feat(core): implemented signed transaction RLP decoding (#1096)

* feat(core): implement signed transaction decoding

* add geth signed transaction test vectors

* add signed tx decoding CHANGELOG entry

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 - Pass compilation time as additional argument to `Reporter::on_solc_success` [1098](https://github.com/gakonst/ethers-rs/pull/1098)
 - Fix aws signer bug which maps un-normalized signature to error if no normalization occurs (in `aws::utils::decode_signature`)
+- Implement signed transaction RLP decoding [#1096](https://github.com/gakonst/ethers-rs/pull/1096)
 - `Transaction::from` will default to `Address::zero()`. Add `recover_from` and
   `recover_from_mut` methods for recovering the sender from signature, and also
   setting the same on tx [1075](https://github.com/gakonst/ethers-rs/pull/1075).

ethers-core/Cargo.toml

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/gakonst/ethers-rs"
 keywords = ["ethereum", "web3", "celo", "ethers"]
 
 [dependencies]
-rlp = { version = "0.5.0", default-features = false }
+rlp = { version = "0.5.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 ethabi = { version = "17.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["full-serde", "rlp"] }
 arrayvec = { version = "0.7.2", default-features = false }
 rlp-derive = { version = "0.1.0", default-features = false }

ethers-core/src/types/transaction/eip1559.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,29 @@
 use super::{decode_to, eip2930::AccessList, normalize_v, rlp_opt};
 use crate::{
-    types::{Address, Bytes, NameOrAddress, Signature, Transaction, H256, U256, U64},
+    types::{
+        Address, Bytes, NameOrAddress, Signature, SignatureError, Transaction, H256, U256, U64,
+    },
     utils::keccak256,
 };
 use rlp::{Decodable, DecoderError, RlpStream};
+use thiserror::Error;
 
 /// EIP-1559 transactions have 9 fields
 const NUM_TX_FIELDS: usize = 9;
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+/// An error involving an EIP1559 transaction request.
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum Eip1559RequestError {
+    /// When decoding a transaction request from RLP
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    DecodingError(#[from] rlp::DecoderError),
+    /// When recovering the address from a signature
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    RecoveryError(#[from] SignatureError),
+}
+
 /// Parameters for sending a transaction
 #[derive(Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub struct Eip1559TransactionRequest {
@@ -188,38 +203,53 @@ impl Eip1559TransactionRequest {
     /// Decodes fields of the request starting at the RLP offset passed. Increments the offset for
     /// each element parsed.
     #[inline]
-    fn decode_base_rlp(&mut self, rlp: &rlp::Rlp, offset: &mut usize) -> Result<(), DecoderError> {
+    pub fn decode_base_rlp(rlp: &rlp::Rlp, offset: &mut usize) -> Result<Self, DecoderError> {
-        self.chain_id = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
+        let mut tx = Self::new();
+        tx.chain_id = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
         *offset += 1;
-        self.nonce = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
+        tx.nonce = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
         *offset += 1;
-        self.max_priority_fee_per_gas = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
+        tx.max_priority_fee_per_gas = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
         *offset += 1;
-        self.max_fee_per_gas = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
+        tx.max_fee_per_gas = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
         *offset += 1;
-        self.gas = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
+        tx.gas = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
         *offset += 1;
-        self.to = decode_to(rlp, offset)?;
+        tx.to = decode_to(rlp, offset)?;
-        self.value = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
+        tx.value = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
         *offset += 1;
         let data = rlp::Rlp::new(rlp.at(*offset)?.as_raw()).data()?;
-        self.data = match data.len() {
+        tx.data = match data.len() {
             0 => None,
             _ => Some(Bytes::from(data.to_vec())),
         };
         *offset += 1;
-        self.access_list = rlp.val_at(*offset)?;
+        tx.access_list = rlp.val_at(*offset)?;
         *offset += 1;
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(tx)
+    }
+
+    /// Decodes the given RLP into a transaction, attempting to decode its signature as well.
+    pub fn decode_signed_rlp(rlp: &rlp::Rlp) -> Result<(Self, Signature), Eip1559RequestError> {
+        let mut offset = 0;
+        let mut txn = Self::decode_base_rlp(rlp, &mut offset)?;
+
+        let v = rlp.at(offset)?.as_val()?;
+        offset += 1;
+        let r = rlp.at(offset)?.as_val()?;
+        offset += 1;
+        let s = rlp.at(offset)?.as_val()?;
+
+        let sig = Signature { r, s, v };
+        txn.from = Some(sig.recover(txn.sighash())?);
+
+        Ok((txn, sig))
     }
 }
 
 impl Decodable for Eip1559TransactionRequest {
     fn decode(rlp: &rlp::Rlp) -> Result<Self, rlp::DecoderError> {
-        let mut txn = Eip1559TransactionRequest::new();
+        Self::decode_base_rlp(rlp, &mut 0)
-        let mut offset = 0;
-        txn.decode_base_rlp(rlp, &mut offset)?;
-        Ok(txn)
     }
 }
 

ethers-core/src/types/transaction/eip2718.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use super::{
-    eip1559::Eip1559TransactionRequest,
+    eip1559::{Eip1559RequestError, Eip1559TransactionRequest},
     eip2930::{AccessList, Eip2930TransactionRequest},
+    request::RequestError,
 };
 use crate::{
     types::{
@@ -8,7 +9,9 @@ use crate::{
     },
     utils::keccak256,
 };
+use rlp::Decodable;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use thiserror::Error;
 
 /// The TypedTransaction enum represents all Ethereum transaction types.
 ///
@@ -36,6 +39,26 @@ pub enum TypedTransaction {
     Eip1559(Eip1559TransactionRequest),
 }
 
+/// An error involving a typed transaction request.
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum TypedTransactionError {
+    /// When decoding a signed legacy transaction
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    LegacyError(#[from] RequestError),
+    /// When decoding a signed Eip1559 transaction
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Eip1559Error(#[from] Eip1559RequestError),
+    /// Error decoding the transaction type from the transaction's RLP encoding
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    TypeDecodingError(#[from] rlp::DecoderError),
+    /// Missing transaction type when decoding from RLP
+    #[error("Missing transaction type when decoding")]
+    MissingTransactionType,
+    /// Missing transaction payload when decoding from RLP
+    #[error("Missing transaction payload when decoding")]
+    MissingTransactionPayload,
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "legacy")]
 impl Default for TypedTransaction {
     fn default() -> Self {
@@ -265,15 +288,51 @@ impl TypedTransaction {
             _ => None,
         }
     }
+
+    /// Hashes the transaction's data with the included signature.
+    pub fn hash(&self, signature: &Signature) -> H256 {
+        keccak256(&self.rlp_signed(signature).as_ref()).into()
+    }
+
+    /// Decodes a signed TypedTransaction from a rlp encoded byte stream
+    pub fn decode_signed(rlp: &rlp::Rlp) -> Result<(Self, Signature), TypedTransactionError> {
+        let tx_type: Option<U64> = match rlp.is_data() {
+            true => Ok(Some(rlp.data()?.into())),
+            false => Err(TypedTransactionError::MissingTransactionType),
+        }?;
+
+        let rest = rlp::Rlp::new(
+            rlp.as_raw().get(1..).ok_or(TypedTransactionError::MissingTransactionPayload)?,
+        );
+
+        match tx_type {
+            Some(x) if x == U64::from(1u64) => {
+                // EIP-2930 (0x01)
+                let decoded_request = Eip2930TransactionRequest::decode_signed_rlp(&rest)?;
+                Ok((Self::Eip2930(decoded_request.0), decoded_request.1))
+            }
+            Some(x) if x == U64::from(2u64) => {
+                // EIP-1559 (0x02)
+                let decoded_request = Eip1559TransactionRequest::decode_signed_rlp(&rest)?;
+                Ok((Self::Eip1559(decoded_request.0), decoded_request.1))
+            }
+            _ => {
+                // Legacy (0x00)
+                // use the original rlp
+                let decoded_request = TransactionRequest::decode_signed_rlp(&rest)?;
+                Ok((Self::Legacy(decoded_request.0), decoded_request.1))
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-/// Get a TypedTransaction directly from an rlp encoded byte stream
+/// Get a TypedTransaction directly from a rlp encoded byte stream
-impl rlp::Decodable for TypedTransaction {
+impl Decodable for TypedTransaction {
     fn decode(rlp: &rlp::Rlp) -> Result<Self, rlp::DecoderError> {
         let tx_type: Option<U64> = match rlp.is_data() {
-            true => Some(rlp.data().unwrap().into()),
+            true => Ok(Some(rlp.data()?.into())),
-            false => None,
+            false => Ok(None),
-        };
+        }?;
         let rest = rlp::Rlp::new(
             rlp.as_raw().get(1..).ok_or(rlp::DecoderError::Custom("no transaction payload"))?,
         );
@@ -439,6 +498,37 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(expected, actual);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_signed_tx_decode() {
+        let expected_tx = Eip1559TransactionRequest::new()
+            .from(Address::from_str("0x27519a1d088898e04b12f9fb9733267a5e61481e").unwrap())
+            .chain_id(1u64)
+            .nonce(0u64)
+            .max_priority_fee_per_gas(413047990155u64)
+            .max_fee_per_gas(768658734568u64)
+            .gas(184156u64)
+            .to(Address::from_str("0x0aa7420c43b8c1a7b165d216948870c8ecfe1ee1").unwrap())
+            .value(200000000000000000u64)
+            .data(
+                Bytes::from_str(
+                    "0x6ecd23060000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
+            );
+
+        let expected_envelope = TypedTransaction::Eip1559(expected_tx);
+        let typed_tx_hex = hex::decode("02f899018085602b94278b85b2f7a17de88302cf5c940aa7420c43b8c1a7b165d216948870c8ecfe1ee18802c68af0bb140000a46ecd23060000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002c080a0c5f35bf1cc6ab13053e33b1af7400c267be17218aeadcdb4ae3eefd4795967e8a04f6871044dd6368aea8deecd1c29f55b5531020f5506502e3f79ad457051bc4a").unwrap();
+
+        let tx_rlp = rlp::Rlp::new(typed_tx_hex.as_slice());
+        let (actual_tx, signature) = TypedTransaction::decode_signed(&tx_rlp).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(expected_envelope, actual_tx);
+        assert_eq!(
+            expected_envelope.hash(&signature),
+            H256::from_str("0x206e4c71335333f8658e995cc0c4ee54395d239acb08587ab8e5409bfdd94a6f")
+                .unwrap()
+        );
+    }
+
     #[cfg(not(feature = "celo"))]
     #[test]
     fn test_eip155_decode() {

ethers-core/src/types/transaction/eip2930.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-use super::{decode_to, normalize_v, request::TransactionRequest};
+use super::{extract_chain_id, normalize_v};
-use crate::types::{Address, Bytes, Signature, Transaction, H256, U256, U64};
+use crate::types::{Address, Bytes, Signature, Transaction, TransactionRequest, H256, U256, U64};
-
 use rlp::{Decodable, DecoderError, RlpStream};
 use rlp_derive::{RlpDecodable, RlpDecodableWrapper, RlpEncodable, RlpEncodableWrapper};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -104,42 +103,37 @@ impl Eip2930TransactionRequest {
         rlp.out().freeze().into()
     }
 
-    /// Decodes fields based on the RLP offset passed
+    /// Decodes fields based on the RLP offset passed.
-    fn decode_base_rlp(&mut self, rlp: &rlp::Rlp, offset: &mut usize) -> Result<(), DecoderError> {
+    fn decode_base_rlp(rlp: &rlp::Rlp, offset: &mut usize) -> Result<Self, DecoderError> {
-        self.tx.chain_id = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
+        let request = TransactionRequest::decode_unsigned_rlp_base(rlp, offset)?;
-        *offset += 1;
+        let access_list = rlp.val_at(*offset)?;
-        self.tx.nonce = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
-        *offset += 1;
-        self.tx.gas_price = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
-        *offset += 1;
-        self.tx.gas = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
         *offset += 1;
 
-        self.tx.gas = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
+        Ok(Self { tx: request, access_list })
-        *offset += 1;
+    }
-        self.tx.to = decode_to(rlp, offset)?;
-        self.tx.value = Some(rlp.val_at(*offset)?);
-        *offset += 1;
-        let data = rlp::Rlp::new(rlp.at(*offset)?.as_raw()).data()?;
-        self.tx.data = match data.len() {
-            0 => None,
-            _ => Some(Bytes::from(data.to_vec())),
-        };
-        *offset += 1;
-        self.access_list = rlp.val_at(*offset)?;
-        *offset += 1;
 
-        Ok(())
+    /// Decodes the given RLP into a transaction, attempting to decode its signature as well.
+    pub fn decode_signed_rlp(rlp: &rlp::Rlp) -> Result<(Self, Signature), rlp::DecoderError> {
+        let mut offset = 0;
+        let mut txn = Self::decode_base_rlp(rlp, &mut offset)?;
+
+        let v = rlp.at(offset)?.as_val()?;
+        // populate chainid from v
+        txn.tx.chain_id = extract_chain_id(v);
+        offset += 1;
+        let r = rlp.at(offset)?.as_val()?;
+        offset += 1;
+        let s = rlp.at(offset)?.as_val()?;
+
+        let sig = Signature { r, s, v };
+        Ok((txn, sig))
     }
 }
 
 /// Get a Eip2930TransactionRequest from a rlp encoded byte stream
 impl Decodable for Eip2930TransactionRequest {
     fn decode(rlp: &rlp::Rlp) -> Result<Self, rlp::DecoderError> {
-        let mut new_tx = Self::new(TransactionRequest::new(), AccessList::default());
+        Self::decode_base_rlp(rlp, &mut 0)
-        let mut offset = 0;
-        new_tx.decode_base_rlp(rlp, &mut offset)?;
-        Ok(new_tx)
     }
 }
 

ethers-core/src/types/transaction/request.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,26 @@
 //! Transaction types
 use super::{decode_to, extract_chain_id, rlp_opt, NUM_TX_FIELDS};
 use crate::{
-    types::{Address, Bytes, NameOrAddress, Signature, Transaction, H256, U256, U64},
+    types::{
+        Address, Bytes, NameOrAddress, Signature, SignatureError, Transaction, H256, U256, U64,
+    },
     utils::keccak256,
 };
 
 use rlp::{Decodable, RlpStream};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+/// An error involving a transaction request.
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum RequestError {
+    /// When decoding a transaction request from RLP
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    DecodingError(#[from] rlp::DecoderError),
+    /// When recovering the address from a signature
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    RecoveryError(#[from] SignatureError),
+}
 
 /// Parameters for sending a transaction
 #[derive(Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
@@ -195,7 +209,7 @@ impl TransactionRequest {
 
     /// Decodes the unsigned rlp, returning the transaction request and incrementing the counter
     /// passed as we are traversing the rlp list.
-    fn decode_unsigned_rlp_base(
+    pub(crate) fn decode_unsigned_rlp_base(
         rlp: &rlp::Rlp,
         offset: &mut usize,
     ) -> Result<Self, rlp::DecoderError> {
@@ -249,12 +263,12 @@ impl TransactionRequest {
     }
 
     /// Decodes the given RLP into a transaction, attempting to decode its signature as well.
-    pub fn decode_signed_rlp(rlp: &rlp::Rlp) -> Result<(Self, Signature), rlp::DecoderError> {
+    pub fn decode_signed_rlp(rlp: &rlp::Rlp) -> Result<(Self, Signature), RequestError> {
         let mut offset = 0;
         let mut txn = Self::decode_unsigned_rlp_base(rlp, &mut offset)?;
 
         let v = rlp.at(offset)?.as_val()?;
-        // populate chainid from v
+        // populate chainid from v in case the signature follows EIP155
         txn.chain_id = extract_chain_id(v);
         offset += 1;
         let r = rlp.at(offset)?.as_val()?;
@@ -262,6 +276,8 @@ impl TransactionRequest {
         let s = rlp.at(offset)?.as_val()?;
 
         let sig = Signature { r, s, v };
+        txn.from = Some(sig.recover(txn.sighash())?);
+
         Ok((txn, sig))
     }
 }
@@ -269,7 +285,7 @@ impl TransactionRequest {
 impl Decodable for TransactionRequest {
     /// Decodes the given RLP into a transaction request, ignoring the signature if populated
     fn decode(rlp: &rlp::Rlp) -> Result<Self, rlp::DecoderError> {
-        TransactionRequest::decode_unsigned_rlp(rlp)
+        Self::decode_unsigned_rlp(rlp)
     }
 }
 
@@ -335,10 +351,11 @@ impl TransactionRequest {
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[cfg(not(feature = "celo"))]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::types::Signature;
+    use crate::types::{NameOrAddress, Signature};
     use rlp::{Decodable, Rlp};
 
     use super::{Address, TransactionRequest, U256, U64};
+    use std::str::FromStr;
 
     #[test]
     fn encode_decode_rlp() {
@@ -469,4 +486,54 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(expected_sig, decoded_sig);
         assert_eq!(decoded_tx.chain_id, Some(U64::from(1)));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_eip155_signing_decode_vitalik() {
+        // Test vectors come from http://vitalik.ca/files/eip155_testvec.txt and
+        // https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/master/core/types/transaction_signing_test.go
+        // Tests that the rlp decoding properly extracts the from address
+        let rlp_transactions =
+            vec!["f864808504a817c800825208943535353535353535353535353535353535353535808025a0044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116da0044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116d",
+                 "f864018504a817c80182a410943535353535353535353535353535353535353535018025a0489efdaa54c0f20c7adf612882df0950f5a951637e0307cdcb4c672f298b8bcaa0489efdaa54c0f20c7adf612882df0950f5a951637e0307cdcb4c672f298b8bc6",
+                 "f864028504a817c80282f618943535353535353535353535353535353535353535088025a02d7c5bef027816a800da1736444fb58a807ef4c9603b7848673f7e3a68eb14a5a02d7c5bef027816a800da1736444fb58a807ef4c9603b7848673f7e3a68eb14a5",
+                 "f865038504a817c803830148209435353535353535353535353535353535353535351b8025a02a80e1ef1d7842f27f2e6be0972bb708b9a135c38860dbe73c27c3486c34f4e0a02a80e1ef1d7842f27f2e6be0972bb708b9a135c38860dbe73c27c3486c34f4de",
+                 "f865048504a817c80483019a28943535353535353535353535353535353535353535408025a013600b294191fc92924bb3ce4b969c1e7e2bab8f4c93c3fc6d0a51733df3c063a013600b294191fc92924bb3ce4b969c1e7e2bab8f4c93c3fc6d0a51733df3c060",
+                 "f865058504a817c8058301ec309435353535353535353535353535353535353535357d8025a04eebf77a833b30520287ddd9478ff51abbdffa30aa90a8d655dba0e8a79ce0c1a04eebf77a833b30520287ddd9478ff51abbdffa30aa90a8d655dba0e8a79ce0c1",
+                 "f866068504a817c80683023e3894353535353535353535353535353535353535353581d88025a06455bf8ea6e7463a1046a0b52804526e119b4bf5136279614e0b1e8e296a4e2fa06455bf8ea6e7463a1046a0b52804526e119b4bf5136279614e0b1e8e296a4e2d",
+                 "f867078504a817c807830290409435353535353535353535353535353535353535358201578025a052f1a9b320cab38e5da8a8f97989383aab0a49165fc91c737310e4f7e9821021a052f1a9b320cab38e5da8a8f97989383aab0a49165fc91c737310e4f7e9821021",
+                 "f867088504a817c8088302e2489435353535353535353535353535353535353535358202008025a064b1702d9298fee62dfeccc57d322a463ad55ca201256d01f62b45b2e1c21c12a064b1702d9298fee62dfeccc57d322a463ad55ca201256d01f62b45b2e1c21c10",
+                 "f867098504a817c809830334509435353535353535353535353535353535353535358202d98025a052f8f61201b2b11a78d6e866abc9c3db2ae8631fa656bfe5cb53668255367afba052f8f61201b2b11a78d6e866abc9c3db2ae8631fa656bfe5cb53668255367afb"];
+        let rlp_transactions_bytes = rlp_transactions
+            .iter()
+            .map(|rlp_str| hex::decode(rlp_str).unwrap())
+            .collect::<Vec<Vec<u8>>>();
+
+        let raw_addresses = vec![
+            "0xf0f6f18bca1b28cd68e4357452947e021241e9ce",
+            "0x23ef145a395ea3fa3deb533b8a9e1b4c6c25d112",
+            "0x2e485e0c23b4c3c542628a5f672eeab0ad4888be",
+            "0x82a88539669a3fd524d669e858935de5e5410cf0",
+            "0xf9358f2538fd5ccfeb848b64a96b743fcc930554",
+            "0xa8f7aba377317440bc5b26198a363ad22af1f3a4",
+            "0xf1f571dc362a0e5b2696b8e775f8491d3e50de35",
+            "0xd37922162ab7cea97c97a87551ed02c9a38b7332",
+            "0x9bddad43f934d313c2b79ca28a432dd2b7281029",
+            "0x3c24d7329e92f84f08556ceb6df1cdb0104ca49f",
+        ];
+
+        let addresses = raw_addresses
+            .iter()
+            .map(|addr| NameOrAddress::Address(Address::from_str(*addr).unwrap()));
+
+        // decoding will do sender recovery and we don't expect any of these to error, so we should
+        // check that the address matches for each decoded transaction
+        let decoded_transactions = rlp_transactions_bytes.iter().map(|raw_tx| {
+            TransactionRequest::decode_signed_rlp(&Rlp::new(raw_tx.as_slice())).unwrap().0
+        });
+
+        for (tx, from_addr) in decoded_transactions.zip(addresses) {
+            let from_tx: NameOrAddress = tx.from.unwrap().into();
+            assert_eq!(from_tx, from_addr);
+        }
+    }
 }

ethers-core/src/types/transaction/response.rs

@@ -330,13 +330,16 @@ impl Transaction {
     }
 }
 
-/// Get a TransactionReceipt directly from an rlp encoded byte stream
+/// Get a Transaction directly from a rlp encoded byte stream
 impl Decodable for Transaction {
     fn decode(rlp: &rlp::Rlp) -> Result<Self, DecoderError> {
         let mut txn = Self::default();
         // we can get the type from the first value
         let mut offset = 0;
-        txn.transaction_type = Some(rlp.data().unwrap().into());
+        txn.transaction_type = match rlp.is_data() {
+            true => Ok(Some(rlp.data()?.into())),
+            false => Ok(None),
+        }?;
         let rest = rlp::Rlp::new(
             rlp.as_raw().get(1..).ok_or(DecoderError::Custom("no transaction payload"))?,
         );