '';
+          for (var j = 0, k = part.length; j < k; j++) {
+            if (part.charCodeAt(j) > 127) {
+              // we replace non-ASCII char with a temporary placeholder
+              // we need this to make sure size of hostname is not
+              // broken by replacing non-ASCII by nothing
+              newpart += 'x';
+            } else {
+              newpart += part[j];
+            }
+          }
+          // we test again with ASCII char only
+          if (!newpart.match(hostnamePartPattern)) {
+            var validParts = hostparts.slice(0, i);
+            var notHost = hostparts.slice(i + 1);
+            var bit = part.match(hostnamePartStart);
+            if (bit) {
+              validParts.push(bit[1]);
+              notHost.unshift(bit[2]);
+            }
+            if (notHost.length) {
+              rest = '/' + notHost.join('.') + rest;
+            }
+            this.hostname = validParts.join('.');
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (this.hostname.length > hostnameMaxLen) {
+      this.hostname = '';
+    } else {
+      // hostnames are always lower case.
+      this.hostname = this.hostname.toLowerCase();
+    }
+
+    if (!ipv6Hostname) {
+      // IDNA Support: Returns a puny coded representation of "domain".
+      // It only converts the part of the domain name that
+      // has non ASCII characters. I.e. it dosent matter if
+      // you call it with a domain that already is in ASCII.
+      var domainArray = this.hostname.split('.');
+      var newOut = [];
+      for (var i = 0; i < domainArray.length; ++i) {
+        var s = domainArray[i];
+        newOut.push(s.match(/[^A-Za-z0-9_-]/) ?
+            'xn--' + punycode.encode(s) : s);
+      }
+      this.hostname = newOut.join('.');
+    }
+
+    var p = this.port ? ':' + this.port : '';
+    var h = this.hostname || '';
+    this.host = h + p;
+    this.href += this.host;
+
+    // strip [ and ] from the hostname
+    // the host field still retains them, though
+    if (ipv6Hostname) {
+      this.hostname = this.hostname.substr(1, this.hostname.length - 2);
+      if (rest[0] !== '/') {
+        rest = '/' + rest;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // now rest is set to the post-host stuff.
+  // chop off any delim chars.
+  if (!unsafeProtocol[lowerProto]) {
+
+    // First, make 100% sure that any "autoEscape" chars get
+    // escaped, even if encodeURIComponent doesn't think they
+    // need to be.
+    for (var i = 0, l = autoEscape.length; i < l; i++) {
+      var ae = autoEscape[i];
+      var esc = encodeURIComponent(ae);
+      if (esc === ae) {
+        esc = escape(ae);
+      }
+      rest = rest.split(ae).join(esc);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  // chop off from the tail first.
+  var hash = rest.indexOf('#');
+  if (hash !== -1) {
+    // got a fragment string.
+    this.hash = rest.substr(hash);
+    rest = rest.slice(0, hash);
+  }
+  var qm = rest.indexOf('?');
+  if (qm !== -1) {
+    this.search = rest.substr(qm);
+    this.query = rest.substr(qm + 1);
+    if (parseQueryString) {
+      this.query = querystring.parse(this.query);
+    }
+    rest = rest.slice(0, qm);
+  } else if (parseQueryString) {
+    // no query string, but parseQueryString still requested
+    this.search = '';
+    this.query = {};
+  }
+  if (rest) this.pathname = rest;
+  if (slashedProtocol[lowerProto] &&
+      this.hostname && !this.pathname) {
+    this.pathname = '/';
+  }
+
+  //to support http.request
+  if (this.pathname || this.search) {
+    var p = this.pathname || '';
+    var s = this.search || '';
+    this.path = p + s;
+  }
+
+  // finally, reconstruct the href based on what has been validated.
+  this.href = this.format();
+  return this;
+};
+
+// format a parsed object into a url string
+function urlFormat(obj) {
+  // ensure it's an object, and not a string url.
+  // If it's an obj, this is a no-op.
+  // this way, you can call url_format() on strings
+  // to clean up potentially wonky urls.
+  if (isString(obj)) obj = urlParse(obj);
+  if (!(obj instanceof Url)) return Url.prototype.format.call(obj);
+  return obj.format();
+}
+
+Url.prototype.format = function() {
+  var auth = this.auth || '';
+  if (auth) {
+    auth = encodeURIComponent(auth);
+    auth = auth.replace(/%3A/i, ':');
+    auth += '@';
+  }
+
+  var protocol = this.protocol || '',
+      pathname = this.pathname || '',
+      hash = this.hash || '',
+      host = false,
+      query = '';
+
+  if (this.host) {
+    host = auth + this.host;
+  } else if (this.hostname) {
+    host = auth + (this.hostname.indexOf(':') === -1 ?
+        this.hostname :
+        '[' + this.hostname + ']');
+    if (this.port) {
+      host += ':' + this.port;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (this.query &&
+      isObject(this.query) &&
+      Object.keys(this.query).length) {
+    query = querystring.stringify(this.query);
+  }
+
+  var search = this.search || (query && ('?' + query)) || '';
+
+  if (protocol && protocol.substr(-1) !== ':') protocol += ':';
+
+  // only the slashedProtocols get the //.  Not mailto:, xmpp:, etc.
+  // unless they had them to begin with.
+  if (this.slashes ||
+      (!protocol || slashedProtocol[protocol]) && host !== false) {
+    host = '//' + (host || '');
+    if (pathname && pathname.charAt(0) !== '/') pathname = '/' + pathname;
+  } else if (!host) {
+    host = '';
+  }
+
+  if (hash && hash.charAt(0) !== '#') hash = '#' + hash;
+  if (search && search.charAt(0) !== '?') search = '?' + search;
+
+  pathname = pathname.replace(/[?#]/g, function(match) {
+    return encodeURIComponent(match);
+  });
+  search = search.replace('#', '%23');
+
+  return protocol + host + pathname + search + hash;
+};
+
+function urlResolve(source, relative) {
+  return urlParse(source, false, true).resolve(relative);
+}
+
+Url.prototype.resolve = function(relative) {
+  return this.resolveObject(urlParse(relative, false, true)).format();
+};
+
+function urlResolveObject(source, relative) {
+  if (!source) return relative;
+  return urlParse(source, false, true).resolveObject(relative);
+}
+
+Url.prototype.resolveObject = function(relative) {
+  if (isString(relative)) {
+    var rel = new Url();
+    rel.parse(relative, false, true);
+    relative = rel;
+  }
+
+  var result = new Url();
+  Object.keys(this).forEach(function(k) {
+    result[k] = this[k];
+  }, this);
+
+  // hash is always overridden, no matter what.
+  // even href="" will remove it.
+  result.hash = relative.hash;
+
+  // if the relative url is empty, then there's nothing left to do here.
+  if (relative.href === '') {
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // hrefs like //foo/bar always cut to the protocol.
+  if (relative.slashes && !relative.protocol) {
+    // take everything except the protocol from relative
+    Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) {
+      if (k !== 'protocol')
+        result[k] = relative[k];
+    });
+
+    //urlParse appends trailing / to urls like http://www.example.com
+    if (slashedProtocol[result.protocol] &&
+        result.hostname && !result.pathname) {
+      result.path = result.pathname = '/';
+    }
+
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  if (relative.protocol && relative.protocol !== result.protocol) {
+    // if it's a known url protocol, then changing
+    // the protocol does weird things
+    // first, if it's not file:, then we MUST have a host,
+    // and if there was a path
+    // to begin with, then we MUST have a path.
+    // if it is file:, then the host is dropped,
+    // because that's known to be hostless.
+    // anything else is assumed to be absolute.
+    if (!slashedProtocol[relative.protocol]) {
+      Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) {
+        result[k] = relative[k];
+      });
+      result.href = result.format();
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    result.protocol = relative.protocol;
+    if (!relative.host && !hostlessProtocol[relative.protocol]) {
+      var relPath = (relative.pathname || '').split('/');
+      while (relPath.length && !(relative.host = relPath.shift()));
+      if (!relative.host) relative.host = '';
+      if (!relative.hostname) relative.hostname = '';
+      if (relPath[0] !== '') relPath.unshift('');
+      if (relPath.length < 2) relPath.unshift('');
+      result.pathname = relPath.join('/');
+    } else {
+      result.pathname = relative.pathname;
+    }
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+    result.host = relative.host || '';
+    result.auth = relative.auth;
+    result.hostname = relative.hostname || relative.host;
+    result.port = relative.port;
+    // to support http.request
+    if (result.pathname || result.search) {
+      var p = result.pathname || '';
+      var s = result.search || '';
+      result.path = p + s;
+    }
+    result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes;
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  var isSourceAbs = (result.pathname && result.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'),
+      isRelAbs = (
+          relative.host ||
+          relative.pathname && relative.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'
+      ),
+      mustEndAbs = (isRelAbs || isSourceAbs ||
+                    (result.host && relative.pathname)),
+      removeAllDots = mustEndAbs,
+      srcPath = result.pathname && result.pathname.split('/') || [],
+      relPath = relative.pathname && relative.pathname.split('/') || [],
+      psychotic = result.protocol && !slashedProtocol[result.protocol];
+
+  // if the url is a non-slashed url, then relative
+  // links like ../.. should be able
+  // to crawl up to the hostname, as well.  This is strange.
+  // result.protocol has already been set by now.
+  // Later on, put the first path part into the host field.
+  if (psychotic) {
+    result.hostname = '';
+    result.port = null;
+    if (result.host) {
+      if (srcPath[0] === '') srcPath[0] = result.host;
+      else srcPath.unshift(result.host);
+    }
+    result.host = '';
+    if (relative.protocol) {
+      relative.hostname = null;
+      relative.port = null;
+      if (relative.host) {
+        if (relPath[0] === '') relPath[0] = relative.host;
+        else relPath.unshift(relative.host);
+      }
+      relative.host = null;
+    }
+    mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs && (relPath[0] === '' || srcPath[0] === '');
+  }
+
+  if (isRelAbs) {
+    // it's absolute.
+    result.host = (relative.host || relative.host === '') ?
+                  relative.host : result.host;
+    result.hostname = (relative.hostname || relative.hostname === '') ?
+                      relative.hostname : result.hostname;
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+    srcPath = relPath;
+    // fall through to the dot-handling below.
+  } else if (relPath.length) {
+    // it's relative
+    // throw away the existing file, and take the new path instead.
+    if (!srcPath) srcPath = [];
+    srcPath.pop();
+    srcPath = srcPath.concat(relPath);
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+  } else if (!isNullOrUndefined(relative.search)) {
+    // just pull out the search.
+    // like href='?foo'.
+    // Put this after the other two cases because it simplifies the booleans
+    if (psychotic) {
+      result.hostname = result.host = srcPath.shift();
+      //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host
+      //this especialy happens in cases like
+      //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2')
+      var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ?
+                       result.host.split('@') : false;
+      if (authInHost) {
+        result.auth = authInHost.shift();
+        result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift();
+      }
+    }
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+    //to support http.request
+    if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) {
+      result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') +
+                    (result.search ? result.search : '');
+    }
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  if (!srcPath.length) {
+    // no path at all.  easy.
+    // we've already handled the other stuff above.
+    result.pathname = null;
+    //to support http.request
+    if (result.search) {
+      result.path = '/' + result.search;
+    } else {
+      result.path = null;
+    }
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // if a url ENDs in . or .., then it must get a trailing slash.
+  // however, if it ends in anything else non-slashy,
+  // then it must NOT get a trailing slash.
+  var last = srcPath.slice(-1)[0];
+  var hasTrailingSlash = (
+      (result.host || relative.host) && (last === '.' || last === '..') ||
+      last === '');
+
+  // strip single dots, resolve double dots to parent dir
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = srcPath.length; i >= 0; i--) {
+    last = srcPath[i];
+    if (last == '.') {
+      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (!mustEndAbs && !removeAllDots) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      srcPath.unshift('..');
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (mustEndAbs && srcPath[0] !== '' &&
+      (!srcPath[0] || srcPath[0].charAt(0) !== '/')) {
+    srcPath.unshift('');
+  }
+
+  if (hasTrailingSlash && (srcPath.join('/').substr(-1) !== '/')) {
+    srcPath.push('');
+  }
+
+  var isAbsolute = srcPath[0] === '' ||
+      (srcPath[0] && srcPath[0].charAt(0) === '/');
+
+  // put the host back
+  if (psychotic) {
+    result.hostname = result.host = isAbsolute ? '' :
+                                    srcPath.length ? srcPath.shift() : '';
+    //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host
+    //this especialy happens in cases like
+    //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2')
+    var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ?
+                     result.host.split('@') : false;
+    if (authInHost) {
+      result.auth = authInHost.shift();
+      result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift();
+    }
+  }
+
+  mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs || (result.host && srcPath.length);
+
+  if (mustEndAbs && !isAbsolute) {
+    srcPath.unshift('');
+  }
+
+  if (!srcPath.length) {
+    result.pathname = null;
+    result.path = null;
+  } else {
+    result.pathname = srcPath.join('/');
+  }
+
+  //to support request.http
+  if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) {
+    result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') +
+                  (result.search ? result.search : '');
+  }
+  result.auth = relative.auth || result.auth;
+  result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes;
+  result.href = result.format();
+  return result;
+};
+
+Url.prototype.parseHost = function() {
+  var host = this.host;
+  var port = portPattern.exec(host);
+  if (port) {
+    port = port[0];
+    if (port !== ':') {
+      this.port = port.substr(1);
+    }
+    host = host.substr(0, host.length - port.length);
+  }
+  if (host) this.hostname = host;
+};
+
+function isString(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === "string";
+}
+
+function isObject(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === 'object' && arg !== null;
+}
+
+function isNull(arg) {
+  return arg === null;
+}
+function isNullOrUndefined(arg) {
+  return  arg == null;
+}
+
+},{"punycode":13,"querystring":16}],19:[function(require,module,exports){
 (function (Buffer){
 var Filer = require('..');
 var util = require('../tests/lib/test-utils.js');
@@ -5490,7 +5565,7 @@ progress.max = iterations;
 run();
 
 }).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"..":28,"../tests/lib/test-utils.js":43,"buffer":6}],20:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"..":28,"../tests/lib/test-utils.js":43,"buffer":7}],20:[function(require,module,exports){
 (function (Buffer){
 function FilerBuffer (subject, encoding, nonZero) {
 
@@ -5517,7 +5592,7 @@ Object.keys(Buffer).forEach(function (p) {
 module.exports = FilerBuffer;
 
 }).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"buffer":6}],21:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"buffer":7}],21:[function(require,module,exports){
 var O_READ = 'READ';
 var O_WRITE = 'WRITE';
 var O_CREATE = 'CREATE';
@@ -5539,10 +5614,17 @@ module.exports = {
   WSQL_SIZE: 5 * 1024 * 1024,
   WSQL_DESC: "FileSystem Storage",
 
-  MODE_FILE: 'FILE',
-  MODE_DIRECTORY: 'DIRECTORY',
-  MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK: 'SYMLINK',
-  MODE_META: 'META',
+  NODE_TYPE_FILE: 'FILE',
+  NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY: 'DIRECTORY',
+  NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK: 'SYMLINK',
+  NODE_TYPE_META: 'META',
+
+  S_IFREG: 0x8000,
+  S_IFDIR: 0x4000,
+  S_IFLNK: 0xA000,
+
+  DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS: 0x1ED, // 755
+  DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS: 0x1A4, // 644
 
   SYMLOOP_MAX: 10,
 
@@ -5600,11 +5682,11 @@ module.exports = {
 };
 
 },{}],22:[function(require,module,exports){
-var MODE_FILE = require('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+var NODE_TYPE_FILE = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 
 module.exports = function DirectoryEntry(id, type) {
   this.id = id;
-  this.type = type || MODE_FILE;
+  this.type = type || NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 };
 
 },{"./constants.js":21}],23:[function(require,module,exports){
@@ -5624,7 +5706,7 @@ module.exports = {
 };
 
 }).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"buffer":6}],24:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"buffer":7}],24:[function(require,module,exports){
 var errors = {};
 [
   /**
@@ -5741,10 +5823,10 @@ var isAbsolutePath = Path.isAbsolute;
 var isNullPath = Path.isNull;
 
 var Constants = require('../constants.js');
-var MODE_FILE = Constants.MODE_FILE;
-var MODE_DIRECTORY = Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
-var MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
-var MODE_META = Constants.MODE_META;
+var NODE_TYPE_FILE = Constants.NODE_TYPE_FILE;
+var NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY = Constants.NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
+var NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+var NODE_TYPE_META = Constants.NODE_TYPE_META;
 
 var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = Constants.ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
 var SUPER_NODE_ID = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
@@ -5777,17 +5859,17 @@ var Buffer = require('../buffer.js');
  * and filesystem flags are examined in order to override update logic.
  */
 function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
+  var update = false;
+
   // Honour mount flags for how we update times
   var flags = context.flags;
   if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOCTIME)) {
     delete times.ctime;
   }
-  if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
+   if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
     delete times.mtime;
   }
 
-  // Only do the update if required (i.e., times are still present)
-  var update = false;
   if(times.ctime) {
     node.ctime = times.ctime;
     // We don't do atime tracking for perf reasons, but do mirror ctime
@@ -5806,8 +5888,6 @@ function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
   }
 
   function complete(error) {
-    // Queue this change so we can send watch events.
-    // Unlike node.js, we send the full path vs. basename/dirname only.
     context.changes.push({ event: 'change', path: path });
     callback(error);
   }
@@ -5824,9 +5904,9 @@ function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
  */
 // in: file or directory path
 // out: new node representing file/directory
-function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
-  if(mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY && mode !== MODE_FILE) {
-    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be a directory or file', path));
+function make_node(context, path, type, callback) {
+  if(type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && type !== NODE_TYPE_FILE) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('type must be a directory or file', path));
   }
 
   path = normalize(path);
@@ -5841,7 +5921,7 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
   function create_node_in_parent(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
     } else {
       parentNode = parentDirectoryNode;
@@ -5866,7 +5946,11 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       parentNodeData = result;
-      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: mode}, function(error, result) {
+      Node.create({
+        path: path,
+        guid: context.guid,
+        type: type
+      }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -5893,7 +5977,7 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      parentNodeData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(node.id, mode);
+      parentNodeData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(node.id, type);
       context.putObject(parentNode.data, parentNodeData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -5919,7 +6003,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
   function read_root_directory_node(error, superNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(!superNode || superNode.mode !== MODE_META || !superNode.rnode) {
+    } else if(!superNode || superNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_META || !superNode.rnode) {
       callback(new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR());
     } else {
       context.getObject(superNode.rnode, check_root_directory_node);
@@ -5941,7 +6025,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
   function read_parent_directory_data(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY || !parentDirectoryNode.data) {
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY || !parentDirectoryNode.data) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
     } else {
       context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, get_node_from_parent_directory_data);
@@ -5967,7 +6051,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -6044,7 +6128,7 @@ function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
     } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      SuperNode.create({guid: context.guid}, function(error, result) {
+      SuperNode.create({ guid: context.guid }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -6059,7 +6143,12 @@ function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      Node.create({guid: context.guid, id: superNode.rnode, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+      Node.create({
+        guid: context.guid,
+        id: superNode.rnode,
+        type: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY,
+        path: ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME
+      }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -6120,7 +6209,11 @@ function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       parentDirectoryData = result;
-      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+      Node.create({
+        guid: context.guid,
+        type: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY,
+        path: path
+      }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -6154,7 +6247,7 @@ function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      parentDirectoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(directoryNode.id, MODE_DIRECTORY);
+      parentDirectoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(directoryNode.id, NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY);
       context.putObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, parentDirectoryData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -6201,7 +6294,7 @@ function remove_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode != MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type != NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -6281,7 +6374,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
   function read_directory_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -6299,7 +6392,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
           callback(new Errors.ENOENT('O_CREATE and O_EXCLUSIVE are set, and the named file exists', path));
         } else {
           directoryEntry = directoryData[name];
-          if(directoryEntry.type == MODE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+          if(directoryEntry.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
             callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
           } else {
             context.getObject(directoryEntry.id, check_if_symbolic_link);
@@ -6320,7 +6413,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       var node = result;
-      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -6357,7 +6450,11 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
   }
 
   function write_file_node() {
-    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_FILE}, function(error, result) {
+    Node.create({
+      guid: context.guid,
+      type: NODE_TYPE_FILE,
+      path: path
+    }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
         callback(error);
         return;
@@ -6391,7 +6488,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_FILE);
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, NODE_TYPE_FILE);
       context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -6546,7 +6643,7 @@ function read_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
   function read_file_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+    } else if(result.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory', ofd.path));
     } else {
       fileNode = result;
@@ -6612,18 +6709,20 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   newpath = normalize(newpath);
   var newname = basename(newpath);
   var newParentPath = dirname(newpath);
+  var ctime = Date.now();
 
   var oldDirectoryNode;
   var oldDirectoryData;
   var newDirectoryNode;
   var newDirectoryData;
+  var fileNodeID;
   var fileNode;
 
   function update_time(error) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      update_node_times(context, newpath,  fileNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      update_node_times(context, newpath, fileNode, { ctime: ctime }, callback);
     }
   }
 
@@ -6637,11 +6736,11 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  function read_directory_entry(error, result) {
+  function read_file_node(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      context.getObject(newDirectoryData[newname].id, update_file_node);
+      context.getObject(fileNodeID, update_file_node);
     }
   }
 
@@ -6654,7 +6753,8 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
         callback(new Errors.EEXIST('newpath resolves to an existing file', newname));
       } else {
         newDirectoryData[newname] = oldDirectoryData[oldname];
-        context.putObject(newDirectoryNode.data, newDirectoryData, read_directory_entry);
+        fileNodeID = newDirectoryData[newname].id;
+        context.putObject(newDirectoryNode.data, newDirectoryData, read_file_node);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -6675,7 +6775,7 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
       oldDirectoryData = result;
       if(!_(oldDirectoryData).has(oldname)) {
         callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of either path prefix does not exist', oldname));
-      } else if(oldDirectoryData[oldname].type === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      } else if(oldDirectoryData[oldname].type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
         callback(new Errors.EPERM('oldpath refers to a directory'));
       } else {
         find_node(context, newParentPath, read_new_directory_data);
@@ -6743,7 +6843,7 @@ function unlink_node(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+    } else if(result.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.EPERM('unlink not permitted on directories', name));
     } else {
       update_file_node(null, result);
@@ -6795,7 +6895,7 @@ function read_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function read_directory_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -6844,7 +6944,11 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
   }
 
   function write_file_node() {
-    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK}, function(error, result) {
+    Node.create({
+      guid: context.guid,
+      type: NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK,
+      path: dstpath
+    }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
         callback(error);
         return;
@@ -6870,7 +6974,7 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK);
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK);
       context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -6912,7 +7016,7 @@ function read_link(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(result.mode != MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(result.type != NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         callback(new Errors.EINVAL('path not a symbolic link', path));
       } else {
         callback(null, result.data);
@@ -6929,7 +7033,7 @@ function truncate_file(context, path, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR(null, path));
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -6985,7 +7089,7 @@ function ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR());
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -7336,9 +7440,9 @@ function close(fs, context, fd, callback) {
   }
 }
 
-function mknod(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
+function mknod(fs, context, path, type, callback) {
   if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
-  make_node(context, path, mode, callback);
+  make_node(context, path, type, callback);
 }
 
 function mkdir(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
@@ -7360,7 +7464,7 @@ function stat(fs, context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(path, result, fs.name);
       callback(null, stats);
     }
   }
@@ -7373,7 +7477,7 @@ function fstat(fs, context, fd, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(fd.path, result, fs.name);
       callback(null, stats);
     }
   }
@@ -7446,7 +7550,7 @@ function readFile(fs, context, path, options, callback) {
         return callback(err);
       }
 
-      var stats = new Stats(fstatResult, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(ofd.path, fstatResult, fs.name);
 
       if(stats.isDirectory()) {
         cleanup();
@@ -7718,12 +7822,15 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   var newName = Path.basename(newpath);
   var oldParentDirectory, oldParentData;
   var newParentDirectory, newParentData;
+  var ctime = Date.now();
+  var fileNode;
 
-  function update_times(error, newNode) {
+  function update_times(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      update_node_times(context, newpath,  newNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      fileNode = result;
+      update_node_times(context, newpath, fileNode, { ctime: ctime }, callback);
     }
   }
 
@@ -7807,7 +7914,7 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   function check_node_type(error, node) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+    } else if(node.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       find_node(context, oldParentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
     } else {
       link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, unlink_old_file);
@@ -7837,7 +7944,7 @@ function lstat(fs, context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(path, result, fs.name);
       callback(null, stats);
     }
   }
@@ -8327,13 +8434,42 @@ module.exports = {
 };
 
 },{"./buffer.js":20,"./errors.js":24,"./filesystem/interface.js":26,"./path.js":31,"./shell/shell.js":38}],29:[function(require,module,exports){
-var MODE_FILE = require('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+var path = require('./path.js');
+var hash32 = require('./encoding.js').hash32;
+
+var NODE_TYPE_FILE = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_FILE;
+var NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
+var NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+var NODE_TYPE_META = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_META;
+
+var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = require('./constants.js').ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
+
+var S_IFREG = require('./constants.js').S_IFREG;
+var S_IFDIR = require('./constants.js').S_IFDIR;
+var S_IFLNK = require('./constants.js').S_IFLNK;
+
+var DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS = require('./constants.js').DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
+var DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS = require('./constants.js').DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS;
+
+function getMode(type) {
+  switch(type) {
+    case NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
+      return DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS | S_IFDIR;
+    case NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
+      return DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS | S_IFLNK;
+    /* jshint -W086 */
+    case NODE_TYPE_FILE:
+      // falls through
+    default:
+      return DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS | S_IFREG;
+  }
+}
 
 function Node(options) {
   var now = Date.now();
 
   this.id = options.id;
-  this.mode = options.mode || MODE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
+  this.type = options.type || NODE_TYPE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
   this.size = options.size || 0; // size (bytes for files, entries for directories)
   this.atime = options.atime || now; // access time (will mirror ctime after creation)
   this.ctime = options.ctime || now; // creation/change time
@@ -8341,10 +8477,13 @@ function Node(options) {
   this.flags = options.flags || []; // file flags
   this.xattrs = options.xattrs || {}; // extended attributes
   this.nlinks = options.nlinks || 0; // links count
-  this.version = options.version || 0; // node version
-  this.blksize = undefined; // block size
-  this.nblocks = 1; // blocks count
   this.data = options.data; // id for data object
+  this.version = options.version || 1;
+
+  // permissions and flags
+  this.mode = options.mode || (getMode(this.type));
+  this.uid = options.uid || 0x0; // owner name
+  this.gid = options.gid || 0x0; // group name
 }
 
 // Make sure the options object has an id on property,
@@ -8381,7 +8520,7 @@ Node.create = function(options, callback) {
 
 module.exports = Node;
 
-},{"./constants.js":21}],30:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"./constants.js":21,"./encoding.js":23,"./path.js":31}],30:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Errors = require('./errors.js');
 
 function OpenFileDescription(path, id, flags, position) {
@@ -8707,43 +8846,57 @@ var indexedDB = global.indexedDB       ||
                 global.msIndexedDB;
 
 function IndexedDBContext(db, mode) {
-  var transaction = db.transaction(FILE_STORE_NAME, mode);
-  this.objectStore = transaction.objectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+  this.db = db;
+  this.mode = mode;
 }
 
+IndexedDBContext.prototype._getObjectStore = function() {
+  if(this.objectStore) {
+    return this.objectStore;
+  }
+
+  var transaction = this.db.transaction(FILE_STORE_NAME, this.mode);
+  this.objectStore = transaction.objectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+  return this.objectStore;
+};
+
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.clear = function(callback) {
   try {
-    var request = this.objectStore.clear();
-    request.onsuccess = function(event) {
+    var objectStore = this._getObjectStore();
+    var request = objectStore.clear();
+    request.onsuccess = function() {
       callback();
     };
-    request.onerror = function(error) {
-      callback(error);
+    request.onerror = function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      callback(event.error);
     };
-  } catch(e) {
-    callback(e);
+  } catch(err) {
+    callback(err);
   }
 };
 
-function _get(objectStore, key, callback) {
+IndexedDBContext.prototype._get = function(key, callback) {
   try {
+    var objectStore = this._getObjectStore();
     var request = objectStore.get(key);
     request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
       var result = event.target.result;
       callback(null, result);
     };
-    request.onerror = function onerror(error) {
-      callback(error);
+    request.onerror = function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      callback(event.error);
     };
-  } catch(e) {
-    callback(e);
+  } catch(err) {
+    callback(err);
   }
-}
+};
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.getObject = function(key, callback) {
-  _get(this.objectStore, key, callback);
+  this._get(key, callback);
 };
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.getBuffer = function(key, callback) {
-  _get(this.objectStore, key, function(err, arrayBuffer) {
+  this._get(key, function(err, arrayBuffer) {
     if(err) {
       return callback(err);
     }
@@ -8751,22 +8904,24 @@ IndexedDBContext.prototype.getBuffer = function(key, callback) {
   });
 };
 
-function _put(objectStore, key, value, callback) {
+IndexedDBContext.prototype._put = function(key, value, callback) {
   try {
+    var objectStore = this._getObjectStore();
     var request = objectStore.put(value, key);
     request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
       var result = event.target.result;
       callback(null, result);
     };
-    request.onerror = function onerror(error) {
-      callback(error);
+    request.onerror = function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      callback(event.error);
     };
-  } catch(e) {
-    callback(e);
+  } catch(err) {
+    callback(err);
   }
-}
+};
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.putObject = function(key, value, callback) {
-  _put(this.objectStore, key, value, callback);
+  this._put(key, value, callback);
 };
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.putBuffer = function(key, uint8BackedBuffer, callback) {
   var buf;
@@ -8775,21 +8930,23 @@ IndexedDBContext.prototype.putBuffer = function(key, uint8BackedBuffer, callback
   } else {
     buf = uint8BackedBuffer.buffer;
   }
-  _put(this.objectStore, key, buf, callback);
+  this._put(key, buf, callback);
 };
 
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.delete = function(key, callback) {
   try {
-    var request = this.objectStore.delete(key);
+    var objectStore = this._getObjectStore();
+    var request = objectStore.delete(key);
     request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
       var result = event.target.result;
       callback(null, result);
     };
-    request.onerror = function(error) {
-      callback(error);
+    request.onerror = function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      callback(event.error);
     };
-  } catch(e) {
-    callback(e);
+  } catch(err) {
+    callback(err);
   }
 };
 
@@ -8810,32 +8967,35 @@ IndexedDB.prototype.open = function(callback) {
     return callback();
   }
 
-  // NOTE: we're not using versioned databases.
-  var openRequest = indexedDB.open(that.name);
+  try {
+    // NOTE: we're not using versioned databases.
+    var openRequest = indexedDB.open(that.name);
 
-  // If the db doesn't exist, we'll create it
-  openRequest.onupgradeneeded = function onupgradeneeded(event) {
-    var db = event.target.result;
+    // If the db doesn't exist, we'll create it
+    openRequest.onupgradeneeded = function onupgradeneeded(event) {
+      var db = event.target.result;
 
-    if(db.objectStoreNames.contains(FILE_STORE_NAME)) {
-      db.deleteObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
-    }
-    db.createObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
-  };
+      if(db.objectStoreNames.contains(FILE_STORE_NAME)) {
+        db.deleteObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+      }
+      db.createObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+    };
 
-  openRequest.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
-    that.db = event.target.result;
-    callback();
-  };
-  openRequest.onerror = function onerror(error) {
-    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('IndexedDB cannot be accessed. If private browsing is enabled, disable it.'));
-  };
+    openRequest.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+      that.db = event.target.result;
+      callback();
+    };
+    openRequest.onerror = function onerror(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      callback(event.error);
+    };
+  } catch(err) {
+    callback(err);
+  }
 };
+
 IndexedDB.prototype.getReadOnlyContext = function() {
-  // Due to timing issues in Chrome with readwrite vs. readonly indexeddb transactions
-  // always use readwrite so we can make sure pending commits finish before callbacks.
-  // See https://github.com/js-platform/filer/issues/128
-  return new IndexedDBContext(this.db, IDB_RW);
+  return new IndexedDBContext(this.db, IDB_RO);
 };
 IndexedDB.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
   return new IndexedDBContext(this.db, IDB_RW);
@@ -8844,7 +9004,7 @@ IndexedDB.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
 module.exports = IndexedDB;
 
 }).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {},require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"../buffer.js":20,"../constants.js":21,"../errors.js":24,"buffer":6}],34:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../buffer.js":20,"../constants.js":21,"../errors.js":24,"buffer":7}],34:[function(require,module,exports){
 var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
 // NOTE: prefer setImmediate to nextTick for proper recursion yielding.
 // see https://github.com/js-platform/filer/pull/24
@@ -9392,16 +9552,10 @@ Shell.prototype.ls = function(dir, options, callback) {
             callback(error);
             return;
           }
-          var entry = {
-            path: Path.basename(name),
-            links: stats.nlinks,
-            size: stats.size,
-            modified: stats.mtime,
-            type: stats.type
-          };
+          var entry = stats;
 
           if(options.recursive && stats.type === 'DIRECTORY') {
-            list(Path.join(pathname, entry.path), function(error, items) {
+            list(Path.join(pathname, entry.name), function(error, items) {
               if(error) {
                 callback(error);
                 return;
@@ -9704,30 +9858,37 @@ Shell.prototype.mkdirp = function(path, callback) {
 
 module.exports = Shell;
 
-},{"../../lib/async.js":1,"../encoding.js":23,"../errors.js":24,"../path.js":31,"./environment.js":37,"minimatch":16}],39:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../lib/async.js":1,"../encoding.js":23,"../errors.js":24,"../path.js":31,"./environment.js":37,"minimatch":11}],39:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Constants = require('./constants.js');
+var Path = require('./path.js');
 
-function Stats(fileNode, devName) {
-  this.node = fileNode.id;
+function Stats(path, fileNode, devName) {
   this.dev = devName;
+  this.node = fileNode.id;
+  this.type = fileNode.type;
+  this.name = fileNode.name;
   this.size = fileNode.size;
   this.nlinks = fileNode.nlinks;
   this.atime = fileNode.atime;
   this.mtime = fileNode.mtime;
   this.ctime = fileNode.ctime;
-  this.type = fileNode.mode;
+  this.version = fileNode.version;
+  this.mode = fileNode.mode;
+  this.uid = fileNode.uid;
+  this.gid = fileNode.gid;
+  this.name = Path.basename(path);
 }
 
 Stats.prototype.isFile = function() {
-  return this.type === Constants.MODE_FILE;
+  return this.type === Constants.NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 };
 
 Stats.prototype.isDirectory = function() {
-  return this.type === Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
+  return this.type === Constants.NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
 };
 
 Stats.prototype.isSymbolicLink = function() {
-  return this.type === Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+  return this.type === Constants.NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
 };
 
 // These will always be false in Filer.
@@ -9741,14 +9902,14 @@ function() {
 
 module.exports = Stats;
 
-},{"./constants.js":21}],40:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"./constants.js":21,"./path.js":31}],40:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Constants = require('./constants.js');
 
 function SuperNode(options) {
   var now = Date.now();
 
   this.id = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
-  this.mode = Constants.MODE_META;
+  this.type = Constants.NODE_TYPE_META;
   this.atime = options.atime || now;
   this.ctime = options.ctime || now;
   this.mtime = options.mtime || now;
@@ -9796,20 +9957,26 @@ function IndexedDBTestProvider(name) {
       return callback();
     }
 
-    // We have to force any other connections to close
-    // before we can delete a db.
-    if(that.provider.db) {
-      that.provider.db.close();
-    }
-
-    var request = indexedDB.deleteDatabase(name);
     function finished() {
       that.provider = null;
       _done = true;
       callback();
     }
-    request.onsuccess = finished;
-    request.onerror = finished;
+
+    try {
+      // We have to force any other connections to close
+      // before we can delete a db.
+      if(that.provider.db) {
+        that.provider.db.close();
+      }
+
+      var request = indexedDB.deleteDatabase(name);
+      request.onsuccess = finished;
+      request.onerror = finished;
+    } catch(e) {
+      console.log("Failed to delete test database", e);
+      finished();
+    }
   }
 
   function init() {
@@ -9900,6 +10067,7 @@ function getUrlParams() {
 }
 
 function getProviderType() {
+  var defaultProvider = 'default';
   var queryString = getUrlParams();
 
   // If the environment is node or the query string is empty,
@@ -9908,7 +10076,7 @@ function getProviderType() {
     return defaultProvider;
   }
 
-  return queryString['filer-provider'] || 'default';
+  return queryString['filer-provider'] || defaultProvider;
 }
 
 function setup(callback) {
@@ -9931,7 +10099,6 @@ function setup(callback) {
       break;
     case 'default':
     default:
-      console.log('default');
       var BestProvider = findBestProvider();
       _provider = new BestProvider(name);
       break;
@@ -10019,7 +10186,7 @@ module.exports = {
 };
 
 }).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
-},{"../..":28,"./indexeddb.js":41,"./memory.js":42,"./websql.js":44,"url":15}],44:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":28,"./indexeddb.js":41,"./memory.js":42,"./websql.js":44,"url":18}],44:[function(require,module,exports){
 (function (global){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 
@@ -10073,4 +10240,4 @@ module.exports = WebSQLTestProvider;
 
 }).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
 },{"../..":28}]},{},[19])(19)
-});
\ No newline at end of file
+});
diff --git a/dist/filer-test.js b/dist/filer-test.js
index cc7d37e..fbf152d 100644
--- a/dist/filer-test.js
+++ b/dist/filer-test.js
@@ -580,6 +580,118 @@ function nodash(value) {
 module.exports = nodash;
 
 },{}],5:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * assertion-error
+ * Copyright(c) 2013 Jake Luer <jake@qualiancy.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/*!
+ * Return a function that will copy properties from
+ * one object to another excluding any originally
+ * listed. Returned function will create a new `{}`.
+ *
+ * @param {String} excluded properties ...
+ * @return {Function}
+ */
+
+function exclude () {
+  var excludes = [].slice.call(arguments);
+
+  function excludeProps (res, obj) {
+    Object.keys(obj).forEach(function (key) {
+      if (!~excludes.indexOf(key)) res[key] = obj[key];
+    });
+  }
+
+  return function extendExclude () {
+    var args = [].slice.call(arguments)
+      , i = 0
+      , res = {};
+
+    for (; i < args.length; i++) {
+      excludeProps(res, args[i]);
+    }
+
+    return res;
+  };
+};
+
+/*!
+ * Primary Exports
+ */
+
+module.exports = AssertionError;
+
+/**
+ * ### AssertionError
+ *
+ * An extension of the JavaScript `Error` constructor for
+ * assertion and validation scenarios.
+ *
+ * @param {String} message
+ * @param {Object} properties to include (optional)
+ * @param {callee} start stack function (optional)
+ */
+
+function AssertionError (message, _props, ssf) {
+  var extend = exclude('name', 'message', 'stack', 'constructor', 'toJSON')
+    , props = extend(_props || {});
+
+  // default values
+  this.message = message || 'Unspecified AssertionError';
+  this.showDiff = false;
+
+  // copy from properties
+  for (var key in props) {
+    this[key] = props[key];
+  }
+
+  // capture stack trace
+  ssf = ssf || arguments.callee;
+  if (ssf && Error.captureStackTrace) {
+    Error.captureStackTrace(this, ssf);
+  }
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Inherit from Error.prototype
+ */
+
+AssertionError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);
+
+/*!
+ * Statically set name
+ */
+
+AssertionError.prototype.name = 'AssertionError';
+
+/*!
+ * Ensure correct constructor
+ */
+
+AssertionError.prototype.constructor = AssertionError;
+
+/**
+ * Allow errors to be converted to JSON for static transfer.
+ *
+ * @param {Boolean} include stack (default: `true`)
+ * @return {Object} object that can be `JSON.stringify`
+ */
+
+AssertionError.prototype.toJSON = function (stack) {
+  var extend = exclude('constructor', 'toJSON', 'stack')
+    , props = extend({ name: this.name }, this);
+
+  // include stack if exists and not turned off
+  if (false !== stack && this.stack) {
+    props.stack = this.stack;
+  }
+
+  return props;
+};
+
+},{}],6:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*
  * base64-arraybuffer
  * https://github.com/niklasvh/base64-arraybuffer
@@ -587,9 +699,17 @@ module.exports = nodash;
  * Copyright (c) 2012 Niklas von Hertzen
  * Licensed under the MIT license.
  */
-(function(chars){
+(function(){
   "use strict";
 
+  var chars = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
+
+  // Use a lookup table to find the index.
+  var lookup = new Uint8Array(256);
+  for (var i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
+    lookup[chars.charCodeAt(i)] = i;
+  }
+
   exports.encode = function(arraybuffer) {
     var bytes = new Uint8Array(arraybuffer),
     i, len = bytes.length, base64 = "";
@@ -626,10 +746,10 @@ module.exports = nodash;
     bytes = new Uint8Array(arraybuffer);
 
     for (i = 0; i < len; i+=4) {
-      encoded1 = chars.indexOf(base64[i]);
-      encoded2 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+1]);
-      encoded3 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+2]);
-      encoded4 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+3]);
+      encoded1 = lookup[base64.charCodeAt(i)];
+      encoded2 = lookup[base64.charCodeAt(i+1)];
+      encoded3 = lookup[base64.charCodeAt(i+2)];
+      encoded4 = lookup[base64.charCodeAt(i+3)];
 
       bytes[p++] = (encoded1 << 2) | (encoded2 >> 4);
       bytes[p++] = ((encoded2 & 15) << 4) | (encoded3 >> 2);
@@ -638,12 +758,1697 @@ module.exports = nodash;
 
     return arraybuffer;
   };
-})("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/");
+})();
 
-},{}],6:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],7:[function(require,module,exports){
+var lookup = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
+
+;(function (exports) {
+	'use strict';
+
+  var Arr = (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined')
+    ? Uint8Array
+    : Array
+
+	var PLUS   = '+'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var SLASH  = '/'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var NUMBER = '0'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var LOWER  = 'a'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var UPPER  = 'A'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var PLUS_URL_SAFE = '-'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var SLASH_URL_SAFE = '_'.charCodeAt(0)
+
+	function decode (elt) {
+		var code = elt.charCodeAt(0)
+		if (code === PLUS ||
+		    code === PLUS_URL_SAFE)
+			return 62 // '+'
+		if (code === SLASH ||
+		    code === SLASH_URL_SAFE)
+			return 63 // '/'
+		if (code < NUMBER)
+			return -1 //no match
+		if (code < NUMBER + 10)
+			return code - NUMBER + 26 + 26
+		if (code < UPPER + 26)
+			return code - UPPER
+		if (code < LOWER + 26)
+			return code - LOWER + 26
+	}
+
+	function b64ToByteArray (b64) {
+		var i, j, l, tmp, placeHolders, arr
+
+		if (b64.length % 4 > 0) {
+			throw new Error('Invalid string. Length must be a multiple of 4')
+		}
+
+		// the number of equal signs (place holders)
+		// if there are two placeholders, than the two characters before it
+		// represent one byte
+		// if there is only one, then the three characters before it represent 2 bytes
+		// this is just a cheap hack to not do indexOf twice
+		var len = b64.length
+		placeHolders = '=' === b64.charAt(len - 2) ? 2 : '=' === b64.charAt(len - 1) ? 1 : 0
+
+		// base64 is 4/3 + up to two characters of the original data
+		arr = new Arr(b64.length * 3 / 4 - placeHolders)
+
+		// if there are placeholders, only get up to the last complete 4 chars
+		l = placeHolders > 0 ? b64.length - 4 : b64.length
+
+		var L = 0
+
+		function push (v) {
+			arr[L++] = v
+		}
+
+		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < l; i += 4, j += 3) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 18) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 12) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) << 6) | decode(b64.charAt(i + 3))
+			push((tmp & 0xFF0000) >> 16)
+			push((tmp & 0xFF00) >> 8)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		if (placeHolders === 2) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 2) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) >> 4)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		} else if (placeHolders === 1) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 10) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 4) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) >> 2)
+			push((tmp >> 8) & 0xFF)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		return arr
+	}
+
+	function uint8ToBase64 (uint8) {
+		var i,
+			extraBytes = uint8.length % 3, // if we have 1 byte left, pad 2 bytes
+			output = "",
+			temp, length
+
+		function encode (num) {
+			return lookup.charAt(num)
+		}
+
+		function tripletToBase64 (num) {
+			return encode(num >> 18 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 12 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 6 & 0x3F) + encode(num & 0x3F)
+		}
+
+		// go through the array every three bytes, we'll deal with trailing stuff later
+		for (i = 0, length = uint8.length - extraBytes; i < length; i += 3) {
+			temp = (uint8[i] << 16) + (uint8[i + 1] << 8) + (uint8[i + 2])
+			output += tripletToBase64(temp)
+		}
+
+		// pad the end with zeros, but make sure to not forget the extra bytes
+		switch (extraBytes) {
+			case 1:
+				temp = uint8[uint8.length - 1]
+				output += encode(temp >> 2)
+				output += encode((temp << 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += '=='
+				break
+			case 2:
+				temp = (uint8[uint8.length - 2] << 8) + (uint8[uint8.length - 1])
+				output += encode(temp >> 10)
+				output += encode((temp >> 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += encode((temp << 2) & 0x3F)
+				output += '='
+				break
+		}
+
+		return output
+	}
+
+	exports.toByteArray = b64ToByteArray
+	exports.fromByteArray = uint8ToBase64
+}(typeof exports === 'undefined' ? (this.base64js = {}) : exports))
+
+},{}],8:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+/*!
+ * The buffer module from node.js, for the browser.
+ *
+ * @author   Feross Aboukhadijeh <feross@feross.org> <http://feross.org>
+ * @license  MIT
+ */
+/* eslint-disable no-proto */
+
+'use strict'
+
+var base64 = require('base64-js')
+var ieee754 = require('ieee754')
+var isArray = require('isarray')
+
+exports.Buffer = Buffer
+exports.SlowBuffer = SlowBuffer
+exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES = 50
+Buffer.poolSize = 8192 // not used by this implementation
+
+var rootParent = {}
+
+/**
+ * If `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT`:
+ *   === true    Use Uint8Array implementation (fastest)
+ *   === false   Use Object implementation (most compatible, even IE6)
+ *
+ * Browsers that support typed arrays are IE 10+, Firefox 4+, Chrome 7+, Safari 5.1+,
+ * Opera 11.6+, iOS 4.2+.
+ *
+ * Due to various browser bugs, sometimes the Object implementation will be used even
+ * when the browser supports typed arrays.
+ *
+ * Note:
+ *
+ *   - Firefox 4-29 lacks support for adding new properties to `Uint8Array` instances,
+ *     See: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=695438.
+ *
+ *   - Safari 5-7 lacks support for changing the `Object.prototype.constructor` property
+ *     on objects.
+ *
+ *   - Chrome 9-10 is missing the `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function.
+ *
+ *   - IE10 has a broken `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function which returns arrays of
+ *     incorrect length in some situations.
+
+ * We detect these buggy browsers and set `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT` to `false` so they
+ * get the Object implementation, which is slower but behaves correctly.
+ */
+Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT = global.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT !== undefined
+  ? global.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT
+  : typedArraySupport()
+
+function typedArraySupport () {
+  function Bar () {}
+  try {
+    var arr = new Uint8Array(1)
+    arr.foo = function () { return 42 }
+    arr.constructor = Bar
+    return arr.foo() === 42 && // typed array instances can be augmented
+        arr.constructor === Bar && // constructor can be set
+        typeof arr.subarray === 'function' && // chrome 9-10 lack `subarray`
+        arr.subarray(1, 1).byteLength === 0 // ie10 has broken `subarray`
+  } catch (e) {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+function kMaxLength () {
+  return Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT
+    ? 0x7fffffff
+    : 0x3fffffff
+}
+
+/**
+ * Class: Buffer
+ * =============
+ *
+ * The Buffer constructor returns instances of `Uint8Array` that are augmented
+ * with function properties for all the node `Buffer` API functions. We use
+ * `Uint8Array` so that square bracket notation works as expected -- it returns
+ * a single octet.
+ *
+ * By augmenting the instances, we can avoid modifying the `Uint8Array`
+ * prototype.
+ */
+function Buffer (arg) {
+  if (!(this instanceof Buffer)) {
+    // Avoid going through an ArgumentsAdaptorTrampoline in the common case.
+    if (arguments.length > 1) return new Buffer(arg, arguments[1])
+    return new Buffer(arg)
+  }
+
+  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this.length = 0
+    this.parent = undefined
+  }
+
+  // Common case.
+  if (typeof arg === 'number') {
+    return fromNumber(this, arg)
+  }
+
+  // Slightly less common case.
+  if (typeof arg === 'string') {
+    return fromString(this, arg, arguments.length > 1 ? arguments[1] : 'utf8')
+  }
+
+  // Unusual.
+  return fromObject(this, arg)
+}
+
+function fromNumber (that, length) {
+  that = allocate(that, length < 0 ? 0 : checked(length) | 0)
+  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      that[i] = 0
+    }
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+function fromString (that, string, encoding) {
+  if (typeof encoding !== 'string' || encoding === '') encoding = 'utf8'
+
+  // Assumption: byteLength() return value is always < kMaxLength.
+  var length = byteLength(string, encoding) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+
+  that.write(string, encoding)
+  return that
+}
+
+function fromObject (that, object) {
+  if (Buffer.isBuffer(object)) return fromBuffer(that, object)
+
+  if (isArray(object)) return fromArray(that, object)
+
+  if (object == null) {
+    throw new TypeError('must start with number, buffer, array or string')
+  }
+
+  if (typeof ArrayBuffer !== 'undefined') {
+    if (object.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+      return fromTypedArray(that, object)
+    }
+    if (object instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+      return fromArrayBuffer(that, object)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (object.length) return fromArrayLike(that, object)
+
+  return fromJsonObject(that, object)
+}
+
+function fromBuffer (that, buffer) {
+  var length = checked(buffer.length) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+  buffer.copy(that, 0, 0, length)
+  return that
+}
+
+function fromArray (that, array) {
+  var length = checked(array.length) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+    that[i] = array[i] & 255
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+// Duplicate of fromArray() to keep fromArray() monomorphic.
+function fromTypedArray (that, array) {
+  var length = checked(array.length) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+  // Truncating the elements is probably not what people expect from typed
+  // arrays with BYTES_PER_ELEMENT > 1 but it's compatible with the behavior
+  // of the old Buffer constructor.
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+    that[i] = array[i] & 255
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+function fromArrayBuffer (that, array) {
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    // Return an augmented `Uint8Array` instance, for best performance
+    array.byteLength
+    that = Buffer._augment(new Uint8Array(array))
+  } else {
+    // Fallback: Return an object instance of the Buffer class
+    that = fromTypedArray(that, new Uint8Array(array))
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+function fromArrayLike (that, array) {
+  var length = checked(array.length) | 0
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+    that[i] = array[i] & 255
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+// Deserialize { type: 'Buffer', data: [1,2,3,...] } into a Buffer object.
+// Returns a zero-length buffer for inputs that don't conform to the spec.
+function fromJsonObject (that, object) {
+  var array
+  var length = 0
+
+  if (object.type === 'Buffer' && isArray(object.data)) {
+    array = object.data
+    length = checked(array.length) | 0
+  }
+  that = allocate(that, length)
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+    that[i] = array[i] & 255
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
+if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+  Buffer.prototype.__proto__ = Uint8Array.prototype
+  Buffer.__proto__ = Uint8Array
+} else {
+  // pre-set for values that may exist in the future
+  Buffer.prototype.length = undefined
+  Buffer.prototype.parent = undefined
+}
+
+function allocate (that, length) {
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    // Return an augmented `Uint8Array` instance, for best performance
+    that = Buffer._augment(new Uint8Array(length))
+    that.__proto__ = Buffer.prototype
+  } else {
+    // Fallback: Return an object instance of the Buffer class
+    that.length = length
+    that._isBuffer = true
+  }
+
+  var fromPool = length !== 0 && length <= Buffer.poolSize >>> 1
+  if (fromPool) that.parent = rootParent
+
+  return that
+}
+
+function checked (length) {
+  // Note: cannot use `length < kMaxLength` here because that fails when
+  // length is NaN (which is otherwise coerced to zero.)
+  if (length >= kMaxLength()) {
+    throw new RangeError('Attempt to allocate Buffer larger than maximum ' +
+                         'size: 0x' + kMaxLength().toString(16) + ' bytes')
+  }
+  return length | 0
+}
+
+function SlowBuffer (subject, encoding) {
+  if (!(this instanceof SlowBuffer)) return new SlowBuffer(subject, encoding)
+
+  var buf = new Buffer(subject, encoding)
+  delete buf.parent
+  return buf
+}
+
+Buffer.isBuffer = function isBuffer (b) {
+  return !!(b != null && b._isBuffer)
+}
+
+Buffer.compare = function compare (a, b) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(a) || !Buffer.isBuffer(b)) {
+    throw new TypeError('Arguments must be Buffers')
+  }
+
+  if (a === b) return 0
+
+  var x = a.length
+  var y = b.length
+
+  var i = 0
+  var len = Math.min(x, y)
+  while (i < len) {
+    if (a[i] !== b[i]) break
+
+    ++i
+  }
+
+  if (i !== len) {
+    x = a[i]
+    y = b[i]
+  }
+
+  if (x < y) return -1
+  if (y < x) return 1
+  return 0
+}
+
+Buffer.isEncoding = function isEncoding (encoding) {
+  switch (String(encoding).toLowerCase()) {
+    case 'hex':
+    case 'utf8':
+    case 'utf-8':
+    case 'ascii':
+    case 'binary':
+    case 'base64':
+    case 'raw':
+    case 'ucs2':
+    case 'ucs-2':
+    case 'utf16le':
+    case 'utf-16le':
+      return true
+    default:
+      return false
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.concat = function concat (list, length) {
+  if (!isArray(list)) throw new TypeError('list argument must be an Array of Buffers.')
+
+  if (list.length === 0) {
+    return new Buffer(0)
+  }
+
+  var i
+  if (length === undefined) {
+    length = 0
+    for (i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
+      length += list[i].length
+    }
+  }
+
+  var buf = new Buffer(length)
+  var pos = 0
+  for (i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
+    var item = list[i]
+    item.copy(buf, pos)
+    pos += item.length
+  }
+  return buf
+}
+
+function byteLength (string, encoding) {
+  if (typeof string !== 'string') string = '' + string
+
+  var len = string.length
+  if (len === 0) return 0
+
+  // Use a for loop to avoid recursion
+  var loweredCase = false
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (encoding) {
+      case 'ascii':
+      case 'binary':
+      // Deprecated
+      case 'raw':
+      case 'raws':
+        return len
+      case 'utf8':
+      case 'utf-8':
+        return utf8ToBytes(string).length
+      case 'ucs2':
+      case 'ucs-2':
+      case 'utf16le':
+      case 'utf-16le':
+        return len * 2
+      case 'hex':
+        return len >>> 1
+      case 'base64':
+        return base64ToBytes(string).length
+      default:
+        if (loweredCase) return utf8ToBytes(string).length // assume utf8
+        encoding = ('' + encoding).toLowerCase()
+        loweredCase = true
+    }
+  }
+}
+Buffer.byteLength = byteLength
+
+function slowToString (encoding, start, end) {
+  var loweredCase = false
+
+  start = start | 0
+  end = end === undefined || end === Infinity ? this.length : end | 0
+
+  if (!encoding) encoding = 'utf8'
+  if (start < 0) start = 0
+  if (end > this.length) end = this.length
+  if (end <= start) return ''
+
+  while (true) {
+    switch (encoding) {
+      case 'hex':
+        return hexSlice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'utf8':
+      case 'utf-8':
+        return utf8Slice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'ascii':
+        return asciiSlice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'binary':
+        return binarySlice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'base64':
+        return base64Slice(this, start, end)
+
+      case 'ucs2':
+      case 'ucs-2':
+      case 'utf16le':
+      case 'utf-16le':
+        return utf16leSlice(this, start, end)
+
+      default:
+        if (loweredCase) throw new TypeError('Unknown encoding: ' + encoding)
+        encoding = (encoding + '').toLowerCase()
+        loweredCase = true
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.toString = function toString () {
+  var length = this.length | 0
+  if (length === 0) return ''
+  if (arguments.length === 0) return utf8Slice(this, 0, length)
+  return slowToString.apply(this, arguments)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.equals = function equals (b) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) throw new TypeError('Argument must be a Buffer')
+  if (this === b) return true
+  return Buffer.compare(this, b) === 0
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.inspect = function inspect () {
+  var str = ''
+  var max = exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES
+  if (this.length > 0) {
+    str = this.toString('hex', 0, max).match(/.{2}/g).join(' ')
+    if (this.length > max) str += ' ... '
+  }
+  return '<Buffer ' + str + '>'
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.compare = function compare (b) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) throw new TypeError('Argument must be a Buffer')
+  if (this === b) return 0
+  return Buffer.compare(this, b)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.indexOf = function indexOf (val, byteOffset) {
+  if (byteOffset > 0x7fffffff) byteOffset = 0x7fffffff
+  else if (byteOffset < -0x80000000) byteOffset = -0x80000000
+  byteOffset >>= 0
+
+  if (this.length === 0) return -1
+  if (byteOffset >= this.length) return -1
+
+  // Negative offsets start from the end of the buffer
+  if (byteOffset < 0) byteOffset = Math.max(this.length + byteOffset, 0)
+
+  if (typeof val === 'string') {
+    if (val.length === 0) return -1 // special case: looking for empty string always fails
+    return String.prototype.indexOf.call(this, val, byteOffset)
+  }
+  if (Buffer.isBuffer(val)) {
+    return arrayIndexOf(this, val, byteOffset)
+  }
+  if (typeof val === 'number') {
+    if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT && Uint8Array.prototype.indexOf === 'function') {
+      return Uint8Array.prototype.indexOf.call(this, val, byteOffset)
+    }
+    return arrayIndexOf(this, [ val ], byteOffset)
+  }
+
+  function arrayIndexOf (arr, val, byteOffset) {
+    var foundIndex = -1
+    for (var i = 0; byteOffset + i < arr.length; i++) {
+      if (arr[byteOffset + i] === val[foundIndex === -1 ? 0 : i - foundIndex]) {
+        if (foundIndex === -1) foundIndex = i
+        if (i - foundIndex + 1 === val.length) return byteOffset + foundIndex
+      } else {
+        foundIndex = -1
+      }
+    }
+    return -1
+  }
+
+  throw new TypeError('val must be string, number or Buffer')
+}
+
+// `get` is deprecated
+Buffer.prototype.get = function get (offset) {
+  console.log('.get() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
+  return this.readUInt8(offset)
+}
+
+// `set` is deprecated
+Buffer.prototype.set = function set (v, offset) {
+  console.log('.set() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
+  return this.writeUInt8(v, offset)
+}
+
+function hexWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  offset = Number(offset) || 0
+  var remaining = buf.length - offset
+  if (!length) {
+    length = remaining
+  } else {
+    length = Number(length)
+    if (length > remaining) {
+      length = remaining
+    }
+  }
+
+  // must be an even number of digits
+  var strLen = string.length
+  if (strLen % 2 !== 0) throw new Error('Invalid hex string')
+
+  if (length > strLen / 2) {
+    length = strLen / 2
+  }
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    var parsed = parseInt(string.substr(i * 2, 2), 16)
+    if (isNaN(parsed)) throw new Error('Invalid hex string')
+    buf[offset + i] = parsed
+  }
+  return i
+}
+
+function utf8Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return blitBuffer(utf8ToBytes(string, buf.length - offset), buf, offset, length)
+}
+
+function asciiWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return blitBuffer(asciiToBytes(string), buf, offset, length)
+}
+
+function binaryWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return asciiWrite(buf, string, offset, length)
+}
+
+function base64Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return blitBuffer(base64ToBytes(string), buf, offset, length)
+}
+
+function ucs2Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
+  return blitBuffer(utf16leToBytes(string, buf.length - offset), buf, offset, length)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.write = function write (string, offset, length, encoding) {
+  // Buffer#write(string)
+  if (offset === undefined) {
+    encoding = 'utf8'
+    length = this.length
+    offset = 0
+  // Buffer#write(string, encoding)
+  } else if (length === undefined && typeof offset === 'string') {
+    encoding = offset
+    length = this.length
+    offset = 0
+  // Buffer#write(string, offset[, length][, encoding])
+  } else if (isFinite(offset)) {
+    offset = offset | 0
+    if (isFinite(length)) {
+      length = length | 0
+      if (encoding === undefined) encoding = 'utf8'
+    } else {
+      encoding = length
+      length = undefined
+    }
+  // legacy write(string, encoding, offset, length) - remove in v0.13
+  } else {
+    var swap = encoding
+    encoding = offset
+    offset = length | 0
+    length = swap
+  }
+
+  var remaining = this.length - offset
+  if (length === undefined || length > remaining) length = remaining
+
+  if ((string.length > 0 && (length < 0 || offset < 0)) || offset > this.length) {
+    throw new RangeError('attempt to write outside buffer bounds')
+  }
+
+  if (!encoding) encoding = 'utf8'
+
+  var loweredCase = false
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (encoding) {
+      case 'hex':
+        return hexWrite(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'utf8':
+      case 'utf-8':
+        return utf8Write(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'ascii':
+        return asciiWrite(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'binary':
+        return binaryWrite(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'base64':
+        // Warning: maxLength not taken into account in base64Write
+        return base64Write(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      case 'ucs2':
+      case 'ucs-2':
+      case 'utf16le':
+      case 'utf-16le':
+        return ucs2Write(this, string, offset, length)
+
+      default:
+        if (loweredCase) throw new TypeError('Unknown encoding: ' + encoding)
+        encoding = ('' + encoding).toLowerCase()
+        loweredCase = true
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.toJSON = function toJSON () {
+  return {
+    type: 'Buffer',
+    data: Array.prototype.slice.call(this._arr || this, 0)
+  }
+}
+
+function base64Slice (buf, start, end) {
+  if (start === 0 && end === buf.length) {
+    return base64.fromByteArray(buf)
+  } else {
+    return base64.fromByteArray(buf.slice(start, end))
+  }
+}
+
+function utf8Slice (buf, start, end) {
+  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+  var res = []
+
+  var i = start
+  while (i < end) {
+    var firstByte = buf[i]
+    var codePoint = null
+    var bytesPerSequence = (firstByte > 0xEF) ? 4
+      : (firstByte > 0xDF) ? 3
+      : (firstByte > 0xBF) ? 2
+      : 1
+
+    if (i + bytesPerSequence <= end) {
+      var secondByte, thirdByte, fourthByte, tempCodePoint
+
+      switch (bytesPerSequence) {
+        case 1:
+          if (firstByte < 0x80) {
+            codePoint = firstByte
+          }
+          break
+        case 2:
+          secondByte = buf[i + 1]
+          if ((secondByte & 0xC0) === 0x80) {
+            tempCodePoint = (firstByte & 0x1F) << 0x6 | (secondByte & 0x3F)
+            if (tempCodePoint > 0x7F) {
+              codePoint = tempCodePoint
+            }
+          }
+          break
+        case 3:
+          secondByte = buf[i + 1]
+          thirdByte = buf[i + 2]
+          if ((secondByte & 0xC0) === 0x80 && (thirdByte & 0xC0) === 0x80) {
+            tempCodePoint = (firstByte & 0xF) << 0xC | (secondByte & 0x3F) << 0x6 | (thirdByte & 0x3F)
+            if (tempCodePoint > 0x7FF && (tempCodePoint < 0xD800 || tempCodePoint > 0xDFFF)) {
+              codePoint = tempCodePoint
+            }
+          }
+          break
+        case 4:
+          secondByte = buf[i + 1]
+          thirdByte = buf[i + 2]
+          fourthByte = buf[i + 3]
+          if ((secondByte & 0xC0) === 0x80 && (thirdByte & 0xC0) === 0x80 && (fourthByte & 0xC0) === 0x80) {
+            tempCodePoint = (firstByte & 0xF) << 0x12 | (secondByte & 0x3F) << 0xC | (thirdByte & 0x3F) << 0x6 | (fourthByte & 0x3F)
+            if (tempCodePoint > 0xFFFF && tempCodePoint < 0x110000) {
+              codePoint = tempCodePoint
+            }
+          }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (codePoint === null) {
+      // we did not generate a valid codePoint so insert a
+      // replacement char (U+FFFD) and advance only 1 byte
+      codePoint = 0xFFFD
+      bytesPerSequence = 1
+    } else if (codePoint > 0xFFFF) {
+      // encode to utf16 (surrogate pair dance)
+      codePoint -= 0x10000
+      res.push(codePoint >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800)
+      codePoint = 0xDC00 | codePoint & 0x3FF
+    }
+
+    res.push(codePoint)
+    i += bytesPerSequence
+  }
+
+  return decodeCodePointsArray(res)
+}
+
+// Based on http://stackoverflow.com/a/22747272/680742, the browser with
+// the lowest limit is Chrome, with 0x10000 args.
+// We go 1 magnitude less, for safety
+var MAX_ARGUMENTS_LENGTH = 0x1000
+
+function decodeCodePointsArray (codePoints) {
+  var len = codePoints.length
+  if (len <= MAX_ARGUMENTS_LENGTH) {
+    return String.fromCharCode.apply(String, codePoints) // avoid extra slice()
+  }
+
+  // Decode in chunks to avoid "call stack size exceeded".
+  var res = ''
+  var i = 0
+  while (i < len) {
+    res += String.fromCharCode.apply(
+      String,
+      codePoints.slice(i, i += MAX_ARGUMENTS_LENGTH)
+    )
+  }
+  return res
+}
+
+function asciiSlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var ret = ''
+  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    ret += String.fromCharCode(buf[i] & 0x7F)
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+
+function binarySlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var ret = ''
+  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    ret += String.fromCharCode(buf[i])
+  }
+  return ret
+}
+
+function hexSlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var len = buf.length
+
+  if (!start || start < 0) start = 0
+  if (!end || end < 0 || end > len) end = len
+
+  var out = ''
+  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
+    out += toHex(buf[i])
+  }
+  return out
+}
+
+function utf16leSlice (buf, start, end) {
+  var bytes = buf.slice(start, end)
+  var res = ''
+  for (var i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 2) {
+    res += String.fromCharCode(bytes[i] + bytes[i + 1] * 256)
+  }
+  return res
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.slice = function slice (start, end) {
+  var len = this.length
+  start = ~~start
+  end = end === undefined ? len : ~~end
+
+  if (start < 0) {
+    start += len
+    if (start < 0) start = 0
+  } else if (start > len) {
+    start = len
+  }
+
+  if (end < 0) {
+    end += len
+    if (end < 0) end = 0
+  } else if (end > len) {
+    end = len
+  }
+
+  if (end < start) end = start
+
+  var newBuf
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    newBuf = Buffer._augment(this.subarray(start, end))
+  } else {
+    var sliceLen = end - start
+    newBuf = new Buffer(sliceLen, undefined)
+    for (var i = 0; i < sliceLen; i++) {
+      newBuf[i] = this[i + start]
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (newBuf.length) newBuf.parent = this.parent || this
+
+  return newBuf
+}
+
+/*
+ * Need to make sure that buffer isn't trying to write out of bounds.
+ */
+function checkOffset (offset, ext, length) {
+  if ((offset % 1) !== 0 || offset < 0) throw new RangeError('offset is not uint')
+  if (offset + ext > length) throw new RangeError('Trying to access beyond buffer length')
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUIntLE = function readUIntLE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
+
+  var val = this[offset]
+  var mul = 1
+  var i = 0
+  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    val += this[offset + i] * mul
+  }
+
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUIntBE = function readUIntBE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
+  }
+
+  var val = this[offset + --byteLength]
+  var mul = 1
+  while (byteLength > 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    val += this[offset + --byteLength] * mul
+  }
+
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt8 = function readUInt8 (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 1, this.length)
+  return this[offset]
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt16LE = function readUInt16LE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
+  return this[offset] | (this[offset + 1] << 8)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt16BE = function readUInt16BE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
+  return (this[offset] << 8) | this[offset + 1]
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt32LE = function readUInt32LE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+
+  return ((this[offset]) |
+      (this[offset + 1] << 8) |
+      (this[offset + 2] << 16)) +
+      (this[offset + 3] * 0x1000000)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readUInt32BE = function readUInt32BE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+
+  return (this[offset] * 0x1000000) +
+    ((this[offset + 1] << 16) |
+    (this[offset + 2] << 8) |
+    this[offset + 3])
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readIntLE = function readIntLE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
+
+  var val = this[offset]
+  var mul = 1
+  var i = 0
+  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    val += this[offset + i] * mul
+  }
+  mul *= 0x80
+
+  if (val >= mul) val -= Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength)
+
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readIntBE = function readIntBE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
+
+  var i = byteLength
+  var mul = 1
+  var val = this[offset + --i]
+  while (i > 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    val += this[offset + --i] * mul
+  }
+  mul *= 0x80
+
+  if (val >= mul) val -= Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength)
+
+  return val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt8 = function readInt8 (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 1, this.length)
+  if (!(this[offset] & 0x80)) return (this[offset])
+  return ((0xff - this[offset] + 1) * -1)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt16LE = function readInt16LE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
+  var val = this[offset] | (this[offset + 1] << 8)
+  return (val & 0x8000) ? val | 0xFFFF0000 : val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt16BE = function readInt16BE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
+  var val = this[offset + 1] | (this[offset] << 8)
+  return (val & 0x8000) ? val | 0xFFFF0000 : val
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt32LE = function readInt32LE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+
+  return (this[offset]) |
+    (this[offset + 1] << 8) |
+    (this[offset + 2] << 16) |
+    (this[offset + 3] << 24)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readInt32BE = function readInt32BE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+
+  return (this[offset] << 24) |
+    (this[offset + 1] << 16) |
+    (this[offset + 2] << 8) |
+    (this[offset + 3])
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readFloatLE = function readFloatLE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+  return ieee754.read(this, offset, true, 23, 4)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readFloatBE = function readFloatBE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
+  return ieee754.read(this, offset, false, 23, 4)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readDoubleLE = function readDoubleLE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 8, this.length)
+  return ieee754.read(this, offset, true, 52, 8)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.readDoubleBE = function readDoubleBE (offset, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 8, this.length)
+  return ieee754.read(this, offset, false, 52, 8)
+}
+
+function checkInt (buf, value, offset, ext, max, min) {
+  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(buf)) throw new TypeError('buffer must be a Buffer instance')
+  if (value > max || value < min) throw new RangeError('value is out of bounds')
+  if (offset + ext > buf.length) throw new RangeError('index out of range')
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUIntLE = function writeUIntLE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength), 0)
+
+  var mul = 1
+  var i = 0
+  this[offset] = value & 0xFF
+  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    this[offset + i] = (value / mul) & 0xFF
+  }
+
+  return offset + byteLength
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUIntBE = function writeUIntBE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  byteLength = byteLength | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength), 0)
+
+  var i = byteLength - 1
+  var mul = 1
+  this[offset + i] = value & 0xFF
+  while (--i >= 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    this[offset + i] = (value / mul) & 0xFF
+  }
+
+  return offset + byteLength
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt8 = function writeUInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0xff, 0)
+  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
+  this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
+  return offset + 1
+}
+
+function objectWriteUInt16 (buf, value, offset, littleEndian) {
+  if (value < 0) value = 0xffff + value + 1
+  for (var i = 0, j = Math.min(buf.length - offset, 2); i < j; i++) {
+    buf[offset + i] = (value & (0xff << (8 * (littleEndian ? i : 1 - i)))) >>>
+      (littleEndian ? i : 1 - i) * 8
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16LE = function writeUInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
+  }
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16BE = function writeUInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value & 0xff)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
+  }
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+function objectWriteUInt32 (buf, value, offset, littleEndian) {
+  if (value < 0) value = 0xffffffff + value + 1
+  for (var i = 0, j = Math.min(buf.length - offset, 4); i < j; i++) {
+    buf[offset + i] = (value >>> (littleEndian ? i : 3 - i) * 8) & 0xff
+  }
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32LE = function writeUInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0xffffffff, 0)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
+    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, true)
+  }
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32BE = function writeUInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0xffffffff, 0)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
+    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 3] = (value & 0xff)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
+  }
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeIntLE = function writeIntLE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    var limit = Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength - 1)
+
+    checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, limit - 1, -limit)
+  }
+
+  var i = 0
+  var mul = 1
+  var sub = value < 0 ? 1 : 0
+  this[offset] = value & 0xFF
+  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    this[offset + i] = ((value / mul) >> 0) - sub & 0xFF
+  }
+
+  return offset + byteLength
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeIntBE = function writeIntBE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    var limit = Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength - 1)
+
+    checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, limit - 1, -limit)
+  }
+
+  var i = byteLength - 1
+  var mul = 1
+  var sub = value < 0 ? 1 : 0
+  this[offset + i] = value & 0xFF
+  while (--i >= 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
+    this[offset + i] = ((value / mul) >> 0) - sub & 0xFF
+  }
+
+  return offset + byteLength
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt8 = function writeInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0x7f, -0x80)
+  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
+  if (value < 0) value = 0xff + value + 1
+  this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
+  return offset + 1
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt16LE = function writeInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
+  }
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt16BE = function writeInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value & 0xff)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
+  }
+  return offset + 2
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt32LE = function writeInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000)
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
+    this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, true)
+  }
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeInt32BE = function writeInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  value = +value
+  offset = offset | 0
+  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000)
+  if (value < 0) value = 0xffffffff + value + 1
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
+    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
+    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
+    this[offset + 3] = (value & 0xff)
+  } else {
+    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
+  }
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+function checkIEEE754 (buf, value, offset, ext, max, min) {
+  if (value > max || value < min) throw new RangeError('value is out of bounds')
+  if (offset + ext > buf.length) throw new RangeError('index out of range')
+  if (offset < 0) throw new RangeError('index out of range')
+}
+
+function writeFloat (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    checkIEEE754(buf, value, offset, 4, 3.4028234663852886e+38, -3.4028234663852886e+38)
+  }
+  ieee754.write(buf, value, offset, littleEndian, 23, 4)
+  return offset + 4
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeFloatLE = function writeFloatLE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeFloat(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeFloatBE = function writeFloatBE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeFloat(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+function writeDouble (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
+  if (!noAssert) {
+    checkIEEE754(buf, value, offset, 8, 1.7976931348623157E+308, -1.7976931348623157E+308)
+  }
+  ieee754.write(buf, value, offset, littleEndian, 52, 8)
+  return offset + 8
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeDoubleLE = function writeDoubleLE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeDouble(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
+}
+
+Buffer.prototype.writeDoubleBE = function writeDoubleBE (value, offset, noAssert) {
+  return writeDouble(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
+}
+
+// copy(targetBuffer, targetStart=0, sourceStart=0, sourceEnd=buffer.length)
+Buffer.prototype.copy = function copy (target, targetStart, start, end) {
+  if (!start) start = 0
+  if (!end && end !== 0) end = this.length
+  if (targetStart >= target.length) targetStart = target.length
+  if (!targetStart) targetStart = 0
+  if (end > 0 && end < start) end = start
+
+  // Copy 0 bytes; we're done
+  if (end === start) return 0
+  if (target.length === 0 || this.length === 0) return 0
+
+  // Fatal error conditions
+  if (targetStart < 0) {
+    throw new RangeError('targetStart out of bounds')
+  }
+  if (start < 0 || start >= this.length) throw new RangeError('sourceStart out of bounds')
+  if (end < 0) throw new RangeError('sourceEnd out of bounds')
+
+  // Are we oob?
+  if (end > this.length) end = this.length
+  if (target.length - targetStart < end - start) {
+    end = target.length - targetStart + start
+  }
+
+  var len = end - start
+  var i
+
+  if (this === target && start < targetStart && targetStart < end) {
+    // descending copy from end
+    for (i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      target[i + targetStart] = this[i + start]
+    }
+  } else if (len < 1000 || !Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    // ascending copy from start
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+      target[i + targetStart] = this[i + start]
+    }
+  } else {
+    target._set(this.subarray(start, start + len), targetStart)
+  }
+
+  return len
+}
+
+// fill(value, start=0, end=buffer.length)
+Buffer.prototype.fill = function fill (value, start, end) {
+  if (!value) value = 0
+  if (!start) start = 0
+  if (!end) end = this.length
+
+  if (end < start) throw new RangeError('end < start')
+
+  // Fill 0 bytes; we're done
+  if (end === start) return
+  if (this.length === 0) return
+
+  if (start < 0 || start >= this.length) throw new RangeError('start out of bounds')
+  if (end < 0 || end > this.length) throw new RangeError('end out of bounds')
+
+  var i
+  if (typeof value === 'number') {
+    for (i = start; i < end; i++) {
+      this[i] = value
+    }
+  } else {
+    var bytes = utf8ToBytes(value.toString())
+    var len = bytes.length
+    for (i = start; i < end; i++) {
+      this[i] = bytes[i % len]
+    }
+  }
+
+  return this
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new `ArrayBuffer` with the *copied* memory of the buffer instance.
+ * Added in Node 0.12. Only available in browsers that support ArrayBuffer.
+ */
+Buffer.prototype.toArrayBuffer = function toArrayBuffer () {
+  if (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined') {
+    if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+      return (new Buffer(this)).buffer
+    } else {
+      var buf = new Uint8Array(this.length)
+      for (var i = 0, len = buf.length; i < len; i += 1) {
+        buf[i] = this[i]
+      }
+      return buf.buffer
+    }
+  } else {
+    throw new TypeError('Buffer.toArrayBuffer not supported in this browser')
+  }
+}
+
+// HELPER FUNCTIONS
+// ================
+
+var BP = Buffer.prototype
+
+/**
+ * Augment a Uint8Array *instance* (not the Uint8Array class!) with Buffer methods
+ */
+Buffer._augment = function _augment (arr) {
+  arr.constructor = Buffer
+  arr._isBuffer = true
+
+  // save reference to original Uint8Array set method before overwriting
+  arr._set = arr.set
+
+  // deprecated
+  arr.get = BP.get
+  arr.set = BP.set
+
+  arr.write = BP.write
+  arr.toString = BP.toString
+  arr.toLocaleString = BP.toString
+  arr.toJSON = BP.toJSON
+  arr.equals = BP.equals
+  arr.compare = BP.compare
+  arr.indexOf = BP.indexOf
+  arr.copy = BP.copy
+  arr.slice = BP.slice
+  arr.readUIntLE = BP.readUIntLE
+  arr.readUIntBE = BP.readUIntBE
+  arr.readUInt8 = BP.readUInt8
+  arr.readUInt16LE = BP.readUInt16LE
+  arr.readUInt16BE = BP.readUInt16BE
+  arr.readUInt32LE = BP.readUInt32LE
+  arr.readUInt32BE = BP.readUInt32BE
+  arr.readIntLE = BP.readIntLE
+  arr.readIntBE = BP.readIntBE
+  arr.readInt8 = BP.readInt8
+  arr.readInt16LE = BP.readInt16LE
+  arr.readInt16BE = BP.readInt16BE
+  arr.readInt32LE = BP.readInt32LE
+  arr.readInt32BE = BP.readInt32BE
+  arr.readFloatLE = BP.readFloatLE
+  arr.readFloatBE = BP.readFloatBE
+  arr.readDoubleLE = BP.readDoubleLE
+  arr.readDoubleBE = BP.readDoubleBE
+  arr.writeUInt8 = BP.writeUInt8
+  arr.writeUIntLE = BP.writeUIntLE
+  arr.writeUIntBE = BP.writeUIntBE
+  arr.writeUInt16LE = BP.writeUInt16LE
+  arr.writeUInt16BE = BP.writeUInt16BE
+  arr.writeUInt32LE = BP.writeUInt32LE
+  arr.writeUInt32BE = BP.writeUInt32BE
+  arr.writeIntLE = BP.writeIntLE
+  arr.writeIntBE = BP.writeIntBE
+  arr.writeInt8 = BP.writeInt8
+  arr.writeInt16LE = BP.writeInt16LE
+  arr.writeInt16BE = BP.writeInt16BE
+  arr.writeInt32LE = BP.writeInt32LE
+  arr.writeInt32BE = BP.writeInt32BE
+  arr.writeFloatLE = BP.writeFloatLE
+  arr.writeFloatBE = BP.writeFloatBE
+  arr.writeDoubleLE = BP.writeDoubleLE
+  arr.writeDoubleBE = BP.writeDoubleBE
+  arr.fill = BP.fill
+  arr.inspect = BP.inspect
+  arr.toArrayBuffer = BP.toArrayBuffer
+
+  return arr
+}
+
+var INVALID_BASE64_RE = /[^+\/0-9A-Za-z-_]/g
+
+function base64clean (str) {
+  // Node strips out invalid characters like \n and \t from the string, base64-js does not
+  str = stringtrim(str).replace(INVALID_BASE64_RE, '')
+  // Node converts strings with length < 2 to ''
+  if (str.length < 2) return ''
+  // Node allows for non-padded base64 strings (missing trailing ===), base64-js does not
+  while (str.length % 4 !== 0) {
+    str = str + '='
+  }
+  return str
+}
+
+function stringtrim (str) {
+  if (str.trim) return str.trim()
+  return str.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, '')
+}
+
+function toHex (n) {
+  if (n < 16) return '0' + n.toString(16)
+  return n.toString(16)
+}
+
+function utf8ToBytes (string, units) {
+  units = units || Infinity
+  var codePoint
+  var length = string.length
+  var leadSurrogate = null
+  var bytes = []
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    codePoint = string.charCodeAt(i)
+
+    // is surrogate component
+    if (codePoint > 0xD7FF && codePoint < 0xE000) {
+      // last char was a lead
+      if (!leadSurrogate) {
+        // no lead yet
+        if (codePoint > 0xDBFF) {
+          // unexpected trail
+          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+          continue
+        } else if (i + 1 === length) {
+          // unpaired lead
+          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // valid lead
+        leadSurrogate = codePoint
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      // 2 leads in a row
+      if (codePoint < 0xDC00) {
+        if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+        leadSurrogate = codePoint
+        continue
+      }
+
+      // valid surrogate pair
+      codePoint = (leadSurrogate - 0xD800 << 10 | codePoint - 0xDC00) + 0x10000
+    } else if (leadSurrogate) {
+      // valid bmp char, but last char was a lead
+      if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+    }
+
+    leadSurrogate = null
+
+    // encode utf8
+    if (codePoint < 0x80) {
+      if ((units -= 1) < 0) break
+      bytes.push(codePoint)
+    } else if (codePoint < 0x800) {
+      if ((units -= 2) < 0) break
+      bytes.push(
+        codePoint >> 0x6 | 0xC0,
+        codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
+      )
+    } else if (codePoint < 0x10000) {
+      if ((units -= 3) < 0) break
+      bytes.push(
+        codePoint >> 0xC | 0xE0,
+        codePoint >> 0x6 & 0x3F | 0x80,
+        codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
+      )
+    } else if (codePoint < 0x110000) {
+      if ((units -= 4) < 0) break
+      bytes.push(
+        codePoint >> 0x12 | 0xF0,
+        codePoint >> 0xC & 0x3F | 0x80,
+        codePoint >> 0x6 & 0x3F | 0x80,
+        codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
+      )
+    } else {
+      throw new Error('Invalid code point')
+    }
+  }
+
+  return bytes
+}
+
+function asciiToBytes (str) {
+  var byteArray = []
+  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+    // Node's code seems to be doing this and not & 0x7F..
+    byteArray.push(str.charCodeAt(i) & 0xFF)
+  }
+  return byteArray
+}
+
+function utf16leToBytes (str, units) {
+  var c, hi, lo
+  var byteArray = []
+  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+    if ((units -= 2) < 0) break
+
+    c = str.charCodeAt(i)
+    hi = c >> 8
+    lo = c % 256
+    byteArray.push(lo)
+    byteArray.push(hi)
+  }
+
+  return byteArray
+}
+
+function base64ToBytes (str) {
+  return base64.toByteArray(base64clean(str))
+}
+
+function blitBuffer (src, dst, offset, length) {
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if ((i + offset >= dst.length) || (i >= src.length)) break
+    dst[i + offset] = src[i]
+  }
+  return i
+}
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"base64-js":7,"ieee754":39,"isarray":9}],9:[function(require,module,exports){
+var toString = {}.toString;
+
+module.exports = Array.isArray || function (arr) {
+  return toString.call(arr) == '[object Array]';
+};
+
+},{}],10:[function(require,module,exports){
 module.exports = require('./lib/chai');
 
-},{"./lib/chai":7}],7:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"./lib/chai":11}],11:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * chai
  * Copyright(c) 2011-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -732,7 +2537,7 @@ exports.use(should);
 var assert = require('./chai/interface/assert');
 exports.use(assert);
 
-},{"./chai/assertion":8,"./chai/config":9,"./chai/core/assertions":10,"./chai/interface/assert":11,"./chai/interface/expect":12,"./chai/interface/should":13,"./chai/utils":24,"assertion-error":33}],8:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"./chai/assertion":12,"./chai/config":13,"./chai/core/assertions":14,"./chai/interface/assert":15,"./chai/interface/expect":16,"./chai/interface/should":17,"./chai/utils":28,"assertion-error":5}],12:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * chai
  * http://chaijs.com
@@ -864,7 +2669,7 @@ module.exports = function (_chai, util) {
   });
 };
 
-},{"./config":9}],9:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"./config":13}],13:[function(require,module,exports){
 module.exports = {
 
   /**
@@ -916,7 +2721,7 @@ module.exports = {
 
 };
 
-},{}],10:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],14:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * chai
  * http://chaijs.com
@@ -2243,7 +4048,7 @@ module.exports = function (chai, _) {
   });
 };
 
-},{}],11:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],15:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * chai
  * Copyright(c) 2011-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -3301,7 +5106,7 @@ module.exports = function (chai, util) {
   ('Throw', 'throws');
 };
 
-},{}],12:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],16:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * chai
  * Copyright(c) 2011-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -3315,7 +5120,7 @@ module.exports = function (chai, util) {
 };
 
 
-},{}],13:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],17:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * chai
  * Copyright(c) 2011-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -3395,7 +5200,7 @@ module.exports = function (chai, util) {
   chai.Should = loadShould;
 };
 
-},{}],14:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],18:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - addChainingMethod utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -3508,7 +5313,7 @@ module.exports = function (ctx, name, method, chainingBehavior) {
   });
 };
 
-},{"../config":9,"./flag":17,"./transferFlags":31}],15:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../config":13,"./flag":21,"./transferFlags":35}],19:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - addMethod utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -3553,7 +5358,7 @@ module.exports = function (ctx, name, method) {
   };
 };
 
-},{"../config":9,"./flag":17}],16:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../config":13,"./flag":21}],20:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - addProperty utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -3595,7 +5400,7 @@ module.exports = function (ctx, name, getter) {
   });
 };
 
-},{}],17:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],21:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - flag utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -3629,7 +5434,7 @@ module.exports = function (obj, key, value) {
   }
 };
 
-},{}],18:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],22:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - getActual utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -3649,7 +5454,7 @@ module.exports = function (obj, args) {
   return args.length > 4 ? args[4] : obj._obj;
 };
 
-},{}],19:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],23:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - getEnumerableProperties utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -3676,7 +5481,7 @@ module.exports = function getEnumerableProperties(object) {
   return result;
 };
 
-},{}],20:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],24:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - message composition utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -3728,7 +5533,7 @@ module.exports = function (obj, args) {
   return flagMsg ? flagMsg + ': ' + msg : msg;
 };
 
-},{"./flag":17,"./getActual":18,"./inspect":25,"./objDisplay":26}],21:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"./flag":21,"./getActual":22,"./inspect":29,"./objDisplay":30}],25:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - getName utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -3750,7 +5555,7 @@ module.exports = function (func) {
   return match && match[1] ? match[1] : "";
 };
 
-},{}],22:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],26:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - getPathValue utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -3854,7 +5659,7 @@ function _getPathValue (parsed, obj) {
   return res;
 };
 
-},{}],23:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],27:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - getProperties utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -3891,7 +5696,7 @@ module.exports = function getProperties(object) {
   return result;
 };
 
-},{}],24:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],28:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * chai
  * Copyright(c) 2011 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -4007,7 +5812,7 @@ exports.addChainableMethod = require('./addChainableMethod');
 exports.overwriteChainableMethod = require('./overwriteChainableMethod');
 
 
-},{"./addChainableMethod":14,"./addMethod":15,"./addProperty":16,"./flag":17,"./getActual":18,"./getMessage":20,"./getName":21,"./getPathValue":22,"./inspect":25,"./objDisplay":26,"./overwriteChainableMethod":27,"./overwriteMethod":28,"./overwriteProperty":29,"./test":30,"./transferFlags":31,"./type":32,"deep-eql":34}],25:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"./addChainableMethod":18,"./addMethod":19,"./addProperty":20,"./flag":21,"./getActual":22,"./getMessage":24,"./getName":25,"./getPathValue":26,"./inspect":29,"./objDisplay":30,"./overwriteChainableMethod":31,"./overwriteMethod":32,"./overwriteProperty":33,"./test":34,"./transferFlags":35,"./type":36,"deep-eql":37}],29:[function(require,module,exports){
 // This is (almost) directly from Node.js utils
 // https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/f8c335d0caf47f16d31413f89aa28eda3878e3aa/lib/util.js
 
@@ -4339,7 +6144,7 @@ function objectToString(o) {
   return Object.prototype.toString.call(o);
 }
 
-},{"./getEnumerableProperties":19,"./getName":21,"./getProperties":23}],26:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"./getEnumerableProperties":23,"./getName":25,"./getProperties":27}],30:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - flag utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -4390,7 +6195,7 @@ module.exports = function (obj) {
   }
 };
 
-},{"../config":9,"./inspect":25}],27:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../config":13,"./inspect":29}],31:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - overwriteChainableMethod utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -4445,7 +6250,7 @@ module.exports = function (ctx, name, method, chainingBehavior) {
   };
 };
 
-},{}],28:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],32:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - overwriteMethod utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -4498,7 +6303,7 @@ module.exports = function (ctx, name, method) {
   }
 };
 
-},{}],29:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],33:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - overwriteProperty utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -4554,7 +6359,7 @@ module.exports = function (ctx, name, getter) {
   });
 };
 
-},{}],30:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],34:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - test utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -4582,7 +6387,7 @@ module.exports = function (obj, args) {
   return negate ? !expr : expr;
 };
 
-},{"./flag":17}],31:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"./flag":21}],35:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - transferFlags utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -4628,7 +6433,7 @@ module.exports = function (assertion, object, includeAll) {
   }
 };
 
-},{}],32:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],36:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * Chai - type utility
  * Copyright(c) 2012-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -4675,122 +6480,10 @@ module.exports = function (obj) {
   return typeof obj;
 };
 
-},{}],33:[function(require,module,exports){
-/*!
- * assertion-error
- * Copyright(c) 2013 Jake Luer <jake@qualiancy.com>
- * MIT Licensed
- */
-
-/*!
- * Return a function that will copy properties from
- * one object to another excluding any originally
- * listed. Returned function will create a new `{}`.
- *
- * @param {String} excluded properties ...
- * @return {Function}
- */
-
-function exclude () {
-  var excludes = [].slice.call(arguments);
-
-  function excludeProps (res, obj) {
-    Object.keys(obj).forEach(function (key) {
-      if (!~excludes.indexOf(key)) res[key] = obj[key];
-    });
-  }
-
-  return function extendExclude () {
-    var args = [].slice.call(arguments)
-      , i = 0
-      , res = {};
-
-    for (; i < args.length; i++) {
-      excludeProps(res, args[i]);
-    }
-
-    return res;
-  };
-};
-
-/*!
- * Primary Exports
- */
-
-module.exports = AssertionError;
-
-/**
- * ### AssertionError
- *
- * An extension of the JavaScript `Error` constructor for
- * assertion and validation scenarios.
- *
- * @param {String} message
- * @param {Object} properties to include (optional)
- * @param {callee} start stack function (optional)
- */
-
-function AssertionError (message, _props, ssf) {
-  var extend = exclude('name', 'message', 'stack', 'constructor', 'toJSON')
-    , props = extend(_props || {});
-
-  // default values
-  this.message = message || 'Unspecified AssertionError';
-  this.showDiff = false;
-
-  // copy from properties
-  for (var key in props) {
-    this[key] = props[key];
-  }
-
-  // capture stack trace
-  ssf = ssf || arguments.callee;
-  if (ssf && Error.captureStackTrace) {
-    Error.captureStackTrace(this, ssf);
-  }
-}
-
-/*!
- * Inherit from Error.prototype
- */
-
-AssertionError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);
-
-/*!
- * Statically set name
- */
-
-AssertionError.prototype.name = 'AssertionError';
-
-/*!
- * Ensure correct constructor
- */
-
-AssertionError.prototype.constructor = AssertionError;
-
-/**
- * Allow errors to be converted to JSON for static transfer.
- *
- * @param {Boolean} include stack (default: `true`)
- * @return {Object} object that can be `JSON.stringify`
- */
-
-AssertionError.prototype.toJSON = function (stack) {
-  var extend = exclude('constructor', 'toJSON', 'stack')
-    , props = extend({ name: this.name }, this);
-
-  // include stack if exists and not turned off
-  if (false !== stack && this.stack) {
-    props.stack = this.stack;
-  }
-
-  return props;
-};
-
-},{}],34:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],37:[function(require,module,exports){
 module.exports = require('./lib/eql');
 
-},{"./lib/eql":35}],35:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"./lib/eql":38}],38:[function(require,module,exports){
 /*!
  * deep-eql
  * Copyright(c) 2013 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
@@ -5049,1722 +6742,10 @@ function objectEqual(a, b, m) {
   return true;
 }
 
-},{"buffer":38,"type-detect":36}],36:[function(require,module,exports){
-module.exports = require('./lib/type');
-
-},{"./lib/type":37}],37:[function(require,module,exports){
-/*!
- * type-detect
- * Copyright(c) 2013 jake luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
- * MIT Licensed
- */
-
-/*!
- * Primary Exports
- */
-
-var exports = module.exports = getType;
-
-/*!
- * Detectable javascript natives
- */
-
-var natives = {
-    '[object Array]': 'array'
-  , '[object RegExp]': 'regexp'
-  , '[object Function]': 'function'
-  , '[object Arguments]': 'arguments'
-  , '[object Date]': 'date'
-};
-
-/**
- * ### typeOf (obj)
- *
- * Use several different techniques to determine
- * the type of object being tested.
- *
- *
- * @param {Mixed} object
- * @return {String} object type
- * @api public
- */
-
-function getType (obj) {
-  var str = Object.prototype.toString.call(obj);
-  if (natives[str]) return natives[str];
-  if (obj === null) return 'null';
-  if (obj === undefined) return 'undefined';
-  if (obj === Object(obj)) return 'object';
-  return typeof obj;
-}
-
-exports.Library = Library;
-
-/**
- * ### Library
- *
- * Create a repository for custom type detection.
- *
- * ```js
- * var lib = new type.Library;
- * ```
- *
- */
-
-function Library () {
-  this.tests = {};
-}
-
-/**
- * #### .of (obj)
- *
- * Expose replacement `typeof` detection to the library.
- *
- * ```js
- * if ('string' === lib.of('hello world')) {
- *   // ...
- * }
- * ```
- *
- * @param {Mixed} object to test
- * @return {String} type
- */
-
-Library.prototype.of = getType;
-
-/**
- * #### .define (type, test)
- *
- * Add a test to for the `.test()` assertion.
- *
- * Can be defined as a regular expression:
- *
- * ```js
- * lib.define('int', /^[0-9]+$/);
- * ```
- *
- * ... or as a function:
- *
- * ```js
- * lib.define('bln', function (obj) {
- *   if ('boolean' === lib.of(obj)) return true;
- *   var blns = [ 'yes', 'no', 'true', 'false', 1, 0 ];
- *   if ('string' === lib.of(obj)) obj = obj.toLowerCase();
- *   return !! ~blns.indexOf(obj);
- * });
- * ```
- *
- * @param {String} type
- * @param {RegExp|Function} test
- * @api public
- */
-
-Library.prototype.define = function (type, test) {
-  if (arguments.length === 1) return this.tests[type];
-  this.tests[type] = test;
-  return this;
-};
-
-/**
- * #### .test (obj, test)
- *
- * Assert that an object is of type. Will first
- * check natives, and if that does not pass it will
- * use the user defined custom tests.
- *
- * ```js
- * assert(lib.test('1', 'int'));
- * assert(lib.test('yes', 'bln'));
- * ```
- *
- * @param {Mixed} object
- * @param {String} type
- * @return {Boolean} result
- * @api public
- */
-
-Library.prototype.test = function (obj, type) {
-  if (type === getType(obj)) return true;
-  var test = this.tests[type];
-
-  if (test && 'regexp' === getType(test)) {
-    return test.test(obj);
-  } else if (test && 'function' === getType(test)) {
-    return test(obj);
-  } else {
-    throw new ReferenceError('Type test "' + type + '" not defined or invalid.');
-  }
-};
-
-},{}],38:[function(require,module,exports){
-/*!
- * The buffer module from node.js, for the browser.
- *
- * @author   Feross Aboukhadijeh <feross@feross.org> <http://feross.org>
- * @license  MIT
- */
-
-var base64 = require('base64-js')
-var ieee754 = require('ieee754')
-var isArray = require('is-array')
-
-exports.Buffer = Buffer
-exports.SlowBuffer = SlowBuffer
-exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES = 50
-Buffer.poolSize = 8192 // not used by this implementation
-
-var rootParent = {}
-
-/**
- * If `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT`:
- *   === true    Use Uint8Array implementation (fastest)
- *   === false   Use Object implementation (most compatible, even IE6)
- *
- * Browsers that support typed arrays are IE 10+, Firefox 4+, Chrome 7+, Safari 5.1+,
- * Opera 11.6+, iOS 4.2+.
- *
- * Note:
- *
- * - Implementation must support adding new properties to `Uint8Array` instances.
- *   Firefox 4-29 lacked support, fixed in Firefox 30+.
- *   See: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=695438.
- *
- *  - Chrome 9-10 is missing the `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function.
- *
- *  - IE10 has a broken `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function which returns arrays of
- *    incorrect length in some situations.
- *
- * We detect these buggy browsers and set `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT` to `false` so they will
- * get the Object implementation, which is slower but will work correctly.
- */
-Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT = (function () {
-  function Foo () {}
-  try {
-    var buf = new ArrayBuffer(0)
-    var arr = new Uint8Array(buf)
-    arr.foo = function () { return 42 }
-    arr.constructor = Foo
-    return arr.foo() === 42 && // typed array instances can be augmented
-        arr.constructor === Foo && // constructor can be set
-        typeof arr.subarray === 'function' && // chrome 9-10 lack `subarray`
-        new Uint8Array(1).subarray(1, 1).byteLength === 0 // ie10 has broken `subarray`
-  } catch (e) {
-    return false
-  }
-})()
-
-function kMaxLength () {
-  return Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT
-    ? 0x7fffffff
-    : 0x3fffffff
-}
-
-/**
- * Class: Buffer
- * =============
- *
- * The Buffer constructor returns instances of `Uint8Array` that are augmented
- * with function properties for all the node `Buffer` API functions. We use
- * `Uint8Array` so that square bracket notation works as expected -- it returns
- * a single octet.
- *
- * By augmenting the instances, we can avoid modifying the `Uint8Array`
- * prototype.
- */
-function Buffer (arg) {
-  if (!(this instanceof Buffer)) {
-    // Avoid going through an ArgumentsAdaptorTrampoline in the common case.
-    if (arguments.length > 1) return new Buffer(arg, arguments[1])
-    return new Buffer(arg)
-  }
-
-  this.length = 0
-  this.parent = undefined
-
-  // Common case.
-  if (typeof arg === 'number') {
-    return fromNumber(this, arg)
-  }
-
-  // Slightly less common case.
-  if (typeof arg === 'string') {
-    return fromString(this, arg, arguments.length > 1 ? arguments[1] : 'utf8')
-  }
-
-  // Unusual.
-  return fromObject(this, arg)
-}
-
-function fromNumber (that, length) {
-  that = allocate(that, length < 0 ? 0 : checked(length) | 0)
-  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-      that[i] = 0
-    }
-  }
-  return that
-}
-
-function fromString (that, string, encoding) {
-  if (typeof encoding !== 'string' || encoding === '') encoding = 'utf8'
-
-  // Assumption: byteLength() return value is always < kMaxLength.
-  var length = byteLength(string, encoding) | 0
-  that = allocate(that, length)
-
-  that.write(string, encoding)
-  return that
-}
-
-function fromObject (that, object) {
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(object)) return fromBuffer(that, object)
-
-  if (isArray(object)) return fromArray(that, object)
-
-  if (object == null) {
-    throw new TypeError('must start with number, buffer, array or string')
-  }
-
-  if (typeof ArrayBuffer !== 'undefined' && object.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
-    return fromTypedArray(that, object)
-  }
-
-  if (object.length) return fromArrayLike(that, object)
-
-  return fromJsonObject(that, object)
-}
-
-function fromBuffer (that, buffer) {
-  var length = checked(buffer.length) | 0
-  that = allocate(that, length)
-  buffer.copy(that, 0, 0, length)
-  return that
-}
-
-function fromArray (that, array) {
-  var length = checked(array.length) | 0
-  that = allocate(that, length)
-  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
-    that[i] = array[i] & 255
-  }
-  return that
-}
-
-// Duplicate of fromArray() to keep fromArray() monomorphic.
-function fromTypedArray (that, array) {
-  var length = checked(array.length) | 0
-  that = allocate(that, length)
-  // Truncating the elements is probably not what people expect from typed
-  // arrays with BYTES_PER_ELEMENT > 1 but it's compatible with the behavior
-  // of the old Buffer constructor.
-  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
-    that[i] = array[i] & 255
-  }
-  return that
-}
-
-function fromArrayLike (that, array) {
-  var length = checked(array.length) | 0
-  that = allocate(that, length)
-  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
-    that[i] = array[i] & 255
-  }
-  return that
-}
-
-// Deserialize { type: 'Buffer', data: [1,2,3,...] } into a Buffer object.
-// Returns a zero-length buffer for inputs that don't conform to the spec.
-function fromJsonObject (that, object) {
-  var array
-  var length = 0
-
-  if (object.type === 'Buffer' && isArray(object.data)) {
-    array = object.data
-    length = checked(array.length) | 0
-  }
-  that = allocate(that, length)
-
-  for (var i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
-    that[i] = array[i] & 255
-  }
-  return that
-}
-
-function allocate (that, length) {
-  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    // Return an augmented `Uint8Array` instance, for best performance
-    that = Buffer._augment(new Uint8Array(length))
-  } else {
-    // Fallback: Return an object instance of the Buffer class
-    that.length = length
-    that._isBuffer = true
-  }
-
-  var fromPool = length !== 0 && length <= Buffer.poolSize >>> 1
-  if (fromPool) that.parent = rootParent
-
-  return that
-}
-
-function checked (length) {
-  // Note: cannot use `length < kMaxLength` here because that fails when
-  // length is NaN (which is otherwise coerced to zero.)
-  if (length >= kMaxLength()) {
-    throw new RangeError('Attempt to allocate Buffer larger than maximum ' +
-                         'size: 0x' + kMaxLength().toString(16) + ' bytes')
-  }
-  return length | 0
-}
-
-function SlowBuffer (subject, encoding) {
-  if (!(this instanceof SlowBuffer)) return new SlowBuffer(subject, encoding)
-
-  var buf = new Buffer(subject, encoding)
-  delete buf.parent
-  return buf
-}
-
-Buffer.isBuffer = function isBuffer (b) {
-  return !!(b != null && b._isBuffer)
-}
-
-Buffer.compare = function compare (a, b) {
-  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(a) || !Buffer.isBuffer(b)) {
-    throw new TypeError('Arguments must be Buffers')
-  }
-
-  if (a === b) return 0
-
-  var x = a.length
-  var y = b.length
-
-  var i = 0
-  var len = Math.min(x, y)
-  while (i < len) {
-    if (a[i] !== b[i]) break
-
-    ++i
-  }
-
-  if (i !== len) {
-    x = a[i]
-    y = b[i]
-  }
-
-  if (x < y) return -1
-  if (y < x) return 1
-  return 0
-}
-
-Buffer.isEncoding = function isEncoding (encoding) {
-  switch (String(encoding).toLowerCase()) {
-    case 'hex':
-    case 'utf8':
-    case 'utf-8':
-    case 'ascii':
-    case 'binary':
-    case 'base64':
-    case 'raw':
-    case 'ucs2':
-    case 'ucs-2':
-    case 'utf16le':
-    case 'utf-16le':
-      return true
-    default:
-      return false
-  }
-}
-
-Buffer.concat = function concat (list, length) {
-  if (!isArray(list)) throw new TypeError('list argument must be an Array of Buffers.')
-
-  if (list.length === 0) {
-    return new Buffer(0)
-  } else if (list.length === 1) {
-    return list[0]
-  }
-
-  var i
-  if (length === undefined) {
-    length = 0
-    for (i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
-      length += list[i].length
-    }
-  }
-
-  var buf = new Buffer(length)
-  var pos = 0
-  for (i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
-    var item = list[i]
-    item.copy(buf, pos)
-    pos += item.length
-  }
-  return buf
-}
-
-function byteLength (string, encoding) {
-  if (typeof string !== 'string') string = '' + string
-
-  var len = string.length
-  if (len === 0) return 0
-
-  // Use a for loop to avoid recursion
-  var loweredCase = false
-  for (;;) {
-    switch (encoding) {
-      case 'ascii':
-      case 'binary':
-      // Deprecated
-      case 'raw':
-      case 'raws':
-        return len
-      case 'utf8':
-      case 'utf-8':
-        return utf8ToBytes(string).length
-      case 'ucs2':
-      case 'ucs-2':
-      case 'utf16le':
-      case 'utf-16le':
-        return len * 2
-      case 'hex':
-        return len >>> 1
-      case 'base64':
-        return base64ToBytes(string).length
-      default:
-        if (loweredCase) return utf8ToBytes(string).length // assume utf8
-        encoding = ('' + encoding).toLowerCase()
-        loweredCase = true
-    }
-  }
-}
-Buffer.byteLength = byteLength
-
-// pre-set for values that may exist in the future
-Buffer.prototype.length = undefined
-Buffer.prototype.parent = undefined
-
-function slowToString (encoding, start, end) {
-  var loweredCase = false
-
-  start = start | 0
-  end = end === undefined || end === Infinity ? this.length : end | 0
-
-  if (!encoding) encoding = 'utf8'
-  if (start < 0) start = 0
-  if (end > this.length) end = this.length
-  if (end <= start) return ''
-
-  while (true) {
-    switch (encoding) {
-      case 'hex':
-        return hexSlice(this, start, end)
-
-      case 'utf8':
-      case 'utf-8':
-        return utf8Slice(this, start, end)
-
-      case 'ascii':
-        return asciiSlice(this, start, end)
-
-      case 'binary':
-        return binarySlice(this, start, end)
-
-      case 'base64':
-        return base64Slice(this, start, end)
-
-      case 'ucs2':
-      case 'ucs-2':
-      case 'utf16le':
-      case 'utf-16le':
-        return utf16leSlice(this, start, end)
-
-      default:
-        if (loweredCase) throw new TypeError('Unknown encoding: ' + encoding)
-        encoding = (encoding + '').toLowerCase()
-        loweredCase = true
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.toString = function toString () {
-  var length = this.length | 0
-  if (length === 0) return ''
-  if (arguments.length === 0) return utf8Slice(this, 0, length)
-  return slowToString.apply(this, arguments)
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.equals = function equals (b) {
-  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) throw new TypeError('Argument must be a Buffer')
-  if (this === b) return true
-  return Buffer.compare(this, b) === 0
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.inspect = function inspect () {
-  var str = ''
-  var max = exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES
-  if (this.length > 0) {
-    str = this.toString('hex', 0, max).match(/.{2}/g).join(' ')
-    if (this.length > max) str += ' ... '
-  }
-  return '<Buffer ' + str + '>'
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.compare = function compare (b) {
-  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) throw new TypeError('Argument must be a Buffer')
-  if (this === b) return 0
-  return Buffer.compare(this, b)
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.indexOf = function indexOf (val, byteOffset) {
-  if (byteOffset > 0x7fffffff) byteOffset = 0x7fffffff
-  else if (byteOffset < -0x80000000) byteOffset = -0x80000000
-  byteOffset >>= 0
-
-  if (this.length === 0) return -1
-  if (byteOffset >= this.length) return -1
-
-  // Negative offsets start from the end of the buffer
-  if (byteOffset < 0) byteOffset = Math.max(this.length + byteOffset, 0)
-
-  if (typeof val === 'string') {
-    if (val.length === 0) return -1 // special case: looking for empty string always fails
-    return String.prototype.indexOf.call(this, val, byteOffset)
-  }
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(val)) {
-    return arrayIndexOf(this, val, byteOffset)
-  }
-  if (typeof val === 'number') {
-    if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT && Uint8Array.prototype.indexOf === 'function') {
-      return Uint8Array.prototype.indexOf.call(this, val, byteOffset)
-    }
-    return arrayIndexOf(this, [ val ], byteOffset)
-  }
-
-  function arrayIndexOf (arr, val, byteOffset) {
-    var foundIndex = -1
-    for (var i = 0; byteOffset + i < arr.length; i++) {
-      if (arr[byteOffset + i] === val[foundIndex === -1 ? 0 : i - foundIndex]) {
-        if (foundIndex === -1) foundIndex = i
-        if (i - foundIndex + 1 === val.length) return byteOffset + foundIndex
-      } else {
-        foundIndex = -1
-      }
-    }
-    return -1
-  }
-
-  throw new TypeError('val must be string, number or Buffer')
-}
-
-// `get` will be removed in Node 0.13+
-Buffer.prototype.get = function get (offset) {
-  console.log('.get() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
-  return this.readUInt8(offset)
-}
-
-// `set` will be removed in Node 0.13+
-Buffer.prototype.set = function set (v, offset) {
-  console.log('.set() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
-  return this.writeUInt8(v, offset)
-}
-
-function hexWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
-  offset = Number(offset) || 0
-  var remaining = buf.length - offset
-  if (!length) {
-    length = remaining
-  } else {
-    length = Number(length)
-    if (length > remaining) {
-      length = remaining
-    }
-  }
-
-  // must be an even number of digits
-  var strLen = string.length
-  if (strLen % 2 !== 0) throw new Error('Invalid hex string')
-
-  if (length > strLen / 2) {
-    length = strLen / 2
-  }
-  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-    var parsed = parseInt(string.substr(i * 2, 2), 16)
-    if (isNaN(parsed)) throw new Error('Invalid hex string')
-    buf[offset + i] = parsed
-  }
-  return i
-}
-
-function utf8Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
-  return blitBuffer(utf8ToBytes(string, buf.length - offset), buf, offset, length)
-}
-
-function asciiWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
-  return blitBuffer(asciiToBytes(string), buf, offset, length)
-}
-
-function binaryWrite (buf, string, offset, length) {
-  return asciiWrite(buf, string, offset, length)
-}
-
-function base64Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
-  return blitBuffer(base64ToBytes(string), buf, offset, length)
-}
-
-function ucs2Write (buf, string, offset, length) {
-  return blitBuffer(utf16leToBytes(string, buf.length - offset), buf, offset, length)
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.write = function write (string, offset, length, encoding) {
-  // Buffer#write(string)
-  if (offset === undefined) {
-    encoding = 'utf8'
-    length = this.length
-    offset = 0
-  // Buffer#write(string, encoding)
-  } else if (length === undefined && typeof offset === 'string') {
-    encoding = offset
-    length = this.length
-    offset = 0
-  // Buffer#write(string, offset[, length][, encoding])
-  } else if (isFinite(offset)) {
-    offset = offset | 0
-    if (isFinite(length)) {
-      length = length | 0
-      if (encoding === undefined) encoding = 'utf8'
-    } else {
-      encoding = length
-      length = undefined
-    }
-  // legacy write(string, encoding, offset, length) - remove in v0.13
-  } else {
-    var swap = encoding
-    encoding = offset
-    offset = length | 0
-    length = swap
-  }
-
-  var remaining = this.length - offset
-  if (length === undefined || length > remaining) length = remaining
-
-  if ((string.length > 0 && (length < 0 || offset < 0)) || offset > this.length) {
-    throw new RangeError('attempt to write outside buffer bounds')
-  }
-
-  if (!encoding) encoding = 'utf8'
-
-  var loweredCase = false
-  for (;;) {
-    switch (encoding) {
-      case 'hex':
-        return hexWrite(this, string, offset, length)
-
-      case 'utf8':
-      case 'utf-8':
-        return utf8Write(this, string, offset, length)
-
-      case 'ascii':
-        return asciiWrite(this, string, offset, length)
-
-      case 'binary':
-        return binaryWrite(this, string, offset, length)
-
-      case 'base64':
-        // Warning: maxLength not taken into account in base64Write
-        return base64Write(this, string, offset, length)
-
-      case 'ucs2':
-      case 'ucs-2':
-      case 'utf16le':
-      case 'utf-16le':
-        return ucs2Write(this, string, offset, length)
-
-      default:
-        if (loweredCase) throw new TypeError('Unknown encoding: ' + encoding)
-        encoding = ('' + encoding).toLowerCase()
-        loweredCase = true
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.toJSON = function toJSON () {
-  return {
-    type: 'Buffer',
-    data: Array.prototype.slice.call(this._arr || this, 0)
-  }
-}
-
-function base64Slice (buf, start, end) {
-  if (start === 0 && end === buf.length) {
-    return base64.fromByteArray(buf)
-  } else {
-    return base64.fromByteArray(buf.slice(start, end))
-  }
-}
-
-function utf8Slice (buf, start, end) {
-  var res = ''
-  var tmp = ''
-  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
-
-  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
-    if (buf[i] <= 0x7F) {
-      res += decodeUtf8Char(tmp) + String.fromCharCode(buf[i])
-      tmp = ''
-    } else {
-      tmp += '%' + buf[i].toString(16)
-    }
-  }
-
-  return res + decodeUtf8Char(tmp)
-}
-
-function asciiSlice (buf, start, end) {
-  var ret = ''
-  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
-
-  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
-    ret += String.fromCharCode(buf[i] & 0x7F)
-  }
-  return ret
-}
-
-function binarySlice (buf, start, end) {
-  var ret = ''
-  end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
-
-  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
-    ret += String.fromCharCode(buf[i])
-  }
-  return ret
-}
-
-function hexSlice (buf, start, end) {
-  var len = buf.length
-
-  if (!start || start < 0) start = 0
-  if (!end || end < 0 || end > len) end = len
-
-  var out = ''
-  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
-    out += toHex(buf[i])
-  }
-  return out
-}
-
-function utf16leSlice (buf, start, end) {
-  var bytes = buf.slice(start, end)
-  var res = ''
-  for (var i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 2) {
-    res += String.fromCharCode(bytes[i] + bytes[i + 1] * 256)
-  }
-  return res
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.slice = function slice (start, end) {
-  var len = this.length
-  start = ~~start
-  end = end === undefined ? len : ~~end
-
-  if (start < 0) {
-    start += len
-    if (start < 0) start = 0
-  } else if (start > len) {
-    start = len
-  }
-
-  if (end < 0) {
-    end += len
-    if (end < 0) end = 0
-  } else if (end > len) {
-    end = len
-  }
-
-  if (end < start) end = start
-
-  var newBuf
-  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    newBuf = Buffer._augment(this.subarray(start, end))
-  } else {
-    var sliceLen = end - start
-    newBuf = new Buffer(sliceLen, undefined)
-    for (var i = 0; i < sliceLen; i++) {
-      newBuf[i] = this[i + start]
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (newBuf.length) newBuf.parent = this.parent || this
-
-  return newBuf
-}
-
-/*
- * Need to make sure that buffer isn't trying to write out of bounds.
- */
-function checkOffset (offset, ext, length) {
-  if ((offset % 1) !== 0 || offset < 0) throw new RangeError('offset is not uint')
-  if (offset + ext > length) throw new RangeError('Trying to access beyond buffer length')
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readUIntLE = function readUIntLE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
-  offset = offset | 0
-  byteLength = byteLength | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
-
-  var val = this[offset]
-  var mul = 1
-  var i = 0
-  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
-    val += this[offset + i] * mul
-  }
-
-  return val
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readUIntBE = function readUIntBE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
-  offset = offset | 0
-  byteLength = byteLength | 0
-  if (!noAssert) {
-    checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
-  }
-
-  var val = this[offset + --byteLength]
-  var mul = 1
-  while (byteLength > 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
-    val += this[offset + --byteLength] * mul
-  }
-
-  return val
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readUInt8 = function readUInt8 (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 1, this.length)
-  return this[offset]
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readUInt16LE = function readUInt16LE (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
-  return this[offset] | (this[offset + 1] << 8)
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readUInt16BE = function readUInt16BE (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
-  return (this[offset] << 8) | this[offset + 1]
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readUInt32LE = function readUInt32LE (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
-
-  return ((this[offset]) |
-      (this[offset + 1] << 8) |
-      (this[offset + 2] << 16)) +
-      (this[offset + 3] * 0x1000000)
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readUInt32BE = function readUInt32BE (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
-
-  return (this[offset] * 0x1000000) +
-    ((this[offset + 1] << 16) |
-    (this[offset + 2] << 8) |
-    this[offset + 3])
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readIntLE = function readIntLE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
-  offset = offset | 0
-  byteLength = byteLength | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
-
-  var val = this[offset]
-  var mul = 1
-  var i = 0
-  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
-    val += this[offset + i] * mul
-  }
-  mul *= 0x80
-
-  if (val >= mul) val -= Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength)
-
-  return val
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readIntBE = function readIntBE (offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
-  offset = offset | 0
-  byteLength = byteLength | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, byteLength, this.length)
-
-  var i = byteLength
-  var mul = 1
-  var val = this[offset + --i]
-  while (i > 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
-    val += this[offset + --i] * mul
-  }
-  mul *= 0x80
-
-  if (val >= mul) val -= Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength)
-
-  return val
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readInt8 = function readInt8 (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 1, this.length)
-  if (!(this[offset] & 0x80)) return (this[offset])
-  return ((0xff - this[offset] + 1) * -1)
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readInt16LE = function readInt16LE (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
-  var val = this[offset] | (this[offset + 1] << 8)
-  return (val & 0x8000) ? val | 0xFFFF0000 : val
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readInt16BE = function readInt16BE (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length)
-  var val = this[offset + 1] | (this[offset] << 8)
-  return (val & 0x8000) ? val | 0xFFFF0000 : val
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readInt32LE = function readInt32LE (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
-
-  return (this[offset]) |
-    (this[offset + 1] << 8) |
-    (this[offset + 2] << 16) |
-    (this[offset + 3] << 24)
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readInt32BE = function readInt32BE (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
-
-  return (this[offset] << 24) |
-    (this[offset + 1] << 16) |
-    (this[offset + 2] << 8) |
-    (this[offset + 3])
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readFloatLE = function readFloatLE (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
-  return ieee754.read(this, offset, true, 23, 4)
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readFloatBE = function readFloatBE (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length)
-  return ieee754.read(this, offset, false, 23, 4)
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readDoubleLE = function readDoubleLE (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 8, this.length)
-  return ieee754.read(this, offset, true, 52, 8)
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.readDoubleBE = function readDoubleBE (offset, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) checkOffset(offset, 8, this.length)
-  return ieee754.read(this, offset, false, 52, 8)
-}
-
-function checkInt (buf, value, offset, ext, max, min) {
-  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(buf)) throw new TypeError('buffer must be a Buffer instance')
-  if (value > max || value < min) throw new RangeError('value is out of bounds')
-  if (offset + ext > buf.length) throw new RangeError('index out of range')
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeUIntLE = function writeUIntLE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  byteLength = byteLength | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength), 0)
-
-  var mul = 1
-  var i = 0
-  this[offset] = value & 0xFF
-  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
-    this[offset + i] = (value / mul) & 0xFF
-  }
-
-  return offset + byteLength
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeUIntBE = function writeUIntBE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  byteLength = byteLength | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength), 0)
-
-  var i = byteLength - 1
-  var mul = 1
-  this[offset + i] = value & 0xFF
-  while (--i >= 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
-    this[offset + i] = (value / mul) & 0xFF
-  }
-
-  return offset + byteLength
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeUInt8 = function writeUInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0xff, 0)
-  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
-  this[offset] = value
-  return offset + 1
-}
-
-function objectWriteUInt16 (buf, value, offset, littleEndian) {
-  if (value < 0) value = 0xffff + value + 1
-  for (var i = 0, j = Math.min(buf.length - offset, 2); i < j; i++) {
-    buf[offset + i] = (value & (0xff << (8 * (littleEndian ? i : 1 - i)))) >>>
-      (littleEndian ? i : 1 - i) * 8
-  }
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16LE = function writeUInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
-  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = value
-    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
-  } else {
-    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
-  }
-  return offset + 2
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16BE = function writeUInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
-  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 1] = value
-  } else {
-    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
-  }
-  return offset + 2
-}
-
-function objectWriteUInt32 (buf, value, offset, littleEndian) {
-  if (value < 0) value = 0xffffffff + value + 1
-  for (var i = 0, j = Math.min(buf.length - offset, 4); i < j; i++) {
-    buf[offset + i] = (value >>> (littleEndian ? i : 3 - i) * 8) & 0xff
-  }
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32LE = function writeUInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0xffffffff, 0)
-  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
-    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
-    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset] = value
-  } else {
-    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, true)
-  }
-  return offset + 4
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32BE = function writeUInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0xffffffff, 0)
-  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
-    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
-    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 3] = value
-  } else {
-    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
-  }
-  return offset + 4
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeIntLE = function writeIntLE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  if (!noAssert) {
-    var limit = Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength - 1)
-
-    checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, limit - 1, -limit)
-  }
-
-  var i = 0
-  var mul = 1
-  var sub = value < 0 ? 1 : 0
-  this[offset] = value & 0xFF
-  while (++i < byteLength && (mul *= 0x100)) {
-    this[offset + i] = ((value / mul) >> 0) - sub & 0xFF
-  }
-
-  return offset + byteLength
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeIntBE = function writeIntBE (value, offset, byteLength, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  if (!noAssert) {
-    var limit = Math.pow(2, 8 * byteLength - 1)
-
-    checkInt(this, value, offset, byteLength, limit - 1, -limit)
-  }
-
-  var i = byteLength - 1
-  var mul = 1
-  var sub = value < 0 ? 1 : 0
-  this[offset + i] = value & 0xFF
-  while (--i >= 0 && (mul *= 0x100)) {
-    this[offset + i] = ((value / mul) >> 0) - sub & 0xFF
-  }
-
-  return offset + byteLength
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeInt8 = function writeInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0x7f, -0x80)
-  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
-  if (value < 0) value = 0xff + value + 1
-  this[offset] = value
-  return offset + 1
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeInt16LE = function writeInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
-  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = value
-    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
-  } else {
-    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
-  }
-  return offset + 2
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeInt16BE = function writeInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
-  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 1] = value
-  } else {
-    objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
-  }
-  return offset + 2
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeInt32LE = function writeInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000)
-  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = value
-    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
-    this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
-  } else {
-    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, true)
-  }
-  return offset + 4
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeInt32BE = function writeInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  value = +value
-  offset = offset | 0
-  if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000)
-  if (value < 0) value = 0xffffffff + value + 1
-  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
-    this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
-    this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 3] = value
-  } else {
-    objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
-  }
-  return offset + 4
-}
-
-function checkIEEE754 (buf, value, offset, ext, max, min) {
-  if (value > max || value < min) throw new RangeError('value is out of bounds')
-  if (offset + ext > buf.length) throw new RangeError('index out of range')
-  if (offset < 0) throw new RangeError('index out of range')
-}
-
-function writeFloat (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) {
-    checkIEEE754(buf, value, offset, 4, 3.4028234663852886e+38, -3.4028234663852886e+38)
-  }
-  ieee754.write(buf, value, offset, littleEndian, 23, 4)
-  return offset + 4
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeFloatLE = function writeFloatLE (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  return writeFloat(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeFloatBE = function writeFloatBE (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  return writeFloat(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
-}
-
-function writeDouble (buf, value, offset, littleEndian, noAssert) {
-  if (!noAssert) {
-    checkIEEE754(buf, value, offset, 8, 1.7976931348623157E+308, -1.7976931348623157E+308)
-  }
-  ieee754.write(buf, value, offset, littleEndian, 52, 8)
-  return offset + 8
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeDoubleLE = function writeDoubleLE (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  return writeDouble(this, value, offset, true, noAssert)
-}
-
-Buffer.prototype.writeDoubleBE = function writeDoubleBE (value, offset, noAssert) {
-  return writeDouble(this, value, offset, false, noAssert)
-}
-
-// copy(targetBuffer, targetStart=0, sourceStart=0, sourceEnd=buffer.length)
-Buffer.prototype.copy = function copy (target, targetStart, start, end) {
-  if (!start) start = 0
-  if (!end && end !== 0) end = this.length
-  if (targetStart >= target.length) targetStart = target.length
-  if (!targetStart) targetStart = 0
-  if (end > 0 && end < start) end = start
-
-  // Copy 0 bytes; we're done
-  if (end === start) return 0
-  if (target.length === 0 || this.length === 0) return 0
-
-  // Fatal error conditions
-  if (targetStart < 0) {
-    throw new RangeError('targetStart out of bounds')
-  }
-  if (start < 0 || start >= this.length) throw new RangeError('sourceStart out of bounds')
-  if (end < 0) throw new RangeError('sourceEnd out of bounds')
-
-  // Are we oob?
-  if (end > this.length) end = this.length
-  if (target.length - targetStart < end - start) {
-    end = target.length - targetStart + start
-  }
-
-  var len = end - start
-
-  if (len < 1000 || !Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-      target[i + targetStart] = this[i + start]
-    }
-  } else {
-    target._set(this.subarray(start, start + len), targetStart)
-  }
-
-  return len
-}
-
-// fill(value, start=0, end=buffer.length)
-Buffer.prototype.fill = function fill (value, start, end) {
-  if (!value) value = 0
-  if (!start) start = 0
-  if (!end) end = this.length
-
-  if (end < start) throw new RangeError('end < start')
-
-  // Fill 0 bytes; we're done
-  if (end === start) return
-  if (this.length === 0) return
-
-  if (start < 0 || start >= this.length) throw new RangeError('start out of bounds')
-  if (end < 0 || end > this.length) throw new RangeError('end out of bounds')
-
-  var i
-  if (typeof value === 'number') {
-    for (i = start; i < end; i++) {
-      this[i] = value
-    }
-  } else {
-    var bytes = utf8ToBytes(value.toString())
-    var len = bytes.length
-    for (i = start; i < end; i++) {
-      this[i] = bytes[i % len]
-    }
-  }
-
-  return this
-}
-
-/**
- * Creates a new `ArrayBuffer` with the *copied* memory of the buffer instance.
- * Added in Node 0.12. Only available in browsers that support ArrayBuffer.
- */
-Buffer.prototype.toArrayBuffer = function toArrayBuffer () {
-  if (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined') {
-    if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-      return (new Buffer(this)).buffer
-    } else {
-      var buf = new Uint8Array(this.length)
-      for (var i = 0, len = buf.length; i < len; i += 1) {
-        buf[i] = this[i]
-      }
-      return buf.buffer
-    }
-  } else {
-    throw new TypeError('Buffer.toArrayBuffer not supported in this browser')
-  }
-}
-
-// HELPER FUNCTIONS
-// ================
-
-var BP = Buffer.prototype
-
-/**
- * Augment a Uint8Array *instance* (not the Uint8Array class!) with Buffer methods
- */
-Buffer._augment = function _augment (arr) {
-  arr.constructor = Buffer
-  arr._isBuffer = true
-
-  // save reference to original Uint8Array set method before overwriting
-  arr._set = arr.set
-
-  // deprecated, will be removed in node 0.13+
-  arr.get = BP.get
-  arr.set = BP.set
-
-  arr.write = BP.write
-  arr.toString = BP.toString
-  arr.toLocaleString = BP.toString
-  arr.toJSON = BP.toJSON
-  arr.equals = BP.equals
-  arr.compare = BP.compare
-  arr.indexOf = BP.indexOf
-  arr.copy = BP.copy
-  arr.slice = BP.slice
-  arr.readUIntLE = BP.readUIntLE
-  arr.readUIntBE = BP.readUIntBE
-  arr.readUInt8 = BP.readUInt8
-  arr.readUInt16LE = BP.readUInt16LE
-  arr.readUInt16BE = BP.readUInt16BE
-  arr.readUInt32LE = BP.readUInt32LE
-  arr.readUInt32BE = BP.readUInt32BE
-  arr.readIntLE = BP.readIntLE
-  arr.readIntBE = BP.readIntBE
-  arr.readInt8 = BP.readInt8
-  arr.readInt16LE = BP.readInt16LE
-  arr.readInt16BE = BP.readInt16BE
-  arr.readInt32LE = BP.readInt32LE
-  arr.readInt32BE = BP.readInt32BE
-  arr.readFloatLE = BP.readFloatLE
-  arr.readFloatBE = BP.readFloatBE
-  arr.readDoubleLE = BP.readDoubleLE
-  arr.readDoubleBE = BP.readDoubleBE
-  arr.writeUInt8 = BP.writeUInt8
-  arr.writeUIntLE = BP.writeUIntLE
-  arr.writeUIntBE = BP.writeUIntBE
-  arr.writeUInt16LE = BP.writeUInt16LE
-  arr.writeUInt16BE = BP.writeUInt16BE
-  arr.writeUInt32LE = BP.writeUInt32LE
-  arr.writeUInt32BE = BP.writeUInt32BE
-  arr.writeIntLE = BP.writeIntLE
-  arr.writeIntBE = BP.writeIntBE
-  arr.writeInt8 = BP.writeInt8
-  arr.writeInt16LE = BP.writeInt16LE
-  arr.writeInt16BE = BP.writeInt16BE
-  arr.writeInt32LE = BP.writeInt32LE
-  arr.writeInt32BE = BP.writeInt32BE
-  arr.writeFloatLE = BP.writeFloatLE
-  arr.writeFloatBE = BP.writeFloatBE
-  arr.writeDoubleLE = BP.writeDoubleLE
-  arr.writeDoubleBE = BP.writeDoubleBE
-  arr.fill = BP.fill
-  arr.inspect = BP.inspect
-  arr.toArrayBuffer = BP.toArrayBuffer
-
-  return arr
-}
-
-var INVALID_BASE64_RE = /[^+\/0-9A-z\-]/g
-
-function base64clean (str) {
-  // Node strips out invalid characters like \n and \t from the string, base64-js does not
-  str = stringtrim(str).replace(INVALID_BASE64_RE, '')
-  // Node converts strings with length < 2 to ''
-  if (str.length < 2) return ''
-  // Node allows for non-padded base64 strings (missing trailing ===), base64-js does not
-  while (str.length % 4 !== 0) {
-    str = str + '='
-  }
-  return str
-}
-
-function stringtrim (str) {
-  if (str.trim) return str.trim()
-  return str.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, '')
-}
-
-function toHex (n) {
-  if (n < 16) return '0' + n.toString(16)
-  return n.toString(16)
-}
-
-function utf8ToBytes (string, units) {
-  units = units || Infinity
-  var codePoint
-  var length = string.length
-  var leadSurrogate = null
-  var bytes = []
-  var i = 0
-
-  for (; i < length; i++) {
-    codePoint = string.charCodeAt(i)
-
-    // is surrogate component
-    if (codePoint > 0xD7FF && codePoint < 0xE000) {
-      // last char was a lead
-      if (leadSurrogate) {
-        // 2 leads in a row
-        if (codePoint < 0xDC00) {
-          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
-          leadSurrogate = codePoint
-          continue
-        } else {
-          // valid surrogate pair
-          codePoint = leadSurrogate - 0xD800 << 10 | codePoint - 0xDC00 | 0x10000
-          leadSurrogate = null
-        }
-      } else {
-        // no lead yet
-
-        if (codePoint > 0xDBFF) {
-          // unexpected trail
-          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
-          continue
-        } else if (i + 1 === length) {
-          // unpaired lead
-          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
-          continue
-        } else {
-          // valid lead
-          leadSurrogate = codePoint
-          continue
-        }
-      }
-    } else if (leadSurrogate) {
-      // valid bmp char, but last char was a lead
-      if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
-      leadSurrogate = null
-    }
-
-    // encode utf8
-    if (codePoint < 0x80) {
-      if ((units -= 1) < 0) break
-      bytes.push(codePoint)
-    } else if (codePoint < 0x800) {
-      if ((units -= 2) < 0) break
-      bytes.push(
-        codePoint >> 0x6 | 0xC0,
-        codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
-      )
-    } else if (codePoint < 0x10000) {
-      if ((units -= 3) < 0) break
-      bytes.push(
-        codePoint >> 0xC | 0xE0,
-        codePoint >> 0x6 & 0x3F | 0x80,
-        codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
-      )
-    } else if (codePoint < 0x200000) {
-      if ((units -= 4) < 0) break
-      bytes.push(
-        codePoint >> 0x12 | 0xF0,
-        codePoint >> 0xC & 0x3F | 0x80,
-        codePoint >> 0x6 & 0x3F | 0x80,
-        codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
-      )
-    } else {
-      throw new Error('Invalid code point')
-    }
-  }
-
-  return bytes
-}
-
-function asciiToBytes (str) {
-  var byteArray = []
-  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
-    // Node's code seems to be doing this and not & 0x7F..
-    byteArray.push(str.charCodeAt(i) & 0xFF)
-  }
-  return byteArray
-}
-
-function utf16leToBytes (str, units) {
-  var c, hi, lo
-  var byteArray = []
-  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
-    if ((units -= 2) < 0) break
-
-    c = str.charCodeAt(i)
-    hi = c >> 8
-    lo = c % 256
-    byteArray.push(lo)
-    byteArray.push(hi)
-  }
-
-  return byteArray
-}
-
-function base64ToBytes (str) {
-  return base64.toByteArray(base64clean(str))
-}
-
-function blitBuffer (src, dst, offset, length) {
-  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-    if ((i + offset >= dst.length) || (i >= src.length)) break
-    dst[i + offset] = src[i]
-  }
-  return i
-}
-
-function decodeUtf8Char (str) {
-  try {
-    return decodeURIComponent(str)
-  } catch (err) {
-    return String.fromCharCode(0xFFFD) // UTF 8 invalid char
-  }
-}
-
-},{"base64-js":39,"ieee754":40,"is-array":41}],39:[function(require,module,exports){
-var lookup = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
-
-;(function (exports) {
-	'use strict';
-
-  var Arr = (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined')
-    ? Uint8Array
-    : Array
-
-	var PLUS   = '+'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var SLASH  = '/'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var NUMBER = '0'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var LOWER  = 'a'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var UPPER  = 'A'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var PLUS_URL_SAFE = '-'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var SLASH_URL_SAFE = '_'.charCodeAt(0)
-
-	function decode (elt) {
-		var code = elt.charCodeAt(0)
-		if (code === PLUS ||
-		    code === PLUS_URL_SAFE)
-			return 62 // '+'
-		if (code === SLASH ||
-		    code === SLASH_URL_SAFE)
-			return 63 // '/'
-		if (code < NUMBER)
-			return -1 //no match
-		if (code < NUMBER + 10)
-			return code - NUMBER + 26 + 26
-		if (code < UPPER + 26)
-			return code - UPPER
-		if (code < LOWER + 26)
-			return code - LOWER + 26
-	}
-
-	function b64ToByteArray (b64) {
-		var i, j, l, tmp, placeHolders, arr
-
-		if (b64.length % 4 > 0) {
-			throw new Error('Invalid string. Length must be a multiple of 4')
-		}
-
-		// the number of equal signs (place holders)
-		// if there are two placeholders, than the two characters before it
-		// represent one byte
-		// if there is only one, then the three characters before it represent 2 bytes
-		// this is just a cheap hack to not do indexOf twice
-		var len = b64.length
-		placeHolders = '=' === b64.charAt(len - 2) ? 2 : '=' === b64.charAt(len - 1) ? 1 : 0
-
-		// base64 is 4/3 + up to two characters of the original data
-		arr = new Arr(b64.length * 3 / 4 - placeHolders)
-
-		// if there are placeholders, only get up to the last complete 4 chars
-		l = placeHolders > 0 ? b64.length - 4 : b64.length
-
-		var L = 0
-
-		function push (v) {
-			arr[L++] = v
-		}
-
-		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < l; i += 4, j += 3) {
-			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 18) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 12) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) << 6) | decode(b64.charAt(i + 3))
-			push((tmp & 0xFF0000) >> 16)
-			push((tmp & 0xFF00) >> 8)
-			push(tmp & 0xFF)
-		}
-
-		if (placeHolders === 2) {
-			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 2) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) >> 4)
-			push(tmp & 0xFF)
-		} else if (placeHolders === 1) {
-			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 10) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 4) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) >> 2)
-			push((tmp >> 8) & 0xFF)
-			push(tmp & 0xFF)
-		}
-
-		return arr
-	}
-
-	function uint8ToBase64 (uint8) {
-		var i,
-			extraBytes = uint8.length % 3, // if we have 1 byte left, pad 2 bytes
-			output = "",
-			temp, length
-
-		function encode (num) {
-			return lookup.charAt(num)
-		}
-
-		function tripletToBase64 (num) {
-			return encode(num >> 18 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 12 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 6 & 0x3F) + encode(num & 0x3F)
-		}
-
-		// go through the array every three bytes, we'll deal with trailing stuff later
-		for (i = 0, length = uint8.length - extraBytes; i < length; i += 3) {
-			temp = (uint8[i] << 16) + (uint8[i + 1] << 8) + (uint8[i + 2])
-			output += tripletToBase64(temp)
-		}
-
-		// pad the end with zeros, but make sure to not forget the extra bytes
-		switch (extraBytes) {
-			case 1:
-				temp = uint8[uint8.length - 1]
-				output += encode(temp >> 2)
-				output += encode((temp << 4) & 0x3F)
-				output += '=='
-				break
-			case 2:
-				temp = (uint8[uint8.length - 2] << 8) + (uint8[uint8.length - 1])
-				output += encode(temp >> 10)
-				output += encode((temp >> 4) & 0x3F)
-				output += encode((temp << 2) & 0x3F)
-				output += '='
-				break
-		}
-
-		return output
-	}
-
-	exports.toByteArray = b64ToByteArray
-	exports.fromByteArray = uint8ToBase64
-}(typeof exports === 'undefined' ? (this.base64js = {}) : exports))
-
-},{}],40:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"buffer":8,"type-detect":48}],39:[function(require,module,exports){
 exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   var e, m
-  var eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1
+  var eLen = (nBytes * 8) - mLen - 1
   var eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1
   var eBias = eMax >> 1
   var nBits = -7
@@ -6777,12 +6758,12 @@ exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   e = s & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1)
   s >>= (-nBits)
   nBits += eLen
-  for (; nBits > 0; e = e * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
+  for (; nBits > 0; e = (e * 256) + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
 
   m = e & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1)
   e >>= (-nBits)
   nBits += mLen
-  for (; nBits > 0; m = m * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
+  for (; nBits > 0; m = (m * 256) + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
 
   if (e === 0) {
     e = 1 - eBias
@@ -6797,7 +6778,7 @@ exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
 
 exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   var e, m, c
-  var eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1
+  var eLen = (nBytes * 8) - mLen - 1
   var eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1
   var eBias = eMax >> 1
   var rt = (mLen === 23 ? Math.pow(2, -24) - Math.pow(2, -77) : 0)
@@ -6830,7 +6811,7 @@ exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
       m = 0
       e = eMax
     } else if (e + eBias >= 1) {
-      m = (value * c - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
+      m = ((value * c) - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
       e = e + eBias
     } else {
       m = value * Math.pow(2, eBias - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
@@ -6847,1690 +6828,262 @@ exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   buffer[offset + i - d] |= s * 128
 }
 
-},{}],41:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],40:[function(require,module,exports){
+;(function () { // closure for web browsers
 
-/**
- * isArray
- */
-
-var isArray = Array.isArray;
-
-/**
- * toString
- */
-
-var str = Object.prototype.toString;
-
-/**
- * Whether or not the given `val`
- * is an array.
- *
- * example:
- *
- *        isArray([]);
- *        // > true
- *        isArray(arguments);
- *        // > false
- *        isArray('');
- *        // > false
- *
- * @param {mixed} val
- * @return {bool}
- */
-
-module.exports = isArray || function (val) {
-  return !! val && '[object Array]' == str.call(val);
-};
-
-},{}],42:[function(require,module,exports){
-// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
-// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
-// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
-// following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
-// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
-// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
-// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
-// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
-// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-
-// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there
-// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array
-// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish
-// relative and absolute paths)
-function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) {
-  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
-  var up = 0;
-  for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-    var last = parts[i];
-    if (last === '.') {
-      parts.splice(i, 1);
-    } else if (last === '..') {
-      parts.splice(i, 1);
-      up++;
-    } else if (up) {
-      parts.splice(i, 1);
-      up--;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
-  if (allowAboveRoot) {
-    for (; up--; up) {
-      parts.unshift('..');
-    }
-  }
-
-  return parts;
+if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
+  module.exports = LRUCache
+} else {
+  // just set the global for non-node platforms.
+  this.LRUCache = LRUCache
 }
 
-// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version
-// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing.
-var splitPathRe =
-    /^(\/?|)([\s\S]*?)((?:\.{1,2}|[^\/]+?|)(\.[^.\/]*|))(?:[\/]*)$/;
-var splitPath = function(filename) {
-  return splitPathRe.exec(filename).slice(1);
-};
-
-// path.resolve([from ...], to)
-// posix version
-exports.resolve = function() {
-  var resolvedPath = '',
-      resolvedAbsolute = false;
-
-  for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) {
-    var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : process.cwd();
-
-    // Skip empty and invalid entries
-    if (typeof path !== 'string') {
-      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.resolve must be strings');
-    } else if (!path) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath;
-    resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/';
-  }
-
-  // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but
-  // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails)
-
-  // Normalize the path
-  resolvedPath = normalizeArray(filter(resolvedPath.split('/'), function(p) {
-    return !!p;
-  }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/');
-
-  return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.';
-};
-
-// path.normalize(path)
-// posix version
-exports.normalize = function(path) {
-  var isAbsolute = exports.isAbsolute(path),
-      trailingSlash = substr(path, -1) === '/';
-
-  // Normalize the path
-  path = normalizeArray(filter(path.split('/'), function(p) {
-    return !!p;
-  }), !isAbsolute).join('/');
-
-  if (!path && !isAbsolute) {
-    path = '.';
-  }
-  if (path && trailingSlash) {
-    path += '/';
-  }
-
-  return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path;
-};
-
-// posix version
-exports.isAbsolute = function(path) {
-  return path.charAt(0) === '/';
-};
-
-// posix version
-exports.join = function() {
-  var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
-  return exports.normalize(filter(paths, function(p, index) {
-    if (typeof p !== 'string') {
-      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.join must be strings');
-    }
-    return p;
-  }).join('/'));
-};
-
-
-// path.relative(from, to)
-// posix version
-exports.relative = function(from, to) {
-  from = exports.resolve(from).substr(1);
-  to = exports.resolve(to).substr(1);
-
-  function trim(arr) {
-    var start = 0;
-    for (; start < arr.length; start++) {
-      if (arr[start] !== '') break;
-    }
-
-    var end = arr.length - 1;
-    for (; end >= 0; end--) {
-      if (arr[end] !== '') break;
-    }
-
-    if (start > end) return [];
-    return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1);
-  }
-
-  var fromParts = trim(from.split('/'));
-  var toParts = trim(to.split('/'));
-
-  var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length);
-  var samePartsLength = length;
-  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-    if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) {
-      samePartsLength = i;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  var outputParts = [];
-  for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) {
-    outputParts.push('..');
-  }
-
-  outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength));
-
-  return outputParts.join('/');
-};
-
-exports.sep = '/';
-exports.delimiter = ':';
-
-exports.dirname = function(path) {
-  var result = splitPath(path),
-      root = result[0],
-      dir = result[1];
-
-  if (!root && !dir) {
-    // No dirname whatsoever
-    return '.';
-  }
-
-  if (dir) {
-    // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash
-    dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1);
-  }
-
-  return root + dir;
-};
-
-
-exports.basename = function(path, ext) {
-  var f = splitPath(path)[2];
-  // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows?
-  if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) {
-    f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length);
-  }
-  return f;
-};
-
-
-exports.extname = function(path) {
-  return splitPath(path)[3];
-};
-
-function filter (xs, f) {
-    if (xs.filter) return xs.filter(f);
-    var res = [];
-    for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
-        if (f(xs[i], i, xs)) res.push(xs[i]);
-    }
-    return res;
+function hOP (obj, key) {
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)
 }
 
-// String.prototype.substr - negative index don't work in IE8
-var substr = 'ab'.substr(-1) === 'b'
-    ? function (str, start, len) { return str.substr(start, len) }
-    : function (str, start, len) {
-        if (start < 0) start = str.length + start;
-        return str.substr(start, len);
-    }
-;
+function naiveLength () { return 1 }
 
-},{}],43:[function(require,module,exports){
-(function (global){
-/*! https://mths.be/punycode v1.3.2 by @mathias */
-;(function(root) {
+function LRUCache (options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof LRUCache))
+    return new LRUCache(options)
 
-	/** Detect free variables */
-	var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports &&
-		!exports.nodeType && exports;
-	var freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module &&
-		!module.nodeType && module;
-	var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global;
-	if (
-		freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal ||
-		freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal ||
-		freeGlobal.self === freeGlobal
-	) {
-		root = freeGlobal;
-	}
+  if (typeof options === 'number')
+    options = { max: options }
 
-	/**
-	 * The `punycode` object.
-	 * @name punycode
-	 * @type Object
-	 */
-	var punycode,
+  if (!options)
+    options = {}
 
-	/** Highest positive signed 32-bit float value */
-	maxInt = 2147483647, // aka. 0x7FFFFFFF or 2^31-1
+  this._max = options.max
+  // Kind of weird to have a default max of Infinity, but oh well.
+  if (!this._max || !(typeof this._max === "number") || this._max <= 0 )
+    this._max = Infinity
 
-	/** Bootstring parameters */
-	base = 36,
-	tMin = 1,
-	tMax = 26,
-	skew = 38,
-	damp = 700,
-	initialBias = 72,
-	initialN = 128, // 0x80
-	delimiter = '-', // '\x2D'
+  this._lengthCalculator = options.length || naiveLength
+  if (typeof this._lengthCalculator !== "function")
+    this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
 
-	/** Regular expressions */
-	regexPunycode = /^xn--/,
-	regexNonASCII = /[^\x20-\x7E]/, // unprintable ASCII chars + non-ASCII chars
-	regexSeparators = /[\x2E\u3002\uFF0E\uFF61]/g, // RFC 3490 separators
-
-	/** Error messages */
-	errors = {
-		'overflow': 'Overflow: input needs wider integers to process',
-		'not-basic': 'Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)',
-		'invalid-input': 'Invalid input'
-	},
-
-	/** Convenience shortcuts */
-	baseMinusTMin = base - tMin,
-	floor = Math.floor,
-	stringFromCharCode = String.fromCharCode,
-
-	/** Temporary variable */
-	key;
-
-	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-	/**
-	 * A generic error utility function.
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {String} type The error type.
-	 * @returns {Error} Throws a `RangeError` with the applicable error message.
-	 */
-	function error(type) {
-		throw RangeError(errors[type]);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * A generic `Array#map` utility function.
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
-	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every array
-	 * item.
-	 * @returns {Array} A new array of values returned by the callback function.
-	 */
-	function map(array, fn) {
-		var length = array.length;
-		var result = [];
-		while (length--) {
-			result[length] = fn(array[length]);
-		}
-		return result;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * A simple `Array#map`-like wrapper to work with domain name strings or email
-	 * addresses.
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {String} domain The domain name or email address.
-	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every
-	 * character.
-	 * @returns {Array} A new string of characters returned by the callback
-	 * function.
-	 */
-	function mapDomain(string, fn) {
-		var parts = string.split('@');
-		var result = '';
-		if (parts.length > 1) {
-			// In email addresses, only the domain name should be punycoded. Leave
-			// the local part (i.e. everything up to `@`) intact.
-			result = parts[0] + '@';
-			string = parts[1];
-		}
-		// Avoid `split(regex)` for IE8 compatibility. See #17.
-		string = string.replace(regexSeparators, '\x2E');
-		var labels = string.split('.');
-		var encoded = map(labels, fn).join('.');
-		return result + encoded;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Creates an array containing the numeric code points of each Unicode
-	 * character in the string. While JavaScript uses UCS-2 internally,
-	 * this function will convert a pair of surrogate halves (each of which
-	 * UCS-2 exposes as separate characters) into a single code point,
-	 * matching UTF-16.
-	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.encode`
-	 * @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
-	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
-	 * @name decode
-	 * @param {String} string The Unicode input string (UCS-2).
-	 * @returns {Array} The new array of code points.
-	 */
-	function ucs2decode(string) {
-		var output = [],
-		    counter = 0,
-		    length = string.length,
-		    value,
-		    extra;
-		while (counter < length) {
-			value = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
-			if (value >= 0xD800 && value <= 0xDBFF && counter < length) {
-				// high surrogate, and there is a next character
-				extra = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
-				if ((extra & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) { // low surrogate
-					output.push(((value & 0x3FF) << 10) + (extra & 0x3FF) + 0x10000);
-				} else {
-					// unmatched surrogate; only append this code unit, in case the next
-					// code unit is the high surrogate of a surrogate pair
-					output.push(value);
-					counter--;
-				}
-			} else {
-				output.push(value);
-			}
-		}
-		return output;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Creates a string based on an array of numeric code points.
-	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.decode`
-	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
-	 * @name encode
-	 * @param {Array} codePoints The array of numeric code points.
-	 * @returns {String} The new Unicode string (UCS-2).
-	 */
-	function ucs2encode(array) {
-		return map(array, function(value) {
-			var output = '';
-			if (value > 0xFFFF) {
-				value -= 0x10000;
-				output += stringFromCharCode(value >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800);
-				value = 0xDC00 | value & 0x3FF;
-			}
-			output += stringFromCharCode(value);
-			return output;
-		}).join('');
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a basic code point into a digit/integer.
-	 * @see `digitToBasic()`
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {Number} codePoint The basic numeric code point value.
-	 * @returns {Number} The numeric value of a basic code point (for use in
-	 * representing integers) in the range `0` to `base - 1`, or `base` if
-	 * the code point does not represent a value.
-	 */
-	function basicToDigit(codePoint) {
-		if (codePoint - 48 < 10) {
-			return codePoint - 22;
-		}
-		if (codePoint - 65 < 26) {
-			return codePoint - 65;
-		}
-		if (codePoint - 97 < 26) {
-			return codePoint - 97;
-		}
-		return base;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a digit/integer into a basic code point.
-	 * @see `basicToDigit()`
-	 * @private
-	 * @param {Number} digit The numeric value of a basic code point.
-	 * @returns {Number} The basic code point whose value (when used for
-	 * representing integers) is `digit`, which needs to be in the range
-	 * `0` to `base - 1`. If `flag` is non-zero, the uppercase form is
-	 * used; else, the lowercase form is used. The behavior is undefined
-	 * if `flag` is non-zero and `digit` has no uppercase form.
-	 */
-	function digitToBasic(digit, flag) {
-		//  0..25 map to ASCII a..z or A..Z
-		// 26..35 map to ASCII 0..9
-		return digit + 22 + 75 * (digit < 26) - ((flag != 0) << 5);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Bias adaptation function as per section 3.4 of RFC 3492.
-	 * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492#section-3.4
-	 * @private
-	 */
-	function adapt(delta, numPoints, firstTime) {
-		var k = 0;
-		delta = firstTime ? floor(delta / damp) : delta >> 1;
-		delta += floor(delta / numPoints);
-		for (/* no initialization */; delta > baseMinusTMin * tMax >> 1; k += base) {
-			delta = floor(delta / baseMinusTMin);
-		}
-		return floor(k + (baseMinusTMin + 1) * delta / (delta + skew));
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols to a string of Unicode
-	 * symbols.
-	 * @memberOf punycode
-	 * @param {String} input The Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
-	 * @returns {String} The resulting string of Unicode symbols.
-	 */
-	function decode(input) {
-		// Don't use UCS-2
-		var output = [],
-		    inputLength = input.length,
-		    out,
-		    i = 0,
-		    n = initialN,
-		    bias = initialBias,
-		    basic,
-		    j,
-		    index,
-		    oldi,
-		    w,
-		    k,
-		    digit,
-		    t,
-		    /** Cached calculation results */
-		    baseMinusT;
-
-		// Handle the basic code points: let `basic` be the number of input code
-		// points before the last delimiter, or `0` if there is none, then copy
-		// the first basic code points to the output.
-
-		basic = input.lastIndexOf(delimiter);
-		if (basic < 0) {
-			basic = 0;
-		}
-
-		for (j = 0; j < basic; ++j) {
-			// if it's not a basic code point
-			if (input.charCodeAt(j) >= 0x80) {
-				error('not-basic');
-			}
-			output.push(input.charCodeAt(j));
-		}
-
-		// Main decoding loop: start just after the last delimiter if any basic code
-		// points were copied; start at the beginning otherwise.
-
-		for (index = basic > 0 ? basic + 1 : 0; index < inputLength; /* no final expression */) {
-
-			// `index` is the index of the next character to be consumed.
-			// Decode a generalized variable-length integer into `delta`,
-			// which gets added to `i`. The overflow checking is easier
-			// if we increase `i` as we go, then subtract off its starting
-			// value at the end to obtain `delta`.
-			for (oldi = i, w = 1, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
-
-				if (index >= inputLength) {
-					error('invalid-input');
-				}
-
-				digit = basicToDigit(input.charCodeAt(index++));
-
-				if (digit >= base || digit > floor((maxInt - i) / w)) {
-					error('overflow');
-				}
-
-				i += digit * w;
-				t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
-
-				if (digit < t) {
-					break;
-				}
-
-				baseMinusT = base - t;
-				if (w > floor(maxInt / baseMinusT)) {
-					error('overflow');
-				}
-
-				w *= baseMinusT;
-
-			}
-
-			out = output.length + 1;
-			bias = adapt(i - oldi, out, oldi == 0);
-
-			// `i` was supposed to wrap around from `out` to `0`,
-			// incrementing `n` each time, so we'll fix that now:
-			if (floor(i / out) > maxInt - n) {
-				error('overflow');
-			}
-
-			n += floor(i / out);
-			i %= out;
-
-			// Insert `n` at position `i` of the output
-			output.splice(i++, 0, n);
-
-		}
-
-		return ucs2encode(output);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a string of Unicode symbols (e.g. a domain name label) to a
-	 * Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
-	 * @memberOf punycode
-	 * @param {String} input The string of Unicode symbols.
-	 * @returns {String} The resulting Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
-	 */
-	function encode(input) {
-		var n,
-		    delta,
-		    handledCPCount,
-		    basicLength,
-		    bias,
-		    j,
-		    m,
-		    q,
-		    k,
-		    t,
-		    currentValue,
-		    output = [],
-		    /** `inputLength` will hold the number of code points in `input`. */
-		    inputLength,
-		    /** Cached calculation results */
-		    handledCPCountPlusOne,
-		    baseMinusT,
-		    qMinusT;
-
-		// Convert the input in UCS-2 to Unicode
-		input = ucs2decode(input);
-
-		// Cache the length
-		inputLength = input.length;
-
-		// Initialize the state
-		n = initialN;
-		delta = 0;
-		bias = initialBias;
-
-		// Handle the basic code points
-		for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
-			currentValue = input[j];
-			if (currentValue < 0x80) {
-				output.push(stringFromCharCode(currentValue));
-			}
-		}
-
-		handledCPCount = basicLength = output.length;
-
-		// `handledCPCount` is the number of code points that have been handled;
-		// `basicLength` is the number of basic code points.
-
-		// Finish the basic string - if it is not empty - with a delimiter
-		if (basicLength) {
-			output.push(delimiter);
-		}
-
-		// Main encoding loop:
-		while (handledCPCount < inputLength) {
-
-			// All non-basic code points < n have been handled already. Find the next
-			// larger one:
-			for (m = maxInt, j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
-				currentValue = input[j];
-				if (currentValue >= n && currentValue < m) {
-					m = currentValue;
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Increase `delta` enough to advance the decoder's <n,i> state to <m,0>,
-			// but guard against overflow
-			handledCPCountPlusOne = handledCPCount + 1;
-			if (m - n > floor((maxInt - delta) / handledCPCountPlusOne)) {
-				error('overflow');
-			}
-
-			delta += (m - n) * handledCPCountPlusOne;
-			n = m;
-
-			for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
-				currentValue = input[j];
-
-				if (currentValue < n && ++delta > maxInt) {
-					error('overflow');
-				}
-
-				if (currentValue == n) {
-					// Represent delta as a generalized variable-length integer
-					for (q = delta, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
-						t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
-						if (q < t) {
-							break;
-						}
-						qMinusT = q - t;
-						baseMinusT = base - t;
-						output.push(
-							stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(t + qMinusT % baseMinusT, 0))
-						);
-						q = floor(qMinusT / baseMinusT);
-					}
-
-					output.push(stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(q, 0)));
-					bias = adapt(delta, handledCPCountPlusOne, handledCPCount == basicLength);
-					delta = 0;
-					++handledCPCount;
-				}
-			}
-
-			++delta;
-			++n;
-
-		}
-		return output.join('');
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a Punycode string representing a domain name or an email address
-	 * to Unicode. Only the Punycoded parts of the input will be converted, i.e.
-	 * it doesn't matter if you call it on a string that has already been
-	 * converted to Unicode.
-	 * @memberOf punycode
-	 * @param {String} input The Punycoded domain name or email address to
-	 * convert to Unicode.
-	 * @returns {String} The Unicode representation of the given Punycode
-	 * string.
-	 */
-	function toUnicode(input) {
-		return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
-			return regexPunycode.test(string)
-				? decode(string.slice(4).toLowerCase())
-				: string;
-		});
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Converts a Unicode string representing a domain name or an email address to
-	 * Punycode. Only the non-ASCII parts of the domain name will be converted,
-	 * i.e. it doesn't matter if you call it with a domain that's already in
-	 * ASCII.
-	 * @memberOf punycode
-	 * @param {String} input The domain name or email address to convert, as a
-	 * Unicode string.
-	 * @returns {String} The Punycode representation of the given domain name or
-	 * email address.
-	 */
-	function toASCII(input) {
-		return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
-			return regexNonASCII.test(string)
-				? 'xn--' + encode(string)
-				: string;
-		});
-	}
-
-	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-	/** Define the public API */
-	punycode = {
-		/**
-		 * A string representing the current Punycode.js version number.
-		 * @memberOf punycode
-		 * @type String
-		 */
-		'version': '1.3.2',
-		/**
-		 * An object of methods to convert from JavaScript's internal character
-		 * representation (UCS-2) to Unicode code points, and back.
-		 * @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
-		 * @memberOf punycode
-		 * @type Object
-		 */
-		'ucs2': {
-			'decode': ucs2decode,
-			'encode': ucs2encode
-		},
-		'decode': decode,
-		'encode': encode,
-		'toASCII': toASCII,
-		'toUnicode': toUnicode
-	};
-
-	/** Expose `punycode` */
-	// Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns
-	// like the following:
-	if (
-		typeof define == 'function' &&
-		typeof define.amd == 'object' &&
-		define.amd
-	) {
-		define('punycode', function() {
-			return punycode;
-		});
-	} else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
-		if (module.exports == freeExports) { // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+
-			freeModule.exports = punycode;
-		} else { // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-
-			for (key in punycode) {
-				punycode.hasOwnProperty(key) && (freeExports[key] = punycode[key]);
-			}
-		}
-	} else { // in Rhino or a web browser
-		root.punycode = punycode;
-	}
-
-}(this));
-
-}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
-},{}],44:[function(require,module,exports){
-// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
-// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
-// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
-// following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
-// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
-// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
-// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
-// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
-// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-
-'use strict';
-
-// If obj.hasOwnProperty has been overridden, then calling
-// obj.hasOwnProperty(prop) will break.
-// See: https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/1707
-function hasOwnProperty(obj, prop) {
-  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop);
+  this._allowStale = options.stale || false
+  this._maxAge = options.maxAge || null
+  this._dispose = options.dispose
+  this.reset()
 }
 
-module.exports = function(qs, sep, eq, options) {
-  sep = sep || '&';
-  eq = eq || '=';
-  var obj = {};
-
-  if (typeof qs !== 'string' || qs.length === 0) {
-    return obj;
-  }
-
-  var regexp = /\+/g;
-  qs = qs.split(sep);
-
-  var maxKeys = 1000;
-  if (options && typeof options.maxKeys === 'number') {
-    maxKeys = options.maxKeys;
-  }
-
-  var len = qs.length;
-  // maxKeys <= 0 means that we should not limit keys count
-  if (maxKeys > 0 && len > maxKeys) {
-    len = maxKeys;
-  }
-
-  for (var i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-    var x = qs[i].replace(regexp, '%20'),
-        idx = x.indexOf(eq),
-        kstr, vstr, k, v;
-
-    if (idx >= 0) {
-      kstr = x.substr(0, idx);
-      vstr = x.substr(idx + 1);
-    } else {
-      kstr = x;
-      vstr = '';
+// resize the cache when the max changes.
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "max",
+  { set : function (mL) {
+      if (!mL || !(typeof mL === "number") || mL <= 0 ) mL = Infinity
+      this._max = mL
+      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
     }
+  , get : function () { return this._max }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
 
-    k = decodeURIComponent(kstr);
-    v = decodeURIComponent(vstr);
-
-    if (!hasOwnProperty(obj, k)) {
-      obj[k] = v;
-    } else if (isArray(obj[k])) {
-      obj[k].push(v);
-    } else {
-      obj[k] = [obj[k], v];
-    }
-  }
-
-  return obj;
-};
-
-var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) {
-  return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]';
-};
-
-},{}],45:[function(require,module,exports){
-// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
-// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
-// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
-// following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
-// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
-// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
-// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
-// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
-// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-
-'use strict';
-
-var stringifyPrimitive = function(v) {
-  switch (typeof v) {
-    case 'string':
-      return v;
-
-    case 'boolean':
-      return v ? 'true' : 'false';
-
-    case 'number':
-      return isFinite(v) ? v : '';
-
-    default:
-      return '';
-  }
-};
-
-module.exports = function(obj, sep, eq, name) {
-  sep = sep || '&';
-  eq = eq || '=';
-  if (obj === null) {
-    obj = undefined;
-  }
-
-  if (typeof obj === 'object') {
-    return map(objectKeys(obj), function(k) {
-      var ks = encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(k)) + eq;
-      if (isArray(obj[k])) {
-        return map(obj[k], function(v) {
-          return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(v));
-        }).join(sep);
+// resize the cache when the lengthCalculator changes.
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "lengthCalculator",
+  { set : function (lC) {
+      if (typeof lC !== "function") {
+        this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
+        this._length = this._itemCount
+        for (var key in this._cache) {
+          this._cache[key].length = 1
+        }
       } else {
-        return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj[k]));
-      }
-    }).join(sep);
-
-  }
-
-  if (!name) return '';
-  return encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(name)) + eq +
-         encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj));
-};
-
-var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) {
-  return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]';
-};
-
-function map (xs, f) {
-  if (xs.map) return xs.map(f);
-  var res = [];
-  for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
-    res.push(f(xs[i], i));
-  }
-  return res;
-}
-
-var objectKeys = Object.keys || function (obj) {
-  var res = [];
-  for (var key in obj) {
-    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) res.push(key);
-  }
-  return res;
-};
-
-},{}],46:[function(require,module,exports){
-'use strict';
-
-exports.decode = exports.parse = require('./decode');
-exports.encode = exports.stringify = require('./encode');
-
-},{"./decode":44,"./encode":45}],47:[function(require,module,exports){
-// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
-// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
-// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
-// following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
-// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
-// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
-// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
-// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
-// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-
-var punycode = require('punycode');
-
-exports.parse = urlParse;
-exports.resolve = urlResolve;
-exports.resolveObject = urlResolveObject;
-exports.format = urlFormat;
-
-exports.Url = Url;
-
-function Url() {
-  this.protocol = null;
-  this.slashes = null;
-  this.auth = null;
-  this.host = null;
-  this.port = null;
-  this.hostname = null;
-  this.hash = null;
-  this.search = null;
-  this.query = null;
-  this.pathname = null;
-  this.path = null;
-  this.href = null;
-}
-
-// Reference: RFC 3986, RFC 1808, RFC 2396
-
-// define these here so at least they only have to be
-// compiled once on the first module load.
-var protocolPattern = /^([a-z0-9.+-]+:)/i,
-    portPattern = /:[0-9]*$/,
-
-    // RFC 2396: characters reserved for delimiting URLs.
-    // We actually just auto-escape these.
-    delims = ['<', '>', '"', '`', ' ', '\r', '\n', '\t'],
-
-    // RFC 2396: characters not allowed for various reasons.
-    unwise = ['{', '}', '|', '\\', '^', '`'].concat(delims),
-
-    // Allowed by RFCs, but cause of XSS attacks.  Always escape these.
-    autoEscape = ['\''].concat(unwise),
-    // Characters that are never ever allowed in a hostname.
-    // Note that any invalid chars are also handled, but these
-    // are the ones that are *expected* to be seen, so we fast-path
-    // them.
-    nonHostChars = ['%', '/', '?', ';', '#'].concat(autoEscape),
-    hostEndingChars = ['/', '?', '#'],
-    hostnameMaxLen = 255,
-    hostnamePartPattern = /^[a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63}$/,
-    hostnamePartStart = /^([a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63})(.*)$/,
-    // protocols that can allow "unsafe" and "unwise" chars.
-    unsafeProtocol = {
-      'javascript': true,
-      'javascript:': true
-    },
-    // protocols that never have a hostname.
-    hostlessProtocol = {
-      'javascript': true,
-      'javascript:': true
-    },
-    // protocols that always contain a // bit.
-    slashedProtocol = {
-      'http': true,
-      'https': true,
-      'ftp': true,
-      'gopher': true,
-      'file': true,
-      'http:': true,
-      'https:': true,
-      'ftp:': true,
-      'gopher:': true,
-      'file:': true
-    },
-    querystring = require('querystring');
-
-function urlParse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) {
-  if (url && isObject(url) && url instanceof Url) return url;
-
-  var u = new Url;
-  u.parse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost);
-  return u;
-}
-
-Url.prototype.parse = function(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) {
-  if (!isString(url)) {
-    throw new TypeError("Parameter 'url' must be a string, not " + typeof url);
-  }
-
-  var rest = url;
-
-  // trim before proceeding.
-  // This is to support parse stuff like "  http://foo.com  \n"
-  rest = rest.trim();
-
-  var proto = protocolPattern.exec(rest);
-  if (proto) {
-    proto = proto[0];
-    var lowerProto = proto.toLowerCase();
-    this.protocol = lowerProto;
-    rest = rest.substr(proto.length);
-  }
-
-  // figure out if it's got a host
-  // user@server is *always* interpreted as a hostname, and url
-  // resolution will treat //foo/bar as host=foo,path=bar because that's
-  // how the browser resolves relative URLs.
-  if (slashesDenoteHost || proto || rest.match(/^\/\/[^@\/]+@[^@\/]+/)) {
-    var slashes = rest.substr(0, 2) === '//';
-    if (slashes && !(proto && hostlessProtocol[proto])) {
-      rest = rest.substr(2);
-      this.slashes = true;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!hostlessProtocol[proto] &&
-      (slashes || (proto && !slashedProtocol[proto]))) {
-
-    // there's a hostname.
-    // the first instance of /, ?, ;, or # ends the host.
-    //
-    // If there is an @ in the hostname, then non-host chars *are* allowed
-    // to the left of the last @ sign, unless some host-ending character
-    // comes *before* the @-sign.
-    // URLs are obnoxious.
-    //
-    // ex:
-    // http://a@b@c/ => user:a@b host:c
-    // http://a@b?@c => user:a host:c path:/?@c
-
-    // v0.12 TODO(isaacs): This is not quite how Chrome does things.
-    // Review our test case against browsers more comprehensively.
-
-    // find the first instance of any hostEndingChars
-    var hostEnd = -1;
-    for (var i = 0; i < hostEndingChars.length; i++) {
-      var hec = rest.indexOf(hostEndingChars[i]);
-      if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd))
-        hostEnd = hec;
-    }
-
-    // at this point, either we have an explicit point where the
-    // auth portion cannot go past, or the last @ char is the decider.
-    var auth, atSign;
-    if (hostEnd === -1) {
-      // atSign can be anywhere.
-      atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@');
-    } else {
-      // atSign must be in auth portion.
-      // http://a@b/c@d => host:b auth:a path:/c@d
-      atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@', hostEnd);
-    }
-
-    // Now we have a portion which is definitely the auth.
-    // Pull that off.
-    if (atSign !== -1) {
-      auth = rest.slice(0, atSign);
-      rest = rest.slice(atSign + 1);
-      this.auth = decodeURIComponent(auth);
-    }
-
-    // the host is the remaining to the left of the first non-host char
-    hostEnd = -1;
-    for (var i = 0; i < nonHostChars.length; i++) {
-      var hec = rest.indexOf(nonHostChars[i]);
-      if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd))
-        hostEnd = hec;
-    }
-    // if we still have not hit it, then the entire thing is a host.
-    if (hostEnd === -1)
-      hostEnd = rest.length;
-
-    this.host = rest.slice(0, hostEnd);
-    rest = rest.slice(hostEnd);
-
-    // pull out port.
-    this.parseHost();
-
-    // we've indicated that there is a hostname,
-    // so even if it's empty, it has to be present.
-    this.hostname = this.hostname || '';
-
-    // if hostname begins with [ and ends with ]
-    // assume that it's an IPv6 address.
-    var ipv6Hostname = this.hostname[0] === '[' &&
-        this.hostname[this.hostname.length - 1] === ']';
-
-    // validate a little.
-    if (!ipv6Hostname) {
-      var hostparts = this.hostname.split(/\./);
-      for (var i = 0, l = hostparts.length; i < l; i++) {
-        var part = hostparts[i];
-        if (!part) continue;
-        if (!part.match(hostnamePartPattern)) {
-          var newpart = '';
-          for (var j = 0, k = part.length; j < k; j++) {
-            if (part.charCodeAt(j) > 127) {
-              // we replace non-ASCII char with a temporary placeholder
-              // we need this to make sure size of hostname is not
-              // broken by replacing non-ASCII by nothing
-              newpart += 'x';
-            } else {
-              newpart += part[j];
-            }
-          }
-          // we test again with ASCII char only
-          if (!newpart.match(hostnamePartPattern)) {
-            var validParts = hostparts.slice(0, i);
-            var notHost = hostparts.slice(i + 1);
-            var bit = part.match(hostnamePartStart);
-            if (bit) {
-              validParts.push(bit[1]);
-              notHost.unshift(bit[2]);
-            }
-            if (notHost.length) {
-              rest = '/' + notHost.join('.') + rest;
-            }
-            this.hostname = validParts.join('.');
-            break;
-          }
+        this._lengthCalculator = lC
+        this._length = 0
+        for (var key in this._cache) {
+          this._cache[key].length = this._lengthCalculator(this._cache[key].value)
+          this._length += this._cache[key].length
         }
       }
-    }
 
-    if (this.hostname.length > hostnameMaxLen) {
-      this.hostname = '';
+      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
+    }
+  , get : function () { return this._lengthCalculator }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "length",
+  { get : function () { return this._length }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "itemCount",
+  { get : function () { return this._itemCount }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+LRUCache.prototype.forEach = function (fn, thisp) {
+  thisp = thisp || this
+  var i = 0;
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    i++
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    if (this._maxAge && (Date.now() - hit.now > this._maxAge)) {
+      del(this, hit)
+      if (!this._allowStale) hit = undefined
+    }
+    if (hit) {
+      fn.call(thisp, hit.value, hit.key, this)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.keys = function () {
+  var keys = new Array(this._itemCount)
+  var i = 0
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    keys[i++] = hit.key
+  }
+  return keys
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.values = function () {
+  var values = new Array(this._itemCount)
+  var i = 0
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    values[i++] = hit.value
+  }
+  return values
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.reset = function () {
+  if (this._dispose && this._cache) {
+    for (var k in this._cache) {
+      this._dispose(k, this._cache[k].value)
+    }
+  }
+
+  this._cache = Object.create(null) // hash of items by key
+  this._lruList = Object.create(null) // list of items in order of use recency
+  this._mru = 0 // most recently used
+  this._lru = 0 // least recently used
+  this._length = 0 // number of items in the list
+  this._itemCount = 0
+}
+
+// Provided for debugging/dev purposes only. No promises whatsoever that
+// this API stays stable.
+LRUCache.prototype.dump = function () {
+  return this._cache
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.dumpLru = function () {
+  return this._lruList
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.set = function (key, value) {
+  if (hOP(this._cache, key)) {
+    // dispose of the old one before overwriting
+    if (this._dispose) this._dispose(key, this._cache[key].value)
+    if (this._maxAge) this._cache[key].now = Date.now()
+    this._cache[key].value = value
+    this.get(key)
+    return true
+  }
+
+  var len = this._lengthCalculator(value)
+  var age = this._maxAge ? Date.now() : 0
+  var hit = new Entry(key, value, this._mru++, len, age)
+
+  // oversized objects fall out of cache automatically.
+  if (hit.length > this._max) {
+    if (this._dispose) this._dispose(key, value)
+    return false
+  }
+
+  this._length += hit.length
+  this._lruList[hit.lu] = this._cache[key] = hit
+  this._itemCount ++
+
+  if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
+  return true
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.has = function (key) {
+  if (!hOP(this._cache, key)) return false
+  var hit = this._cache[key]
+  if (this._maxAge && (Date.now() - hit.now > this._maxAge)) {
+    return false
+  }
+  return true
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.get = function (key) {
+  return get(this, key, true)
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.peek = function (key) {
+  return get(this, key, false)
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.pop = function () {
+  var hit = this._lruList[this._lru]
+  del(this, hit)
+  return hit || null
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.del = function (key) {
+  del(this, this._cache[key])
+}
+
+function get (self, key, doUse) {
+  var hit = self._cache[key]
+  if (hit) {
+    if (self._maxAge && (Date.now() - hit.now > self._maxAge)) {
+      del(self, hit)
+      if (!self._allowStale) hit = undefined
     } else {
-      // hostnames are always lower case.
-      this.hostname = this.hostname.toLowerCase();
-    }
-
-    if (!ipv6Hostname) {
-      // IDNA Support: Returns a puny coded representation of "domain".
-      // It only converts the part of the domain name that
-      // has non ASCII characters. I.e. it dosent matter if
-      // you call it with a domain that already is in ASCII.
-      var domainArray = this.hostname.split('.');
-      var newOut = [];
-      for (var i = 0; i < domainArray.length; ++i) {
-        var s = domainArray[i];
-        newOut.push(s.match(/[^A-Za-z0-9_-]/) ?
-            'xn--' + punycode.encode(s) : s);
-      }
-      this.hostname = newOut.join('.');
-    }
-
-    var p = this.port ? ':' + this.port : '';
-    var h = this.hostname || '';
-    this.host = h + p;
-    this.href += this.host;
-
-    // strip [ and ] from the hostname
-    // the host field still retains them, though
-    if (ipv6Hostname) {
-      this.hostname = this.hostname.substr(1, this.hostname.length - 2);
-      if (rest[0] !== '/') {
-        rest = '/' + rest;
-      }
+      if (doUse) use(self, hit)
     }
+    if (hit) hit = hit.value
   }
-
-  // now rest is set to the post-host stuff.
-  // chop off any delim chars.
-  if (!unsafeProtocol[lowerProto]) {
-
-    // First, make 100% sure that any "autoEscape" chars get
-    // escaped, even if encodeURIComponent doesn't think they
-    // need to be.
-    for (var i = 0, l = autoEscape.length; i < l; i++) {
-      var ae = autoEscape[i];
-      var esc = encodeURIComponent(ae);
-      if (esc === ae) {
-        esc = escape(ae);
-      }
-      rest = rest.split(ae).join(esc);
-    }
-  }
-
-
-  // chop off from the tail first.
-  var hash = rest.indexOf('#');
-  if (hash !== -1) {
-    // got a fragment string.
-    this.hash = rest.substr(hash);
-    rest = rest.slice(0, hash);
-  }
-  var qm = rest.indexOf('?');
-  if (qm !== -1) {
-    this.search = rest.substr(qm);
-    this.query = rest.substr(qm + 1);
-    if (parseQueryString) {
-      this.query = querystring.parse(this.query);
-    }
-    rest = rest.slice(0, qm);
-  } else if (parseQueryString) {
-    // no query string, but parseQueryString still requested
-    this.search = '';
-    this.query = {};
-  }
-  if (rest) this.pathname = rest;
-  if (slashedProtocol[lowerProto] &&
-      this.hostname && !this.pathname) {
-    this.pathname = '/';
-  }
-
-  //to support http.request
-  if (this.pathname || this.search) {
-    var p = this.pathname || '';
-    var s = this.search || '';
-    this.path = p + s;
-  }
-
-  // finally, reconstruct the href based on what has been validated.
-  this.href = this.format();
-  return this;
-};
-
-// format a parsed object into a url string
-function urlFormat(obj) {
-  // ensure it's an object, and not a string url.
-  // If it's an obj, this is a no-op.
-  // this way, you can call url_format() on strings
-  // to clean up potentially wonky urls.
-  if (isString(obj)) obj = urlParse(obj);
-  if (!(obj instanceof Url)) return Url.prototype.format.call(obj);
-  return obj.format();
+  return hit
 }
 
-Url.prototype.format = function() {
-  var auth = this.auth || '';
-  if (auth) {
-    auth = encodeURIComponent(auth);
-    auth = auth.replace(/%3A/i, ':');
-    auth += '@';
-  }
-
-  var protocol = this.protocol || '',
-      pathname = this.pathname || '',
-      hash = this.hash || '',
-      host = false,
-      query = '';
-
-  if (this.host) {
-    host = auth + this.host;
-  } else if (this.hostname) {
-    host = auth + (this.hostname.indexOf(':') === -1 ?
-        this.hostname :
-        '[' + this.hostname + ']');
-    if (this.port) {
-      host += ':' + this.port;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (this.query &&
-      isObject(this.query) &&
-      Object.keys(this.query).length) {
-    query = querystring.stringify(this.query);
-  }
-
-  var search = this.search || (query && ('?' + query)) || '';
-
-  if (protocol && protocol.substr(-1) !== ':') protocol += ':';
-
-  // only the slashedProtocols get the //.  Not mailto:, xmpp:, etc.
-  // unless they had them to begin with.
-  if (this.slashes ||
-      (!protocol || slashedProtocol[protocol]) && host !== false) {
-    host = '//' + (host || '');
-    if (pathname && pathname.charAt(0) !== '/') pathname = '/' + pathname;
-  } else if (!host) {
-    host = '';
-  }
-
-  if (hash && hash.charAt(0) !== '#') hash = '#' + hash;
-  if (search && search.charAt(0) !== '?') search = '?' + search;
-
-  pathname = pathname.replace(/[?#]/g, function(match) {
-    return encodeURIComponent(match);
-  });
-  search = search.replace('#', '%23');
-
-  return protocol + host + pathname + search + hash;
-};
-
-function urlResolve(source, relative) {
-  return urlParse(source, false, true).resolve(relative);
+function use (self, hit) {
+  shiftLU(self, hit)
+  hit.lu = self._mru ++
+  if (self._maxAge) hit.now = Date.now()
+  self._lruList[hit.lu] = hit
 }
 
-Url.prototype.resolve = function(relative) {
-  return this.resolveObject(urlParse(relative, false, true)).format();
-};
-
-function urlResolveObject(source, relative) {
-  if (!source) return relative;
-  return urlParse(source, false, true).resolveObject(relative);
+function trim (self) {
+  while (self._lru < self._mru && self._length > self._max)
+    del(self, self._lruList[self._lru])
 }
 
-Url.prototype.resolveObject = function(relative) {
-  if (isString(relative)) {
-    var rel = new Url();
-    rel.parse(relative, false, true);
-    relative = rel;
-  }
-
-  var result = new Url();
-  Object.keys(this).forEach(function(k) {
-    result[k] = this[k];
-  }, this);
-
-  // hash is always overridden, no matter what.
-  // even href="" will remove it.
-  result.hash = relative.hash;
-
-  // if the relative url is empty, then there's nothing left to do here.
-  if (relative.href === '') {
-    result.href = result.format();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  // hrefs like //foo/bar always cut to the protocol.
-  if (relative.slashes && !relative.protocol) {
-    // take everything except the protocol from relative
-    Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) {
-      if (k !== 'protocol')
-        result[k] = relative[k];
-    });
-
-    //urlParse appends trailing / to urls like http://www.example.com
-    if (slashedProtocol[result.protocol] &&
-        result.hostname && !result.pathname) {
-      result.path = result.pathname = '/';
-    }
-
-    result.href = result.format();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  if (relative.protocol && relative.protocol !== result.protocol) {
-    // if it's a known url protocol, then changing
-    // the protocol does weird things
-    // first, if it's not file:, then we MUST have a host,
-    // and if there was a path
-    // to begin with, then we MUST have a path.
-    // if it is file:, then the host is dropped,
-    // because that's known to be hostless.
-    // anything else is assumed to be absolute.
-    if (!slashedProtocol[relative.protocol]) {
-      Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) {
-        result[k] = relative[k];
-      });
-      result.href = result.format();
-      return result;
-    }
-
-    result.protocol = relative.protocol;
-    if (!relative.host && !hostlessProtocol[relative.protocol]) {
-      var relPath = (relative.pathname || '').split('/');
-      while (relPath.length && !(relative.host = relPath.shift()));
-      if (!relative.host) relative.host = '';
-      if (!relative.hostname) relative.hostname = '';
-      if (relPath[0] !== '') relPath.unshift('');
-      if (relPath.length < 2) relPath.unshift('');
-      result.pathname = relPath.join('/');
-    } else {
-      result.pathname = relative.pathname;
-    }
-    result.search = relative.search;
-    result.query = relative.query;
-    result.host = relative.host || '';
-    result.auth = relative.auth;
-    result.hostname = relative.hostname || relative.host;
-    result.port = relative.port;
-    // to support http.request
-    if (result.pathname || result.search) {
-      var p = result.pathname || '';
-      var s = result.search || '';
-      result.path = p + s;
-    }
-    result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes;
-    result.href = result.format();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  var isSourceAbs = (result.pathname && result.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'),
-      isRelAbs = (
-          relative.host ||
-          relative.pathname && relative.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'
-      ),
-      mustEndAbs = (isRelAbs || isSourceAbs ||
-                    (result.host && relative.pathname)),
-      removeAllDots = mustEndAbs,
-      srcPath = result.pathname && result.pathname.split('/') || [],
-      relPath = relative.pathname && relative.pathname.split('/') || [],
-      psychotic = result.protocol && !slashedProtocol[result.protocol];
-
-  // if the url is a non-slashed url, then relative
-  // links like ../.. should be able
-  // to crawl up to the hostname, as well.  This is strange.
-  // result.protocol has already been set by now.
-  // Later on, put the first path part into the host field.
-  if (psychotic) {
-    result.hostname = '';
-    result.port = null;
-    if (result.host) {
-      if (srcPath[0] === '') srcPath[0] = result.host;
-      else srcPath.unshift(result.host);
-    }
-    result.host = '';
-    if (relative.protocol) {
-      relative.hostname = null;
-      relative.port = null;
-      if (relative.host) {
-        if (relPath[0] === '') relPath[0] = relative.host;
-        else relPath.unshift(relative.host);
-      }
-      relative.host = null;
-    }
-    mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs && (relPath[0] === '' || srcPath[0] === '');
-  }
-
-  if (isRelAbs) {
-    // it's absolute.
-    result.host = (relative.host || relative.host === '') ?
-                  relative.host : result.host;
-    result.hostname = (relative.hostname || relative.hostname === '') ?
-                      relative.hostname : result.hostname;
-    result.search = relative.search;
-    result.query = relative.query;
-    srcPath = relPath;
-    // fall through to the dot-handling below.
-  } else if (relPath.length) {
-    // it's relative
-    // throw away the existing file, and take the new path instead.
-    if (!srcPath) srcPath = [];
-    srcPath.pop();
-    srcPath = srcPath.concat(relPath);
-    result.search = relative.search;
-    result.query = relative.query;
-  } else if (!isNullOrUndefined(relative.search)) {
-    // just pull out the search.
-    // like href='?foo'.
-    // Put this after the other two cases because it simplifies the booleans
-    if (psychotic) {
-      result.hostname = result.host = srcPath.shift();
-      //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host
-      //this especialy happens in cases like
-      //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2')
-      var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ?
-                       result.host.split('@') : false;
-      if (authInHost) {
-        result.auth = authInHost.shift();
-        result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift();
-      }
-    }
-    result.search = relative.search;
-    result.query = relative.query;
-    //to support http.request
-    if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) {
-      result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') +
-                    (result.search ? result.search : '');
-    }
-    result.href = result.format();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  if (!srcPath.length) {
-    // no path at all.  easy.
-    // we've already handled the other stuff above.
-    result.pathname = null;
-    //to support http.request
-    if (result.search) {
-      result.path = '/' + result.search;
-    } else {
-      result.path = null;
-    }
-    result.href = result.format();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  // if a url ENDs in . or .., then it must get a trailing slash.
-  // however, if it ends in anything else non-slashy,
-  // then it must NOT get a trailing slash.
-  var last = srcPath.slice(-1)[0];
-  var hasTrailingSlash = (
-      (result.host || relative.host) && (last === '.' || last === '..') ||
-      last === '');
-
-  // strip single dots, resolve double dots to parent dir
-  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
-  var up = 0;
-  for (var i = srcPath.length; i >= 0; i--) {
-    last = srcPath[i];
-    if (last == '.') {
-      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
-    } else if (last === '..') {
-      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
-      up++;
-    } else if (up) {
-      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
-      up--;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
-  if (!mustEndAbs && !removeAllDots) {
-    for (; up--; up) {
-      srcPath.unshift('..');
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (mustEndAbs && srcPath[0] !== '' &&
-      (!srcPath[0] || srcPath[0].charAt(0) !== '/')) {
-    srcPath.unshift('');
-  }
-
-  if (hasTrailingSlash && (srcPath.join('/').substr(-1) !== '/')) {
-    srcPath.push('');
-  }
-
-  var isAbsolute = srcPath[0] === '' ||
-      (srcPath[0] && srcPath[0].charAt(0) === '/');
-
-  // put the host back
-  if (psychotic) {
-    result.hostname = result.host = isAbsolute ? '' :
-                                    srcPath.length ? srcPath.shift() : '';
-    //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host
-    //this especialy happens in cases like
-    //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2')
-    var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ?
-                     result.host.split('@') : false;
-    if (authInHost) {
-      result.auth = authInHost.shift();
-      result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift();
-    }
-  }
-
-  mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs || (result.host && srcPath.length);
-
-  if (mustEndAbs && !isAbsolute) {
-    srcPath.unshift('');
-  }
-
-  if (!srcPath.length) {
-    result.pathname = null;
-    result.path = null;
-  } else {
-    result.pathname = srcPath.join('/');
-  }
-
-  //to support request.http
-  if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) {
-    result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') +
-                  (result.search ? result.search : '');
-  }
-  result.auth = relative.auth || result.auth;
-  result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes;
-  result.href = result.format();
-  return result;
-};
-
-Url.prototype.parseHost = function() {
-  var host = this.host;
-  var port = portPattern.exec(host);
-  if (port) {
-    port = port[0];
-    if (port !== ':') {
-      this.port = port.substr(1);
-    }
-    host = host.substr(0, host.length - port.length);
-  }
-  if (host) this.hostname = host;
-};
-
-function isString(arg) {
-  return typeof arg === "string";
+function shiftLU (self, hit) {
+  delete self._lruList[ hit.lu ]
+  while (self._lru < self._mru && !self._lruList[self._lru]) self._lru ++
 }
 
-function isObject(arg) {
-  return typeof arg === 'object' && arg !== null;
+function del (self, hit) {
+  if (hit) {
+    if (self._dispose) self._dispose(hit.key, hit.value)
+    self._length -= hit.length
+    self._itemCount --
+    delete self._cache[ hit.key ]
+    shiftLU(self, hit)
+  }
 }
 
-function isNull(arg) {
-  return arg === null;
-}
-function isNullOrUndefined(arg) {
-  return  arg == null;
+// classy, since V8 prefers predictable objects.
+function Entry (key, value, lu, length, now) {
+  this.key = key
+  this.value = value
+  this.lu = lu
+  this.length = length
+  this.now = now
 }
 
-},{"punycode":43,"querystring":46}],48:[function(require,module,exports){
+})()
+
+},{}],41:[function(require,module,exports){
 ;(function (require, exports, module, platform) {
 
 if (module) module.exports = minimatch
@@ -9605,283 +8158,949 @@ function regExpEscape (s) {
     typeof process === "object" ? process.platform : "win32"
   )
 
-},{"lru-cache":49,"path":42,"sigmund":50}],49:[function(require,module,exports){
-;(function () { // closure for web browsers
+},{"lru-cache":40,"path":42,"sigmund":47}],42:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
-if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
-  module.exports = LRUCache
-} else {
-  // just set the global for non-node platforms.
-  this.LRUCache = LRUCache
-}
-
-function hOP (obj, key) {
-  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)
-}
-
-function naiveLength () { return 1 }
-
-function LRUCache (options) {
-  if (!(this instanceof LRUCache))
-    return new LRUCache(options)
-
-  if (typeof options === 'number')
-    options = { max: options }
-
-  if (!options)
-    options = {}
-
-  this._max = options.max
-  // Kind of weird to have a default max of Infinity, but oh well.
-  if (!this._max || !(typeof this._max === "number") || this._max <= 0 )
-    this._max = Infinity
-
-  this._lengthCalculator = options.length || naiveLength
-  if (typeof this._lengthCalculator !== "function")
-    this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
-
-  this._allowStale = options.stale || false
-  this._maxAge = options.maxAge || null
-  this._dispose = options.dispose
-  this.reset()
-}
-
-// resize the cache when the max changes.
-Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "max",
-  { set : function (mL) {
-      if (!mL || !(typeof mL === "number") || mL <= 0 ) mL = Infinity
-      this._max = mL
-      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
-    }
-  , get : function () { return this._max }
-  , enumerable : true
-  })
-
-// resize the cache when the lengthCalculator changes.
-Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "lengthCalculator",
-  { set : function (lC) {
-      if (typeof lC !== "function") {
-        this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
-        this._length = this._itemCount
-        for (var key in this._cache) {
-          this._cache[key].length = 1
-        }
-      } else {
-        this._lengthCalculator = lC
-        this._length = 0
-        for (var key in this._cache) {
-          this._cache[key].length = this._lengthCalculator(this._cache[key].value)
-          this._length += this._cache[key].length
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
-    }
-  , get : function () { return this._lengthCalculator }
-  , enumerable : true
-  })
-
-Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "length",
-  { get : function () { return this._length }
-  , enumerable : true
-  })
-
-
-Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "itemCount",
-  { get : function () { return this._itemCount }
-  , enumerable : true
-  })
-
-LRUCache.prototype.forEach = function (fn, thisp) {
-  thisp = thisp || this
-  var i = 0
-  var itemCount = this._itemCount
-
-  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
-    i++
-    var hit = this._lruList[k]
-    if (isStale(this, hit)) {
-      del(this, hit)
-      if (!this._allowStale) hit = undefined
-    }
-    if (hit) {
-      fn.call(thisp, hit.value, hit.key, this)
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.keys = function () {
-  var keys = new Array(this._itemCount)
-  var i = 0
-  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
-    var hit = this._lruList[k]
-    keys[i++] = hit.key
-  }
-  return keys
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.values = function () {
-  var values = new Array(this._itemCount)
-  var i = 0
-  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
-    var hit = this._lruList[k]
-    values[i++] = hit.value
-  }
-  return values
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.reset = function () {
-  if (this._dispose && this._cache) {
-    for (var k in this._cache) {
-      this._dispose(k, this._cache[k].value)
+// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there
+// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array
+// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish
+// relative and absolute paths)
+function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) {
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    var last = parts[i];
+    if (last === '.') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
     }
   }
 
-  this._cache = Object.create(null) // hash of items by key
-  this._lruList = Object.create(null) // list of items in order of use recency
-  this._mru = 0 // most recently used
-  this._lru = 0 // least recently used
-  this._length = 0 // number of items in the list
-  this._itemCount = 0
-}
-
-// Provided for debugging/dev purposes only. No promises whatsoever that
-// this API stays stable.
-LRUCache.prototype.dump = function () {
-  return this._cache
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.dumpLru = function () {
-  return this._lruList
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.set = function (key, value, maxAge) {
-  maxAge = maxAge || this._maxAge
-  var now = maxAge ? Date.now() : 0
-
-  if (hOP(this._cache, key)) {
-    // dispose of the old one before overwriting
-    if (this._dispose)
-      this._dispose(key, this._cache[key].value)
-
-    this._cache[key].now = now
-    this._cache[key].maxAge = maxAge
-    this._cache[key].value = value
-    this.get(key)
-    return true
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (allowAboveRoot) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      parts.unshift('..');
+    }
   }
 
-  var len = this._lengthCalculator(value)
-  var hit = new Entry(key, value, this._mru++, len, now, maxAge)
+  return parts;
+}
 
-  // oversized objects fall out of cache automatically.
-  if (hit.length > this._max) {
-    if (this._dispose) this._dispose(key, value)
-    return false
+// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version
+// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing.
+var splitPathRe =
+    /^(\/?|)([\s\S]*?)((?:\.{1,2}|[^\/]+?|)(\.[^.\/]*|))(?:[\/]*)$/;
+var splitPath = function(filename) {
+  return splitPathRe.exec(filename).slice(1);
+};
+
+// path.resolve([from ...], to)
+// posix version
+exports.resolve = function() {
+  var resolvedPath = '',
+      resolvedAbsolute = false;
+
+  for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) {
+    var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : process.cwd();
+
+    // Skip empty and invalid entries
+    if (typeof path !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.resolve must be strings');
+    } else if (!path) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath;
+    resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/';
   }
 
-  this._length += hit.length
-  this._lruList[hit.lu] = this._cache[key] = hit
-  this._itemCount ++
+  // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but
+  // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails)
 
-  if (this._length > this._max)
-    trim(this)
+  // Normalize the path
+  resolvedPath = normalizeArray(filter(resolvedPath.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/');
 
-  return true
-}
+  return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.';
+};
 
-LRUCache.prototype.has = function (key) {
-  if (!hOP(this._cache, key)) return false
-  var hit = this._cache[key]
-  if (isStale(this, hit)) {
-    return false
+// path.normalize(path)
+// posix version
+exports.normalize = function(path) {
+  var isAbsolute = exports.isAbsolute(path),
+      trailingSlash = substr(path, -1) === '/';
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  path = normalizeArray(filter(path.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !isAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  if (!path && !isAbsolute) {
+    path = '.';
   }
-  return true
+  if (path && trailingSlash) {
+    path += '/';
+  }
+
+  return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path;
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.isAbsolute = function(path) {
+  return path.charAt(0) === '/';
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.join = function() {
+  var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+  return exports.normalize(filter(paths, function(p, index) {
+    if (typeof p !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.join must be strings');
+    }
+    return p;
+  }).join('/'));
+};
+
+
+// path.relative(from, to)
+// posix version
+exports.relative = function(from, to) {
+  from = exports.resolve(from).substr(1);
+  to = exports.resolve(to).substr(1);
+
+  function trim(arr) {
+    var start = 0;
+    for (; start < arr.length; start++) {
+      if (arr[start] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    var end = arr.length - 1;
+    for (; end >= 0; end--) {
+      if (arr[end] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    if (start > end) return [];
+    return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1);
+  }
+
+  var fromParts = trim(from.split('/'));
+  var toParts = trim(to.split('/'));
+
+  var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length);
+  var samePartsLength = length;
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) {
+      samePartsLength = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  var outputParts = [];
+  for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) {
+    outputParts.push('..');
+  }
+
+  outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength));
+
+  return outputParts.join('/');
+};
+
+exports.sep = '/';
+exports.delimiter = ':';
+
+exports.dirname = function(path) {
+  var result = splitPath(path),
+      root = result[0],
+      dir = result[1];
+
+  if (!root && !dir) {
+    // No dirname whatsoever
+    return '.';
+  }
+
+  if (dir) {
+    // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash
+    dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1);
+  }
+
+  return root + dir;
+};
+
+
+exports.basename = function(path, ext) {
+  var f = splitPath(path)[2];
+  // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows?
+  if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) {
+    f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length);
+  }
+  return f;
+};
+
+
+exports.extname = function(path) {
+  return splitPath(path)[3];
+};
+
+function filter (xs, f) {
+    if (xs.filter) return xs.filter(f);
+    var res = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
+        if (f(xs[i], i, xs)) res.push(xs[i]);
+    }
+    return res;
 }
 
-LRUCache.prototype.get = function (key) {
-  return get(this, key, true)
+// String.prototype.substr - negative index don't work in IE8
+var substr = 'ab'.substr(-1) === 'b'
+    ? function (str, start, len) { return str.substr(start, len) }
+    : function (str, start, len) {
+        if (start < 0) start = str.length + start;
+        return str.substr(start, len);
+    }
+;
+
+},{}],43:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
+/*! https://mths.be/punycode v1.4.1 by @mathias */
+;(function(root) {
+
+	/** Detect free variables */
+	var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports &&
+		!exports.nodeType && exports;
+	var freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module &&
+		!module.nodeType && module;
+	var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global;
+	if (
+		freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal ||
+		freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal ||
+		freeGlobal.self === freeGlobal
+	) {
+		root = freeGlobal;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The `punycode` object.
+	 * @name punycode
+	 * @type Object
+	 */
+	var punycode,
+
+	/** Highest positive signed 32-bit float value */
+	maxInt = 2147483647, // aka. 0x7FFFFFFF or 2^31-1
+
+	/** Bootstring parameters */
+	base = 36,
+	tMin = 1,
+	tMax = 26,
+	skew = 38,
+	damp = 700,
+	initialBias = 72,
+	initialN = 128, // 0x80
+	delimiter = '-', // '\x2D'
+
+	/** Regular expressions */
+	regexPunycode = /^xn--/,
+	regexNonASCII = /[^\x20-\x7E]/, // unprintable ASCII chars + non-ASCII chars
+	regexSeparators = /[\x2E\u3002\uFF0E\uFF61]/g, // RFC 3490 separators
+
+	/** Error messages */
+	errors = {
+		'overflow': 'Overflow: input needs wider integers to process',
+		'not-basic': 'Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)',
+		'invalid-input': 'Invalid input'
+	},
+
+	/** Convenience shortcuts */
+	baseMinusTMin = base - tMin,
+	floor = Math.floor,
+	stringFromCharCode = String.fromCharCode,
+
+	/** Temporary variable */
+	key;
+
+	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+	/**
+	 * A generic error utility function.
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {String} type The error type.
+	 * @returns {Error} Throws a `RangeError` with the applicable error message.
+	 */
+	function error(type) {
+		throw new RangeError(errors[type]);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A generic `Array#map` utility function.
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every array
+	 * item.
+	 * @returns {Array} A new array of values returned by the callback function.
+	 */
+	function map(array, fn) {
+		var length = array.length;
+		var result = [];
+		while (length--) {
+			result[length] = fn(array[length]);
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A simple `Array#map`-like wrapper to work with domain name strings or email
+	 * addresses.
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {String} domain The domain name or email address.
+	 * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every
+	 * character.
+	 * @returns {Array} A new string of characters returned by the callback
+	 * function.
+	 */
+	function mapDomain(string, fn) {
+		var parts = string.split('@');
+		var result = '';
+		if (parts.length > 1) {
+			// In email addresses, only the domain name should be punycoded. Leave
+			// the local part (i.e. everything up to `@`) intact.
+			result = parts[0] + '@';
+			string = parts[1];
+		}
+		// Avoid `split(regex)` for IE8 compatibility. See #17.
+		string = string.replace(regexSeparators, '\x2E');
+		var labels = string.split('.');
+		var encoded = map(labels, fn).join('.');
+		return result + encoded;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates an array containing the numeric code points of each Unicode
+	 * character in the string. While JavaScript uses UCS-2 internally,
+	 * this function will convert a pair of surrogate halves (each of which
+	 * UCS-2 exposes as separate characters) into a single code point,
+	 * matching UTF-16.
+	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.encode`
+	 * @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
+	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
+	 * @name decode
+	 * @param {String} string The Unicode input string (UCS-2).
+	 * @returns {Array} The new array of code points.
+	 */
+	function ucs2decode(string) {
+		var output = [],
+		    counter = 0,
+		    length = string.length,
+		    value,
+		    extra;
+		while (counter < length) {
+			value = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
+			if (value >= 0xD800 && value <= 0xDBFF && counter < length) {
+				// high surrogate, and there is a next character
+				extra = string.charCodeAt(counter++);
+				if ((extra & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) { // low surrogate
+					output.push(((value & 0x3FF) << 10) + (extra & 0x3FF) + 0x10000);
+				} else {
+					// unmatched surrogate; only append this code unit, in case the next
+					// code unit is the high surrogate of a surrogate pair
+					output.push(value);
+					counter--;
+				}
+			} else {
+				output.push(value);
+			}
+		}
+		return output;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a string based on an array of numeric code points.
+	 * @see `punycode.ucs2.decode`
+	 * @memberOf punycode.ucs2
+	 * @name encode
+	 * @param {Array} codePoints The array of numeric code points.
+	 * @returns {String} The new Unicode string (UCS-2).
+	 */
+	function ucs2encode(array) {
+		return map(array, function(value) {
+			var output = '';
+			if (value > 0xFFFF) {
+				value -= 0x10000;
+				output += stringFromCharCode(value >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800);
+				value = 0xDC00 | value & 0x3FF;
+			}
+			output += stringFromCharCode(value);
+			return output;
+		}).join('');
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a basic code point into a digit/integer.
+	 * @see `digitToBasic()`
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Number} codePoint The basic numeric code point value.
+	 * @returns {Number} The numeric value of a basic code point (for use in
+	 * representing integers) in the range `0` to `base - 1`, or `base` if
+	 * the code point does not represent a value.
+	 */
+	function basicToDigit(codePoint) {
+		if (codePoint - 48 < 10) {
+			return codePoint - 22;
+		}
+		if (codePoint - 65 < 26) {
+			return codePoint - 65;
+		}
+		if (codePoint - 97 < 26) {
+			return codePoint - 97;
+		}
+		return base;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a digit/integer into a basic code point.
+	 * @see `basicToDigit()`
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {Number} digit The numeric value of a basic code point.
+	 * @returns {Number} The basic code point whose value (when used for
+	 * representing integers) is `digit`, which needs to be in the range
+	 * `0` to `base - 1`. If `flag` is non-zero, the uppercase form is
+	 * used; else, the lowercase form is used. The behavior is undefined
+	 * if `flag` is non-zero and `digit` has no uppercase form.
+	 */
+	function digitToBasic(digit, flag) {
+		//  0..25 map to ASCII a..z or A..Z
+		// 26..35 map to ASCII 0..9
+		return digit + 22 + 75 * (digit < 26) - ((flag != 0) << 5);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Bias adaptation function as per section 3.4 of RFC 3492.
+	 * https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492#section-3.4
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	function adapt(delta, numPoints, firstTime) {
+		var k = 0;
+		delta = firstTime ? floor(delta / damp) : delta >> 1;
+		delta += floor(delta / numPoints);
+		for (/* no initialization */; delta > baseMinusTMin * tMax >> 1; k += base) {
+			delta = floor(delta / baseMinusTMin);
+		}
+		return floor(k + (baseMinusTMin + 1) * delta / (delta + skew));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols to a string of Unicode
+	 * symbols.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
+	 * @returns {String} The resulting string of Unicode symbols.
+	 */
+	function decode(input) {
+		// Don't use UCS-2
+		var output = [],
+		    inputLength = input.length,
+		    out,
+		    i = 0,
+		    n = initialN,
+		    bias = initialBias,
+		    basic,
+		    j,
+		    index,
+		    oldi,
+		    w,
+		    k,
+		    digit,
+		    t,
+		    /** Cached calculation results */
+		    baseMinusT;
+
+		// Handle the basic code points: let `basic` be the number of input code
+		// points before the last delimiter, or `0` if there is none, then copy
+		// the first basic code points to the output.
+
+		basic = input.lastIndexOf(delimiter);
+		if (basic < 0) {
+			basic = 0;
+		}
+
+		for (j = 0; j < basic; ++j) {
+			// if it's not a basic code point
+			if (input.charCodeAt(j) >= 0x80) {
+				error('not-basic');
+			}
+			output.push(input.charCodeAt(j));
+		}
+
+		// Main decoding loop: start just after the last delimiter if any basic code
+		// points were copied; start at the beginning otherwise.
+
+		for (index = basic > 0 ? basic + 1 : 0; index < inputLength; /* no final expression */) {
+
+			// `index` is the index of the next character to be consumed.
+			// Decode a generalized variable-length integer into `delta`,
+			// which gets added to `i`. The overflow checking is easier
+			// if we increase `i` as we go, then subtract off its starting
+			// value at the end to obtain `delta`.
+			for (oldi = i, w = 1, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
+
+				if (index >= inputLength) {
+					error('invalid-input');
+				}
+
+				digit = basicToDigit(input.charCodeAt(index++));
+
+				if (digit >= base || digit > floor((maxInt - i) / w)) {
+					error('overflow');
+				}
+
+				i += digit * w;
+				t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
+
+				if (digit < t) {
+					break;
+				}
+
+				baseMinusT = base - t;
+				if (w > floor(maxInt / baseMinusT)) {
+					error('overflow');
+				}
+
+				w *= baseMinusT;
+
+			}
+
+			out = output.length + 1;
+			bias = adapt(i - oldi, out, oldi == 0);
+
+			// `i` was supposed to wrap around from `out` to `0`,
+			// incrementing `n` each time, so we'll fix that now:
+			if (floor(i / out) > maxInt - n) {
+				error('overflow');
+			}
+
+			n += floor(i / out);
+			i %= out;
+
+			// Insert `n` at position `i` of the output
+			output.splice(i++, 0, n);
+
+		}
+
+		return ucs2encode(output);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a string of Unicode symbols (e.g. a domain name label) to a
+	 * Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The string of Unicode symbols.
+	 * @returns {String} The resulting Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols.
+	 */
+	function encode(input) {
+		var n,
+		    delta,
+		    handledCPCount,
+		    basicLength,
+		    bias,
+		    j,
+		    m,
+		    q,
+		    k,
+		    t,
+		    currentValue,
+		    output = [],
+		    /** `inputLength` will hold the number of code points in `input`. */
+		    inputLength,
+		    /** Cached calculation results */
+		    handledCPCountPlusOne,
+		    baseMinusT,
+		    qMinusT;
+
+		// Convert the input in UCS-2 to Unicode
+		input = ucs2decode(input);
+
+		// Cache the length
+		inputLength = input.length;
+
+		// Initialize the state
+		n = initialN;
+		delta = 0;
+		bias = initialBias;
+
+		// Handle the basic code points
+		for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
+			currentValue = input[j];
+			if (currentValue < 0x80) {
+				output.push(stringFromCharCode(currentValue));
+			}
+		}
+
+		handledCPCount = basicLength = output.length;
+
+		// `handledCPCount` is the number of code points that have been handled;
+		// `basicLength` is the number of basic code points.
+
+		// Finish the basic string - if it is not empty - with a delimiter
+		if (basicLength) {
+			output.push(delimiter);
+		}
+
+		// Main encoding loop:
+		while (handledCPCount < inputLength) {
+
+			// All non-basic code points < n have been handled already. Find the next
+			// larger one:
+			for (m = maxInt, j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
+				currentValue = input[j];
+				if (currentValue >= n && currentValue < m) {
+					m = currentValue;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Increase `delta` enough to advance the decoder's <n,i> state to <m,0>,
+			// but guard against overflow
+			handledCPCountPlusOne = handledCPCount + 1;
+			if (m - n > floor((maxInt - delta) / handledCPCountPlusOne)) {
+				error('overflow');
+			}
+
+			delta += (m - n) * handledCPCountPlusOne;
+			n = m;
+
+			for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) {
+				currentValue = input[j];
+
+				if (currentValue < n && ++delta > maxInt) {
+					error('overflow');
+				}
+
+				if (currentValue == n) {
+					// Represent delta as a generalized variable-length integer
+					for (q = delta, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) {
+						t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias);
+						if (q < t) {
+							break;
+						}
+						qMinusT = q - t;
+						baseMinusT = base - t;
+						output.push(
+							stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(t + qMinusT % baseMinusT, 0))
+						);
+						q = floor(qMinusT / baseMinusT);
+					}
+
+					output.push(stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(q, 0)));
+					bias = adapt(delta, handledCPCountPlusOne, handledCPCount == basicLength);
+					delta = 0;
+					++handledCPCount;
+				}
+			}
+
+			++delta;
+			++n;
+
+		}
+		return output.join('');
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a Punycode string representing a domain name or an email address
+	 * to Unicode. Only the Punycoded parts of the input will be converted, i.e.
+	 * it doesn't matter if you call it on a string that has already been
+	 * converted to Unicode.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The Punycoded domain name or email address to
+	 * convert to Unicode.
+	 * @returns {String} The Unicode representation of the given Punycode
+	 * string.
+	 */
+	function toUnicode(input) {
+		return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
+			return regexPunycode.test(string)
+				? decode(string.slice(4).toLowerCase())
+				: string;
+		});
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a Unicode string representing a domain name or an email address to
+	 * Punycode. Only the non-ASCII parts of the domain name will be converted,
+	 * i.e. it doesn't matter if you call it with a domain that's already in
+	 * ASCII.
+	 * @memberOf punycode
+	 * @param {String} input The domain name or email address to convert, as a
+	 * Unicode string.
+	 * @returns {String} The Punycode representation of the given domain name or
+	 * email address.
+	 */
+	function toASCII(input) {
+		return mapDomain(input, function(string) {
+			return regexNonASCII.test(string)
+				? 'xn--' + encode(string)
+				: string;
+		});
+	}
+
+	/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+	/** Define the public API */
+	punycode = {
+		/**
+		 * A string representing the current Punycode.js version number.
+		 * @memberOf punycode
+		 * @type String
+		 */
+		'version': '1.4.1',
+		/**
+		 * An object of methods to convert from JavaScript's internal character
+		 * representation (UCS-2) to Unicode code points, and back.
+		 * @see <https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-encoding>
+		 * @memberOf punycode
+		 * @type Object
+		 */
+		'ucs2': {
+			'decode': ucs2decode,
+			'encode': ucs2encode
+		},
+		'decode': decode,
+		'encode': encode,
+		'toASCII': toASCII,
+		'toUnicode': toUnicode
+	};
+
+	/** Expose `punycode` */
+	// Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns
+	// like the following:
+	if (
+		typeof define == 'function' &&
+		typeof define.amd == 'object' &&
+		define.amd
+	) {
+		define('punycode', function() {
+			return punycode;
+		});
+	} else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
+		if (module.exports == freeExports) {
+			// in Node.js, io.js, or RingoJS v0.8.0+
+			freeModule.exports = punycode;
+		} else {
+			// in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-
+			for (key in punycode) {
+				punycode.hasOwnProperty(key) && (freeExports[key] = punycode[key]);
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		// in Rhino or a web browser
+		root.punycode = punycode;
+	}
+
+}(this));
+
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{}],44:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+'use strict';
+
+// If obj.hasOwnProperty has been overridden, then calling
+// obj.hasOwnProperty(prop) will break.
+// See: https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/1707
+function hasOwnProperty(obj, prop) {
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop);
 }
 
-LRUCache.prototype.peek = function (key) {
-  return get(this, key, false)
-}
+module.exports = function(qs, sep, eq, options) {
+  sep = sep || '&';
+  eq = eq || '=';
+  var obj = {};
 
-LRUCache.prototype.pop = function () {
-  var hit = this._lruList[this._lru]
-  del(this, hit)
-  return hit || null
-}
+  if (typeof qs !== 'string' || qs.length === 0) {
+    return obj;
+  }
 
-LRUCache.prototype.del = function (key) {
-  del(this, this._cache[key])
-}
+  var regexp = /\+/g;
+  qs = qs.split(sep);
 
-function get (self, key, doUse) {
-  var hit = self._cache[key]
-  if (hit) {
-    if (isStale(self, hit)) {
-      del(self, hit)
-      if (!self._allowStale) hit = undefined
+  var maxKeys = 1000;
+  if (options && typeof options.maxKeys === 'number') {
+    maxKeys = options.maxKeys;
+  }
+
+  var len = qs.length;
+  // maxKeys <= 0 means that we should not limit keys count
+  if (maxKeys > 0 && len > maxKeys) {
+    len = maxKeys;
+  }
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+    var x = qs[i].replace(regexp, '%20'),
+        idx = x.indexOf(eq),
+        kstr, vstr, k, v;
+
+    if (idx >= 0) {
+      kstr = x.substr(0, idx);
+      vstr = x.substr(idx + 1);
     } else {
-      if (doUse) use(self, hit)
+      kstr = x;
+      vstr = '';
+    }
+
+    k = decodeURIComponent(kstr);
+    v = decodeURIComponent(vstr);
+
+    if (!hasOwnProperty(obj, k)) {
+      obj[k] = v;
+    } else if (isArray(obj[k])) {
+      obj[k].push(v);
+    } else {
+      obj[k] = [obj[k], v];
     }
-    if (hit) hit = hit.value
   }
-  return hit
-}
 
-function isStale(self, hit) {
-  if (!hit || (!hit.maxAge && !self._maxAge)) return false
-  var stale = false;
-  var diff = Date.now() - hit.now
-  if (hit.maxAge) {
-    stale = diff > hit.maxAge
-  } else {
-    stale = self._maxAge && (diff > self._maxAge)
+  return obj;
+};
+
+var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) {
+  return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]';
+};
+
+},{}],45:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+'use strict';
+
+var stringifyPrimitive = function(v) {
+  switch (typeof v) {
+    case 'string':
+      return v;
+
+    case 'boolean':
+      return v ? 'true' : 'false';
+
+    case 'number':
+      return isFinite(v) ? v : '';
+
+    default:
+      return '';
   }
-  return stale;
-}
+};
 
-function use (self, hit) {
-  shiftLU(self, hit)
-  hit.lu = self._mru ++
-  self._lruList[hit.lu] = hit
-}
-
-function trim (self) {
-  while (self._lru < self._mru && self._length > self._max)
-    del(self, self._lruList[self._lru])
-}
-
-function shiftLU (self, hit) {
-  delete self._lruList[ hit.lu ]
-  while (self._lru < self._mru && !self._lruList[self._lru]) self._lru ++
-}
-
-function del (self, hit) {
-  if (hit) {
-    if (self._dispose) self._dispose(hit.key, hit.value)
-    self._length -= hit.length
-    self._itemCount --
-    delete self._cache[ hit.key ]
-    shiftLU(self, hit)
+module.exports = function(obj, sep, eq, name) {
+  sep = sep || '&';
+  eq = eq || '=';
+  if (obj === null) {
+    obj = undefined;
   }
+
+  if (typeof obj === 'object') {
+    return map(objectKeys(obj), function(k) {
+      var ks = encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(k)) + eq;
+      if (isArray(obj[k])) {
+        return map(obj[k], function(v) {
+          return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(v));
+        }).join(sep);
+      } else {
+        return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj[k]));
+      }
+    }).join(sep);
+
+  }
+
+  if (!name) return '';
+  return encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(name)) + eq +
+         encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj));
+};
+
+var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) {
+  return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]';
+};
+
+function map (xs, f) {
+  if (xs.map) return xs.map(f);
+  var res = [];
+  for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
+    res.push(f(xs[i], i));
+  }
+  return res;
 }
 
-// classy, since V8 prefers predictable objects.
-function Entry (key, value, lu, length, now, maxAge) {
-  this.key = key
-  this.value = value
-  this.lu = lu
-  this.length = length
-  this.now = now
-  if (maxAge) this.maxAge = maxAge
-}
+var objectKeys = Object.keys || function (obj) {
+  var res = [];
+  for (var key in obj) {
+    if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) res.push(key);
+  }
+  return res;
+};
 
-})()
+},{}],46:[function(require,module,exports){
+'use strict';
 
-},{}],50:[function(require,module,exports){
+exports.decode = exports.parse = require('./decode');
+exports.encode = exports.stringify = require('./encode');
+
+},{"./decode":44,"./encode":45}],47:[function(require,module,exports){
 module.exports = sigmund
 function sigmund (subject, maxSessions) {
     maxSessions = maxSessions || 10;
@@ -9922,7 +9141,863 @@ function sigmund (subject, maxSessions) {
 
 // vim: set softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4:
 
-},{}],51:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],48:[function(require,module,exports){
+module.exports = require('./lib/type');
+
+},{"./lib/type":49}],49:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*!
+ * type-detect
+ * Copyright(c) 2013 jake luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+/*!
+ * Primary Exports
+ */
+
+var exports = module.exports = getType;
+
+/*!
+ * Detectable javascript natives
+ */
+
+var natives = {
+    '[object Array]': 'array'
+  , '[object RegExp]': 'regexp'
+  , '[object Function]': 'function'
+  , '[object Arguments]': 'arguments'
+  , '[object Date]': 'date'
+};
+
+/**
+ * ### typeOf (obj)
+ *
+ * Use several different techniques to determine
+ * the type of object being tested.
+ *
+ *
+ * @param {Mixed} object
+ * @return {String} object type
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function getType (obj) {
+  var str = Object.prototype.toString.call(obj);
+  if (natives[str]) return natives[str];
+  if (obj === null) return 'null';
+  if (obj === undefined) return 'undefined';
+  if (obj === Object(obj)) return 'object';
+  return typeof obj;
+}
+
+exports.Library = Library;
+
+/**
+ * ### Library
+ *
+ * Create a repository for custom type detection.
+ *
+ * ```js
+ * var lib = new type.Library;
+ * ```
+ *
+ */
+
+function Library () {
+  this.tests = {};
+}
+
+/**
+ * #### .of (obj)
+ *
+ * Expose replacement `typeof` detection to the library.
+ *
+ * ```js
+ * if ('string' === lib.of('hello world')) {
+ *   // ...
+ * }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param {Mixed} object to test
+ * @return {String} type
+ */
+
+Library.prototype.of = getType;
+
+/**
+ * #### .define (type, test)
+ *
+ * Add a test to for the `.test()` assertion.
+ *
+ * Can be defined as a regular expression:
+ *
+ * ```js
+ * lib.define('int', /^[0-9]+$/);
+ * ```
+ *
+ * ... or as a function:
+ *
+ * ```js
+ * lib.define('bln', function (obj) {
+ *   if ('boolean' === lib.of(obj)) return true;
+ *   var blns = [ 'yes', 'no', 'true', 'false', 1, 0 ];
+ *   if ('string' === lib.of(obj)) obj = obj.toLowerCase();
+ *   return !! ~blns.indexOf(obj);
+ * });
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param {String} type
+ * @param {RegExp|Function} test
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Library.prototype.define = function (type, test) {
+  if (arguments.length === 1) return this.tests[type];
+  this.tests[type] = test;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * #### .test (obj, test)
+ *
+ * Assert that an object is of type. Will first
+ * check natives, and if that does not pass it will
+ * use the user defined custom tests.
+ *
+ * ```js
+ * assert(lib.test('1', 'int'));
+ * assert(lib.test('yes', 'bln'));
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param {Mixed} object
+ * @param {String} type
+ * @return {Boolean} result
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Library.prototype.test = function (obj, type) {
+  if (type === getType(obj)) return true;
+  var test = this.tests[type];
+
+  if (test && 'regexp' === getType(test)) {
+    return test.test(obj);
+  } else if (test && 'function' === getType(test)) {
+    return test(obj);
+  } else {
+    throw new ReferenceError('Type test "' + type + '" not defined or invalid.');
+  }
+};
+
+},{}],50:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+var punycode = require('punycode');
+
+exports.parse = urlParse;
+exports.resolve = urlResolve;
+exports.resolveObject = urlResolveObject;
+exports.format = urlFormat;
+
+exports.Url = Url;
+
+function Url() {
+  this.protocol = null;
+  this.slashes = null;
+  this.auth = null;
+  this.host = null;
+  this.port = null;
+  this.hostname = null;
+  this.hash = null;
+  this.search = null;
+  this.query = null;
+  this.pathname = null;
+  this.path = null;
+  this.href = null;
+}
+
+// Reference: RFC 3986, RFC 1808, RFC 2396
+
+// define these here so at least they only have to be
+// compiled once on the first module load.
+var protocolPattern = /^([a-z0-9.+-]+:)/i,
+    portPattern = /:[0-9]*$/,
+
+    // RFC 2396: characters reserved for delimiting URLs.
+    // We actually just auto-escape these.
+    delims = ['<', '>', '"', '`', ' ', '\r', '\n', '\t'],
+
+    // RFC 2396: characters not allowed for various reasons.
+    unwise = ['{', '}', '|', '\\', '^', '`'].concat(delims),
+
+    // Allowed by RFCs, but cause of XSS attacks.  Always escape these.
+    autoEscape = ['\''].concat(unwise),
+    // Characters that are never ever allowed in a hostname.
+    // Note that any invalid chars are also handled, but these
+    // are the ones that are *expected* to be seen, so we fast-path
+    // them.
+    nonHostChars = ['%', '/', '?', ';', '#'].concat(autoEscape),
+    hostEndingChars = ['/', '?', '#'],
+    hostnameMaxLen = 255,
+    hostnamePartPattern = /^[a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63}$/,
+    hostnamePartStart = /^([a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63})(.*)$/,
+    // protocols that can allow "unsafe" and "unwise" chars.
+    unsafeProtocol = {
+      'javascript': true,
+      'javascript:': true
+    },
+    // protocols that never have a hostname.
+    hostlessProtocol = {
+      'javascript': true,
+      'javascript:': true
+    },
+    // protocols that always contain a // bit.
+    slashedProtocol = {
+      'http': true,
+      'https': true,
+      'ftp': true,
+      'gopher': true,
+      'file': true,
+      'http:': true,
+      'https:': true,
+      'ftp:': true,
+      'gopher:': true,
+      'file:': true
+    },
+    querystring = require('querystring');
+
+function urlParse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) {
+  if (url && isObject(url) && url instanceof Url) return url;
+
+  var u = new Url;
+  u.parse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost);
+  return u;
+}
+
+Url.prototype.parse = function(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) {
+  if (!isString(url)) {
+    throw new TypeError("Parameter 'url' must be a string, not " + typeof url);
+  }
+
+  var rest = url;
+
+  // trim before proceeding.
+  // This is to support parse stuff like "  http://foo.com  \n"
+  rest = rest.trim();
+
+  var proto = protocolPattern.exec(rest);
+  if (proto) {
+    proto = proto[0];
+    var lowerProto = proto.toLowerCase();
+    this.protocol = lowerProto;
+    rest = rest.substr(proto.length);
+  }
+
+  // figure out if it's got a host
+  // user@server is *always* interpreted as a hostname, and url
+  // resolution will treat //foo/bar as host=foo,path=bar because that's
+  // how the browser resolves relative URLs.
+  if (slashesDenoteHost || proto || rest.match(/^\/\/[^@\/]+@[^@\/]+/)) {
+    var slashes = rest.substr(0, 2) === '//';
+    if (slashes && !(proto && hostlessProtocol[proto])) {
+      rest = rest.substr(2);
+      this.slashes = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!hostlessProtocol[proto] &&
+      (slashes || (proto && !slashedProtocol[proto]))) {
+
+    // there's a hostname.
+    // the first instance of /, ?, ;, or # ends the host.
+    //
+    // If there is an @ in the hostname, then non-host chars *are* allowed
+    // to the left of the last @ sign, unless some host-ending character
+    // comes *before* the @-sign.
+    // URLs are obnoxious.
+    //
+    // ex:
+    // http://a@b@c/ => user:a@b host:c
+    // http://a@b?@c => user:a host:c path:/?@c
+
+    // v0.12 TODO(isaacs): This is not quite how Chrome does things.
+    // Review our test case against browsers more comprehensively.
+
+    // find the first instance of any hostEndingChars
+    var hostEnd = -1;
+    for (var i = 0; i < hostEndingChars.length; i++) {
+      var hec = rest.indexOf(hostEndingChars[i]);
+      if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd))
+        hostEnd = hec;
+    }
+
+    // at this point, either we have an explicit point where the
+    // auth portion cannot go past, or the last @ char is the decider.
+    var auth, atSign;
+    if (hostEnd === -1) {
+      // atSign can be anywhere.
+      atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@');
+    } else {
+      // atSign must be in auth portion.
+      // http://a@b/c@d => host:b auth:a path:/c@d
+      atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@', hostEnd);
+    }
+
+    // Now we have a portion which is definitely the auth.
+    // Pull that off.
+    if (atSign !== -1) {
+      auth = rest.slice(0, atSign);
+      rest = rest.slice(atSign + 1);
+      this.auth = decodeURIComponent(auth);
+    }
+
+    // the host is the remaining to the left of the first non-host char
+    hostEnd = -1;
+    for (var i = 0; i < nonHostChars.length; i++) {
+      var hec = rest.indexOf(nonHostChars[i]);
+      if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd))
+        hostEnd = hec;
+    }
+    // if we still have not hit it, then the entire thing is a host.
+    if (hostEnd === -1)
+      hostEnd = rest.length;
+
+    this.host = rest.slice(0, hostEnd);
+    rest = rest.slice(hostEnd);
+
+    // pull out port.
+    this.parseHost();
+
+    // we've indicated that there is a hostname,
+    // so even if it's empty, it has to be present.
+    this.hostname = this.hostname || '';
+
+    // if hostname begins with [ and ends with ]
+    // assume that it's an IPv6 address.
+    var ipv6Hostname = this.hostname[0] === '[' &&
+        this.hostname[this.hostname.length - 1] === ']';
+
+    // validate a little.
+    if (!ipv6Hostname) {
+      var hostparts = this.hostname.split(/\./);
+      for (var i = 0, l = hostparts.length; i < l; i++) {
+        var part = hostparts[i];
+        if (!part) continue;
+        if (!part.match(hostnamePartPattern)) {
+          var newpart = '';
+          for (var j = 0, k = part.length; j < k; j++) {
+            if (part.charCodeAt(j) > 127) {
+              // we replace non-ASCII char with a temporary placeholder
+              // we need this to make sure size of hostname is not
+              // broken by replacing non-ASCII by nothing
+              newpart += 'x';
+            } else {
+              newpart += part[j];
+            }
+          }
+          // we test again with ASCII char only
+          if (!newpart.match(hostnamePartPattern)) {
+            var validParts = hostparts.slice(0, i);
+            var notHost = hostparts.slice(i + 1);
+            var bit = part.match(hostnamePartStart);
+            if (bit) {
+              validParts.push(bit[1]);
+              notHost.unshift(bit[2]);
+            }
+            if (notHost.length) {
+              rest = '/' + notHost.join('.') + rest;
+            }
+            this.hostname = validParts.join('.');
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (this.hostname.length > hostnameMaxLen) {
+      this.hostname = '';
+    } else {
+      // hostnames are always lower case.
+      this.hostname = this.hostname.toLowerCase();
+    }
+
+    if (!ipv6Hostname) {
+      // IDNA Support: Returns a puny coded representation of "domain".
+      // It only converts the part of the domain name that
+      // has non ASCII characters. I.e. it dosent matter if
+      // you call it with a domain that already is in ASCII.
+      var domainArray = this.hostname.split('.');
+      var newOut = [];
+      for (var i = 0; i < domainArray.length; ++i) {
+        var s = domainArray[i];
+        newOut.push(s.match(/[^A-Za-z0-9_-]/) ?
+            'xn--' + punycode.encode(s) : s);
+      }
+      this.hostname = newOut.join('.');
+    }
+
+    var p = this.port ? ':' + this.port : '';
+    var h = this.hostname || '';
+    this.host = h + p;
+    this.href += this.host;
+
+    // strip [ and ] from the hostname
+    // the host field still retains them, though
+    if (ipv6Hostname) {
+      this.hostname = this.hostname.substr(1, this.hostname.length - 2);
+      if (rest[0] !== '/') {
+        rest = '/' + rest;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // now rest is set to the post-host stuff.
+  // chop off any delim chars.
+  if (!unsafeProtocol[lowerProto]) {
+
+    // First, make 100% sure that any "autoEscape" chars get
+    // escaped, even if encodeURIComponent doesn't think they
+    // need to be.
+    for (var i = 0, l = autoEscape.length; i < l; i++) {
+      var ae = autoEscape[i];
+      var esc = encodeURIComponent(ae);
+      if (esc === ae) {
+        esc = escape(ae);
+      }
+      rest = rest.split(ae).join(esc);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  // chop off from the tail first.
+  var hash = rest.indexOf('#');
+  if (hash !== -1) {
+    // got a fragment string.
+    this.hash = rest.substr(hash);
+    rest = rest.slice(0, hash);
+  }
+  var qm = rest.indexOf('?');
+  if (qm !== -1) {
+    this.search = rest.substr(qm);
+    this.query = rest.substr(qm + 1);
+    if (parseQueryString) {
+      this.query = querystring.parse(this.query);
+    }
+    rest = rest.slice(0, qm);
+  } else if (parseQueryString) {
+    // no query string, but parseQueryString still requested
+    this.search = '';
+    this.query = {};
+  }
+  if (rest) this.pathname = rest;
+  if (slashedProtocol[lowerProto] &&
+      this.hostname && !this.pathname) {
+    this.pathname = '/';
+  }
+
+  //to support http.request
+  if (this.pathname || this.search) {
+    var p = this.pathname || '';
+    var s = this.search || '';
+    this.path = p + s;
+  }
+
+  // finally, reconstruct the href based on what has been validated.
+  this.href = this.format();
+  return this;
+};
+
+// format a parsed object into a url string
+function urlFormat(obj) {
+  // ensure it's an object, and not a string url.
+  // If it's an obj, this is a no-op.
+  // this way, you can call url_format() on strings
+  // to clean up potentially wonky urls.
+  if (isString(obj)) obj = urlParse(obj);
+  if (!(obj instanceof Url)) return Url.prototype.format.call(obj);
+  return obj.format();
+}
+
+Url.prototype.format = function() {
+  var auth = this.auth || '';
+  if (auth) {
+    auth = encodeURIComponent(auth);
+    auth = auth.replace(/%3A/i, ':');
+    auth += '@';
+  }
+
+  var protocol = this.protocol || '',
+      pathname = this.pathname || '',
+      hash = this.hash || '',
+      host = false,
+      query = '';
+
+  if (this.host) {
+    host = auth + this.host;
+  } else if (this.hostname) {
+    host = auth + (this.hostname.indexOf(':') === -1 ?
+        this.hostname :
+        '[' + this.hostname + ']');
+    if (this.port) {
+      host += ':' + this.port;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (this.query &&
+      isObject(this.query) &&
+      Object.keys(this.query).length) {
+    query = querystring.stringify(this.query);
+  }
+
+  var search = this.search || (query && ('?' + query)) || '';
+
+  if (protocol && protocol.substr(-1) !== ':') protocol += ':';
+
+  // only the slashedProtocols get the //.  Not mailto:, xmpp:, etc.
+  // unless they had them to begin with.
+  if (this.slashes ||
+      (!protocol || slashedProtocol[protocol]) && host !== false) {
+    host = '//' + (host || '');
+    if (pathname && pathname.charAt(0) !== '/') pathname = '/' + pathname;
+  } else if (!host) {
+    host = '';
+  }
+
+  if (hash && hash.charAt(0) !== '#') hash = '#' + hash;
+  if (search && search.charAt(0) !== '?') search = '?' + search;
+
+  pathname = pathname.replace(/[?#]/g, function(match) {
+    return encodeURIComponent(match);
+  });
+  search = search.replace('#', '%23');
+
+  return protocol + host + pathname + search + hash;
+};
+
+function urlResolve(source, relative) {
+  return urlParse(source, false, true).resolve(relative);
+}
+
+Url.prototype.resolve = function(relative) {
+  return this.resolveObject(urlParse(relative, false, true)).format();
+};
+
+function urlResolveObject(source, relative) {
+  if (!source) return relative;
+  return urlParse(source, false, true).resolveObject(relative);
+}
+
+Url.prototype.resolveObject = function(relative) {
+  if (isString(relative)) {
+    var rel = new Url();
+    rel.parse(relative, false, true);
+    relative = rel;
+  }
+
+  var result = new Url();
+  Object.keys(this).forEach(function(k) {
+    result[k] = this[k];
+  }, this);
+
+  // hash is always overridden, no matter what.
+  // even href="" will remove it.
+  result.hash = relative.hash;
+
+  // if the relative url is empty, then there's nothing left to do here.
+  if (relative.href === '') {
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // hrefs like //foo/bar always cut to the protocol.
+  if (relative.slashes && !relative.protocol) {
+    // take everything except the protocol from relative
+    Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) {
+      if (k !== 'protocol')
+        result[k] = relative[k];
+    });
+
+    //urlParse appends trailing / to urls like http://www.example.com
+    if (slashedProtocol[result.protocol] &&
+        result.hostname && !result.pathname) {
+      result.path = result.pathname = '/';
+    }
+
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  if (relative.protocol && relative.protocol !== result.protocol) {
+    // if it's a known url protocol, then changing
+    // the protocol does weird things
+    // first, if it's not file:, then we MUST have a host,
+    // and if there was a path
+    // to begin with, then we MUST have a path.
+    // if it is file:, then the host is dropped,
+    // because that's known to be hostless.
+    // anything else is assumed to be absolute.
+    if (!slashedProtocol[relative.protocol]) {
+      Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) {
+        result[k] = relative[k];
+      });
+      result.href = result.format();
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    result.protocol = relative.protocol;
+    if (!relative.host && !hostlessProtocol[relative.protocol]) {
+      var relPath = (relative.pathname || '').split('/');
+      while (relPath.length && !(relative.host = relPath.shift()));
+      if (!relative.host) relative.host = '';
+      if (!relative.hostname) relative.hostname = '';
+      if (relPath[0] !== '') relPath.unshift('');
+      if (relPath.length < 2) relPath.unshift('');
+      result.pathname = relPath.join('/');
+    } else {
+      result.pathname = relative.pathname;
+    }
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+    result.host = relative.host || '';
+    result.auth = relative.auth;
+    result.hostname = relative.hostname || relative.host;
+    result.port = relative.port;
+    // to support http.request
+    if (result.pathname || result.search) {
+      var p = result.pathname || '';
+      var s = result.search || '';
+      result.path = p + s;
+    }
+    result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes;
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  var isSourceAbs = (result.pathname && result.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'),
+      isRelAbs = (
+          relative.host ||
+          relative.pathname && relative.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'
+      ),
+      mustEndAbs = (isRelAbs || isSourceAbs ||
+                    (result.host && relative.pathname)),
+      removeAllDots = mustEndAbs,
+      srcPath = result.pathname && result.pathname.split('/') || [],
+      relPath = relative.pathname && relative.pathname.split('/') || [],
+      psychotic = result.protocol && !slashedProtocol[result.protocol];
+
+  // if the url is a non-slashed url, then relative
+  // links like ../.. should be able
+  // to crawl up to the hostname, as well.  This is strange.
+  // result.protocol has already been set by now.
+  // Later on, put the first path part into the host field.
+  if (psychotic) {
+    result.hostname = '';
+    result.port = null;
+    if (result.host) {
+      if (srcPath[0] === '') srcPath[0] = result.host;
+      else srcPath.unshift(result.host);
+    }
+    result.host = '';
+    if (relative.protocol) {
+      relative.hostname = null;
+      relative.port = null;
+      if (relative.host) {
+        if (relPath[0] === '') relPath[0] = relative.host;
+        else relPath.unshift(relative.host);
+      }
+      relative.host = null;
+    }
+    mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs && (relPath[0] === '' || srcPath[0] === '');
+  }
+
+  if (isRelAbs) {
+    // it's absolute.
+    result.host = (relative.host || relative.host === '') ?
+                  relative.host : result.host;
+    result.hostname = (relative.hostname || relative.hostname === '') ?
+                      relative.hostname : result.hostname;
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+    srcPath = relPath;
+    // fall through to the dot-handling below.
+  } else if (relPath.length) {
+    // it's relative
+    // throw away the existing file, and take the new path instead.
+    if (!srcPath) srcPath = [];
+    srcPath.pop();
+    srcPath = srcPath.concat(relPath);
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+  } else if (!isNullOrUndefined(relative.search)) {
+    // just pull out the search.
+    // like href='?foo'.
+    // Put this after the other two cases because it simplifies the booleans
+    if (psychotic) {
+      result.hostname = result.host = srcPath.shift();
+      //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host
+      //this especialy happens in cases like
+      //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2')
+      var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ?
+                       result.host.split('@') : false;
+      if (authInHost) {
+        result.auth = authInHost.shift();
+        result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift();
+      }
+    }
+    result.search = relative.search;
+    result.query = relative.query;
+    //to support http.request
+    if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) {
+      result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') +
+                    (result.search ? result.search : '');
+    }
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  if (!srcPath.length) {
+    // no path at all.  easy.
+    // we've already handled the other stuff above.
+    result.pathname = null;
+    //to support http.request
+    if (result.search) {
+      result.path = '/' + result.search;
+    } else {
+      result.path = null;
+    }
+    result.href = result.format();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // if a url ENDs in . or .., then it must get a trailing slash.
+  // however, if it ends in anything else non-slashy,
+  // then it must NOT get a trailing slash.
+  var last = srcPath.slice(-1)[0];
+  var hasTrailingSlash = (
+      (result.host || relative.host) && (last === '.' || last === '..') ||
+      last === '');
+
+  // strip single dots, resolve double dots to parent dir
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = srcPath.length; i >= 0; i--) {
+    last = srcPath[i];
+    if (last == '.') {
+      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      srcPath.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (!mustEndAbs && !removeAllDots) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      srcPath.unshift('..');
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (mustEndAbs && srcPath[0] !== '' &&
+      (!srcPath[0] || srcPath[0].charAt(0) !== '/')) {
+    srcPath.unshift('');
+  }
+
+  if (hasTrailingSlash && (srcPath.join('/').substr(-1) !== '/')) {
+    srcPath.push('');
+  }
+
+  var isAbsolute = srcPath[0] === '' ||
+      (srcPath[0] && srcPath[0].charAt(0) === '/');
+
+  // put the host back
+  if (psychotic) {
+    result.hostname = result.host = isAbsolute ? '' :
+                                    srcPath.length ? srcPath.shift() : '';
+    //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host
+    //this especialy happens in cases like
+    //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2')
+    var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ?
+                     result.host.split('@') : false;
+    if (authInHost) {
+      result.auth = authInHost.shift();
+      result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift();
+    }
+  }
+
+  mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs || (result.host && srcPath.length);
+
+  if (mustEndAbs && !isAbsolute) {
+    srcPath.unshift('');
+  }
+
+  if (!srcPath.length) {
+    result.pathname = null;
+    result.path = null;
+  } else {
+    result.pathname = srcPath.join('/');
+  }
+
+  //to support request.http
+  if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) {
+    result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') +
+                  (result.search ? result.search : '');
+  }
+  result.auth = relative.auth || result.auth;
+  result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes;
+  result.href = result.format();
+  return result;
+};
+
+Url.prototype.parseHost = function() {
+  var host = this.host;
+  var port = portPattern.exec(host);
+  if (port) {
+    port = port[0];
+    if (port !== ':') {
+      this.port = port.substr(1);
+    }
+    host = host.substr(0, host.length - port.length);
+  }
+  if (host) this.hostname = host;
+};
+
+function isString(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === "string";
+}
+
+function isObject(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === 'object' && arg !== null;
+}
+
+function isNull(arg) {
+  return arg === null;
+}
+function isNullOrUndefined(arg) {
+  return  arg == null;
+}
+
+},{"punycode":43,"querystring":46}],51:[function(require,module,exports){
 (function (Buffer){
 function FilerBuffer (subject, encoding, nonZero) {
 
@@ -9949,7 +10024,7 @@ Object.keys(Buffer).forEach(function (p) {
 module.exports = FilerBuffer;
 
 }).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"buffer":38}],52:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"buffer":8}],52:[function(require,module,exports){
 var O_READ = 'READ';
 var O_WRITE = 'WRITE';
 var O_CREATE = 'CREATE';
@@ -9971,10 +10046,17 @@ module.exports = {
   WSQL_SIZE: 5 * 1024 * 1024,
   WSQL_DESC: "FileSystem Storage",
 
-  MODE_FILE: 'FILE',
-  MODE_DIRECTORY: 'DIRECTORY',
-  MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK: 'SYMLINK',
-  MODE_META: 'META',
+  NODE_TYPE_FILE: 'FILE',
+  NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY: 'DIRECTORY',
+  NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK: 'SYMLINK',
+  NODE_TYPE_META: 'META',
+
+  S_IFREG: 0x8000,
+  S_IFDIR: 0x4000,
+  S_IFLNK: 0xA000,
+
+  DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS: 0x1ED, // 755
+  DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS: 0x1A4, // 644
 
   SYMLOOP_MAX: 10,
 
@@ -10032,11 +10114,11 @@ module.exports = {
 };
 
 },{}],53:[function(require,module,exports){
-var MODE_FILE = require('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+var NODE_TYPE_FILE = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 
 module.exports = function DirectoryEntry(id, type) {
   this.id = id;
-  this.type = type || MODE_FILE;
+  this.type = type || NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 };
 
 },{"./constants.js":52}],54:[function(require,module,exports){
@@ -10056,7 +10138,7 @@ module.exports = {
 };
 
 }).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"buffer":38}],55:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"buffer":8}],55:[function(require,module,exports){
 var errors = {};
 [
   /**
@@ -10173,10 +10255,10 @@ var isAbsolutePath = Path.isAbsolute;
 var isNullPath = Path.isNull;
 
 var Constants = require('../constants.js');
-var MODE_FILE = Constants.MODE_FILE;
-var MODE_DIRECTORY = Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
-var MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
-var MODE_META = Constants.MODE_META;
+var NODE_TYPE_FILE = Constants.NODE_TYPE_FILE;
+var NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY = Constants.NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
+var NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+var NODE_TYPE_META = Constants.NODE_TYPE_META;
 
 var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = Constants.ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
 var SUPER_NODE_ID = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
@@ -10209,17 +10291,17 @@ var Buffer = require('../buffer.js');
  * and filesystem flags are examined in order to override update logic.
  */
 function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
+  var update = false;
+
   // Honour mount flags for how we update times
   var flags = context.flags;
   if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOCTIME)) {
     delete times.ctime;
   }
-  if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
+   if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
     delete times.mtime;
   }
 
-  // Only do the update if required (i.e., times are still present)
-  var update = false;
   if(times.ctime) {
     node.ctime = times.ctime;
     // We don't do atime tracking for perf reasons, but do mirror ctime
@@ -10238,8 +10320,6 @@ function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
   }
 
   function complete(error) {
-    // Queue this change so we can send watch events.
-    // Unlike node.js, we send the full path vs. basename/dirname only.
     context.changes.push({ event: 'change', path: path });
     callback(error);
   }
@@ -10256,9 +10336,9 @@ function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
  */
 // in: file or directory path
 // out: new node representing file/directory
-function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
-  if(mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY && mode !== MODE_FILE) {
-    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be a directory or file', path));
+function make_node(context, path, type, callback) {
+  if(type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && type !== NODE_TYPE_FILE) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('type must be a directory or file', path));
   }
 
   path = normalize(path);
@@ -10273,7 +10353,7 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
   function create_node_in_parent(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
     } else {
       parentNode = parentDirectoryNode;
@@ -10298,7 +10378,11 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       parentNodeData = result;
-      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: mode}, function(error, result) {
+      Node.create({
+        path: path,
+        guid: context.guid,
+        type: type
+      }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -10325,7 +10409,7 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      parentNodeData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(node.id, mode);
+      parentNodeData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(node.id, type);
       context.putObject(parentNode.data, parentNodeData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -10351,7 +10435,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
   function read_root_directory_node(error, superNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(!superNode || superNode.mode !== MODE_META || !superNode.rnode) {
+    } else if(!superNode || superNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_META || !superNode.rnode) {
       callback(new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR());
     } else {
       context.getObject(superNode.rnode, check_root_directory_node);
@@ -10373,7 +10457,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
   function read_parent_directory_data(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY || !parentDirectoryNode.data) {
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY || !parentDirectoryNode.data) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
     } else {
       context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, get_node_from_parent_directory_data);
@@ -10399,7 +10483,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -10476,7 +10560,7 @@ function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
     } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      SuperNode.create({guid: context.guid}, function(error, result) {
+      SuperNode.create({ guid: context.guid }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -10491,7 +10575,12 @@ function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      Node.create({guid: context.guid, id: superNode.rnode, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+      Node.create({
+        guid: context.guid,
+        id: superNode.rnode,
+        type: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY,
+        path: ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME
+      }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -10552,7 +10641,11 @@ function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       parentDirectoryData = result;
-      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+      Node.create({
+        guid: context.guid,
+        type: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY,
+        path: path
+      }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -10586,7 +10679,7 @@ function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      parentDirectoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(directoryNode.id, MODE_DIRECTORY);
+      parentDirectoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(directoryNode.id, NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY);
       context.putObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, parentDirectoryData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -10633,7 +10726,7 @@ function remove_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode != MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type != NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -10713,7 +10806,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
   function read_directory_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -10731,7 +10824,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
           callback(new Errors.ENOENT('O_CREATE and O_EXCLUSIVE are set, and the named file exists', path));
         } else {
           directoryEntry = directoryData[name];
-          if(directoryEntry.type == MODE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+          if(directoryEntry.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
             callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
           } else {
             context.getObject(directoryEntry.id, check_if_symbolic_link);
@@ -10752,7 +10845,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       var node = result;
-      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -10789,7 +10882,11 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
   }
 
   function write_file_node() {
-    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_FILE}, function(error, result) {
+    Node.create({
+      guid: context.guid,
+      type: NODE_TYPE_FILE,
+      path: path
+    }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
         callback(error);
         return;
@@ -10823,7 +10920,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_FILE);
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, NODE_TYPE_FILE);
       context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -10978,7 +11075,7 @@ function read_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
   function read_file_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+    } else if(result.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory', ofd.path));
     } else {
       fileNode = result;
@@ -11044,18 +11141,20 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   newpath = normalize(newpath);
   var newname = basename(newpath);
   var newParentPath = dirname(newpath);
+  var ctime = Date.now();
 
   var oldDirectoryNode;
   var oldDirectoryData;
   var newDirectoryNode;
   var newDirectoryData;
+  var fileNodeID;
   var fileNode;
 
   function update_time(error) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      update_node_times(context, newpath,  fileNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      update_node_times(context, newpath, fileNode, { ctime: ctime }, callback);
     }
   }
 
@@ -11069,11 +11168,11 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  function read_directory_entry(error, result) {
+  function read_file_node(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      context.getObject(newDirectoryData[newname].id, update_file_node);
+      context.getObject(fileNodeID, update_file_node);
     }
   }
 
@@ -11086,7 +11185,8 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
         callback(new Errors.EEXIST('newpath resolves to an existing file', newname));
       } else {
         newDirectoryData[newname] = oldDirectoryData[oldname];
-        context.putObject(newDirectoryNode.data, newDirectoryData, read_directory_entry);
+        fileNodeID = newDirectoryData[newname].id;
+        context.putObject(newDirectoryNode.data, newDirectoryData, read_file_node);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -11107,7 +11207,7 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
       oldDirectoryData = result;
       if(!_(oldDirectoryData).has(oldname)) {
         callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of either path prefix does not exist', oldname));
-      } else if(oldDirectoryData[oldname].type === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      } else if(oldDirectoryData[oldname].type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
         callback(new Errors.EPERM('oldpath refers to a directory'));
       } else {
         find_node(context, newParentPath, read_new_directory_data);
@@ -11175,7 +11275,7 @@ function unlink_node(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+    } else if(result.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.EPERM('unlink not permitted on directories', name));
     } else {
       update_file_node(null, result);
@@ -11227,7 +11327,7 @@ function read_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function read_directory_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -11276,7 +11376,11 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
   }
 
   function write_file_node() {
-    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK}, function(error, result) {
+    Node.create({
+      guid: context.guid,
+      type: NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK,
+      path: dstpath
+    }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
         callback(error);
         return;
@@ -11302,7 +11406,7 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK);
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK);
       context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -11344,7 +11448,7 @@ function read_link(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(result.mode != MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(result.type != NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         callback(new Errors.EINVAL('path not a symbolic link', path));
       } else {
         callback(null, result.data);
@@ -11361,7 +11465,7 @@ function truncate_file(context, path, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR(null, path));
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -11417,7 +11521,7 @@ function ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR());
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -11768,9 +11872,9 @@ function close(fs, context, fd, callback) {
   }
 }
 
-function mknod(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
+function mknod(fs, context, path, type, callback) {
   if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
-  make_node(context, path, mode, callback);
+  make_node(context, path, type, callback);
 }
 
 function mkdir(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
@@ -11792,7 +11896,7 @@ function stat(fs, context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(path, result, fs.name);
       callback(null, stats);
     }
   }
@@ -11805,7 +11909,7 @@ function fstat(fs, context, fd, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(fd.path, result, fs.name);
       callback(null, stats);
     }
   }
@@ -11878,7 +11982,7 @@ function readFile(fs, context, path, options, callback) {
         return callback(err);
       }
 
-      var stats = new Stats(fstatResult, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(ofd.path, fstatResult, fs.name);
 
       if(stats.isDirectory()) {
         cleanup();
@@ -12150,12 +12254,15 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   var newName = Path.basename(newpath);
   var oldParentDirectory, oldParentData;
   var newParentDirectory, newParentData;
+  var ctime = Date.now();
+  var fileNode;
 
-  function update_times(error, newNode) {
+  function update_times(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      update_node_times(context, newpath,  newNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      fileNode = result;
+      update_node_times(context, newpath, fileNode, { ctime: ctime }, callback);
     }
   }
 
@@ -12239,7 +12346,7 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   function check_node_type(error, node) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+    } else if(node.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       find_node(context, oldParentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
     } else {
       link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, unlink_old_file);
@@ -12269,7 +12376,7 @@ function lstat(fs, context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(path, result, fs.name);
       callback(null, stats);
     }
   }
@@ -12759,13 +12866,42 @@ module.exports = {
 };
 
 },{"./buffer.js":51,"./errors.js":55,"./filesystem/interface.js":57,"./path.js":62,"./shell/shell.js":69}],60:[function(require,module,exports){
-var MODE_FILE = require('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+var path = require('./path.js');
+var hash32 = require('./encoding.js').hash32;
+
+var NODE_TYPE_FILE = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_FILE;
+var NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
+var NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+var NODE_TYPE_META = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_META;
+
+var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = require('./constants.js').ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
+
+var S_IFREG = require('./constants.js').S_IFREG;
+var S_IFDIR = require('./constants.js').S_IFDIR;
+var S_IFLNK = require('./constants.js').S_IFLNK;
+
+var DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS = require('./constants.js').DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
+var DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS = require('./constants.js').DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS;
+
+function getMode(type) {
+  switch(type) {
+    case NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
+      return DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS | S_IFDIR;
+    case NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
+      return DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS | S_IFLNK;
+    /* jshint -W086 */
+    case NODE_TYPE_FILE:
+      // falls through
+    default:
+      return DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS | S_IFREG;
+  }
+}
 
 function Node(options) {
   var now = Date.now();
 
   this.id = options.id;
-  this.mode = options.mode || MODE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
+  this.type = options.type || NODE_TYPE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
   this.size = options.size || 0; // size (bytes for files, entries for directories)
   this.atime = options.atime || now; // access time (will mirror ctime after creation)
   this.ctime = options.ctime || now; // creation/change time
@@ -12773,10 +12909,13 @@ function Node(options) {
   this.flags = options.flags || []; // file flags
   this.xattrs = options.xattrs || {}; // extended attributes
   this.nlinks = options.nlinks || 0; // links count
-  this.version = options.version || 0; // node version
-  this.blksize = undefined; // block size
-  this.nblocks = 1; // blocks count
   this.data = options.data; // id for data object
+  this.version = options.version || 1;
+
+  // permissions and flags
+  this.mode = options.mode || (getMode(this.type));
+  this.uid = options.uid || 0x0; // owner name
+  this.gid = options.gid || 0x0; // group name
 }
 
 // Make sure the options object has an id on property,
@@ -12813,7 +12952,7 @@ Node.create = function(options, callback) {
 
 module.exports = Node;
 
-},{"./constants.js":52}],61:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"./constants.js":52,"./encoding.js":54,"./path.js":62}],61:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Errors = require('./errors.js');
 
 function OpenFileDescription(path, id, flags, position) {
@@ -13139,43 +13278,57 @@ var indexedDB = global.indexedDB       ||
                 global.msIndexedDB;
 
 function IndexedDBContext(db, mode) {
-  var transaction = db.transaction(FILE_STORE_NAME, mode);
-  this.objectStore = transaction.objectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+  this.db = db;
+  this.mode = mode;
 }
 
+IndexedDBContext.prototype._getObjectStore = function() {
+  if(this.objectStore) {
+    return this.objectStore;
+  }
+
+  var transaction = this.db.transaction(FILE_STORE_NAME, this.mode);
+  this.objectStore = transaction.objectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+  return this.objectStore;
+};
+
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.clear = function(callback) {
   try {
-    var request = this.objectStore.clear();
-    request.onsuccess = function(event) {
+    var objectStore = this._getObjectStore();
+    var request = objectStore.clear();
+    request.onsuccess = function() {
       callback();
     };
-    request.onerror = function(error) {
-      callback(error);
+    request.onerror = function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      callback(event.error);
     };
-  } catch(e) {
-    callback(e);
+  } catch(err) {
+    callback(err);
   }
 };
 
-function _get(objectStore, key, callback) {
+IndexedDBContext.prototype._get = function(key, callback) {
   try {
+    var objectStore = this._getObjectStore();
     var request = objectStore.get(key);
     request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
       var result = event.target.result;
       callback(null, result);
     };
-    request.onerror = function onerror(error) {
-      callback(error);
+    request.onerror = function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      callback(event.error);
     };
-  } catch(e) {
-    callback(e);
+  } catch(err) {
+    callback(err);
   }
-}
+};
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.getObject = function(key, callback) {
-  _get(this.objectStore, key, callback);
+  this._get(key, callback);
 };
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.getBuffer = function(key, callback) {
-  _get(this.objectStore, key, function(err, arrayBuffer) {
+  this._get(key, function(err, arrayBuffer) {
     if(err) {
       return callback(err);
     }
@@ -13183,22 +13336,24 @@ IndexedDBContext.prototype.getBuffer = function(key, callback) {
   });
 };
 
-function _put(objectStore, key, value, callback) {
+IndexedDBContext.prototype._put = function(key, value, callback) {
   try {
+    var objectStore = this._getObjectStore();
     var request = objectStore.put(value, key);
     request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
       var result = event.target.result;
       callback(null, result);
     };
-    request.onerror = function onerror(error) {
-      callback(error);
+    request.onerror = function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      callback(event.error);
     };
-  } catch(e) {
-    callback(e);
+  } catch(err) {
+    callback(err);
   }
-}
+};
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.putObject = function(key, value, callback) {
-  _put(this.objectStore, key, value, callback);
+  this._put(key, value, callback);
 };
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.putBuffer = function(key, uint8BackedBuffer, callback) {
   var buf;
@@ -13207,21 +13362,23 @@ IndexedDBContext.prototype.putBuffer = function(key, uint8BackedBuffer, callback
   } else {
     buf = uint8BackedBuffer.buffer;
   }
-  _put(this.objectStore, key, buf, callback);
+  this._put(key, buf, callback);
 };
 
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.delete = function(key, callback) {
   try {
-    var request = this.objectStore.delete(key);
+    var objectStore = this._getObjectStore();
+    var request = objectStore.delete(key);
     request.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
       var result = event.target.result;
       callback(null, result);
     };
-    request.onerror = function(error) {
-      callback(error);
+    request.onerror = function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      callback(event.error);
     };
-  } catch(e) {
-    callback(e);
+  } catch(err) {
+    callback(err);
   }
 };
 
@@ -13242,32 +13399,35 @@ IndexedDB.prototype.open = function(callback) {
     return callback();
   }
 
-  // NOTE: we're not using versioned databases.
-  var openRequest = indexedDB.open(that.name);
+  try {
+    // NOTE: we're not using versioned databases.
+    var openRequest = indexedDB.open(that.name);
 
-  // If the db doesn't exist, we'll create it
-  openRequest.onupgradeneeded = function onupgradeneeded(event) {
-    var db = event.target.result;
+    // If the db doesn't exist, we'll create it
+    openRequest.onupgradeneeded = function onupgradeneeded(event) {
+      var db = event.target.result;
 
-    if(db.objectStoreNames.contains(FILE_STORE_NAME)) {
-      db.deleteObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
-    }
-    db.createObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
-  };
+      if(db.objectStoreNames.contains(FILE_STORE_NAME)) {
+        db.deleteObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+      }
+      db.createObjectStore(FILE_STORE_NAME);
+    };
 
-  openRequest.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
-    that.db = event.target.result;
-    callback();
-  };
-  openRequest.onerror = function onerror(error) {
-    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('IndexedDB cannot be accessed. If private browsing is enabled, disable it.'));
-  };
+    openRequest.onsuccess = function onsuccess(event) {
+      that.db = event.target.result;
+      callback();
+    };
+    openRequest.onerror = function onerror(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      callback(event.error);
+    };
+  } catch(err) {
+    callback(err);
+  }
 };
+
 IndexedDB.prototype.getReadOnlyContext = function() {
-  // Due to timing issues in Chrome with readwrite vs. readonly indexeddb transactions
-  // always use readwrite so we can make sure pending commits finish before callbacks.
-  // See https://github.com/js-platform/filer/issues/128
-  return new IndexedDBContext(this.db, IDB_RW);
+  return new IndexedDBContext(this.db, IDB_RO);
 };
 IndexedDB.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
   return new IndexedDBContext(this.db, IDB_RW);
@@ -13276,7 +13436,7 @@ IndexedDB.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
 module.exports = IndexedDB;
 
 }).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {},require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"../buffer.js":51,"../constants.js":52,"../errors.js":55,"buffer":38}],65:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../buffer.js":51,"../constants.js":52,"../errors.js":55,"buffer":8}],65:[function(require,module,exports){
 var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
 // NOTE: prefer setImmediate to nextTick for proper recursion yielding.
 // see https://github.com/js-platform/filer/pull/24
@@ -13543,7 +13703,7 @@ WebSQL.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
 module.exports = WebSQL;
 
 }).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
-},{"../buffer.js":51,"../constants.js":52,"../errors.js":55,"base64-arraybuffer":5}],67:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../buffer.js":51,"../constants.js":52,"../errors.js":55,"base64-arraybuffer":6}],67:[function(require,module,exports){
 function guid() {
   return 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/[xy]/g, function(c) {
     var r = Math.random()*16|0, v = c == 'x' ? r : (r&0x3|0x8);
@@ -13824,16 +13984,10 @@ Shell.prototype.ls = function(dir, options, callback) {
             callback(error);
             return;
           }
-          var entry = {
-            path: Path.basename(name),
-            links: stats.nlinks,
-            size: stats.size,
-            modified: stats.mtime,
-            type: stats.type
-          };
+          var entry = stats;
 
           if(options.recursive && stats.type === 'DIRECTORY') {
-            list(Path.join(pathname, entry.path), function(error, items) {
+            list(Path.join(pathname, entry.name), function(error, items) {
               if(error) {
                 callback(error);
                 return;
@@ -14136,30 +14290,37 @@ Shell.prototype.mkdirp = function(path, callback) {
 
 module.exports = Shell;
 
-},{"../../lib/async.js":1,"../encoding.js":54,"../errors.js":55,"../path.js":62,"./environment.js":68,"minimatch":48}],70:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../lib/async.js":1,"../encoding.js":54,"../errors.js":55,"../path.js":62,"./environment.js":68,"minimatch":41}],70:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Constants = require('./constants.js');
+var Path = require('./path.js');
 
-function Stats(fileNode, devName) {
-  this.node = fileNode.id;
+function Stats(path, fileNode, devName) {
   this.dev = devName;
+  this.node = fileNode.id;
+  this.type = fileNode.type;
+  this.name = fileNode.name;
   this.size = fileNode.size;
   this.nlinks = fileNode.nlinks;
   this.atime = fileNode.atime;
   this.mtime = fileNode.mtime;
   this.ctime = fileNode.ctime;
-  this.type = fileNode.mode;
+  this.version = fileNode.version;
+  this.mode = fileNode.mode;
+  this.uid = fileNode.uid;
+  this.gid = fileNode.gid;
+  this.name = Path.basename(path);
 }
 
 Stats.prototype.isFile = function() {
-  return this.type === Constants.MODE_FILE;
+  return this.type === Constants.NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 };
 
 Stats.prototype.isDirectory = function() {
-  return this.type === Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
+  return this.type === Constants.NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
 };
 
 Stats.prototype.isSymbolicLink = function() {
-  return this.type === Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+  return this.type === Constants.NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
 };
 
 // These will always be false in Filer.
@@ -14173,14 +14334,14 @@ function() {
 
 module.exports = Stats;
 
-},{"./constants.js":52}],71:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"./constants.js":52,"./path.js":62}],71:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Constants = require('./constants.js');
 
 function SuperNode(options) {
   var now = Date.now();
 
   this.id = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
-  this.mode = Constants.MODE_META;
+  this.type = Constants.NODE_TYPE_META;
   this.atime = options.atime || now;
   this.ctime = options.ctime || now;
   this.mtime = options.mtime || now;
@@ -14239,7 +14400,7 @@ describe('trailing slashes in path names, issue 105', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],73:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],73:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -14273,7 +14434,7 @@ describe('fs.writeFile truncation - issue 106', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],74:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],74:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -14296,7 +14457,7 @@ describe('fs.writeFile and non-existing directory, issue 239', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],75:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],75:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -14334,7 +14495,7 @@ describe('sh.cd doesn\'t seem to be working from a relative path if I am one or
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],76:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],76:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -14378,7 +14539,7 @@ describe('Filer.Buffer static methods are in tact, issue 249', function() {
 });
 
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],77:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],77:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -14427,7 +14588,7 @@ describe('EISDIR when trying to open a dir path - issue 254', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],78:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],78:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -14483,7 +14644,9 @@ describe('Queued operations should error when fs is in error state, issue 258',
 
   it('should get EFILESYSTEMERROR errors on callbacks to queued operations on provider error', function(done) {
     var errCount = 0;
-    var fs = new Filer.FileSystem({provider: provider});
+    var fs = new Filer.FileSystem({provider: provider}, function(err) {
+      // Do nothing
+    });
 
     function maybeDone(err) {
       expect(err).to.exist;
@@ -14518,7 +14681,7 @@ describe('Queued operations should error when fs is in error state, issue 258',
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../../lib/async.js":1,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],79:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../../lib/async.js":1,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],79:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -14542,7 +14705,7 @@ describe('fs.readdir on non-dir paths, issue 267', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],80:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],80:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -14572,7 +14735,7 @@ describe('undefined and relative paths, issue270', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],81:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],81:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Path = require('../..').Path;
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
 
@@ -14591,7 +14754,7 @@ describe('Path.resolve does not work, issue357', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"chai":6}],82:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"chai":10}],82:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -14619,7 +14782,7 @@ describe('sh.ls and deep directory trees', function() {
         done();
       });
     });
-  });
+  }).timeout(15000);
 
   it('should not crash when calling sh.ls() on wide directory layouts', function(done) {
     var fs = util.fs();
@@ -14649,10 +14812,10 @@ describe('sh.ls and deep directory trees', function() {
         });
       });
     });
-  });
+  }).timeout(15000);
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../../lib/async.js":1,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],83:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../../lib/async.js":1,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],83:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -14682,7 +14845,7 @@ describe('trailing slashes in path names to work when renaming a dir', function(
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],84:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],84:[function(require,module,exports){
 /**
  * Add your test spec files to the list in order to
  * get them running by default.
@@ -14790,20 +14953,26 @@ function IndexedDBTestProvider(name) {
       return callback();
     }
 
-    // We have to force any other connections to close
-    // before we can delete a db.
-    if(that.provider.db) {
-      that.provider.db.close();
-    }
-
-    var request = indexedDB.deleteDatabase(name);
     function finished() {
       that.provider = null;
       _done = true;
       callback();
     }
-    request.onsuccess = finished;
-    request.onerror = finished;
+
+    try {
+      // We have to force any other connections to close
+      // before we can delete a db.
+      if(that.provider.db) {
+        that.provider.db.close();
+      }
+
+      var request = indexedDB.deleteDatabase(name);
+      request.onsuccess = finished;
+      request.onerror = finished;
+    } catch(e) {
+      console.log("Failed to delete test database", e);
+      finished();
+    }
   }
 
   function init() {
@@ -14894,6 +15063,7 @@ function getUrlParams() {
 }
 
 function getProviderType() {
+  var defaultProvider = 'default';
   var queryString = getUrlParams();
 
   // If the environment is node or the query string is empty,
@@ -14902,7 +15072,7 @@ function getProviderType() {
     return defaultProvider;
   }
 
-  return queryString['filer-provider'] || 'default';
+  return queryString['filer-provider'] || defaultProvider;
 }
 
 function setup(callback) {
@@ -14925,7 +15095,6 @@ function setup(callback) {
       break;
     case 'default':
     default:
-      console.log('default');
       var BestProvider = findBestProvider();
       _provider = new BestProvider(name);
       break;
@@ -15013,7 +15182,7 @@ module.exports = {
 };
 
 }).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
-},{"../..":59,"./indexeddb.js":85,"./memory.js":86,"./websql.js":88,"url":47}],88:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"./indexeddb.js":85,"./memory.js":86,"./websql.js":88,"url":50}],88:[function(require,module,exports){
 (function (global){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 
@@ -15249,7 +15418,7 @@ describe("Filer.Errors", function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"chai":6}],90:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"chai":10}],90:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -15297,7 +15466,7 @@ describe("Filer.FileSystem", function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],91:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],91:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
 
@@ -15315,7 +15484,7 @@ describe("Filer", function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"chai":6}],92:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"chai":10}],92:[function(require,module,exports){
 (function (Buffer){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
@@ -15449,7 +15618,7 @@ describe('fs.appendFile', function() {
 });
 
 }).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"buffer":38,"chai":6}],93:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"buffer":8,"chai":10}],93:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -15481,7 +15650,7 @@ describe('fs.close', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],94:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],94:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -15543,7 +15712,7 @@ describe('fs.exists', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],95:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],95:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -15588,6 +15757,30 @@ describe('fs.link', function() {
     });
   });
 
+  it('should create hard link to identical data node', function(done) {
+    var fs = util.fs();
+    var contents = "Hello World!";
+
+    fs.writeFile('/file', contents, function(err) {
+      if(err) throw err;
+
+      fs.link('/file', '/hlink', function(err) {
+        if(err) throw err;
+
+        fs.readFile('/file', 'utf8', function(err, fileData) {
+          if(err) throw err;
+
+          fs.readFile('/hlink', 'utf8', function(err, hlinkData) {
+            if(err) throw err;
+
+            expect(fileData).to.equal(hlinkData);
+            done();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
   it('should not follow symbolic links', function(done) {
     var fs = util.fs();
 
@@ -15631,7 +15824,7 @@ describe('fs.link', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],96:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],96:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -15800,7 +15993,7 @@ describe('fs.lseek', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],97:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],97:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -15853,7 +16046,7 @@ describe('fs.lstat', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],98:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],98:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -15904,7 +16097,7 @@ describe('fs.mkdir', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],99:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],99:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -15987,7 +16180,7 @@ describe('fs.mknod', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],100:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],100:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -16129,7 +16322,7 @@ describe('fs.open', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../../src/constants.js":52,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],101:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../../src/constants.js":52,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],101:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -16219,7 +16412,7 @@ describe('fs.read', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],102:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],102:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -16279,7 +16472,7 @@ describe('fs.readdir', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],103:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],103:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -16328,7 +16521,7 @@ describe('fs.readlink', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],104:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],104:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -16484,7 +16677,7 @@ describe('fs.rename', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],105:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],105:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -16587,7 +16780,7 @@ describe('fs.rmdir', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],106:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],106:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -16622,7 +16815,7 @@ describe("fs.Shell", function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],107:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],107:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -16648,7 +16841,7 @@ describe("fs", function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],108:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],108:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -16745,7 +16938,7 @@ describe('fs.stat', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],109:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],109:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -16755,11 +16948,12 @@ describe('fs.stats', function() {
     beforeEach(util.setup);
     afterEach(util.cleanup);
 
-    it('should be a function', function() {
+    it('should be a function', function(done) {
       var fs = util.fs();
       fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
         if(error) throw error;
         expect(stats.isFile).to.be.a('function');
+        done();
       });
     });
 
@@ -16808,11 +17002,12 @@ describe('fs.stats', function() {
     beforeEach(util.setup);
     afterEach(util.cleanup);
 
-    it('should be a function', function() {
+    it('should be a function', function(done) {
       var fs = util.fs();
       fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
         if(error) throw error;
         expect(stats.isDirectory).to.be.a('function');
+        done();
       });
     });
 
@@ -16861,19 +17056,21 @@ describe('fs.stats', function() {
     beforeEach(util.setup);
     afterEach(util.cleanup);
 
-    it('should be a function', function() {
+    it('should be a function', function(done) {
       var fs = util.fs();
       fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
         if(error) throw error;
         expect(stats.isBlockDevice).to.be.a('function');
+        done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return false', function() {
+    it('should return false', function(done) {
       var fs = util.fs();
       fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
         if(error) throw error;
         expect(stats.isBlockDevice()).to.be.false;
+        done();
       });
     });
   });
@@ -16882,19 +17079,21 @@ describe('fs.stats', function() {
     beforeEach(util.setup);
     afterEach(util.cleanup);
 
-    it('should be a function', function() {
+    it('should be a function', function(done) {
       var fs = util.fs();
       fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
         if(error) throw error;
         expect(stats.isCharacterDevice).to.be.a('function');
+        done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return false', function() {
+    it('should return false', function(done) {
       var fs = util.fs();
       fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
         if(error) throw error;
         expect(stats.isCharacterDevice()).to.be.false;
+        done();
       });
     });
   });
@@ -16903,11 +17102,12 @@ describe('fs.stats', function() {
     beforeEach(util.setup);
     afterEach(util.cleanup);
 
-    it('should be a function', function() {
+    it('should be a function', function(done) {
       var fs = util.fs();
       fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
         if(error) throw error;
         expect(stats.isSymbolicLink).to.be.a('function');
+        done();
       });
     });
 
@@ -16956,19 +17156,21 @@ describe('fs.stats', function() {
     beforeEach(util.setup);
     afterEach(util.cleanup);
 
-    it('should be a function', function() {
+    it('should be a function', function(done) {
       var fs = util.fs();
       fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
         if(error) throw error;
         expect(stats.isFIFO).to.be.a('function');
+        done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return false', function() {
+    it('should return false', function(done) {
       var fs = util.fs();
       fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
         if(error) throw error;
         expect(stats.isFIFO()).to.be.false;
+        done();
       });
     });
   });
@@ -16977,25 +17179,27 @@ describe('fs.stats', function() {
     beforeEach(util.setup);
     afterEach(util.cleanup);
 
-    it('should be a function', function() {
+    it('should be a function', function(done) {
       var fs = util.fs();
       fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
         if(error) throw error;
         expect(stats.isSocket).to.be.a('function');
+        done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return false', function() {
+    it('should return false', function(done) {
       var fs = util.fs();
       fs.stat('/', function(error, stats) {
         if(error) throw error;
         expect(stats.isSocket()).to.be.false;
+        done();
       });
     });
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],110:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],110:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -17044,7 +17248,7 @@ describe('fs.symlink', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],111:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],111:[function(require,module,exports){
 (function (Buffer){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
@@ -17238,7 +17442,7 @@ describe('fs.truncate', function() {
 });
 
 }).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"buffer":38,"chai":6}],112:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"buffer":8,"chai":10}],112:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -17345,7 +17549,7 @@ describe('fs.unlink', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],113:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],113:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -17527,7 +17731,7 @@ describe('fs.utimes', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],114:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],114:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -17597,7 +17801,7 @@ describe('fs.watch', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],115:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],115:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -17661,7 +17865,7 @@ describe('fs.write', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],116:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],116:[function(require,module,exports){
 (function (Buffer){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
@@ -17769,7 +17973,7 @@ describe('fs.writeFile, fs.readFile', function() {
 });
 
 }).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"buffer":38,"chai":6}],117:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"buffer":8,"chai":10}],117:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -18165,7 +18369,7 @@ describe('fs.xattr', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],118:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],118:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../../../..');
 var util = require('../../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -18207,7 +18411,7 @@ describe("node.js tests: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/test/simple/
   });
 });
 
-},{"../../../..":59,"../../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],119:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../../..":59,"../../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],119:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../../../..');
 var util = require('../../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -18271,7 +18475,7 @@ describe("node.js tests: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/test/simple/
   });
 });
 
-},{"../../../..":59,"../../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],120:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../../..":59,"../../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],120:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../../../..');
 var util = require('../../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -18309,7 +18513,7 @@ describe("node.js tests: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/test/simple/
   });
 });
 
-},{"../../../..":59,"../../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],121:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../../..":59,"../../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],121:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../../../..');
 var util = require('../../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -18384,7 +18588,7 @@ describe("node.js tests: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/test/simple/
   });
 });
 
-},{"../../../..":59,"../../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],122:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../../..":59,"../../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],122:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -18630,7 +18834,7 @@ describe('path resolution', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],123:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],123:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Buffer = require('../../..').Buffer;
 var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -18797,7 +19001,7 @@ module.exports = function createProviderTestsFor(providerName, testProvider) {
   });
 };
 
-},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],124:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],124:[function(require,module,exports){
 var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var providerBase = require('./providers.base.js');
 
@@ -18839,7 +19043,7 @@ describe("Filer.FileSystem.providers", function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../../..":59,"chai":6}],127:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../..":59,"chai":10}],127:[function(require,module,exports){
 var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var providerBase = require('./providers.base.js');
 
@@ -18931,7 +19135,7 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.cat', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],129:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],129:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../../..');
 var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -19056,7 +19260,7 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.cd', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],130:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],130:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../../..');
 var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -19171,7 +19375,7 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.env', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],131:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],131:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../../..');
 var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -19206,7 +19410,7 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.exec', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],132:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],132:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../../..');
 var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -19414,7 +19618,7 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.find', function() {
 
 });
 
-},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],133:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],133:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../../..');
 var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -19457,18 +19661,18 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.ls', function() {
           expect(list.length).to.equal(2);
 
           var item0 = list[0];
-          expect(item0.path).to.equal('file');
-          expect(item0.links).to.equal(1);
+          expect(item0.name).to.equal('file');
+          expect(item0.nlinks).to.equal(1);
           expect(item0.size).to.equal(1);
-          expect(item0.modified).to.be.a('number');
+          expect(item0.mtime).to.be.a('number');
           expect(item0.type).to.equal('FILE');
           expect(item0.contents).not.to.exist;
 
           var item1 = list[1];
-          expect(item1.path).to.equal('file2');
-          expect(item1.links).to.equal(1);
+          expect(item1.name).to.equal('file2');
+          expect(item1.nlinks).to.equal(1);
           expect(item1.size).to.equal(2);
-          expect(item1.modified).to.be.a('number');
+          expect(item1.mtime).to.be.a('number');
           expect(item1.type).to.equal('FILE');
           expect(item0.contents).not.to.exist;
 
@@ -19501,19 +19705,19 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.ls', function() {
 
               // We shouldn't rely on the order we'll get the listing
               list.forEach(function(item, i, arr) {
-                switch(item.path) {
+                switch(item.name) {
                 case 'dir2':
-                  expect(item.links).to.equal(1);
+                  expect(item.nlinks).to.equal(1);
                   expect(item.size).to.be.a('number');
-                  expect(item.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                  expect(item.mtime).to.be.a('number');
                   expect(item.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
                   expect(item.contents).not.to.exist;
                   break;
                 case 'file':
                 case 'file2':
-                  expect(item.links).to.equal(1);
+                  expect(item.nlinks).to.equal(1);
                   expect(item.size).to.equal(1);
-                  expect(item.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                  expect(item.mtime).to.be.a('number');
                   expect(item.type).to.equal('FILE');
                   expect(item.contents).not.to.exist;
                   break;
@@ -19560,27 +19764,27 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.ls', function() {
 
                 // We shouldn't rely on the order we'll get the listing
                 list.forEach(function(item, i, arr) {
-                  switch(item.path) {
+                  switch(item.name) {
                   case 'dir2':
-                    expect(item.links).to.equal(1);
+                    expect(item.nlinks).to.equal(1);
                     expect(item.size).to.be.a('number');
-                    expect(item.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                    expect(item.mtime).to.be.a('number');
                     expect(item.type).to.equal('DIRECTORY');
                     expect(item.contents).to.exist;
                     expect(item.contents.length).to.equal(1);
                     var contents0 = item.contents[0];
-                    expect(contents0.path).to.equal('file');
-                    expect(contents0.links).to.equal(1);
+                    expect(contents0.name).to.equal('file');
+                    expect(contents0.nlinks).to.equal(1);
                     expect(contents0.size).to.equal(1);
-                    expect(contents0.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                    expect(contents0.mtime).to.be.a('number');
                     expect(contents0.type).to.equal('FILE');
                     expect(contents0.contents).not.to.exist;
                     break;
                   case 'file':
                   case 'file2':
-                    expect(item.links).to.equal(1);
+                    expect(item.nlinks).to.equal(1);
                     expect(item.size).to.equal(1);
-                    expect(item.modified).to.be.a('number');
+                    expect(item.mtime).to.be.a('number');
                     expect(item.type).to.equal('FILE');
                     expect(item.contents).not.to.exist;
                     break;
@@ -19603,7 +19807,7 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.ls', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],134:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],134:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../../..');
 var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -19703,7 +19907,7 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.mkdirp', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],135:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],135:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../../..');
 var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -19843,7 +20047,7 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.rm', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],136:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],136:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../../..');
 var util = require('../../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -19948,7 +20152,7 @@ describe('FileSystemShell.touch', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],137:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../../..":59,"../../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],137:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -20056,7 +20260,7 @@ describe('node times (atime, mtime, ctime) with mount flags', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],138:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],138:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Filer = require('../..');
 var util = require('../lib/test-utils.js');
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
@@ -20681,7 +20885,7 @@ describe('node times (atime, mtime, ctime)', function() {
   });
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":6}],139:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"../..":59,"../lib/test-utils.js":87,"chai":10}],139:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Path = require('../..').Path;
 var expect = require('chai').expect;
 
@@ -20698,4 +20902,4 @@ describe('Path.normalize and trailing slashes', function() {
 
 });
 
-},{"../..":59,"chai":6}]},{},[84]);
+},{"../..":59,"chai":10}]},{},[84]);
diff --git a/dist/filer.js b/dist/filer.js
index e0fb44b..5ed90d2 100644
--- a/dist/filer.js
+++ b/dist/filer.js
@@ -587,9 +587,17 @@ module.exports = nodash;
  * Copyright (c) 2012 Niklas von Hertzen
  * Licensed under the MIT license.
  */
-(function(chars){
+(function(){
   "use strict";
 
+  var chars = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
+
+  // Use a lookup table to find the index.
+  var lookup = new Uint8Array(256);
+  for (var i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
+    lookup[chars.charCodeAt(i)] = i;
+  }
+
   exports.encode = function(arraybuffer) {
     var bytes = new Uint8Array(arraybuffer),
     i, len = bytes.length, base64 = "";
@@ -626,10 +634,10 @@ module.exports = nodash;
     bytes = new Uint8Array(arraybuffer);
 
     for (i = 0; i < len; i+=4) {
-      encoded1 = chars.indexOf(base64[i]);
-      encoded2 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+1]);
-      encoded3 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+2]);
-      encoded4 = chars.indexOf(base64[i+3]);
+      encoded1 = lookup[base64.charCodeAt(i)];
+      encoded2 = lookup[base64.charCodeAt(i+1)];
+      encoded3 = lookup[base64.charCodeAt(i+2)];
+      encoded4 = lookup[base64.charCodeAt(i+3)];
 
       bytes[p++] = (encoded1 << 2) | (encoded2 >> 4);
       bytes[p++] = ((encoded2 & 15) << 4) | (encoded3 >> 2);
@@ -638,26 +646,155 @@ module.exports = nodash;
 
     return arraybuffer;
   };
-})("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/");
+})();
 
 },{}],6:[function(require,module,exports){
+var lookup = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
+
+;(function (exports) {
+	'use strict';
+
+  var Arr = (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined')
+    ? Uint8Array
+    : Array
+
+	var PLUS   = '+'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var SLASH  = '/'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var NUMBER = '0'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var LOWER  = 'a'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var UPPER  = 'A'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var PLUS_URL_SAFE = '-'.charCodeAt(0)
+	var SLASH_URL_SAFE = '_'.charCodeAt(0)
+
+	function decode (elt) {
+		var code = elt.charCodeAt(0)
+		if (code === PLUS ||
+		    code === PLUS_URL_SAFE)
+			return 62 // '+'
+		if (code === SLASH ||
+		    code === SLASH_URL_SAFE)
+			return 63 // '/'
+		if (code < NUMBER)
+			return -1 //no match
+		if (code < NUMBER + 10)
+			return code - NUMBER + 26 + 26
+		if (code < UPPER + 26)
+			return code - UPPER
+		if (code < LOWER + 26)
+			return code - LOWER + 26
+	}
+
+	function b64ToByteArray (b64) {
+		var i, j, l, tmp, placeHolders, arr
+
+		if (b64.length % 4 > 0) {
+			throw new Error('Invalid string. Length must be a multiple of 4')
+		}
+
+		// the number of equal signs (place holders)
+		// if there are two placeholders, than the two characters before it
+		// represent one byte
+		// if there is only one, then the three characters before it represent 2 bytes
+		// this is just a cheap hack to not do indexOf twice
+		var len = b64.length
+		placeHolders = '=' === b64.charAt(len - 2) ? 2 : '=' === b64.charAt(len - 1) ? 1 : 0
+
+		// base64 is 4/3 + up to two characters of the original data
+		arr = new Arr(b64.length * 3 / 4 - placeHolders)
+
+		// if there are placeholders, only get up to the last complete 4 chars
+		l = placeHolders > 0 ? b64.length - 4 : b64.length
+
+		var L = 0
+
+		function push (v) {
+			arr[L++] = v
+		}
+
+		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < l; i += 4, j += 3) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 18) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 12) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) << 6) | decode(b64.charAt(i + 3))
+			push((tmp & 0xFF0000) >> 16)
+			push((tmp & 0xFF00) >> 8)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		if (placeHolders === 2) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 2) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) >> 4)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		} else if (placeHolders === 1) {
+			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 10) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 4) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) >> 2)
+			push((tmp >> 8) & 0xFF)
+			push(tmp & 0xFF)
+		}
+
+		return arr
+	}
+
+	function uint8ToBase64 (uint8) {
+		var i,
+			extraBytes = uint8.length % 3, // if we have 1 byte left, pad 2 bytes
+			output = "",
+			temp, length
+
+		function encode (num) {
+			return lookup.charAt(num)
+		}
+
+		function tripletToBase64 (num) {
+			return encode(num >> 18 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 12 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 6 & 0x3F) + encode(num & 0x3F)
+		}
+
+		// go through the array every three bytes, we'll deal with trailing stuff later
+		for (i = 0, length = uint8.length - extraBytes; i < length; i += 3) {
+			temp = (uint8[i] << 16) + (uint8[i + 1] << 8) + (uint8[i + 2])
+			output += tripletToBase64(temp)
+		}
+
+		// pad the end with zeros, but make sure to not forget the extra bytes
+		switch (extraBytes) {
+			case 1:
+				temp = uint8[uint8.length - 1]
+				output += encode(temp >> 2)
+				output += encode((temp << 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += '=='
+				break
+			case 2:
+				temp = (uint8[uint8.length - 2] << 8) + (uint8[uint8.length - 1])
+				output += encode(temp >> 10)
+				output += encode((temp >> 4) & 0x3F)
+				output += encode((temp << 2) & 0x3F)
+				output += '='
+				break
+		}
+
+		return output
+	}
+
+	exports.toByteArray = b64ToByteArray
+	exports.fromByteArray = uint8ToBase64
+}(typeof exports === 'undefined' ? (this.base64js = {}) : exports))
+
+},{}],7:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (global){
 /*!
  * The buffer module from node.js, for the browser.
  *
  * @author   Feross Aboukhadijeh <feross@feross.org> <http://feross.org>
  * @license  MIT
  */
+/* eslint-disable no-proto */
+
+'use strict'
 
 var base64 = require('base64-js')
 var ieee754 = require('ieee754')
-var isArray = require('is-array')
+var isArray = require('isarray')
 
 exports.Buffer = Buffer
 exports.SlowBuffer = SlowBuffer
 exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES = 50
 Buffer.poolSize = 8192 // not used by this implementation
 
-var kMaxLength = 0x3fffffff
 var rootParent = {}
 
 /**
@@ -668,32 +805,49 @@ var rootParent = {}
  * Browsers that support typed arrays are IE 10+, Firefox 4+, Chrome 7+, Safari 5.1+,
  * Opera 11.6+, iOS 4.2+.
  *
+ * Due to various browser bugs, sometimes the Object implementation will be used even
+ * when the browser supports typed arrays.
+ *
  * Note:
  *
- * - Implementation must support adding new properties to `Uint8Array` instances.
- *   Firefox 4-29 lacked support, fixed in Firefox 30+.
- *   See: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=695438.
+ *   - Firefox 4-29 lacks support for adding new properties to `Uint8Array` instances,
+ *     See: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=695438.
  *
- *  - Chrome 9-10 is missing the `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function.
+ *   - Safari 5-7 lacks support for changing the `Object.prototype.constructor` property
+ *     on objects.
  *
- *  - IE10 has a broken `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function which returns arrays of
- *    incorrect length in some situations.
+ *   - Chrome 9-10 is missing the `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function.
  *
- * We detect these buggy browsers and set `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT` to `false` so they will
- * get the Object implementation, which is slower but will work correctly.
+ *   - IE10 has a broken `TypedArray.prototype.subarray` function which returns arrays of
+ *     incorrect length in some situations.
+
+ * We detect these buggy browsers and set `Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT` to `false` so they
+ * get the Object implementation, which is slower but behaves correctly.
  */
-Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT = (function () {
+Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT = global.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT !== undefined
+  ? global.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT
+  : typedArraySupport()
+
+function typedArraySupport () {
+  function Bar () {}
   try {
-    var buf = new ArrayBuffer(0)
-    var arr = new Uint8Array(buf)
+    var arr = new Uint8Array(1)
     arr.foo = function () { return 42 }
+    arr.constructor = Bar
     return arr.foo() === 42 && // typed array instances can be augmented
+        arr.constructor === Bar && // constructor can be set
         typeof arr.subarray === 'function' && // chrome 9-10 lack `subarray`
-        new Uint8Array(1).subarray(1, 1).byteLength === 0 // ie10 has broken `subarray`
+        arr.subarray(1, 1).byteLength === 0 // ie10 has broken `subarray`
   } catch (e) {
     return false
   }
-})()
+}
+
+function kMaxLength () {
+  return Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT
+    ? 0x7fffffff
+    : 0x3fffffff
+}
 
 /**
  * Class: Buffer
@@ -714,8 +868,10 @@ function Buffer (arg) {
     return new Buffer(arg)
   }
 
-  this.length = 0
-  this.parent = undefined
+  if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    this.length = 0
+    this.parent = undefined
+  }
 
   // Common case.
   if (typeof arg === 'number') {
@@ -761,8 +917,13 @@ function fromObject (that, object) {
     throw new TypeError('must start with number, buffer, array or string')
   }
 
-  if (typeof ArrayBuffer !== 'undefined' && object.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
-    return fromTypedArray(that, object)
+  if (typeof ArrayBuffer !== 'undefined') {
+    if (object.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+      return fromTypedArray(that, object)
+    }
+    if (object instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+      return fromArrayBuffer(that, object)
+    }
   }
 
   if (object.length) return fromArrayLike(that, object)
@@ -799,6 +960,18 @@ function fromTypedArray (that, array) {
   return that
 }
 
+function fromArrayBuffer (that, array) {
+  if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    // Return an augmented `Uint8Array` instance, for best performance
+    array.byteLength
+    that = Buffer._augment(new Uint8Array(array))
+  } else {
+    // Fallback: Return an object instance of the Buffer class
+    that = fromTypedArray(that, new Uint8Array(array))
+  }
+  return that
+}
+
 function fromArrayLike (that, array) {
   var length = checked(array.length) | 0
   that = allocate(that, length)
@@ -826,10 +999,20 @@ function fromJsonObject (that, object) {
   return that
 }
 
+if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+  Buffer.prototype.__proto__ = Uint8Array.prototype
+  Buffer.__proto__ = Uint8Array
+} else {
+  // pre-set for values that may exist in the future
+  Buffer.prototype.length = undefined
+  Buffer.prototype.parent = undefined
+}
+
 function allocate (that, length) {
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
     // Return an augmented `Uint8Array` instance, for best performance
     that = Buffer._augment(new Uint8Array(length))
+    that.__proto__ = Buffer.prototype
   } else {
     // Fallback: Return an object instance of the Buffer class
     that.length = length
@@ -845,9 +1028,9 @@ function allocate (that, length) {
 function checked (length) {
   // Note: cannot use `length < kMaxLength` here because that fails when
   // length is NaN (which is otherwise coerced to zero.)
-  if (length >= kMaxLength) {
+  if (length >= kMaxLength()) {
     throw new RangeError('Attempt to allocate Buffer larger than maximum ' +
-                         'size: 0x' + kMaxLength.toString(16) + ' bytes')
+                         'size: 0x' + kMaxLength().toString(16) + ' bytes')
   }
   return length | 0
 }
@@ -916,8 +1099,6 @@ Buffer.concat = function concat (list, length) {
 
   if (list.length === 0) {
     return new Buffer(0)
-  } else if (list.length === 1) {
-    return list[0]
   }
 
   var i
@@ -939,39 +1120,43 @@ Buffer.concat = function concat (list, length) {
 }
 
 function byteLength (string, encoding) {
-  if (typeof string !== 'string') string = String(string)
+  if (typeof string !== 'string') string = '' + string
 
-  if (string.length === 0) return 0
+  var len = string.length
+  if (len === 0) return 0
 
-  switch (encoding || 'utf8') {
-    case 'ascii':
-    case 'binary':
-    case 'raw':
-      return string.length
-    case 'ucs2':
-    case 'ucs-2':
-    case 'utf16le':
-    case 'utf-16le':
-      return string.length * 2
-    case 'hex':
-      return string.length >>> 1
-    case 'utf8':
-    case 'utf-8':
-      return utf8ToBytes(string).length
-    case 'base64':
-      return base64ToBytes(string).length
-    default:
-      return string.length
+  // Use a for loop to avoid recursion
+  var loweredCase = false
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (encoding) {
+      case 'ascii':
+      case 'binary':
+      // Deprecated
+      case 'raw':
+      case 'raws':
+        return len
+      case 'utf8':
+      case 'utf-8':
+        return utf8ToBytes(string).length
+      case 'ucs2':
+      case 'ucs-2':
+      case 'utf16le':
+      case 'utf-16le':
+        return len * 2
+      case 'hex':
+        return len >>> 1
+      case 'base64':
+        return base64ToBytes(string).length
+      default:
+        if (loweredCase) return utf8ToBytes(string).length // assume utf8
+        encoding = ('' + encoding).toLowerCase()
+        loweredCase = true
+    }
   }
 }
 Buffer.byteLength = byteLength
 
-// pre-set for values that may exist in the future
-Buffer.prototype.length = undefined
-Buffer.prototype.parent = undefined
-
-// toString(encoding, start=0, end=buffer.length)
-Buffer.prototype.toString = function toString (encoding, start, end) {
+function slowToString (encoding, start, end) {
   var loweredCase = false
 
   start = start | 0
@@ -1014,6 +1199,13 @@ Buffer.prototype.toString = function toString (encoding, start, end) {
   }
 }
 
+Buffer.prototype.toString = function toString () {
+  var length = this.length | 0
+  if (length === 0) return ''
+  if (arguments.length === 0) return utf8Slice(this, 0, length)
+  return slowToString.apply(this, arguments)
+}
+
 Buffer.prototype.equals = function equals (b) {
   if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) throw new TypeError('Argument must be a Buffer')
   if (this === b) return true
@@ -1077,13 +1269,13 @@ Buffer.prototype.indexOf = function indexOf (val, byteOffset) {
   throw new TypeError('val must be string, number or Buffer')
 }
 
-// `get` will be removed in Node 0.13+
+// `get` is deprecated
 Buffer.prototype.get = function get (offset) {
   console.log('.get() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
   return this.readUInt8(offset)
 }
 
-// `set` will be removed in Node 0.13+
+// `set` is deprecated
 Buffer.prototype.set = function set (v, offset) {
   console.log('.set() is deprecated. Access using array indexes instead.')
   return this.writeUInt8(v, offset)
@@ -1224,20 +1416,99 @@ function base64Slice (buf, start, end) {
 }
 
 function utf8Slice (buf, start, end) {
-  var res = ''
-  var tmp = ''
   end = Math.min(buf.length, end)
+  var res = []
 
-  for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
-    if (buf[i] <= 0x7F) {
-      res += decodeUtf8Char(tmp) + String.fromCharCode(buf[i])
-      tmp = ''
-    } else {
-      tmp += '%' + buf[i].toString(16)
+  var i = start
+  while (i < end) {
+    var firstByte = buf[i]
+    var codePoint = null
+    var bytesPerSequence = (firstByte > 0xEF) ? 4
+      : (firstByte > 0xDF) ? 3
+      : (firstByte > 0xBF) ? 2
+      : 1
+
+    if (i + bytesPerSequence <= end) {
+      var secondByte, thirdByte, fourthByte, tempCodePoint
+
+      switch (bytesPerSequence) {
+        case 1:
+          if (firstByte < 0x80) {
+            codePoint = firstByte
+          }
+          break
+        case 2:
+          secondByte = buf[i + 1]
+          if ((secondByte & 0xC0) === 0x80) {
+            tempCodePoint = (firstByte & 0x1F) << 0x6 | (secondByte & 0x3F)
+            if (tempCodePoint > 0x7F) {
+              codePoint = tempCodePoint
+            }
+          }
+          break
+        case 3:
+          secondByte = buf[i + 1]
+          thirdByte = buf[i + 2]
+          if ((secondByte & 0xC0) === 0x80 && (thirdByte & 0xC0) === 0x80) {
+            tempCodePoint = (firstByte & 0xF) << 0xC | (secondByte & 0x3F) << 0x6 | (thirdByte & 0x3F)
+            if (tempCodePoint > 0x7FF && (tempCodePoint < 0xD800 || tempCodePoint > 0xDFFF)) {
+              codePoint = tempCodePoint
+            }
+          }
+          break
+        case 4:
+          secondByte = buf[i + 1]
+          thirdByte = buf[i + 2]
+          fourthByte = buf[i + 3]
+          if ((secondByte & 0xC0) === 0x80 && (thirdByte & 0xC0) === 0x80 && (fourthByte & 0xC0) === 0x80) {
+            tempCodePoint = (firstByte & 0xF) << 0x12 | (secondByte & 0x3F) << 0xC | (thirdByte & 0x3F) << 0x6 | (fourthByte & 0x3F)
+            if (tempCodePoint > 0xFFFF && tempCodePoint < 0x110000) {
+              codePoint = tempCodePoint
+            }
+          }
+      }
     }
+
+    if (codePoint === null) {
+      // we did not generate a valid codePoint so insert a
+      // replacement char (U+FFFD) and advance only 1 byte
+      codePoint = 0xFFFD
+      bytesPerSequence = 1
+    } else if (codePoint > 0xFFFF) {
+      // encode to utf16 (surrogate pair dance)
+      codePoint -= 0x10000
+      res.push(codePoint >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800)
+      codePoint = 0xDC00 | codePoint & 0x3FF
+    }
+
+    res.push(codePoint)
+    i += bytesPerSequence
   }
 
-  return res + decodeUtf8Char(tmp)
+  return decodeCodePointsArray(res)
+}
+
+// Based on http://stackoverflow.com/a/22747272/680742, the browser with
+// the lowest limit is Chrome, with 0x10000 args.
+// We go 1 magnitude less, for safety
+var MAX_ARGUMENTS_LENGTH = 0x1000
+
+function decodeCodePointsArray (codePoints) {
+  var len = codePoints.length
+  if (len <= MAX_ARGUMENTS_LENGTH) {
+    return String.fromCharCode.apply(String, codePoints) // avoid extra slice()
+  }
+
+  // Decode in chunks to avoid "call stack size exceeded".
+  var res = ''
+  var i = 0
+  while (i < len) {
+    res += String.fromCharCode.apply(
+      String,
+      codePoints.slice(i, i += MAX_ARGUMENTS_LENGTH)
+    )
+  }
+  return res
 }
 
 function asciiSlice (buf, start, end) {
@@ -1526,7 +1797,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt8 = function writeUInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
   offset = offset | 0
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0xff, 0)
   if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
-  this[offset] = value
+  this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
   return offset + 1
 }
 
@@ -1543,7 +1814,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16LE = function writeUInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert
   offset = offset | 0
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
@@ -1557,7 +1828,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16BE = function writeUInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
     this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 1] = value
+    this[offset + 1] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
   }
@@ -1579,7 +1850,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32LE = function writeUInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert
     this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
     this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, true)
   }
@@ -1594,7 +1865,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32BE = function writeUInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert
     this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
     this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 3] = value
+    this[offset + 3] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
   }
@@ -1647,7 +1918,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt8 = function writeInt8 (value, offset, noAssert) {
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0x7f, -0x80)
   if (!Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) value = Math.floor(value)
   if (value < 0) value = 0xff + value + 1
-  this[offset] = value
+  this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
   return offset + 1
 }
 
@@ -1656,7 +1927,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt16LE = function writeInt16LE (value, offset, noAssert)
   offset = offset | 0
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, true)
@@ -1670,7 +1941,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt16BE = function writeInt16BE (value, offset, noAssert)
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
     this[offset] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 1] = value
+    this[offset + 1] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt16(this, value, offset, false)
   }
@@ -1682,7 +1953,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt32LE = function writeInt32LE (value, offset, noAssert)
   offset = offset | 0
   if (!noAssert) checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000)
   if (Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    this[offset] = value
+    this[offset] = (value & 0xff)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8)
     this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16)
     this[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24)
@@ -1701,7 +1972,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.writeInt32BE = function writeInt32BE (value, offset, noAssert)
     this[offset] = (value >>> 24)
     this[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16)
     this[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8)
-    this[offset + 3] = value
+    this[offset + 3] = (value & 0xff)
   } else {
     objectWriteUInt32(this, value, offset, false)
   }
@@ -1772,9 +2043,16 @@ Buffer.prototype.copy = function copy (target, targetStart, start, end) {
   }
 
   var len = end - start
+  var i
 
-  if (len < 1000 || !Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
-    for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+  if (this === target && start < targetStart && targetStart < end) {
+    // descending copy from end
+    for (i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      target[i + targetStart] = this[i + start]
+    }
+  } else if (len < 1000 || !Buffer.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT) {
+    // ascending copy from start
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
       target[i + targetStart] = this[i + start]
     }
   } else {
@@ -1850,7 +2128,7 @@ Buffer._augment = function _augment (arr) {
   // save reference to original Uint8Array set method before overwriting
   arr._set = arr.set
 
-  // deprecated, will be removed in node 0.13+
+  // deprecated
   arr.get = BP.get
   arr.set = BP.set
 
@@ -1906,7 +2184,7 @@ Buffer._augment = function _augment (arr) {
   return arr
 }
 
-var INVALID_BASE64_RE = /[^+\/0-9A-z\-]/g
+var INVALID_BASE64_RE = /[^+\/0-9A-Za-z-_]/g
 
 function base64clean (str) {
   // Node strips out invalid characters like \n and \t from the string, base64-js does not
@@ -1936,28 +2214,15 @@ function utf8ToBytes (string, units) {
   var length = string.length
   var leadSurrogate = null
   var bytes = []
-  var i = 0
 
-  for (; i < length; i++) {
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
     codePoint = string.charCodeAt(i)
 
     // is surrogate component
     if (codePoint > 0xD7FF && codePoint < 0xE000) {
       // last char was a lead
-      if (leadSurrogate) {
-        // 2 leads in a row
-        if (codePoint < 0xDC00) {
-          if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
-          leadSurrogate = codePoint
-          continue
-        } else {
-          // valid surrogate pair
-          codePoint = leadSurrogate - 0xD800 << 10 | codePoint - 0xDC00 | 0x10000
-          leadSurrogate = null
-        }
-      } else {
+      if (!leadSurrogate) {
         // no lead yet
-
         if (codePoint > 0xDBFF) {
           // unexpected trail
           if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
@@ -1966,18 +2231,30 @@ function utf8ToBytes (string, units) {
           // unpaired lead
           if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
           continue
-        } else {
-          // valid lead
-          leadSurrogate = codePoint
-          continue
         }
+
+        // valid lead
+        leadSurrogate = codePoint
+
+        continue
       }
+
+      // 2 leads in a row
+      if (codePoint < 0xDC00) {
+        if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
+        leadSurrogate = codePoint
+        continue
+      }
+
+      // valid surrogate pair
+      codePoint = (leadSurrogate - 0xD800 << 10 | codePoint - 0xDC00) + 0x10000
     } else if (leadSurrogate) {
       // valid bmp char, but last char was a lead
       if ((units -= 3) > -1) bytes.push(0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD)
-      leadSurrogate = null
     }
 
+    leadSurrogate = null
+
     // encode utf8
     if (codePoint < 0x80) {
       if ((units -= 1) < 0) break
@@ -1995,7 +2272,7 @@ function utf8ToBytes (string, units) {
         codePoint >> 0x6 & 0x3F | 0x80,
         codePoint & 0x3F | 0x80
       )
-    } else if (codePoint < 0x200000) {
+    } else if (codePoint < 0x110000) {
       if ((units -= 4) < 0) break
       bytes.push(
         codePoint >> 0x12 | 0xF0,
@@ -2048,144 +2325,18 @@ function blitBuffer (src, dst, offset, length) {
   return i
 }
 
-function decodeUtf8Char (str) {
-  try {
-    return decodeURIComponent(str)
-  } catch (err) {
-    return String.fromCharCode(0xFFFD) // UTF 8 invalid char
-  }
-}
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"base64-js":6,"ieee754":9,"isarray":8}],8:[function(require,module,exports){
+var toString = {}.toString;
 
-},{"base64-js":7,"ieee754":8,"is-array":9}],7:[function(require,module,exports){
-var lookup = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';
+module.exports = Array.isArray || function (arr) {
+  return toString.call(arr) == '[object Array]';
+};
 
-;(function (exports) {
-	'use strict';
-
-  var Arr = (typeof Uint8Array !== 'undefined')
-    ? Uint8Array
-    : Array
-
-	var PLUS   = '+'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var SLASH  = '/'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var NUMBER = '0'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var LOWER  = 'a'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var UPPER  = 'A'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var PLUS_URL_SAFE = '-'.charCodeAt(0)
-	var SLASH_URL_SAFE = '_'.charCodeAt(0)
-
-	function decode (elt) {
-		var code = elt.charCodeAt(0)
-		if (code === PLUS ||
-		    code === PLUS_URL_SAFE)
-			return 62 // '+'
-		if (code === SLASH ||
-		    code === SLASH_URL_SAFE)
-			return 63 // '/'
-		if (code < NUMBER)
-			return -1 //no match
-		if (code < NUMBER + 10)
-			return code - NUMBER + 26 + 26
-		if (code < UPPER + 26)
-			return code - UPPER
-		if (code < LOWER + 26)
-			return code - LOWER + 26
-	}
-
-	function b64ToByteArray (b64) {
-		var i, j, l, tmp, placeHolders, arr
-
-		if (b64.length % 4 > 0) {
-			throw new Error('Invalid string. Length must be a multiple of 4')
-		}
-
-		// the number of equal signs (place holders)
-		// if there are two placeholders, than the two characters before it
-		// represent one byte
-		// if there is only one, then the three characters before it represent 2 bytes
-		// this is just a cheap hack to not do indexOf twice
-		var len = b64.length
-		placeHolders = '=' === b64.charAt(len - 2) ? 2 : '=' === b64.charAt(len - 1) ? 1 : 0
-
-		// base64 is 4/3 + up to two characters of the original data
-		arr = new Arr(b64.length * 3 / 4 - placeHolders)
-
-		// if there are placeholders, only get up to the last complete 4 chars
-		l = placeHolders > 0 ? b64.length - 4 : b64.length
-
-		var L = 0
-
-		function push (v) {
-			arr[L++] = v
-		}
-
-		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < l; i += 4, j += 3) {
-			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 18) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 12) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) << 6) | decode(b64.charAt(i + 3))
-			push((tmp & 0xFF0000) >> 16)
-			push((tmp & 0xFF00) >> 8)
-			push(tmp & 0xFF)
-		}
-
-		if (placeHolders === 2) {
-			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 2) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) >> 4)
-			push(tmp & 0xFF)
-		} else if (placeHolders === 1) {
-			tmp = (decode(b64.charAt(i)) << 10) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 1)) << 4) | (decode(b64.charAt(i + 2)) >> 2)
-			push((tmp >> 8) & 0xFF)
-			push(tmp & 0xFF)
-		}
-
-		return arr
-	}
-
-	function uint8ToBase64 (uint8) {
-		var i,
-			extraBytes = uint8.length % 3, // if we have 1 byte left, pad 2 bytes
-			output = "",
-			temp, length
-
-		function encode (num) {
-			return lookup.charAt(num)
-		}
-
-		function tripletToBase64 (num) {
-			return encode(num >> 18 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 12 & 0x3F) + encode(num >> 6 & 0x3F) + encode(num & 0x3F)
-		}
-
-		// go through the array every three bytes, we'll deal with trailing stuff later
-		for (i = 0, length = uint8.length - extraBytes; i < length; i += 3) {
-			temp = (uint8[i] << 16) + (uint8[i + 1] << 8) + (uint8[i + 2])
-			output += tripletToBase64(temp)
-		}
-
-		// pad the end with zeros, but make sure to not forget the extra bytes
-		switch (extraBytes) {
-			case 1:
-				temp = uint8[uint8.length - 1]
-				output += encode(temp >> 2)
-				output += encode((temp << 4) & 0x3F)
-				output += '=='
-				break
-			case 2:
-				temp = (uint8[uint8.length - 2] << 8) + (uint8[uint8.length - 1])
-				output += encode(temp >> 10)
-				output += encode((temp >> 4) & 0x3F)
-				output += encode((temp << 2) & 0x3F)
-				output += '='
-				break
-		}
-
-		return output
-	}
-
-	exports.toByteArray = b64ToByteArray
-	exports.fromByteArray = uint8ToBase64
-}(typeof exports === 'undefined' ? (this.base64js = {}) : exports))
-
-},{}],8:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{}],9:[function(require,module,exports){
 exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   var e, m
-  var eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1
+  var eLen = (nBytes * 8) - mLen - 1
   var eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1
   var eBias = eMax >> 1
   var nBits = -7
@@ -2198,12 +2349,12 @@ exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   e = s & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1)
   s >>= (-nBits)
   nBits += eLen
-  for (; nBits > 0; e = e * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
+  for (; nBits > 0; e = (e * 256) + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
 
   m = e & ((1 << (-nBits)) - 1)
   e >>= (-nBits)
   nBits += mLen
-  for (; nBits > 0; m = m * 256 + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
+  for (; nBits > 0; m = (m * 256) + buffer[offset + i], i += d, nBits -= 8) {}
 
   if (e === 0) {
     e = 1 - eBias
@@ -2218,7 +2369,7 @@ exports.read = function (buffer, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
 
 exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   var e, m, c
-  var eLen = nBytes * 8 - mLen - 1
+  var eLen = (nBytes * 8) - mLen - 1
   var eMax = (1 << eLen) - 1
   var eBias = eMax >> 1
   var rt = (mLen === 23 ? Math.pow(2, -24) - Math.pow(2, -77) : 0)
@@ -2251,7 +2402,7 @@ exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
       m = 0
       e = eMax
     } else if (e + eBias >= 1) {
-      m = (value * c - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
+      m = ((value * c) - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
       e = e + eBias
     } else {
       m = value * Math.pow(2, eBias - 1) * Math.pow(2, mLen)
@@ -2268,266 +2419,260 @@ exports.write = function (buffer, value, offset, isLE, mLen, nBytes) {
   buffer[offset + i - d] |= s * 128
 }
 
-},{}],9:[function(require,module,exports){
-
-/**
- * isArray
- */
-
-var isArray = Array.isArray;
-
-/**
- * toString
- */
-
-var str = Object.prototype.toString;
-
-/**
- * Whether or not the given `val`
- * is an array.
- *
- * example:
- *
- *        isArray([]);
- *        // > true
- *        isArray(arguments);
- *        // > false
- *        isArray('');
- *        // > false
- *
- * @param {mixed} val
- * @return {bool}
- */
-
-module.exports = isArray || function (val) {
-  return !! val && '[object Array]' == str.call(val);
-};
-
 },{}],10:[function(require,module,exports){
-// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
-// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
-// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
-// following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
-// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
-// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
-// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
-// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
-// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+;(function () { // closure for web browsers
 
-// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there
-// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array
-// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish
-// relative and absolute paths)
-function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) {
-  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
-  var up = 0;
-  for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-    var last = parts[i];
-    if (last === '.') {
-      parts.splice(i, 1);
-    } else if (last === '..') {
-      parts.splice(i, 1);
-      up++;
-    } else if (up) {
-      parts.splice(i, 1);
-      up--;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
-  if (allowAboveRoot) {
-    for (; up--; up) {
-      parts.unshift('..');
-    }
-  }
-
-  return parts;
+if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
+  module.exports = LRUCache
+} else {
+  // just set the global for non-node platforms.
+  this.LRUCache = LRUCache
 }
 
-// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version
-// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing.
-var splitPathRe =
-    /^(\/?|)([\s\S]*?)((?:\.{1,2}|[^\/]+?|)(\.[^.\/]*|))(?:[\/]*)$/;
-var splitPath = function(filename) {
-  return splitPathRe.exec(filename).slice(1);
-};
-
-// path.resolve([from ...], to)
-// posix version
-exports.resolve = function() {
-  var resolvedPath = '',
-      resolvedAbsolute = false;
-
-  for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) {
-    var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : process.cwd();
-
-    // Skip empty and invalid entries
-    if (typeof path !== 'string') {
-      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.resolve must be strings');
-    } else if (!path) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath;
-    resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/';
-  }
-
-  // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but
-  // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails)
-
-  // Normalize the path
-  resolvedPath = normalizeArray(filter(resolvedPath.split('/'), function(p) {
-    return !!p;
-  }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/');
-
-  return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.';
-};
-
-// path.normalize(path)
-// posix version
-exports.normalize = function(path) {
-  var isAbsolute = exports.isAbsolute(path),
-      trailingSlash = substr(path, -1) === '/';
-
-  // Normalize the path
-  path = normalizeArray(filter(path.split('/'), function(p) {
-    return !!p;
-  }), !isAbsolute).join('/');
-
-  if (!path && !isAbsolute) {
-    path = '.';
-  }
-  if (path && trailingSlash) {
-    path += '/';
-  }
-
-  return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path;
-};
-
-// posix version
-exports.isAbsolute = function(path) {
-  return path.charAt(0) === '/';
-};
-
-// posix version
-exports.join = function() {
-  var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
-  return exports.normalize(filter(paths, function(p, index) {
-    if (typeof p !== 'string') {
-      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.join must be strings');
-    }
-    return p;
-  }).join('/'));
-};
-
-
-// path.relative(from, to)
-// posix version
-exports.relative = function(from, to) {
-  from = exports.resolve(from).substr(1);
-  to = exports.resolve(to).substr(1);
-
-  function trim(arr) {
-    var start = 0;
-    for (; start < arr.length; start++) {
-      if (arr[start] !== '') break;
-    }
-
-    var end = arr.length - 1;
-    for (; end >= 0; end--) {
-      if (arr[end] !== '') break;
-    }
-
-    if (start > end) return [];
-    return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1);
-  }
-
-  var fromParts = trim(from.split('/'));
-  var toParts = trim(to.split('/'));
-
-  var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length);
-  var samePartsLength = length;
-  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-    if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) {
-      samePartsLength = i;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  var outputParts = [];
-  for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) {
-    outputParts.push('..');
-  }
-
-  outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength));
-
-  return outputParts.join('/');
-};
-
-exports.sep = '/';
-exports.delimiter = ':';
-
-exports.dirname = function(path) {
-  var result = splitPath(path),
-      root = result[0],
-      dir = result[1];
-
-  if (!root && !dir) {
-    // No dirname whatsoever
-    return '.';
-  }
-
-  if (dir) {
-    // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash
-    dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1);
-  }
-
-  return root + dir;
-};
-
-
-exports.basename = function(path, ext) {
-  var f = splitPath(path)[2];
-  // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows?
-  if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) {
-    f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length);
-  }
-  return f;
-};
-
-
-exports.extname = function(path) {
-  return splitPath(path)[3];
-};
-
-function filter (xs, f) {
-    if (xs.filter) return xs.filter(f);
-    var res = [];
-    for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
-        if (f(xs[i], i, xs)) res.push(xs[i]);
-    }
-    return res;
+function hOP (obj, key) {
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)
 }
 
-// String.prototype.substr - negative index don't work in IE8
-var substr = 'ab'.substr(-1) === 'b'
-    ? function (str, start, len) { return str.substr(start, len) }
-    : function (str, start, len) {
-        if (start < 0) start = str.length + start;
-        return str.substr(start, len);
+function naiveLength () { return 1 }
+
+function LRUCache (options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof LRUCache))
+    return new LRUCache(options)
+
+  if (typeof options === 'number')
+    options = { max: options }
+
+  if (!options)
+    options = {}
+
+  this._max = options.max
+  // Kind of weird to have a default max of Infinity, but oh well.
+  if (!this._max || !(typeof this._max === "number") || this._max <= 0 )
+    this._max = Infinity
+
+  this._lengthCalculator = options.length || naiveLength
+  if (typeof this._lengthCalculator !== "function")
+    this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
+
+  this._allowStale = options.stale || false
+  this._maxAge = options.maxAge || null
+  this._dispose = options.dispose
+  this.reset()
+}
+
+// resize the cache when the max changes.
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "max",
+  { set : function (mL) {
+      if (!mL || !(typeof mL === "number") || mL <= 0 ) mL = Infinity
+      this._max = mL
+      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
     }
-;
+  , get : function () { return this._max }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+// resize the cache when the lengthCalculator changes.
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "lengthCalculator",
+  { set : function (lC) {
+      if (typeof lC !== "function") {
+        this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
+        this._length = this._itemCount
+        for (var key in this._cache) {
+          this._cache[key].length = 1
+        }
+      } else {
+        this._lengthCalculator = lC
+        this._length = 0
+        for (var key in this._cache) {
+          this._cache[key].length = this._lengthCalculator(this._cache[key].value)
+          this._length += this._cache[key].length
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
+    }
+  , get : function () { return this._lengthCalculator }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "length",
+  { get : function () { return this._length }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+
+Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "itemCount",
+  { get : function () { return this._itemCount }
+  , enumerable : true
+  })
+
+LRUCache.prototype.forEach = function (fn, thisp) {
+  thisp = thisp || this
+  var i = 0;
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    i++
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    if (this._maxAge && (Date.now() - hit.now > this._maxAge)) {
+      del(this, hit)
+      if (!this._allowStale) hit = undefined
+    }
+    if (hit) {
+      fn.call(thisp, hit.value, hit.key, this)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.keys = function () {
+  var keys = new Array(this._itemCount)
+  var i = 0
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    keys[i++] = hit.key
+  }
+  return keys
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.values = function () {
+  var values = new Array(this._itemCount)
+  var i = 0
+  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
+    var hit = this._lruList[k]
+    values[i++] = hit.value
+  }
+  return values
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.reset = function () {
+  if (this._dispose && this._cache) {
+    for (var k in this._cache) {
+      this._dispose(k, this._cache[k].value)
+    }
+  }
+
+  this._cache = Object.create(null) // hash of items by key
+  this._lruList = Object.create(null) // list of items in order of use recency
+  this._mru = 0 // most recently used
+  this._lru = 0 // least recently used
+  this._length = 0 // number of items in the list
+  this._itemCount = 0
+}
+
+// Provided for debugging/dev purposes only. No promises whatsoever that
+// this API stays stable.
+LRUCache.prototype.dump = function () {
+  return this._cache
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.dumpLru = function () {
+  return this._lruList
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.set = function (key, value) {
+  if (hOP(this._cache, key)) {
+    // dispose of the old one before overwriting
+    if (this._dispose) this._dispose(key, this._cache[key].value)
+    if (this._maxAge) this._cache[key].now = Date.now()
+    this._cache[key].value = value
+    this.get(key)
+    return true
+  }
+
+  var len = this._lengthCalculator(value)
+  var age = this._maxAge ? Date.now() : 0
+  var hit = new Entry(key, value, this._mru++, len, age)
+
+  // oversized objects fall out of cache automatically.
+  if (hit.length > this._max) {
+    if (this._dispose) this._dispose(key, value)
+    return false
+  }
+
+  this._length += hit.length
+  this._lruList[hit.lu] = this._cache[key] = hit
+  this._itemCount ++
+
+  if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
+  return true
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.has = function (key) {
+  if (!hOP(this._cache, key)) return false
+  var hit = this._cache[key]
+  if (this._maxAge && (Date.now() - hit.now > this._maxAge)) {
+    return false
+  }
+  return true
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.get = function (key) {
+  return get(this, key, true)
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.peek = function (key) {
+  return get(this, key, false)
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.pop = function () {
+  var hit = this._lruList[this._lru]
+  del(this, hit)
+  return hit || null
+}
+
+LRUCache.prototype.del = function (key) {
+  del(this, this._cache[key])
+}
+
+function get (self, key, doUse) {
+  var hit = self._cache[key]
+  if (hit) {
+    if (self._maxAge && (Date.now() - hit.now > self._maxAge)) {
+      del(self, hit)
+      if (!self._allowStale) hit = undefined
+    } else {
+      if (doUse) use(self, hit)
+    }
+    if (hit) hit = hit.value
+  }
+  return hit
+}
+
+function use (self, hit) {
+  shiftLU(self, hit)
+  hit.lu = self._mru ++
+  if (self._maxAge) hit.now = Date.now()
+  self._lruList[hit.lu] = hit
+}
+
+function trim (self) {
+  while (self._lru < self._mru && self._length > self._max)
+    del(self, self._lruList[self._lru])
+}
+
+function shiftLU (self, hit) {
+  delete self._lruList[ hit.lu ]
+  while (self._lru < self._mru && !self._lruList[self._lru]) self._lru ++
+}
+
+function del (self, hit) {
+  if (hit) {
+    if (self._dispose) self._dispose(hit.key, hit.value)
+    self._length -= hit.length
+    self._itemCount --
+    delete self._cache[ hit.key ]
+    shiftLU(self, hit)
+  }
+}
+
+// classy, since V8 prefers predictable objects.
+function Entry (key, value, lu, length, now) {
+  this.key = key
+  this.value = value
+  this.lu = lu
+  this.length = length
+  this.now = now
+}
+
+})()
 
 },{}],11:[function(require,module,exports){
 ;(function (require, exports, module, platform) {
@@ -3604,281 +3749,231 @@ function regExpEscape (s) {
     typeof process === "object" ? process.platform : "win32"
   )
 
-},{"lru-cache":12,"path":10,"sigmund":13}],12:[function(require,module,exports){
-;(function () { // closure for web browsers
+},{"lru-cache":10,"path":12,"sigmund":13}],12:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
-if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
-  module.exports = LRUCache
-} else {
-  // just set the global for non-node platforms.
-  this.LRUCache = LRUCache
-}
-
-function hOP (obj, key) {
-  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)
-}
-
-function naiveLength () { return 1 }
-
-function LRUCache (options) {
-  if (!(this instanceof LRUCache))
-    return new LRUCache(options)
-
-  if (typeof options === 'number')
-    options = { max: options }
-
-  if (!options)
-    options = {}
-
-  this._max = options.max
-  // Kind of weird to have a default max of Infinity, but oh well.
-  if (!this._max || !(typeof this._max === "number") || this._max <= 0 )
-    this._max = Infinity
-
-  this._lengthCalculator = options.length || naiveLength
-  if (typeof this._lengthCalculator !== "function")
-    this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
-
-  this._allowStale = options.stale || false
-  this._maxAge = options.maxAge || null
-  this._dispose = options.dispose
-  this.reset()
-}
-
-// resize the cache when the max changes.
-Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "max",
-  { set : function (mL) {
-      if (!mL || !(typeof mL === "number") || mL <= 0 ) mL = Infinity
-      this._max = mL
-      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
-    }
-  , get : function () { return this._max }
-  , enumerable : true
-  })
-
-// resize the cache when the lengthCalculator changes.
-Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "lengthCalculator",
-  { set : function (lC) {
-      if (typeof lC !== "function") {
-        this._lengthCalculator = naiveLength
-        this._length = this._itemCount
-        for (var key in this._cache) {
-          this._cache[key].length = 1
-        }
-      } else {
-        this._lengthCalculator = lC
-        this._length = 0
-        for (var key in this._cache) {
-          this._cache[key].length = this._lengthCalculator(this._cache[key].value)
-          this._length += this._cache[key].length
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (this._length > this._max) trim(this)
-    }
-  , get : function () { return this._lengthCalculator }
-  , enumerable : true
-  })
-
-Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "length",
-  { get : function () { return this._length }
-  , enumerable : true
-  })
-
-
-Object.defineProperty(LRUCache.prototype, "itemCount",
-  { get : function () { return this._itemCount }
-  , enumerable : true
-  })
-
-LRUCache.prototype.forEach = function (fn, thisp) {
-  thisp = thisp || this
-  var i = 0
-  var itemCount = this._itemCount
-
-  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
-    i++
-    var hit = this._lruList[k]
-    if (isStale(this, hit)) {
-      del(this, hit)
-      if (!this._allowStale) hit = undefined
-    }
-    if (hit) {
-      fn.call(thisp, hit.value, hit.key, this)
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.keys = function () {
-  var keys = new Array(this._itemCount)
-  var i = 0
-  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
-    var hit = this._lruList[k]
-    keys[i++] = hit.key
-  }
-  return keys
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.values = function () {
-  var values = new Array(this._itemCount)
-  var i = 0
-  for (var k = this._mru - 1; k >= 0 && i < this._itemCount; k--) if (this._lruList[k]) {
-    var hit = this._lruList[k]
-    values[i++] = hit.value
-  }
-  return values
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.reset = function () {
-  if (this._dispose && this._cache) {
-    for (var k in this._cache) {
-      this._dispose(k, this._cache[k].value)
+// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there
+// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array
+// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish
+// relative and absolute paths)
+function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) {
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    var last = parts[i];
+    if (last === '.') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
     }
   }
 
-  this._cache = Object.create(null) // hash of items by key
-  this._lruList = Object.create(null) // list of items in order of use recency
-  this._mru = 0 // most recently used
-  this._lru = 0 // least recently used
-  this._length = 0 // number of items in the list
-  this._itemCount = 0
-}
-
-// Provided for debugging/dev purposes only. No promises whatsoever that
-// this API stays stable.
-LRUCache.prototype.dump = function () {
-  return this._cache
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.dumpLru = function () {
-  return this._lruList
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.set = function (key, value, maxAge) {
-  maxAge = maxAge || this._maxAge
-  var now = maxAge ? Date.now() : 0
-
-  if (hOP(this._cache, key)) {
-    // dispose of the old one before overwriting
-    if (this._dispose)
-      this._dispose(key, this._cache[key].value)
-
-    this._cache[key].now = now
-    this._cache[key].maxAge = maxAge
-    this._cache[key].value = value
-    this.get(key)
-    return true
-  }
-
-  var len = this._lengthCalculator(value)
-  var hit = new Entry(key, value, this._mru++, len, now, maxAge)
-
-  // oversized objects fall out of cache automatically.
-  if (hit.length > this._max) {
-    if (this._dispose) this._dispose(key, value)
-    return false
-  }
-
-  this._length += hit.length
-  this._lruList[hit.lu] = this._cache[key] = hit
-  this._itemCount ++
-
-  if (this._length > this._max)
-    trim(this)
-
-  return true
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.has = function (key) {
-  if (!hOP(this._cache, key)) return false
-  var hit = this._cache[key]
-  if (isStale(this, hit)) {
-    return false
-  }
-  return true
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.get = function (key) {
-  return get(this, key, true)
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.peek = function (key) {
-  return get(this, key, false)
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.pop = function () {
-  var hit = this._lruList[this._lru]
-  del(this, hit)
-  return hit || null
-}
-
-LRUCache.prototype.del = function (key) {
-  del(this, this._cache[key])
-}
-
-function get (self, key, doUse) {
-  var hit = self._cache[key]
-  if (hit) {
-    if (isStale(self, hit)) {
-      del(self, hit)
-      if (!self._allowStale) hit = undefined
-    } else {
-      if (doUse) use(self, hit)
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (allowAboveRoot) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      parts.unshift('..');
     }
-    if (hit) hit = hit.value
   }
-  return hit
+
+  return parts;
 }
 
-function isStale(self, hit) {
-  if (!hit || (!hit.maxAge && !self._maxAge)) return false
-  var stale = false;
-  var diff = Date.now() - hit.now
-  if (hit.maxAge) {
-    stale = diff > hit.maxAge
-  } else {
-    stale = self._maxAge && (diff > self._maxAge)
+// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version
+// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing.
+var splitPathRe =
+    /^(\/?|)([\s\S]*?)((?:\.{1,2}|[^\/]+?|)(\.[^.\/]*|))(?:[\/]*)$/;
+var splitPath = function(filename) {
+  return splitPathRe.exec(filename).slice(1);
+};
+
+// path.resolve([from ...], to)
+// posix version
+exports.resolve = function() {
+  var resolvedPath = '',
+      resolvedAbsolute = false;
+
+  for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) {
+    var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : process.cwd();
+
+    // Skip empty and invalid entries
+    if (typeof path !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.resolve must be strings');
+    } else if (!path) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath;
+    resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/';
   }
-  return stale;
-}
 
-function use (self, hit) {
-  shiftLU(self, hit)
-  hit.lu = self._mru ++
-  self._lruList[hit.lu] = hit
-}
+  // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but
+  // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails)
 
-function trim (self) {
-  while (self._lru < self._mru && self._length > self._max)
-    del(self, self._lruList[self._lru])
-}
+  // Normalize the path
+  resolvedPath = normalizeArray(filter(resolvedPath.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/');
 
-function shiftLU (self, hit) {
-  delete self._lruList[ hit.lu ]
-  while (self._lru < self._mru && !self._lruList[self._lru]) self._lru ++
-}
+  return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.';
+};
 
-function del (self, hit) {
-  if (hit) {
-    if (self._dispose) self._dispose(hit.key, hit.value)
-    self._length -= hit.length
-    self._itemCount --
-    delete self._cache[ hit.key ]
-    shiftLU(self, hit)
+// path.normalize(path)
+// posix version
+exports.normalize = function(path) {
+  var isAbsolute = exports.isAbsolute(path),
+      trailingSlash = substr(path, -1) === '/';
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  path = normalizeArray(filter(path.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !isAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  if (!path && !isAbsolute) {
+    path = '.';
   }
+  if (path && trailingSlash) {
+    path += '/';
+  }
+
+  return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path;
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.isAbsolute = function(path) {
+  return path.charAt(0) === '/';
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.join = function() {
+  var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+  return exports.normalize(filter(paths, function(p, index) {
+    if (typeof p !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.join must be strings');
+    }
+    return p;
+  }).join('/'));
+};
+
+
+// path.relative(from, to)
+// posix version
+exports.relative = function(from, to) {
+  from = exports.resolve(from).substr(1);
+  to = exports.resolve(to).substr(1);
+
+  function trim(arr) {
+    var start = 0;
+    for (; start < arr.length; start++) {
+      if (arr[start] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    var end = arr.length - 1;
+    for (; end >= 0; end--) {
+      if (arr[end] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    if (start > end) return [];
+    return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1);
+  }
+
+  var fromParts = trim(from.split('/'));
+  var toParts = trim(to.split('/'));
+
+  var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length);
+  var samePartsLength = length;
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) {
+      samePartsLength = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  var outputParts = [];
+  for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) {
+    outputParts.push('..');
+  }
+
+  outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength));
+
+  return outputParts.join('/');
+};
+
+exports.sep = '/';
+exports.delimiter = ':';
+
+exports.dirname = function(path) {
+  var result = splitPath(path),
+      root = result[0],
+      dir = result[1];
+
+  if (!root && !dir) {
+    // No dirname whatsoever
+    return '.';
+  }
+
+  if (dir) {
+    // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash
+    dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1);
+  }
+
+  return root + dir;
+};
+
+
+exports.basename = function(path, ext) {
+  var f = splitPath(path)[2];
+  // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows?
+  if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) {
+    f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length);
+  }
+  return f;
+};
+
+
+exports.extname = function(path) {
+  return splitPath(path)[3];
+};
+
+function filter (xs, f) {
+    if (xs.filter) return xs.filter(f);
+    var res = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
+        if (f(xs[i], i, xs)) res.push(xs[i]);
+    }
+    return res;
 }
 
-// classy, since V8 prefers predictable objects.
-function Entry (key, value, lu, length, now, maxAge) {
-  this.key = key
-  this.value = value
-  this.lu = lu
-  this.length = length
-  this.now = now
-  if (maxAge) this.maxAge = maxAge
-}
-
-})()
+// String.prototype.substr - negative index don't work in IE8
+var substr = 'ab'.substr(-1) === 'b'
+    ? function (str, start, len) { return str.substr(start, len) }
+    : function (str, start, len) {
+        if (start < 0) start = str.length + start;
+        return str.substr(start, len);
+    }
+;
 
 },{}],13:[function(require,module,exports){
 module.exports = sigmund
@@ -3948,7 +4043,7 @@ Object.keys(Buffer).forEach(function (p) {
 module.exports = FilerBuffer;
 
 }).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"buffer":6}],15:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"buffer":7}],15:[function(require,module,exports){
 var O_READ = 'READ';
 var O_WRITE = 'WRITE';
 var O_CREATE = 'CREATE';
@@ -3970,11 +4065,20 @@ module.exports = {
   WSQL_SIZE: 5 * 1024 * 1024,
   WSQL_DESC: "FileSystem Storage",
 
-  MODE_FILE: 'FILE',
-  MODE_DIRECTORY: 'DIRECTORY',
-  MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK: 'SYMLINK',
-  MODE_META: 'META',
+  NODE_TYPE_FILE: 'FILE',
+  NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY: 'DIRECTORY',
+  NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK: 'SYMLINK',
+  NODE_TYPE_META: 'META',
 
+  S_IFREG: 0x8000,
+  S_IFDIR: 0x4000,
+  S_IFLNK: 0xA000,
+
+  DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS: 0x1ED, // 755
+  DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS: 0x1A4, // 644
+  FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS: 0x1FF, // 777
+  READ_WRITE_PERMISSIONS: 0x1B6, /// 666
+  
   SYMLOOP_MAX: 10,
 
   BINARY_MIME_TYPE: 'application/octet-stream',
@@ -4027,15 +4131,59 @@ module.exports = {
   ENVIRONMENT: {
     TMP: '/tmp',
     PATH: ''
+  },
+
+  // Duplicate Node's fs.constants
+  fsConstants: {
+    O_RDONLY: 0,
+    O_WRONLY: 1,
+    O_RDWR: 2,
+    S_IFMT: 61440,
+    S_IFREG: 32768,
+    S_IFDIR: 16384,
+    S_IFCHR: 8192,
+    S_IFBLK: 24576,
+    S_IFIFO: 4096,
+    S_IFLNK: 40960,
+    S_IFSOCK: 49152,
+    O_CREAT: 512,
+    O_EXCL: 2048,
+    O_NOCTTY: 131072,
+    O_TRUNC: 1024,
+    O_APPEND: 8,
+    O_DIRECTORY: 1048576,
+    O_NOFOLLOW: 256,
+    O_SYNC: 128,
+    O_DSYNC: 4194304,
+    O_SYMLINK: 2097152,
+    O_NONBLOCK: 4,
+    S_IRWXU: 448,
+    S_IRUSR: 256,
+    S_IWUSR: 128,
+    S_IXUSR: 64,
+    S_IRWXG: 56,
+    S_IRGRP: 32,
+    S_IWGRP: 16,
+    S_IXGRP: 8,
+    S_IRWXO: 7,
+    S_IROTH: 4,
+    S_IWOTH: 2,
+    S_IXOTH: 1,
+    F_OK: 0,
+    R_OK: 4,
+    W_OK: 2,
+    X_OK: 1,
+    UV_FS_COPYFILE_EXCL: 1,
+    COPYFILE_EXCL: 1
   }
 };
 
 },{}],16:[function(require,module,exports){
-var MODE_FILE = require('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+var NODE_TYPE_FILE = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 
 module.exports = function DirectoryEntry(id, type) {
   this.id = id;
-  this.type = type || MODE_FILE;
+  this.type = type || NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 };
 
 },{"./constants.js":15}],17:[function(require,module,exports){
@@ -4055,7 +4203,7 @@ module.exports = {
 };
 
 }).call(this,require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"buffer":6}],18:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"buffer":7}],18:[function(require,module,exports){
 var errors = {};
 [
   /**
@@ -4172,10 +4320,14 @@ var isAbsolutePath = Path.isAbsolute;
 var isNullPath = Path.isNull;
 
 var Constants = require('../constants.js');
-var MODE_FILE = Constants.MODE_FILE;
-var MODE_DIRECTORY = Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
-var MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
-var MODE_META = Constants.MODE_META;
+var NODE_TYPE_FILE = Constants.NODE_TYPE_FILE;
+var NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY = Constants.NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
+var NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = Constants.NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+var NODE_TYPE_META = Constants.NODE_TYPE_META;
+
+var DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS = Constants.DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
+var DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS = Constants.DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS;
+var FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS = Constants.FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS;
 
 var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = Constants.ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
 var SUPER_NODE_ID = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
@@ -4208,17 +4360,17 @@ var Buffer = require('../buffer.js');
  * and filesystem flags are examined in order to override update logic.
  */
 function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
+  var update = false;
+
   // Honour mount flags for how we update times
   var flags = context.flags;
   if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOCTIME)) {
     delete times.ctime;
   }
-  if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
+   if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
     delete times.mtime;
   }
 
-  // Only do the update if required (i.e., times are still present)
-  var update = false;
   if(times.ctime) {
     node.ctime = times.ctime;
     // We don't do atime tracking for perf reasons, but do mirror ctime
@@ -4237,8 +4389,6 @@ function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
   }
 
   function complete(error) {
-    // Queue this change so we can send watch events.
-    // Unlike node.js, we send the full path vs. basename/dirname only.
     context.changes.push({ event: 'change', path: path });
     callback(error);
   }
@@ -4255,9 +4405,9 @@ function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
  */
 // in: file or directory path
 // out: new node representing file/directory
-function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
-  if(mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY && mode !== MODE_FILE) {
-    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be a directory or file', path));
+function make_node(context, path, type, callback) {
+  if(type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && type !== NODE_TYPE_FILE) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('type must be a directory or file', path));
   }
 
   path = normalize(path);
@@ -4272,7 +4422,7 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
   function create_node_in_parent(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
     } else {
       parentNode = parentDirectoryNode;
@@ -4297,7 +4447,10 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       parentNodeData = result;
-      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: mode}, function(error, result) {
+      Node.create({
+        guid: context.guid,
+        type: type
+      }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -4324,7 +4477,7 @@ function make_node(context, path, mode, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      parentNodeData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(node.id, mode);
+      parentNodeData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(node.id, type);
       context.putObject(parentNode.data, parentNodeData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -4350,7 +4503,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
   function read_root_directory_node(error, superNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(!superNode || superNode.mode !== MODE_META || !superNode.rnode) {
+    } else if(!superNode || superNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_META || !superNode.rnode) {
       callback(new Errors.EFILESYSTEMERROR());
     } else {
       context.getObject(superNode.rnode, check_root_directory_node);
@@ -4372,7 +4525,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
   function read_parent_directory_data(error, parentDirectoryNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY || !parentDirectoryNode.data) {
+    } else if(parentDirectoryNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY || !parentDirectoryNode.data) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR('a component of the path prefix is not a directory', path));
     } else {
       context.getObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, get_node_from_parent_directory_data);
@@ -4398,7 +4551,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -4475,7 +4628,7 @@ function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
     } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      SuperNode.create({guid: context.guid}, function(error, result) {
+      SuperNode.create({ guid: context.guid }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -4490,7 +4643,11 @@ function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      Node.create({guid: context.guid, id: superNode.rnode, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+      Node.create({
+        guid: context.guid,
+        id: superNode.rnode,
+        type: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY
+      }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -4551,7 +4708,10 @@ function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       parentDirectoryData = result;
-      Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_DIRECTORY}, function(error, result) {
+      Node.create({
+        guid: context.guid,
+        type: NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY
+      }, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -4585,7 +4745,7 @@ function make_directory(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      parentDirectoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(directoryNode.id, MODE_DIRECTORY);
+      parentDirectoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(directoryNode.id, NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY);
       context.putObject(parentDirectoryNode.data, parentDirectoryData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -4632,7 +4792,7 @@ function remove_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode != MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type != NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -4712,7 +4872,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
   function read_directory_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -4730,7 +4890,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
           callback(new Errors.ENOENT('O_CREATE and O_EXCLUSIVE are set, and the named file exists', path));
         } else {
           directoryEntry = directoryData[name];
-          if(directoryEntry.type == MODE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+          if(directoryEntry.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
             callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
           } else {
             context.getObject(directoryEntry.id, check_if_symbolic_link);
@@ -4751,7 +4911,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       var node = result;
-      if(node.mode == MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -4788,7 +4948,10 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
   }
 
   function write_file_node() {
-    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_FILE}, function(error, result) {
+    Node.create({
+      guid: context.guid,
+      type: NODE_TYPE_FILE
+    }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
         callback(error);
         return;
@@ -4822,7 +4985,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_FILE);
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, NODE_TYPE_FILE);
       context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -4977,7 +5140,7 @@ function read_data(context, ofd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) {
   function read_file_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+    } else if(result.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory', ofd.path));
     } else {
       fileNode = result;
@@ -5043,18 +5206,20 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   newpath = normalize(newpath);
   var newname = basename(newpath);
   var newParentPath = dirname(newpath);
+  var ctime = Date.now();
 
   var oldDirectoryNode;
   var oldDirectoryData;
   var newDirectoryNode;
   var newDirectoryData;
+  var fileNodeID;
   var fileNode;
 
   function update_time(error) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      update_node_times(context, newpath,  fileNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      update_node_times(context, newpath, fileNode, { ctime: ctime }, callback);
     }
   }
 
@@ -5068,11 +5233,11 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  function read_directory_entry(error, result) {
+  function read_file_node(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      context.getObject(newDirectoryData[newname].id, update_file_node);
+      context.getObject(fileNodeID, update_file_node);
     }
   }
 
@@ -5085,7 +5250,8 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
         callback(new Errors.EEXIST('newpath resolves to an existing file', newname));
       } else {
         newDirectoryData[newname] = oldDirectoryData[oldname];
-        context.putObject(newDirectoryNode.data, newDirectoryData, read_directory_entry);
+        fileNodeID = newDirectoryData[newname].id;
+        context.putObject(newDirectoryNode.data, newDirectoryData, read_file_node);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -5106,7 +5272,7 @@ function link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
       oldDirectoryData = result;
       if(!_(oldDirectoryData).has(oldname)) {
         callback(new Errors.ENOENT('a component of either path prefix does not exist', oldname));
-      } else if(oldDirectoryData[oldname].type === 'DIRECTORY') {
+      } else if(oldDirectoryData[oldname].type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
         callback(new Errors.EPERM('oldpath refers to a directory'));
       } else {
         find_node(context, newParentPath, read_new_directory_data);
@@ -5174,7 +5340,7 @@ function unlink_node(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+    } else if(result.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.EPERM('unlink not permitted on directories', name));
     } else {
       update_file_node(null, result);
@@ -5226,7 +5392,7 @@ function read_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function read_directory_data(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.mode !== MODE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -5275,15 +5441,27 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
   }
 
   function write_file_node() {
-    Node.create({guid: context.guid, mode: MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK}, function(error, result) {
+    Node.create({
+      guid: context.guid,
+      type: NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK
+    }, function(error, result) {
       if(error) {
         callback(error);
         return;
       }
       fileNode = result;
       fileNode.nlinks += 1;
+
+      // If the srcpath isn't absolute, resolve it relative to the dstpath
+      // but store both versions, since we'll use the relative one in readlink().
+      if(!isAbsolutePath(srcpath)) {
+        fileNode.symlink_relpath = srcpath;
+        srcpath = Path.resolve(parentPath, srcpath); 
+      }
+
       fileNode.size = srcpath.length;
       fileNode.data = srcpath;
+      
       context.putObject(fileNode.id, fileNode, update_directory_data);
     });
   }
@@ -5301,7 +5479,7 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK);
+      directoryData[name] = new DirectoryEntry(fileNode.id, NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK);
       context.putObject(directoryNode.data, directoryData, update_time);
     }
   }
@@ -5339,14 +5517,17 @@ function read_link(context, path, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  function check_if_symbolic(error, result) {
+  function check_if_symbolic(error, fileNode) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(result.mode != MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(fileNode.type != NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         callback(new Errors.EINVAL('path not a symbolic link', path));
       } else {
-        callback(null, result.data);
+        // If we were originally given a relative path, return that now vs. the
+        // absolute path we've generated and use elsewhere internally.
+        var target = fileNode.symlink_relpath ? fileNode.symlink_relpath : fileNode.data;
+        callback(null, target);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -5360,7 +5541,7 @@ function truncate_file(context, path, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR(null, path));
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -5416,7 +5597,7 @@ function ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode == MODE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR());
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -5709,14 +5890,19 @@ function validate_file_options(options, enc, fileMode){
   return options;
 }
 
-function pathCheck(path, callback) {
+function pathCheck(path, allowRelative, callback) {
   var err;
 
+  if(typeof allowRelative === 'function') {
+    callback = allowRelative;
+    allowRelative = false;
+  }
+
   if(!path) {
     err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be a string', path);
   } else if(isNullPath(path)) {
     err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be a string without null bytes.', path);
-  } else if(!isAbsolutePath(path)) {
+  } else if(!allowRelative && !isAbsolutePath(path)) {
     err = new Errors.EINVAL('Path must be absolute.', path);
   }
 
@@ -5729,8 +5915,22 @@ function pathCheck(path, callback) {
 
 
 function open(fs, context, path, flags, mode, callback) {
-  // NOTE: we support the same signature as node with a `mode` arg,
-  // but ignore it.
+  /**
+   * NOTE: we support the same signature as node with a `mode` arg,
+   * but ignore it. We need to add it.  Here is what node.js does:
+   * function open(path, flags, mode, callback) {
+   *    path = getPathFromURL(path);
+   *  validatePath(path);
+   *  const flagsNumber = stringToFlags(flags);
+   *  if (arguments.length < 4) {
+   *    callback = makeCallback(mode);
+   *    mode = 0o666;
+   *  } else {
+   *    mode = validateAndMaskMode(mode, 'mode', 0o666);
+   *    callback = makeCallback(callback);
+   * }
+  */
+
   callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
   if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
 
@@ -5767,14 +5967,20 @@ function close(fs, context, fd, callback) {
   }
 }
 
-function mknod(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
+function mknod(fs, context, path, type, callback) {
   if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
-  make_node(context, path, mode, callback);
+  make_node(context, path, type, callback);
 }
 
 function mkdir(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
-  // NOTE: we support passing a mode arg, but we ignore it internally for now.
-  callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+  if (arguments.length < 5) {
+    callback = mode;
+    mode = FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS;
+  } else {
+    mode = validateAndMaskMode(mode, FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS, callback);
+    if(!mode) return;
+  }
+ 
   if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
   make_directory(context, path, callback);
 }
@@ -5791,7 +5997,7 @@ function stat(fs, context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(path, result, fs.name);
       callback(null, stats);
     }
   }
@@ -5804,7 +6010,7 @@ function fstat(fs, context, fd, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(ofd.path, result, fs.name);
       callback(null, stats);
     }
   }
@@ -5877,7 +6083,7 @@ function readFile(fs, context, path, options, callback) {
         return callback(err);
       }
 
-      var stats = new Stats(fstatResult, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(ofd.path, fstatResult, fs.name);
 
       if(stats.isDirectory()) {
         cleanup();
@@ -6005,6 +6211,121 @@ function exists(fs, context, path, callback) {
   stat(fs, context, path, cb);
 }
 
+// Based on https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/c700cc42da9cf73af9fec2098520a6c0a631d901/lib/internal/validators.js#L21
+var octalReg = /^[0-7]+$/;
+var modeDesc = 'must be a 32-bit unsigned integer or an octal string';
+function isUint32(value) {
+  return value === (value >>> 0);
+}
+// Validator for mode_t (the S_* constants). Valid numbers or octal strings
+// will be masked with 0o777 to be consistent with the behavior in POSIX APIs.
+function validateAndMaskMode(value, def, callback) {
+  if(typeof def === 'function') {
+    callback = def;
+    def = undefined;
+  }
+
+  if (isUint32(value)) {
+    return value & FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === 'number') {
+    if (!Number.isInteger(value)) {
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode not a valid an integer value', value));
+      return false;
+    } else {
+      // 2 ** 32 === 4294967296
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode not a valid an integer value', value));
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    if (!octalReg.test(value)) {
+      callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode not a valid octal string', value));
+      return false;
+    }
+    var parsed = parseInt(value, 8);
+    return parsed & FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS;
+  }
+
+  // TODO(BridgeAR): Only return `def` in case `value == null`
+  if (def !== undefined) {
+    return def;
+  }
+
+  callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode not valid', value));
+  return false;
+}
+
+function chmod_file(context, path, mode, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function update_mode(error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      Node.setMode(mode, node);
+      update_node_times(context, path, node, { mtime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof mode != 'number') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be number', path));
+  }
+  else {
+    find_node(context, path, update_mode);
+  }
+}
+
+function fchmod_file(context, ofd, mode, callback) {
+  function update_mode(error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      node.mode = mode;
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, node, { mtime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof mode != 'number') {
+    callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be a number'));
+  }
+  else {
+    ofd.getNode(context, update_mode);
+  }
+}
+
+function chown_file(context, path, uid, gid, callback) {
+  path = normalize(path);
+
+  function update_owner(error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      node.uid = uid;
+      node.gid = gid;
+      update_node_times(context, path, node, { mtime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  find_node(context, path, update_owner);
+}
+
+function fchown_file(context, ofd, uid, gid, callback) {
+  function update_owner(error, node) {
+    if (error) {
+      callback(error);
+    } else {
+      node.uid = uid;
+      node.gid = gid;
+      update_node_times(context, ofd.path, node, { mtime: Date.now() }, callback);
+    }
+  }
+
+  ofd.getNode(context, update_owner);
+}
+
 function getxattr(fs, context, path, name, callback) {
   if (!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
   getxattr_file(context, path, name, callback);
@@ -6019,7 +6340,7 @@ function fgetxattr(fs, context, fd, name, callback) {
     fgetxattr_file(context, ofd, name, callback);
   }
 }
-
+  
 function setxattr(fs, context, path, name, value, flag, callback) {
   if(typeof flag === 'function') {
     callback = flag;
@@ -6136,6 +6457,58 @@ function futimes(fs, context, fd, atime, mtime, callback) {
   }
 }
 
+function chmod(fs, context, path, mode, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  mode = validateAndMaskMode(mode, 'mode');
+  if(!mode) return;
+
+  chmod_file(context, path, mode, callback);
+}
+
+function fchmod(fs, context, fd, mode, callback) {
+  mode = validateAndMaskMode(mode, 'mode');
+  if(!mode) return;
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  } else {
+    fchmod_file(context, ofd, mode, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+function chown(fs, context, path, uid, gid, callback) {
+  if(!pathCheck(path, callback)) return;
+  if(!isUint32(uid)) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('uid must be a valid integer', uid));
+  }
+  if(!isUint32(gid)) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('gid must be a valid integer', gid));
+  }
+
+  chown_file(context, path, uid, gid, callback);
+}
+
+function fchown(fs, context, fd, uid, gid, callback) {
+  if(!isUint32(uid)) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('uid must be a valid integer', uid));
+  }
+  if(!isUint32(gid)) {
+    return callback(new Errors.EINVAL('gid must be a valid integer', gid));
+  }
+
+  var ofd = fs.openFiles[fd];
+  if(!ofd) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF());
+  } else if(!_(ofd.flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+    callback(new Errors.EBADF('descriptor does not permit writing'));
+  } else {
+    fchown_file(context, ofd, uid, gid, callback);
+  }
+}
+
 function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   if(!pathCheck(oldpath, callback)) return;
   if(!pathCheck(newpath, callback)) return;
@@ -6149,12 +6522,15 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   var newName = Path.basename(newpath);
   var oldParentDirectory, oldParentData;
   var newParentDirectory, newParentData;
+  var ctime = Date.now();
+  var fileNode;
 
-  function update_times(error, newNode) {
+  function update_times(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      update_node_times(context, newpath,  newNode, { ctime: Date.now() }, callback);
+      fileNode = result;
+      update_node_times(context, newpath, fileNode, { ctime: ctime }, callback);
     }
   }
 
@@ -6238,7 +6614,7 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
   function check_node_type(error, node) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.mode === 'DIRECTORY') {
+    } else if(node.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       find_node(context, oldParentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
     } else {
       link_node(context, oldpath, newpath, unlink_old_file);
@@ -6251,8 +6627,13 @@ function rename(fs, context, oldpath, newpath, callback) {
 function symlink(fs, context, srcpath, dstpath, type, callback) {
   // NOTE: we support passing the `type` arg, but ignore it.
   callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
-  if(!pathCheck(srcpath, callback)) return;
+
+  // Special Case: allow srcpath to be relative, which we normally don't permit.
+  // If the srcpath is relative, we assume it's relative to the dirpath of 
+  // dstpath.
+  if(!pathCheck(srcpath, true, callback)) return;
   if(!pathCheck(dstpath, callback)) return;
+
   make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback);
 }
 
@@ -6268,7 +6649,7 @@ function lstat(fs, context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      var stats = new Stats(result, fs.name);
+      var stats = new Stats(path, result, fs.name);
       callback(null, stats);
     }
   }
@@ -6303,6 +6684,10 @@ function ftruncate(fs, context, fd, length, callback) {
 module.exports = {
   ensureRootDirectory: ensure_root_directory,
   open: open,
+  chmod: chmod,
+  fchmod: fchmod,
+  chown: chown,
+  fchown: fchown,
   close: close,
   mknod: mknod,
   mkdir: mkdir,
@@ -6432,6 +6817,9 @@ function FileSystem(options, callback) {
   fs.stdout = STDOUT;
   fs.stderr = STDERR;
 
+  // Expose Node's fs.constants to users
+  fs.constants = Constants.fsConstants;
+
   // Expose Shell constructor
   this.Shell = Shell.bind(undefined, this);
 
@@ -6606,6 +6994,10 @@ FileSystem.providers = providers;
  */
 [
   'open',
+  'chmod',
+  'fchmod',
+  'chown',
+  'fchown',
   'close',
   'mknod',
   'mkdir',
@@ -6758,13 +7150,39 @@ module.exports = {
 };
 
 },{"./buffer.js":14,"./errors.js":18,"./filesystem/interface.js":20,"./path.js":25,"./shell/shell.js":32}],23:[function(require,module,exports){
-var MODE_FILE = require('./constants.js').MODE_FILE;
+var NODE_TYPE_FILE = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_FILE;
+var NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
+var NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+var NODE_TYPE_META = require('./constants.js').NODE_TYPE_META;
+
+var ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME = require('./constants.js').ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME;
+
+var S_IFREG = require('./constants.js').S_IFREG;
+var S_IFDIR = require('./constants.js').S_IFDIR;
+var S_IFLNK = require('./constants.js').S_IFLNK;
+
+var DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS = require('./constants.js').DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
+var DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS = require('./constants.js').DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS;
+
+function getMode(type, mode) {
+  switch(type) {
+    case NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
+      return (mode || DEFAULT_DIR_PERMISSIONS) | S_IFDIR;
+    case NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK:
+      return (mode || DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS) | S_IFLNK;
+    /* jshint -W086 */
+    case NODE_TYPE_FILE:
+      // falls through
+    default:
+      return (mode || DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS) | S_IFREG;
+  }
+}
 
 function Node(options) {
   var now = Date.now();
 
   this.id = options.id;
-  this.mode = options.mode || MODE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
+  this.type = options.type || NODE_TYPE_FILE;  // node type (file, directory, etc)
   this.size = options.size || 0; // size (bytes for files, entries for directories)
   this.atime = options.atime || now; // access time (will mirror ctime after creation)
   this.ctime = options.ctime || now; // creation/change time
@@ -6772,10 +7190,13 @@ function Node(options) {
   this.flags = options.flags || []; // file flags
   this.xattrs = options.xattrs || {}; // extended attributes
   this.nlinks = options.nlinks || 0; // links count
-  this.version = options.version || 0; // node version
-  this.blksize = undefined; // block size
-  this.nblocks = 1; // blocks count
   this.data = options.data; // id for data object
+  this.version = options.version || 1;
+
+  // permissions and flags
+  this.mode = options.mode || (getMode(this.type));
+  this.uid = options.uid || 0x0; // owner name
+  this.gid = options.gid || 0x0; // group name
 }
 
 // Make sure the options object has an id on property,
@@ -6810,6 +7231,11 @@ Node.create = function(options, callback) {
   });
 };
 
+// Update the node's mode (permissions), taking file type bits into account.
+Node.setMode = function(mode, node) {
+  node.mode = getMode(node.type, mode);
+};
+
 module.exports = Node;
 
 },{"./constants.js":15}],24:[function(require,module,exports){
@@ -7124,7 +7550,7 @@ module.exports = {
 };
 
 },{"./indexeddb.js":27,"./memory.js":28,"./websql.js":29}],27:[function(require,module,exports){
-(function (global,Buffer){
+(function (global){
 var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
 var FILE_STORE_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_STORE_NAME;
 var IDB_RW = require('../constants.js').IDB_RW;
@@ -7216,12 +7642,7 @@ IndexedDBContext.prototype.putObject = function(key, value, callback) {
   this._put(key, value, callback);
 };
 IndexedDBContext.prototype.putBuffer = function(key, uint8BackedBuffer, callback) {
-  var buf;
-  if(!Buffer._useTypedArrays) { // workaround for fxos 1.3
-    buf = uint8BackedBuffer.toArrayBuffer();
-  } else {
-    buf = uint8BackedBuffer.buffer;
-  }
+  var buf = uint8BackedBuffer.buffer;
   this._put(key, buf, callback);
 };
 
@@ -7295,8 +7716,8 @@ IndexedDB.prototype.getReadWriteContext = function() {
 
 module.exports = IndexedDB;
 
-}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {},require("buffer").Buffer)
-},{"../buffer.js":14,"../constants.js":15,"../errors.js":18,"buffer":6}],28:[function(require,module,exports){
+}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"../buffer.js":14,"../constants.js":15,"../errors.js":18}],28:[function(require,module,exports){
 var FILE_SYSTEM_NAME = require('../constants.js').FILE_SYSTEM_NAME;
 // NOTE: prefer setImmediate to nextTick for proper recursion yielding.
 // see https://github.com/js-platform/filer/pull/24
@@ -7844,16 +8265,10 @@ Shell.prototype.ls = function(dir, options, callback) {
             callback(error);
             return;
           }
-          var entry = {
-            path: Path.basename(name),
-            links: stats.nlinks,
-            size: stats.size,
-            modified: stats.mtime,
-            type: stats.type
-          };
+          var entry = stats;
 
           if(options.recursive && stats.type === 'DIRECTORY') {
-            list(Path.join(pathname, entry.path), function(error, items) {
+            list(Path.join(pathname, entry.name), function(error, items) {
               if(error) {
                 callback(error);
                 return;
@@ -8158,28 +8573,35 @@ module.exports = Shell;
 
 },{"../../lib/async.js":1,"../encoding.js":17,"../errors.js":18,"../path.js":25,"./environment.js":31,"minimatch":11}],33:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Constants = require('./constants.js');
+var Path = require('./path.js');
 
-function Stats(fileNode, devName) {
-  this.node = fileNode.id;
+function Stats(path, fileNode, devName) {
   this.dev = devName;
+  this.node = fileNode.id;
+  this.type = fileNode.type;
+  this.name = fileNode.name;
   this.size = fileNode.size;
   this.nlinks = fileNode.nlinks;
   this.atime = fileNode.atime;
   this.mtime = fileNode.mtime;
   this.ctime = fileNode.ctime;
-  this.type = fileNode.mode;
+  this.version = fileNode.version;
+  this.mode = fileNode.mode;
+  this.uid = fileNode.uid;
+  this.gid = fileNode.gid;
+  this.name = Path.basename(path);
 }
 
 Stats.prototype.isFile = function() {
-  return this.type === Constants.MODE_FILE;
+  return this.type === Constants.NODE_TYPE_FILE;
 };
 
 Stats.prototype.isDirectory = function() {
-  return this.type === Constants.MODE_DIRECTORY;
+  return this.type === Constants.NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
 };
 
 Stats.prototype.isSymbolicLink = function() {
-  return this.type === Constants.MODE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
+  return this.type === Constants.NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK;
 };
 
 // These will always be false in Filer.
@@ -8193,14 +8615,14 @@ function() {
 
 module.exports = Stats;
 
-},{"./constants.js":15}],34:[function(require,module,exports){
+},{"./constants.js":15,"./path.js":25}],34:[function(require,module,exports){
 var Constants = require('./constants.js');
 
 function SuperNode(options) {
   var now = Date.now();
 
   this.id = Constants.SUPER_NODE_ID;
-  this.mode = Constants.MODE_META;
+  this.type = Constants.NODE_TYPE_META;
   this.atime = options.atime || now;
   this.ctime = options.ctime || now;
   this.mtime = options.mtime || now;
@@ -8222,4 +8644,4 @@ SuperNode.create = function(options, callback) {
 module.exports = SuperNode;
 
 },{"./constants.js":15}]},{},[22])(22)
-});
\ No newline at end of file
+});
diff --git a/dist/filer.min.js b/dist/filer.min.js
index f1388ed..d51be7c 100644
--- a/dist/filer.min.js
+++ b/dist/filer.min.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*! filer 0.0.44 2017-05-25 */
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diff --git a/dist/path.js b/dist/path.js
index 6b67d32..aee4270 100644
--- a/dist/path.js
+++ b/dist/path.js
@@ -240,4 +240,4 @@ module.exports = {
 };
 
 },{}]},{},[1])(1)
-});
\ No newline at end of file
+});
diff --git a/dist/path.min.js b/dist/path.min.js
index 0ac97b5..ae9c456 100644
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+++ b/dist/path.min.js
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From 46698f30e26c54d20aa12a89260e2e787357904a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Mon, 25 Jun 2018 08:06:16 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 15/19] Add package-lock.json

---
 package-lock.json | 7061 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 7061 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 package-lock.json

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d730b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7061 @@
+{
+  "name": "filer",
+  "version": "0.0.44",
+  "lockfileVersion": 1,
+  "requires": true,
+  "dependencies": {
+    "Base64": {
+      "version": "0.2.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/Base64/-/Base64-0.2.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-ujpCMHCOGGcFBl5mur3Uw1z2ACg=",
+      "dev": true
+    },
+    "JSONStream": {
+      "version": "1.3.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/JSONStream/-/JSONStream-1.3.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-wQI3G27Dp887hHygDCC7D85Mbeo=",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "jsonparse": "^1.2.0",
+        "through": ">=2.2.7 <3"
+      }
+    },
+    "abbrev": {
+      "version": "1.0.9",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/abbrev/-/abbrev-1.0.9.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-kbR5JYinc4wl813W9jdSovh3YTU="
+    },
+    "accepts": {
+      "version": "1.2.13",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/accepts/-/accepts-1.2.13.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-5fHzkoxtlf2WVYw27D2dDeSm7Oo=",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "mime-types": "~2.1.6",
+        "negotiator": "0.5.3"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "mime-db": {
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+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/read-only-stream/-/read-only-stream-2.0.0.tgz",
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+          "version": "2.3.6",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/readable-stream/-/readable-stream-2.3.6.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-tQtKA9WIAhBF3+VLAseyMqZeBjW0AHJoxOtYqSUZNJxauErmLbVm2FW1y+J/YA9dUrAC39ITejlZWhVIwawkKw==",
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+            "core-util-is": "~1.0.0",
+            "inherits": "~2.0.3",
+            "isarray": "~1.0.0",
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+        "shell-quote": {
+          "version": "1.6.1",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/shell-quote/-/shell-quote-1.6.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha1-9HgZSczkAmlxJ0MOo7PFR29IF2c=",
+          "dev": true,
+          "requires": {
+            "array-filter": "~0.0.0",
+            "array-map": "~0.0.0",
+            "array-reduce": "~0.0.0",
+            "jsonify": "~0.0.0"
+          }
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+          "version": "0.5.7",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/source-map/-/source-map-0.5.7.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha1-igOdLRAh0i0eoUyA2OpGi6LvP8w=",
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+        },
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+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/stream-browserify/-/stream-browserify-2.0.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha1-ZiZu5fm9uZQKTkUUyvtDu3Hlyds=",
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+            "inherits": "~2.0.1",
+            "readable-stream": "^2.0.2"
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+          "version": "1.1.1",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/stream-combiner2/-/stream-combiner2-1.1.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha1-+02KFCDqNidk4hrUeAOXvry0HL4=",
+          "dev": true,
+          "requires": {
+            "duplexer2": "~0.1.0",
+            "readable-stream": "^2.0.2"
+          }
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+        "stream-splicer": {
+          "version": "2.0.0",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/stream-splicer/-/stream-splicer-2.0.0.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha1-G2O+Q4oTPktnHMGTUZdgAXWRDYM=",
+          "dev": true,
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+            "inherits": "^2.0.1",
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+            "punycode": "1.3.2",
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+      "integrity": "sha1-X6VeAr58qTTt/BJmVjLoSbcuUgk=",
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+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/semver/-/semver-5.5.0.tgz",
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+    "window-size": {
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+      "integrity": "sha1-VDjNLqk7IC76Ohn+iIeu58lPnJ0=",
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wordwrap/-/wordwrap-0.0.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-o9XabNXAvAAI03I0u68b7WMFkQc="
+    },
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrappy/-/wrappy-1.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-tSQ9jz7BqjXxNkYFvA0QNuMKtp8="
+    },
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+      "version": "1.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xdg-basedir/-/xdg-basedir-1.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-FP+PY6T9vLBdW27qIrNvMDO58E4=",
+      "requires": {
+        "user-home": "^1.0.0"
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xtend/-/xtend-4.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-pcbVMr5lbiPbgg77lDofBJmNY68="
+    },
+    "yargs": {
+      "version": "3.10.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yargs/-/yargs-3.10.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-9+572FfdfB0tOMDnTvvWgdFDH9E=",
+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "camelcase": "^1.0.2",
+        "cliui": "^2.1.0",
+        "decamelize": "^1.0.0",
+        "window-size": "0.1.0"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "camelcase": {
+          "version": "1.2.1",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/camelcase/-/camelcase-1.2.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha1-m7UwTS4LVmmLLHWLCKPqqdqlijk=",
+          "dev": true
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+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

From b7ecae4af11cb50217f419624f59f8aad5f62e3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Mon, 25 Jun 2018 08:26:59 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 16/19] Fix typos and clean up for review

---
 src/filesystem/implementation.js              | 56 +++++++++----------
 src/stats.js                                  |  1 -
 .../spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-null-bytes.js |  1 -
 3 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/filesystem/implementation.js b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
index fbccc1f..c82ab07 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/implementation.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
@@ -48,17 +48,17 @@ var Buffer = require('../buffer.js');
  * and filesystem flags are examined in order to override update logic.
  */
 function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
-  var update = false;
-
   // Honour mount flags for how we update times
   var flags = context.flags;
   if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOCTIME)) {
     delete times.ctime;
   }
-   if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
+  if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
     delete times.mtime;
   }
 
+  // Only do the update if required (i.e., times are still present)
+  var update = false;
   if(times.ctime) {
     node.ctime = times.ctime;
     // We don't do atime tracking for perf reasons, but do mirror ctime
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.type === NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -256,14 +256,14 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
     data = normalize(data);
     parentPath = dirname(data);
     name = basename(data);
-    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
       context.getObject(SUPER_NODE_ID, read_root_directory_node);
     } else {
       find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
     }
   }
 
-  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
     context.getObject(SUPER_NODE_ID, read_root_directory_node);
   } else {
     find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
     } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      SuperNode.create({ guid: context.guid }, function(error, result) {
+      SuperNode.create({guid: context.guid}, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ function remove_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_exists(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    } else if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
       callback(new Errors.EBUSY(null, path));
     } else if(!_(result).has(name)) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ function remove_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.type != NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
 
   var followedCount = 0;
 
-  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
     if(_(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
     } else {
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
           callback(new Errors.ENOENT('O_CREATE and O_EXCLUSIVE are set, and the named file exists', path));
         } else {
           directoryEntry = directoryData[name];
-          if(directoryEntry.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+          if(directoryEntry.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
             callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
           } else {
             context.getObject(directoryEntry.id, check_if_symbolic_link);
@@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       var node = result;
-      if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.type === NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
     data = normalize(data);
     parentPath = dirname(data);
     name = basename(data);
-    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
       if(_(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
         callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
       } else {
@@ -857,7 +857,7 @@ function lstat_file(context, path, callback) {
   var directoryNode;
   var directoryData;
 
-  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
     find_node(context, path, callback);
   } else {
     find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
@@ -1100,7 +1100,7 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
   var directoryData;
   var fileNode;
 
-  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
     callback(new Errors.EEXIST(null, name));
   } else {
     find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
@@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@ function read_link(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(fileNode.type != NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(fileNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         callback(new Errors.EINVAL('path not a symbolic link', path));
       } else {
         // If we were originally given a relative path, return that now vs. the
@@ -1229,7 +1229,7 @@ function truncate_file(context, path, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR(null, path));
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -1285,7 +1285,7 @@ function ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR());
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -1348,7 +1348,7 @@ function utimes_file(context, path, atime, mtime, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof atime != 'number' || typeof mtime != 'number') {
+  if (typeof atime !== 'number' || typeof mtime !== 'number') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be number', path));
   }
   else if (atime < 0 || mtime < 0) {
@@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ function futimes_file(context, ofd, atime, mtime, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof atime != 'number' || typeof mtime != 'number') {
+  if (typeof atime !== 'number' || typeof mtime !== 'number') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be a number'));
   }
   else if (atime < 0 || mtime < 0) {
@@ -1390,7 +1390,7 @@ function setxattr_file(context, path, name, value, flag, callback) {
     set_extended_attribute(context, path, node, name, value, flag, callback);
   }
 
-  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string', path));
   }
   else if (!name) {
@@ -1446,7 +1446,7 @@ function getxattr_file (context, path, name, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string', path));
   }
   else if (!name) {
@@ -1474,7 +1474,7 @@ function fgetxattr_file (context, ofd, name, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL());
   }
   else if (!name) {
@@ -1549,7 +1549,7 @@ function fremovexattr_file (context, ofd, name, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string'));
   }
   else if (!name) {
@@ -1937,7 +1937,7 @@ function validateAndMaskMode(value, def, callback) {
     return parsed & FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS;
   }
 
-  // TODO(BridgeAR): Only return `def` in case `value == null`
+  // TODO(BridgeAR): Only return `def` in case `value === null`
   if (def !== undefined) {
     return def;
   }
@@ -1958,7 +1958,7 @@ function chmod_file(context, path, mode, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof mode != 'number') {
+  if (typeof mode !== 'number') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be number', path));
   }
   else {
@@ -1976,7 +1976,7 @@ function fchmod_file(context, ofd, mode, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof mode != 'number') {
+  if (typeof mode !== 'number') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be a number'));
   }
   else {
@@ -2028,7 +2028,7 @@ function fgetxattr(fs, context, fd, name, callback) {
     fgetxattr_file(context, ofd, name, callback);
   }
 }
-  
+
 function setxattr(fs, context, path, name, value, flag, callback) {
   if(typeof flag === 'function') {
     callback = flag;
diff --git a/src/stats.js b/src/stats.js
index 11b7d4d..4e00d91 100644
--- a/src/stats.js
+++ b/src/stats.js
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ function Stats(path, fileNode, devName) {
   this.dev = devName;
   this.node = fileNode.id;
   this.type = fileNode.type;
-  this.name = fileNode.name;
   this.size = fileNode.size;
   this.nlinks = fileNode.nlinks;
   this.atime = fileNode.atime;
diff --git a/tests/spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-null-bytes.js b/tests/spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-null-bytes.js
index 19ba73f..6ab1b44 100644
--- a/tests/spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-null-bytes.js
+++ b/tests/spec/node-js/simple/test-fs-null-bytes.js
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ describe("node.js tests: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/test/simple/
           done();
         }
       });
-      console.log('fn', fn);
       fn.apply(fs, args);
     }
 

From 31cd579682df7ab01446c1496159364b17ce9733 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Mon, 25 Jun 2018 08:27:14 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 17/19] Add updated dist/ built files

---
 dist/buffer.min.js |  2 +-
 dist/filer.js      | 57 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 dist/filer.min.js  |  6 ++---
 dist/path.min.js   |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/dist/buffer.min.js b/dist/buffer.min.js
index 5e36947..3dccb52 100644
--- a/dist/buffer.min.js
+++ b/dist/buffer.min.js
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-/*! filer 0.0.44 2018-05-29 */
+/*! filer 0.0.44 2018-06-25 */
 !function(a){if("object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module)module.exports=a();else if("function"==typeof define&&define.amd)define([],a);else{var b;b="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:this,b.FilerBuffer=a()}}(function(){return function a(b,c,d){function e(g,h){if(!c[g]){if(!b[g]){var i="function"==typeof require&&require;if(!h&&i)return i(g,!0);if(f)return f(g,!0);var j=new Error("Cannot find module '"+g+"'");throw j.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",j}var k=c[g]={exports:{}};b[g][0].call(k.exports,function(a){var c=b[g][1][a];return e(c||a)},k,k.exports,a,b,c,d)}return c[g].exports}for(var f="function"==typeof require&&require,g=0;g<d.length;g++)e(d[g]);return e}({1:[function(a,b,c){!function(a){"use strict";function b(a){var b=a.charCodeAt(0);return b===f||b===k?62:b===g||b===l?63:b<h?-1:b<h+10?b-h+26+26:b<j+26?b-j:b<i+26?b-i+26:void 0}function c(a){function c(a){j[l++]=a}var d,f,g,h,i,j;if(a.length%4>0)throw new Error("Invalid string. Length must be a multiple of 4");var k=a.length;i="="===a.charAt(k-2)?2:"="===a.charAt(k-1)?1:0,j=new e(3*a.length/4-i),g=i>0?a.length-4:a.length;var l=0;for(d=0,f=0;d<g;d+=4,f+=3)h=b(a.charAt(d))<<18|b(a.charAt(d+1))<<12|b(a.charAt(d+2))<<6|b(a.charAt(d+3)),c((16711680&h)>>16),c((65280&h)>>8),c(255&h);return 2===i?(h=b(a.charAt(d))<<2|b(a.charAt(d+1))>>4,c(255&h)):1===i&&(h=b(a.charAt(d))<<10|b(a.charAt(d+1))<<4|b(a.charAt(d+2))>>2,c(h>>8&255),c(255&h)),j}function d(a){function b(a){return"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/".charAt(a)}function c(a){return b(a>>18&63)+b(a>>12&63)+b(a>>6&63)+b(63&a)}var d,e,f,g=a.length%3,h="";for(d=0,f=a.length-g;d<f;d+=3)e=(a[d]<<16)+(a[d+1]<<8)+a[d+2],h+=c(e);switch(g){case 1:e=a[a.length-1],h+=b(e>>2),h+=b(e<<4&63),h+="==";break;case 2:e=(a[a.length-2]<<8)+a[a.length-1],h+=b(e>>10),h+=b(e>>4&63),h+=b(e<<2&63),h+="="}return h}var e="undefined"!=typeof Uint8Array?Uint8Array:Array,f="+".charCodeAt(0),g="/".charCodeAt(0),h="0".charCodeAt(0),i="a".charCodeAt(0),j="A".charCodeAt(0),k="-".charCodeAt(0),l="_".charCodeAt(0);a.toByteArray=c,a.fromByteArray=d}(void 0===c?this.base64js={}:c)},{}],2:[function(a,b,c){(function(b){"use strict";function d(){function a(){}try{var b=new Uint8Array(1);return b.foo=function(){return 42},b.constructor=a,42===b.foo()&&b.constructor===a&&"function"==typeof b.subarray&&0===b.subarray(1,1).byteLength}catch(c){return!1}}function e(){return f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT?2147483647:1073741823}function f(a){return this instanceof f?(f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT||(this.length=0,this.parent=void 0),"number"==typeof a?g(this,a):"string"==typeof a?h(this,a,arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:"utf8"):i(this,a)):arguments.length>1?new f(a,arguments[1]):new f(a)}function g(a,b){if(a=p(a,b<0?0:0|q(b)),!f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT)for(var c=0;c<b;c++)a[c]=0;return a}function h(a,b,c){return"string"==typeof c&&""!==c||(c="utf8"),a=p(a,0|s(b,c)),a.write(b,c),a}function i(a,b){if(f.isBuffer(b))return j(a,b);if(Y(b))return k(a,b);if(null==b)throw new TypeError("must start with number, buffer, array or string");if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer){if(b.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer)return l(a,b);if(b instanceof ArrayBuffer)return m(a,b)}return b.length?n(a,b):o(a,b)}function j(a,b){var c=0|q(b.length);return a=p(a,c),b.copy(a,0,0,c),a}function k(a,b){var c=0|q(b.length);a=p(a,c);for(var d=0;d<c;d+=1)a[d]=255&b[d];return a}function l(a,b){var c=0|q(b.length);a=p(a,c);for(var d=0;d<c;d+=1)a[d]=255&b[d];return a}function m(a,b){return f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT?(b.byteLength,a=f._augment(new Uint8Array(b))):a=l(a,new Uint8Array(b)),a}function n(a,b){var c=0|q(b.length);a=p(a,c);for(var d=0;d<c;d+=1)a[d]=255&b[d];return a}function o(a,b){var c,d=0;"Buffer"===b.type&&Y(b.data)&&(c=b.data,d=0|q(c.length)),a=p(a,d);for(var e=0;e<d;e+=1)a[e]=255&c[e];return a}function p(a,b){return 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Access using array indexes instead."),this.writeUInt8(a,b)},f.prototype.write=function(a,b,c,d){if(void 0===b)d="utf8",c=this.length,b=0;else if(void 0===c&&"string"==typeof b)d=b,c=this.length,b=0;else if(isFinite(b))b|=0,isFinite(c)?(c|=0,void 0===d&&(d="utf8")):(d=c,c=void 0);else{var e=d;d=b,b=0|c,c=e}var f=this.length-b;if((void 0===c||c>f)&&(c=f),a.length>0&&(c<0||b<0)||b>this.length)throw new RangeError("attempt to write outside buffer bounds");d||(d="utf8");for(var g=!1;;)switch(d){case"hex":return u(this,a,b,c);case"utf8":case"utf-8":return v(this,a,b,c);case"ascii":return w(this,a,b,c);case"binary":return x(this,a,b,c);case"base64":return y(this,a,b,c);case"ucs2":case"ucs-2":case"utf16le":case"utf-16le":return z(this,a,b,c);default:if(g)throw new TypeError("Unknown encoding: "+d);d=(""+d).toLowerCase(),g=!0}},f.prototype.toJSON=function(){return{type:"Buffer",data:Array.prototype.slice.call(this._arr||this,0)}};var $=4096;f.prototype.slice=function(a,b){var c=this.length;a=~~a,b=void 0===b?c:~~b,a<0?(a+=c)<0&&(a=0):a>c&&(a=c),b<0?(b+=c)<0&&(b=0):b>c&&(b=c),b<a&&(b=a);var d;if(f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT)d=f._augment(this.subarray(a,b));else{var e=b-a;d=new f(e,void 0);for(var g=0;g<e;g++)d[g]=this[g+a]}return d.length&&(d.parent=this.parent||this),d},f.prototype.readUIntLE=function(a,b,c){a|=0,b|=0,c||H(a,b,this.length);for(var d=this[a],e=1,f=0;++f<b&&(e*=256);)d+=this[a+f]*e;return d},f.prototype.readUIntBE=function(a,b,c){a|=0,b|=0,c||H(a,b,this.length);for(var d=this[a+--b],e=1;b>0&&(e*=256);)d+=this[a+--b]*e;return d},f.prototype.readUInt8=function(a,b){return b||H(a,1,this.length),this[a]},f.prototype.readUInt16LE=function(a,b){return b||H(a,2,this.length),this[a]|this[a+1]<<8},f.prototype.readUInt16BE=function(a,b){return b||H(a,2,this.length),this[a]<<8|this[a+1]},f.prototype.readUInt32LE=function(a,b){return b||H(a,4,this.length),(this[a]|this[a+1]<<8|this[a+2]<<16)+16777216*this[a+3]},f.prototype.readUInt32BE=function(a,b){return 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a=+a,b|=0,c||I(this,a,b,2,65535,0),f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT?(this[b]=255&a,this[b+1]=a>>>8):J(this,a,b,!0),b+2},f.prototype.writeUInt16BE=function(a,b,c){return a=+a,b|=0,c||I(this,a,b,2,65535,0),f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT?(this[b]=a>>>8,this[b+1]=255&a):J(this,a,b,!1),b+2},f.prototype.writeUInt32LE=function(a,b,c){return a=+a,b|=0,c||I(this,a,b,4,4294967295,0),f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT?(this[b+3]=a>>>24,this[b+2]=a>>>16,this[b+1]=a>>>8,this[b]=255&a):K(this,a,b,!0),b+4},f.prototype.writeUInt32BE=function(a,b,c){return a=+a,b|=0,c||I(this,a,b,4,4294967295,0),f.TYPED_ARRAY_SUPPORT?(this[b]=a>>>24,this[b+1]=a>>>16,this[b+2]=a>>>8,this[b+3]=255&a):K(this,a,b,!1),b+4},f.prototype.writeIntLE=function(a,b,c,d){if(a=+a,b|=0,!d){var e=Math.pow(2,8*c-1);I(this,a,b,c,e-1,-e)}var f=0,g=1,h=a<0?1:0;for(this[b]=255&a;++f<c&&(g*=256);)this[b+f]=(a/g>>0)-h&255;return b+c},f.prototype.writeIntBE=function(a,b,c,d){if(a=+a,b|=0,!d){var e=Math.pow(2,8*c-1);I(this,a,b,c,e-1,-e)}var 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aa=/[^+\/0-9A-Za-z-_]/g}).call(this,"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:"undefined"!=typeof window?window:{})},{"base64-js":1,ieee754:4,isarray:3}],3:[function(a,b,c){var d={}.toString;b.exports=Array.isArray||function(a){return"[object Array]"==d.call(a)}},{}],4:[function(a,b,c){c.read=function(a,b,c,d,e){var f,g,h=8*e-d-1,i=(1<<h)-1,j=i>>1,k=-7,l=c?e-1:0,m=c?-1:1,n=a[b+l];for(l+=m,f=n&(1<<-k)-1,n>>=-k,k+=h;k>0;f=256*f+a[b+l],l+=m,k-=8);for(g=f&(1<<-k)-1,f>>=-k,k+=d;k>0;g=256*g+a[b+l],l+=m,k-=8);if(0===f)f=1-j;else{if(f===i)return g?NaN:1/0*(n?-1:1);g+=Math.pow(2,d),f-=j}return(n?-1:1)*g*Math.pow(2,f-d)},c.write=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){var g,h,i,j=8*f-e-1,k=(1<<j)-1,l=k>>1,m=23===e?Math.pow(2,-24)-Math.pow(2,-77):0,n=d?0:f-1,o=d?1:-1,p=b<0||0===b&&1/b<0?1:0;for(b=Math.abs(b),isNaN(b)||b===1/0?(h=isNaN(b)?1:0,g=k):(g=Math.floor(Math.log(b)/Math.LN2),b*(i=Math.pow(2,-g))<1&&(g--,i*=2),b+=g+l>=1?m/i:m*Math.pow(2,1-l),b*i>=2&&(g++,i/=2),g+l>=k?(h=0,g=k):g+l>=1?(h=(b*i-1)*Math.pow(2,e),g+=l):(h=b*Math.pow(2,l-1)*Math.pow(2,e),g=0));e>=8;a[c+n]=255&h,n+=o,h/=256,e-=8);for(g=g<<e|h,j+=e;j>0;a[c+n]=255&g,n+=o,g/=256,j-=8);a[c+n-o]|=128*p}},{}],5:[function(a,b,c){(function(a){function c(b,c,d){return b instanceof ArrayBuffer&&(b=new Uint8Array(b)),new a(b,c,d)}c.prototype=Object.create(a.prototype),c.prototype.constructor=c,Object.keys(a).forEach(function(b){a.hasOwnProperty(b)&&(c[b]=a[b])}),b.exports=c}).call(this,a("buffer").Buffer)},{buffer:2}]},{},[5])(5)});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dist/filer.js b/dist/filer.js
index 5ed90d2..e2db9f7 100644
--- a/dist/filer.js
+++ b/dist/filer.js
@@ -4360,17 +4360,17 @@ var Buffer = require('../buffer.js');
  * and filesystem flags are examined in order to override update logic.
  */
 function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
-  var update = false;
-
   // Honour mount flags for how we update times
   var flags = context.flags;
   if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOCTIME)) {
     delete times.ctime;
   }
-   if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
+  if(_(flags).contains(FS_NOMTIME)) {
     delete times.mtime;
   }
 
+  // Only do the update if required (i.e., times are still present)
+  var update = false;
   if(times.ctime) {
     node.ctime = times.ctime;
     // We don't do atime tracking for perf reasons, but do mirror ctime
@@ -4551,7 +4551,7 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.type === NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -4568,14 +4568,14 @@ function find_node(context, path, callback) {
     data = normalize(data);
     parentPath = dirname(data);
     name = basename(data);
-    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
       context.getObject(SUPER_NODE_ID, read_root_directory_node);
     } else {
       find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
     }
   }
 
-  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
     context.getObject(SUPER_NODE_ID, read_root_directory_node);
   } else {
     find_node(context, parentPath, read_parent_directory_data);
@@ -4628,7 +4628,7 @@ function ensure_root_directory(context, callback) {
     } else if(error && !(error instanceof Errors.ENOENT)) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      SuperNode.create({ guid: context.guid }, function(error, result) {
+      SuperNode.create({guid: context.guid}, function(error, result) {
         if(error) {
           callback(error);
           return;
@@ -4778,7 +4778,7 @@ function remove_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_exists(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    } else if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
       callback(new Errors.EBUSY(null, path));
     } else if(!_(result).has(name)) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOENT(null, path));
@@ -4792,7 +4792,7 @@ function remove_directory(context, path, callback) {
   function check_if_node_is_directory(error, result) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(result.type != NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
+    } else if(result.type !== NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
       callback(new Errors.ENOTDIR(null, path));
     } else {
       directoryNode = result;
@@ -4859,7 +4859,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
 
   var followedCount = 0;
 
-  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
     if(_(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
     } else {
@@ -4890,7 +4890,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
           callback(new Errors.ENOENT('O_CREATE and O_EXCLUSIVE are set, and the named file exists', path));
         } else {
           directoryEntry = directoryData[name];
-          if(directoryEntry.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
+          if(directoryEntry.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY && _(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
             callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
           } else {
             context.getObject(directoryEntry.id, check_if_symbolic_link);
@@ -4911,7 +4911,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
       var node = result;
-      if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(node.type === NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         followedCount++;
         if(followedCount > SYMLOOP_MAX){
           callback(new Errors.ELOOP(null, path));
@@ -4928,7 +4928,7 @@ function open_file(context, path, flags, callback) {
     data = normalize(data);
     parentPath = dirname(data);
     name = basename(data);
-    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+    if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
       if(_(flags).contains(O_WRITE)) {
         callback(new Errors.EISDIR('the named file is a directory and O_WRITE is set', path));
       } else {
@@ -5169,7 +5169,7 @@ function lstat_file(context, path, callback) {
   var directoryNode;
   var directoryData;
 
-  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
     find_node(context, path, callback);
   } else {
     find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
@@ -5412,7 +5412,7 @@ function make_symbolic_link(context, srcpath, dstpath, callback) {
   var directoryData;
   var fileNode;
 
-  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME == name) {
+  if(ROOT_DIRECTORY_NAME === name) {
     callback(new Errors.EEXIST(null, name));
   } else {
     find_node(context, parentPath, read_directory_data);
@@ -5521,7 +5521,7 @@ function read_link(context, path, callback) {
     if(error) {
       callback(error);
     } else {
-      if(fileNode.type != NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
+      if(fileNode.type !== NODE_TYPE_SYMBOLIC_LINK) {
         callback(new Errors.EINVAL('path not a symbolic link', path));
       } else {
         // If we were originally given a relative path, return that now vs. the
@@ -5541,7 +5541,7 @@ function truncate_file(context, path, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR(null, path));
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -5597,7 +5597,7 @@ function ftruncate_file(context, ofd, length, callback) {
   function read_file_data (error, node) {
     if (error) {
       callback(error);
-    } else if(node.type == NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
+    } else if(node.type === NODE_TYPE_DIRECTORY ) {
       callback(new Errors.EISDIR());
     } else{
       fileNode = node;
@@ -5660,7 +5660,7 @@ function utimes_file(context, path, atime, mtime, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof atime != 'number' || typeof mtime != 'number') {
+  if (typeof atime !== 'number' || typeof mtime !== 'number') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be number', path));
   }
   else if (atime < 0 || mtime < 0) {
@@ -5681,7 +5681,7 @@ function futimes_file(context, ofd, atime, mtime, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof atime != 'number' || typeof mtime != 'number') {
+  if (typeof atime !== 'number' || typeof mtime !== 'number') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('atime and mtime must be a number'));
   }
   else if (atime < 0 || mtime < 0) {
@@ -5702,7 +5702,7 @@ function setxattr_file(context, path, name, value, flag, callback) {
     set_extended_attribute(context, path, node, name, value, flag, callback);
   }
 
-  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string', path));
   }
   else if (!name) {
@@ -5758,7 +5758,7 @@ function getxattr_file (context, path, name, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string', path));
   }
   else if (!name) {
@@ -5786,7 +5786,7 @@ function fgetxattr_file (context, ofd, name, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL());
   }
   else if (!name) {
@@ -5861,7 +5861,7 @@ function fremovexattr_file (context, ofd, name, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof name != 'string') {
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('attribute name must be a string'));
   }
   else if (!name) {
@@ -6249,7 +6249,7 @@ function validateAndMaskMode(value, def, callback) {
     return parsed & FULL_READ_WRITE_EXEC_PERMISSIONS;
   }
 
-  // TODO(BridgeAR): Only return `def` in case `value == null`
+  // TODO(BridgeAR): Only return `def` in case `value === null`
   if (def !== undefined) {
     return def;
   }
@@ -6270,7 +6270,7 @@ function chmod_file(context, path, mode, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof mode != 'number') {
+  if (typeof mode !== 'number') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be number', path));
   }
   else {
@@ -6288,7 +6288,7 @@ function fchmod_file(context, ofd, mode, callback) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (typeof mode != 'number') {
+  if (typeof mode !== 'number') {
     callback(new Errors.EINVAL('mode must be a number'));
   }
   else {
@@ -6340,7 +6340,7 @@ function fgetxattr(fs, context, fd, name, callback) {
     fgetxattr_file(context, ofd, name, callback);
   }
 }
-  
+
 function setxattr(fs, context, path, name, value, flag, callback) {
   if(typeof flag === 'function') {
     callback = flag;
@@ -8579,7 +8579,6 @@ function Stats(path, fileNode, devName) {
   this.dev = devName;
   this.node = fileNode.id;
   this.type = fileNode.type;
-  this.name = fileNode.name;
   this.size = fileNode.size;
   this.nlinks = fileNode.nlinks;
   this.atime = fileNode.atime;
diff --git a/dist/filer.min.js b/dist/filer.min.js
index d51be7c..20291bb 100644
--- a/dist/filer.min.js
+++ b/dist/filer.min.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*! filer 0.0.44 2018-05-29 */
+/*! filer 0.0.44 2018-06-25 */
 !function(a){if("object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module)module.exports=a();else if("function"==typeof define&&define.amd)define([],a);else{var b;b="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:this,b.Filer=a()}}(function(){var a;return function a(b,c,d){function e(g,h){if(!c[g]){if(!b[g]){var i="function"==typeof require&&require;if(!h&&i)return i(g,!0);if(f)return f(g,!0);var j=new Error("Cannot find module '"+g+"'");throw j.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",j}var k=c[g]={exports:{}};b[g][0].call(k.exports,function(a){var c=b[g][1][a];return e(c||a)},k,k.exports,a,b,c,d)}return c[g].exports}for(var f="function"==typeof require&&require,g=0;g<d.length;g++)e(d[g]);return e}({1:[function(b,c,d){!function(){var b={};"undefined"!=typeof process&&process.nextTick?(b.nextTick=process.nextTick,"undefined"!=typeof setImmediate?b.setImmediate=function(a){setImmediate(a)}:b.setImmediate=b.nextTick):"function"==typeof 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diff --git a/dist/path.min.js b/dist/path.min.js
index ae9c456..1bf430a 100644
--- a/dist/path.min.js
+++ b/dist/path.min.js
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-/*! filer 0.0.44 2018-05-29 */
+/*! filer 0.0.44 2018-06-25 */
 !function(a){if("object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module)module.exports=a();else if("function"==typeof define&&define.amd)define([],a);else{var b;b="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:this,b.Path=a()}}(function(){return function a(b,c,d){function e(g,h){if(!c[g]){if(!b[g]){var i="function"==typeof require&&require;if(!h&&i)return i(g,!0);if(f)return f(g,!0);var j=new Error("Cannot find module '"+g+"'");throw j.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",j}var k=c[g]={exports:{}};b[g][0].call(k.exports,function(a){var c=b[g][1][a];return e(c||a)},k,k.exports,a,b,c,d)}return c[g].exports}for(var f="function"==typeof require&&require,g=0;g<d.length;g++)e(d[g]);return e}({1:[function(a,b,c){function d(a,b){for(var c=0,d=a.length-1;d>=0;d--){var e=a[d];"."===e?a.splice(d,1):".."===e?(a.splice(d,1),c++):c&&(a.splice(d,1),c--)}if(b)for(;c--;c)a.unshift("..");return a}function e(){for(var a="",b=!1,c=arguments.length-1;c>=-1&&!b;c--){var e=c>=0?arguments[c]:"/";"string"==typeof e&&e&&(a=e+"/"+a,b="/"===e.charAt(0))}return a=d(a.split("/").filter(function(a){return!!a}),!b).join("/"),(b?"/":"")+a||"."}function f(a){var b="/"===a.charAt(0);a.substr(-1);return a=d(a.split("/").filter(function(a){return!!a}),!b).join("/"),a||b||(a="."),(b?"/":"")+a}function g(){return f(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0).filter(function(a,b){return a&&"string"==typeof a}).join("/"))}function h(a,b){function c(a){for(var b=0;b<a.length&&""===a[b];b++);for(var c=a.length-1;c>=0&&""===a[c];c--);return b>c?[]:a.slice(b,c-b+1)}a=e(a).substr(1),b=e(b).substr(1);for(var d=c(a.split("/")),f=c(b.split("/")),g=Math.min(d.length,f.length),h=g,i=0;i<g;i++)if(d[i]!==f[i]){h=i;break}for(var j=[],i=h;i<d.length;i++)j.push("..");return j=j.concat(f.slice(h)),j.join("/")}function i(a){var b=q(a),c=b[0],d=b[1];return c||d?(d&&(d=d.substr(0,d.length-1)),c+d):"."}function j(a,b){var c=q(a)[2];return b&&c.substr(-1*b.length)===b&&(c=c.substr(0,c.length-b.length)),""===c?"/":c}function k(a){return q(a)[3]}function l(a){return"/"===a.charAt(0)}function m(a){return-1!==(""+a).indexOf("\0")}function n(a){return a.replace(/\/*$/,"/")}function o(a){return a=a.replace(/\/*$/,""),""===a?"/":a}var p=/^(\/?)([\s\S]+\/(?!$)|\/)?((?:\.{1,2}$|[\s\S]+?)?(\.[^.\/]*)?)$/,q=function(a){var b=p.exec(a);return[b[1]||"",b[2]||"",b[3]||"",b[4]||""]};b.exports={normalize:f,resolve:e,join:g,relative:h,sep:"/",delimiter:":",dirname:i,basename:j,extname:k,isAbsolute:l,isNull:m,addTrailing:n,removeTrailing:o}},{}]},{},[1])(1)});
\ No newline at end of file

From 3da99f0133483a6a50ca70da8c0eb2576d1b7582 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Mon, 25 Jun 2018 08:57:17 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 18/19] Update README with new info about additional APIs

---
 README.md | 87 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 87 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f300ac3..88c94c4 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -294,6 +294,10 @@ var fs = new Filer.FileSystem();
 * [fs.close(fd, callback)](#close)
 * [fs.open(path, flags, [mode], callback)](#open)
 * [fs.utimes(path, atime, mtime, callback)](#utimes)
+* [fs.chown(path, uid, gid, callback)](#chown)
+* [fs.fchown(fd, uid, gid, callback)](#fchown)
+* [fs.chmod(path, mode, callback)](#chmod)
+* [fs.fchmod(fd, mode, callback)](#fchmod)
 * [fs.futimes(fd, atime, mtime, callback)](#fsutimes)
 * [fs.fsync(fd, callback)](#fsync)
 * [fs.write(fd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback)](#write)
@@ -754,6 +758,89 @@ fs.open('/myfile.txt', function(err, fd) {
 });
 ```
 
+#### fs.chown(path, uid, gid, callback)<a name="chown"></a>
+
+Changes the owner and group of a file. Asynchronous [chown(2)](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/chown.html). Callback gets no additional arguments. Both `uid` (user id) and `gid` (group id) arguments should be a JavaScript Number.  By default, `0x0` is used (i.e., `root:root` ownership).
+
+Example:
+
+```javascript
+fs.chown('/myfile.txt', 500, 500, function(err) {
+  if(err) throw err;
+
+  // /myfile.txt is now owned by user with id 500, group 500
+});
+```
+
+#### fs.fchown(fd, uid, gid, callback)<a name="fchown"></a>
+
+Changes the owner and group of a file. Asynchronous [chown(2)](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/chown.html). Callback gets no additional arguments. Both `uid` (user id) and `gid` (group id) arguments should be a JavaScript Number.  By default, `0x0` is used (i.e., `root:root` ownership).
+
+Example:
+
+```javascript
+fs.open('/myfile.txt', function(err, fd) {
+  if(err) throw err;
+
+  fs.fchown(fd, 500, 500, function(err) {
+    if(err) throw err;
+
+    // /myfile.txt is now owned by user with id 500, group 500
+
+    fs.close(fd);
+  });
+});
+```
+
+#### fs.chmod(path, mode, callback)<a name="chmod"></a>
+
+Changes the mode of a file. Asynchronous [chmod(2)](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/chmod.html). Callback gets no additional arguments. The `mode` argument should be a JavaScript Number, which combines file type and permission information.  Here are a list of common values useful for setting the `mode`:
+
+* File type `S_IFREG=0x8000`
+* Dir type `S_IFDIR=0x4000`
+* Link type `S_IFLNK=0xA000`
+
+* Permissions `755=0x1ED`
+* Permissions `644=0x1A4`
+* Permissions `777=0x1FF`
+* Permissions `666=0x1B6`
+
+By default, directories use `(0x4000 | 0x1ED)` and files use `(0x8000 | 0x1A4)`.
+
+Example:
+
+```javascript
+// S_IFREG | 0o777
+var mode = 0x8000 | 0x1FF
+fs.chmod('/myfile.txt', mode, function(err) {
+  if(err) throw err;
+
+  // /myfile.txt is a regular file with permissions 777
+});
+```
+
+#### fs.fchmod(fd, mode, callback)<a name="fchmod"></a>
+
+Changes the mode of a file. Asynchronous [chmod(2)](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/chmod.html). Callback gets no additional arguments. The `mode` argument should be a JavaScript Number, which combines file type and permission information.  By default, `755` (dir) and `644` (file) are used.
+
+Example:
+
+```javascript
+fs.open('/myfile.txt', function(err, fd) {
+  if(err) throw err;
+
+  // S_IFREG | 0o777
+  var mode = 0x8000 | 0x1FF
+  fs.fchmod(fd, mode, function(err) {
+    if(err) throw err;
+
+    // /myfile.txt is a regular file with permissions 777
+
+    fs.close(fd);
+  });
+});
+```
+
 #### fs.fsync(fd, callback)<a name="fsync"></a>
 
 NOTE: Not yet implemented, see https://github.com/filerjs/filer/issues/87

From 9ded3ea1eb71c8aea9a652312a1bca77033905d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Humphrey <david.humphrey@senecacollege.ca>
Date: Mon, 25 Jun 2018 14:10:27 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 19/19] Fixup comment that got removed

---
 src/filesystem/implementation.js | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/filesystem/implementation.js b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
index c82ab07..b6d0910 100644
--- a/src/filesystem/implementation.js
+++ b/src/filesystem/implementation.js
@@ -77,6 +77,8 @@ function update_node_times(context, path, node, times, callback) {
   }
 
   function complete(error) {
+    // Queue this change so we can send watch events.
+    // Unlike node.js, we send the full path vs. basename/dirname only.
     context.changes.push({ event: 'change', path: path });
     callback(error);
   }