feat: Transaction Gas Price Escalator middleware (#81)

* fix(signers): make Signer send by blocking on Ledger calls

* fix(providers): use Arc in WS impl to allow cloning

* feat(middleware): add geometric gas price escalator

* test(middleware): ensure that we can still stack everything up

* fix(middleware): default to tokio/async-std

* chore: fix clippy

* docs(middleware): add docs and rename middlewares

* chore: fix doctests

* feat: add linear gas escalator

https://github.com/makerdao/pymaker/blob/master/tests/test_gas.py\#L107
https://github.com/makerdao/pymaker/blob/master/pymaker/gas.py\#L129

* feat: add constructors to gas escalators
This commit is contained in:
Georgios Konstantopoulos 2020-10-08 18:56:36 +03:00 committed by GitHub
parent aa37f74c4b
commit 62b7ce4366
No known key found for this signature in database
GPG Key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23
28 changed files with 636 additions and 83 deletions

4
Cargo.lock generated
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@ -839,11 +839,13 @@ dependencies = [
name = "ethers-middleware" name = "ethers-middleware"
version = "0.1.3" version = "0.1.3"
dependencies = [ dependencies = [
"async-std",
"async-trait", "async-trait",
"ethers", "ethers",
"ethers-core", "ethers-core",
"ethers-providers", "ethers-providers",
"ethers-signers", "ethers-signers",
"futures-executor",
"futures-util", "futures-util",
"reqwest", "reqwest",
"rustc-hex", "rustc-hex",
@ -888,6 +890,7 @@ dependencies = [
"elliptic-curve", "elliptic-curve",
"ethers", "ethers",
"ethers-core", "ethers-core",
"futures-executor",
"futures-util", "futures-util",
"rand", "rand",
"rustc-hex", "rustc-hex",
@ -1029,6 +1032,7 @@ dependencies = [
"futures-core", "futures-core",
"futures-task", "futures-task",
"futures-util", "futures-util",
"num_cpus",
] ]
[[package]] [[package]]

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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use ethers_core::{
use ethers_contract::{Contract, ContractFactory}; use ethers_contract::{Contract, ContractFactory};
use ethers_core::utils::{GanacheInstance, Solc}; use ethers_core::utils::{GanacheInstance, Solc};
use ethers_middleware::Client; use ethers_middleware::signer::SignerMiddleware;
use ethers_providers::{Http, Middleware, Provider}; use ethers_providers::{Http, Middleware, Provider};
use ethers_signers::LocalWallet; use ethers_signers::LocalWallet;
use std::{convert::TryFrom, sync::Arc, time::Duration}; use std::{convert::TryFrom, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub fn compile_contract(name: &str, filename: &str) -> (Abi, Bytes) {
(contract.abi.clone(), contract.bytecode.clone()) (contract.abi.clone(), contract.bytecode.clone())
} }
type HttpWallet = Client<Provider<Http>, LocalWallet>; type HttpWallet = SignerMiddleware<Provider<Http>, LocalWallet>;
/// connects the private key to http://localhost:8545 /// connects the private key to http://localhost:8545
pub fn connect(ganache: &GanacheInstance, idx: usize) -> Arc<HttpWallet> { pub fn connect(ganache: &GanacheInstance, idx: usize) -> Arc<HttpWallet> {
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pub fn connect(ganache: &GanacheInstance, idx: usize) -> Arc<HttpWallet> {
.unwrap() .unwrap()
.interval(Duration::from_millis(10u64)); .interval(Duration::from_millis(10u64));
let wallet: LocalWallet = ganache.keys()[idx].clone().into(); let wallet: LocalWallet = ganache.keys()[idx].clone().into();
Arc::new(Client::new(provider, wallet)) Arc::new(SignerMiddleware::new(provider, wallet))
} }
/// Launches a ganache instance and deploys the SimpleStorage contract /// Launches a ganache instance and deploys the SimpleStorage contract

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@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ mod eth_tests {
mod celo_tests { mod celo_tests {
use super::*; use super::*;
use ethers::{ use ethers::{
middleware::Client, middleware::signer::SignerMiddleware,
providers::{Http, Provider}, providers::{Http, Provider},
signers::LocalWallet, signers::LocalWallet,
types::BlockNumber, types::BlockNumber,
@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ mod celo_tests {
.parse::<LocalWallet>() .parse::<LocalWallet>()
.unwrap(); .unwrap();
let client = Client::new(provider, wallet); let client = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, wallet);
let client = Arc::new(client); let client = Arc::new(client);
let factory = ContractFactory::new(abi, bytecode, client); let factory = ContractFactory::new(abi, bytecode, client);

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@ -29,8 +29,13 @@ serde-aux = "0.6.1"
reqwest = { version = "0.10.4", default-features = false, features = ["json", "rustls-tls"] } reqwest = { version = "0.10.4", default-features = false, features = ["json", "rustls-tls"] }
url = { version = "2.1.1", default-features = false } url = { version = "2.1.1", default-features = false }
# optional for runtime
tokio = { version = "0.2.22", optional = true }
async-std = { version = "1.6.5", optional = true }
[dev-dependencies] [dev-dependencies]
ethers = { version = "0.1.3", path = "../ethers" } ethers = { version = "0.1.3", path = "../ethers" }
futures-executor = { version = "0.3.5", features = ["thread-pool"] }
rustc-hex = "2.1.0" rustc-hex = "2.1.0"
tokio = { version = "0.2.21", default-features = false, features = ["rt-core", "macros"] } tokio = { version = "0.2.21", default-features = false, features = ["rt-core", "macros"] }

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@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
use super::GasEscalator;
use ethers_core::types::U256;
/// Geometrically increasing gas price.
///
/// Start with `initial_price`, then increase it every 'every_secs' seconds by a fixed coefficient.
/// Coefficient defaults to 1.125 (12.5%), the minimum increase for Parity to replace a transaction.
/// Coefficient can be adjusted, and there is an optional upper limit.
///
/// https://github.com/makerdao/pymaker/blob/master/pymaker/gas.py#L168
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct GeometricGasPrice {
every_secs: u64,
coefficient: f64,
max_price: Option<U256>,
}
impl GeometricGasPrice {
/// Constructor
///
/// Note: Providing `None` to `max_price` requires giving it a type-hint, so you'll need
/// to call this like `GeometricGasPrice::new(1.125, 60u64, None::<u64>)`.
pub fn new<T: Into<U256>, K: Into<u64>>(
coefficient: f64,
every_secs: K,
max_price: Option<T>,
) -> Self {
GeometricGasPrice {
every_secs: every_secs.into(),
coefficient,
max_price: max_price.map(Into::into),
}
}
}
impl GasEscalator for GeometricGasPrice {
fn get_gas_price(&self, initial_price: U256, time_elapsed: u64) -> U256 {
let mut result = initial_price.as_u64() as f64;
if time_elapsed >= self.every_secs {
let iters = time_elapsed / self.every_secs;
for _ in 0..iters {
result *= self.coefficient;
}
}
let mut result = U256::from(result.ceil() as u64);
if let Some(max_price) = self.max_price {
result = std::cmp::min(result, max_price);
}
result
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
// https://github.com/makerdao/pymaker/blob/master/tests/test_gas.py#L165
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn gas_price_increases_with_time() {
let oracle = GeometricGasPrice::new(1.125, 10u64, None::<u64>);
let initial_price = U256::from(100);
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 0), 100.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 1), 100.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 10), 113.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 15), 113.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 20), 127.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 30), 143.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 50), 181.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 100), 325.into());
}
#[test]
fn gas_price_should_obey_max_value() {
let oracle = GeometricGasPrice::new(1.125, 60u64, Some(2500));
let initial_price = U256::from(1000);
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 0), 1000.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 1), 1000.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 59), 1000.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 60), 1125.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 119), 1125.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 120), 1266.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 1200), 2500.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 3000), 2500.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 1000000), 2500.into());
}
#[test]
fn behaves_with_realistic_values() {
let oracle = GeometricGasPrice::new(1.25, 10u64, None::<u64>);
const GWEI: f64 = 1000000000.0;
let initial_price = U256::from(100 * GWEI as u64);
for seconds in &[0u64, 1, 10, 12, 30, 60] {
println!(
"gas price after {} seconds is {}",
seconds,
oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, *seconds).as_u64() as f64 / GWEI
);
}
let normalized = |time| oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, time).as_u64() as f64 / GWEI;
assert_eq!(normalized(0), 100.0);
assert_eq!(normalized(1), 100.0);
assert_eq!(normalized(10), 125.0);
assert_eq!(normalized(12), 125.0);
assert_eq!(normalized(30), 195.3125);
assert_eq!(normalized(60), 381.469726563);
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
use super::GasEscalator;
use ethers_core::types::U256;
/// Linearly increasing gas price.
///
///
/// Start with `initial_price`, then increase it by fixed amount `increase_by` every `every_secs` seconds
/// until the transaction gets confirmed. There is an optional upper limit.
///
/// https://github.com/makerdao/pymaker/blob/master/pymaker/gas.py#L129
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct LinearGasPrice {
every_secs: u64,
increase_by: U256,
max_price: Option<U256>,
}
impl LinearGasPrice {
/// Constructor
pub fn new<T: Into<U256>>(
increase_by: T,
every_secs: impl Into<u64>,
max_price: Option<T>,
) -> Self {
LinearGasPrice {
every_secs: every_secs.into(),
increase_by: increase_by.into(),
max_price: max_price.map(Into::into),
}
}
}
impl GasEscalator for LinearGasPrice {
fn get_gas_price(&self, initial_price: U256, time_elapsed: u64) -> U256 {
let mut result = initial_price + self.increase_by * (time_elapsed / self.every_secs) as u64;
dbg!(time_elapsed, self.every_secs);
if let Some(max_price) = self.max_price {
result = std::cmp::min(result, max_price);
}
result
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
// https://github.com/makerdao/pymaker/blob/master/tests/test_gas.py#L107
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn gas_price_increases_with_time() {
let oracle = LinearGasPrice::new(100, 60u64, None);
let initial_price = U256::from(1000);
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 0), 1000.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 1), 1000.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 59), 1000.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 60), 1100.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 119), 1100.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 120), 1200.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 1200), 3000.into());
}
#[test]
fn gas_price_should_obey_max_value() {
let oracle = LinearGasPrice::new(100, 60u64, Some(2500));
let initial_price = U256::from(1000);
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 0), 1000.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 1), 1000.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 59), 1000.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 60), 1100.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 119), 1100.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 120), 1200.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 1200), 2500.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 3000), 2500.into());
assert_eq!(oracle.get_gas_price(initial_price, 1000000), 2500.into());
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
mod geometric;
pub use geometric::GeometricGasPrice;
mod linear;
pub use linear::LinearGasPrice;
use async_trait::async_trait;
use ethers_core::types::{BlockNumber, TransactionRequest, TxHash, U256};
use ethers_providers::{interval, FromErr, Middleware, StreamExt};
use futures_util::lock::Mutex;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::{pin::Pin, time::Instant};
use thiserror::Error;
#[cfg(all(not(feature = "tokio"), feature = "async-std"))]
use async_std::task::spawn;
#[cfg(all(feature = "tokio", not(feature = "async-std")))]
use tokio::spawn;
#[cfg(all(feature = "tokio", all(feature = "async-std")))]
// this should never happen, used to silence clippy warnings
fn spawn<T>(_: T) {
unimplemented!("do not use both tokio and async-std!")
}
/// Trait for fetching updated gas prices after a transaction has been first
/// broadcast
pub trait GasEscalator: Send + Sync + std::fmt::Debug {
/// Given the initial gas price and the time elapsed since the transaction's
/// first broadcast, it returns the new gas price
fn get_gas_price(&self, initial_price: U256, time_elapsed: u64) -> U256;
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
/// The frequency at which transactions will be bumped
pub enum Frequency {
/// On a per block basis using the eth_newBlock filter
PerBlock,
/// On a duration basis (in milliseconds)
Duration(u64),
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
/// A Gas escalator allows bumping transactions' gas price to avoid getting them
/// stuck in the memory pool.
///
/// If the crate is compiled with the `tokio` or `async-std` features, it will
/// automatically start bumping transactions in the background. Otherwise, you need
/// to spawn the `escalate` call yourself with an executor of choice.
///
/// ```no_run
/// use ethers::{
/// providers::{Provider, Http},
/// middleware::{
/// gas_escalator::{GeometricGasPrice, Frequency, GasEscalatorMiddleware},
/// gas_oracle::{GasNow, GasCategory, GasOracleMiddleware},
/// },
/// };
/// use std::{convert::TryFrom, time::Duration, sync::Arc};
///
/// let provider = Provider::try_from("http://localhost:8545")
/// .unwrap()
/// .interval(Duration::from_millis(2000u64));
///
/// let provider = {
/// let escalator = GeometricGasPrice::new(5.0, 10u64, None::<u64>);
/// GasEscalatorMiddleware::new(provider, escalator, Frequency::PerBlock)
/// };
///
/// // ... proceed to wrap it in other middleware
/// let gas_oracle = GasNow::new().category(GasCategory::SafeLow);
/// let provider = GasOracleMiddleware::new(provider, gas_oracle);
/// ```
pub struct GasEscalatorMiddleware<M, E> {
pub(crate) inner: Arc<M>,
pub(crate) escalator: E,
/// The transactions which are currently being monitored for escalation
#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
pub txs: Arc<Mutex<Vec<(TxHash, TransactionRequest, Instant, Option<BlockNumber>)>>>,
frequency: Frequency,
}
#[async_trait]
impl<M, E> Middleware for GasEscalatorMiddleware<M, E>
where
M: Middleware,
E: GasEscalator,
{
type Error = GasEscalatorError<M>;
type Provider = M::Provider;
type Inner = M;
fn inner(&self) -> &M {
&self.inner
}
async fn send_transaction(
&self,
tx: TransactionRequest,
block: Option<BlockNumber>,
) -> Result<TxHash, Self::Error> {
let tx_hash = self
.inner()
.send_transaction(tx.clone(), block)
.await
.map_err(GasEscalatorError::MiddlewareError)?;
// insert the tx in the pending txs
let mut lock = self.txs.lock().await;
lock.push((tx_hash, tx, Instant::now(), block));
Ok(tx_hash)
}
}
impl<M, E> GasEscalatorMiddleware<M, E>
where
M: Middleware,
E: GasEscalator,
{
/// Initializes the middleware with the provided gas escalator and the chosen
/// escalation frequency (per block or per second)
#[allow(clippy::let_and_return)]
pub fn new(inner: M, escalator: E, frequency: Frequency) -> Self
where
E: Clone + 'static,
M: Clone + 'static,
{
let this = Self {
inner: Arc::new(inner),
escalator,
frequency,
txs: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new())),
};
#[cfg(any(feature = "async-std", feature = "tokio"))]
{
let this2 = this.clone();
spawn(async move {
this2.escalate().await.unwrap();
});
}
this
}
/// Re-broadcasts pending transactions with a gas price escalator
pub async fn escalate(&self) -> Result<(), GasEscalatorError<M>> {
// the escalation frequency is either on a per-block basis, or on a duratoin basis
let mut watcher: Pin<Box<dyn futures_util::stream::Stream<Item = ()> + Send>> =
match self.frequency {
Frequency::PerBlock => Box::pin(
self.inner
.watch_blocks()
.await
.map_err(GasEscalatorError::MiddlewareError)?
.map(|_| ()),
),
Frequency::Duration(ms) => Box::pin(interval(std::time::Duration::from_millis(ms))),
};
while watcher.next().await.is_some() {
let now = Instant::now();
let mut txs = self.txs.lock().await;
let len = txs.len();
// Pop all transactions and re-insert those that have not been included yet
for _ in 0..len {
// this must never panic as we're explicitly within bounds
let (tx_hash, mut replacement_tx, time, priority) =
txs.pop().expect("should have element in vector");
let receipt = self.get_transaction_receipt(tx_hash).await?;
if receipt.is_none() {
// Get the new gas price based on how much time passed since the
// tx was last broadcast
let new_gas_price = self.escalator.get_gas_price(
replacement_tx.gas_price.expect("gas price must be set"),
now.duration_since(time).as_secs(),
);
let new_txhash = if Some(new_gas_price) != replacement_tx.gas_price {
// bump the gas price
replacement_tx.gas_price = Some(new_gas_price);
// the tx hash will be different so we need to update it
match self
.inner()
.send_transaction(replacement_tx.clone(), priority)
.await
{
Ok(tx_hash) => tx_hash,
Err(err) => {
if err.to_string().contains("nonce too low") {
// ignore "nonce too low" errors because they
// may happen if we try to broadcast a higher
// gas price tx when one of the previous ones
// was already mined (meaning we also do not
// push it back to the pending txs vector)
continue;
} else {
return Err(GasEscalatorError::MiddlewareError(err));
}
}
}
} else {
tx_hash
};
txs.push((new_txhash, replacement_tx, time, priority));
}
}
}
Ok(())
}
}
// Boilerplate
impl<M: Middleware> FromErr<M::Error> for GasEscalatorError<M> {
fn from(src: M::Error) -> GasEscalatorError<M> {
GasEscalatorError::MiddlewareError(src)
}
}
#[derive(Error, Debug)]
/// Error thrown when the GasEscalator interacts with the blockchain
pub enum GasEscalatorError<M: Middleware> {
#[error("{0}")]
/// Thrown when an internal middleware errors
MiddlewareError(M::Error),
}

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@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use ethers_providers::{FromErr, Middleware};
use thiserror::Error; use thiserror::Error;
#[derive(Debug)] #[derive(Debug)]
/// Middleware used for fetching gas prices over an API instead of `eth_gasPrice`
pub struct GasOracleMiddleware<M, G> { pub struct GasOracleMiddleware<M, G> {
inner: M, inner: M,
gas_oracle: G, gas_oracle: G,
@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ impl<M: Middleware> FromErr<M::Error> for MiddlewareError<M> {
} }
} }
#[async_trait(?Send)] #[async_trait]
impl<M, G> Middleware for GasOracleMiddleware<M, G> impl<M, G> Middleware for GasOracleMiddleware<M, G>
where where
M: Middleware, M: Middleware,

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@ -1,21 +1,67 @@
//! Ethers Middleware //! # Ethers Middleware
//! //!
//! Ethers uses a middleware architecture. You start the middleware stack with //! Ethers uses a middleware architecture. You start the middleware stack with
//! a [`Provider`], and wrap it with additional middleware functionalities that //! a [`Provider`](ethers_providers::Provider), and wrap it with additional
//! you need. //! middleware functionalities that you need.
//! //!
//! # Middlewares //! ## Available Middleware
//! - Signer
//! - Nonce Manager
//! - Gas Escalator
//! - Gas Oracle
//! //!
//! ## Gas Oracle //! ## Example of a middleware stack
//! //!
//! ## Signer //! ```no_run
//! use ethers::{
//! providers::{Provider, Http},
//! signers::LocalWallet,
//! middleware::{
//! gas_escalator::{GasEscalatorMiddleware, GeometricGasPrice, Frequency},
//! gas_oracle::{GasOracleMiddleware, GasNow, GasCategory},
//! signer::SignerMiddleware,
//! nonce_manager::NonceManagerMiddleware,
//! },
//! core::rand,
//! };
//! use std::convert::TryFrom;
//! //!
//! ## Nonce Manager //! // Start the stack
//! let provider = Provider::<Http>::try_from("http://localhost:8545").unwrap();
//!
//! // Escalate gas prices
//! let escalator = GeometricGasPrice::new(1.125, 60u64, None::<u64>);
//! let provider =
//! GasEscalatorMiddleware::new(provider, escalator, Frequency::PerBlock);
//!
//! // Sign transactions with a private key
//! let signer = LocalWallet::new(&mut rand::thread_rng());
//! let address = signer.address();
//! let provider = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, signer);
//!
//! // Use GasNow as the gas oracle
//! let gas_oracle = GasNow::new().category(GasCategory::SafeLow);
//! let provider = GasOracleMiddleware::new(provider, gas_oracle);
//!
//! // Manage nonces locally
//! let provider = NonceManagerMiddleware::new(provider, address);
//!
//! // ... do something with the provider
//! ```
/// The gas escalator middleware is used to re-broadcast transactions with an
/// increasing gas price to guarantee their timely inclusion
pub mod gas_escalator;
/// The gas oracle middleware is used to get the gas price from a list of gas oracles
/// instead of using eth_gasPrice
pub mod gas_oracle; pub mod gas_oracle;
pub use gas_oracle::GasOracleMiddleware;
pub mod client; /// The nonce manager middleware is used to locally calculate nonces instead of
pub use client::Client; /// using eth_getTransactionCount
pub mod nonce_manager;
mod nonce_manager; /// The signer middleware is used to locally sign transactions and messages
pub use nonce_manager::NonceManager; /// instead of using eth_sendTransaction and eth_sign
pub mod signer;
pub use signer::SignerMiddleware;

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@ -5,20 +5,22 @@ use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering};
use thiserror::Error; use thiserror::Error;
#[derive(Debug)] #[derive(Debug)]
pub struct NonceManager<M> { /// Middleware used for calculating nonces locally, useful for signing multiple
/// consecutive transactions without waiting for them to hit the mempool
pub struct NonceManagerMiddleware<M> {
pub inner: M, pub inner: M,
pub initialized: AtomicBool, pub initialized: AtomicBool,
pub nonce: AtomicU64, pub nonce: AtomicU64,
pub address: Address, pub address: Address,
} }
impl<M> NonceManager<M> impl<M> NonceManagerMiddleware<M>
where where
M: Middleware, M: Middleware,
{ {
/// Instantiates the nonce manager with a 0 nonce. /// Instantiates the nonce manager with a 0 nonce.
pub fn new(inner: M, address: Address) -> Self { pub fn new(inner: M, address: Address) -> Self {
NonceManager { Self {
initialized: false.into(), initialized: false.into(),
nonce: 0.into(), nonce: 0.into(),
inner, inner,
@ -52,7 +54,9 @@ where
} }
#[derive(Error, Debug)] #[derive(Error, Debug)]
/// Thrown when an error happens at the Nonce Manager
pub enum NonceManagerError<M: Middleware> { pub enum NonceManagerError<M: Middleware> {
/// Thrown when the internal middleware errors
#[error("{0}")] #[error("{0}")]
MiddlewareError(M::Error), MiddlewareError(M::Error),
} }
@ -63,8 +67,8 @@ impl<M: Middleware> FromErr<M::Error> for NonceManagerError<M> {
} }
} }
#[async_trait(?Send)] #[async_trait]
impl<M> Middleware for NonceManager<M> impl<M> Middleware for NonceManagerMiddleware<M>
where where
M: Middleware, M: Middleware,
{ {

View File

@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use thiserror::Error;
/// use ethers::{ /// use ethers::{
/// providers::{Middleware, Provider, Http}, /// providers::{Middleware, Provider, Http},
/// signers::LocalWallet, /// signers::LocalWallet,
/// middleware::Client, /// middleware::SignerMiddleware,
/// types::{Address, TransactionRequest}, /// types::{Address, TransactionRequest},
/// }; /// };
/// use std::convert::TryFrom; /// use std::convert::TryFrom;
@ -37,15 +37,12 @@ use thiserror::Error;
/// let wallet: LocalWallet = "380eb0f3d505f087e438eca80bc4df9a7faa24f868e69fc0440261a0fc0567dc" /// let wallet: LocalWallet = "380eb0f3d505f087e438eca80bc4df9a7faa24f868e69fc0440261a0fc0567dc"
/// .parse()?; /// .parse()?;
/// ///
/// let mut client = Client::new(provider, wallet); /// let mut client = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, wallet);
/// ///
/// // since it derefs to `Provider`, we can just call any of the JSON-RPC API methods /// // You can sign messages with the key
/// let block = client.get_block(100u64).await?;
///
/// // You can use the node's `eth_sign` and `eth_sendTransaction` calls by calling the
/// // internal provider's method.
/// let signed_msg = client.sign(b"hello".to_vec(), &client.address()).await?; /// let signed_msg = client.sign(b"hello".to_vec(), &client.address()).await?;
/// ///
/// // ...and sign transactions
/// let tx = TransactionRequest::pay("vitalik.eth", 100); /// let tx = TransactionRequest::pay("vitalik.eth", 100);
/// let tx_hash = client.send_transaction(tx, None).await?; /// let tx_hash = client.send_transaction(tx, None).await?;
/// ///
@ -71,21 +68,21 @@ use thiserror::Error;
/// ``` /// ```
/// ///
/// [`Provider`]: ethers_providers::Provider /// [`Provider`]: ethers_providers::Provider
pub struct Client<M, S> { pub struct SignerMiddleware<M, S> {
pub(crate) inner: M, pub(crate) inner: M,
pub(crate) signer: S, pub(crate) signer: S,
pub(crate) address: Address, pub(crate) address: Address,
} }
impl<M: Middleware, S: Signer> FromErr<M::Error> for ClientError<M, S> { impl<M: Middleware, S: Signer> FromErr<M::Error> for SignerMiddlewareError<M, S> {
fn from(src: M::Error) -> ClientError<M, S> { fn from(src: M::Error) -> SignerMiddlewareError<M, S> {
ClientError::MiddlewareError(src) SignerMiddlewareError::MiddlewareError(src)
} }
} }
#[derive(Error, Debug)] #[derive(Error, Debug)]
/// Error thrown when the client interacts with the blockchain /// Error thrown when the client interacts with the blockchain
pub enum ClientError<M: Middleware, S: Signer> { pub enum SignerMiddlewareError<M: Middleware, S: Signer> {
#[error("{0}")] #[error("{0}")]
/// Thrown when the internal call to the signer fails /// Thrown when the internal call to the signer fails
SignerError(S::Error), SignerError(S::Error),
@ -106,7 +103,7 @@ pub enum ClientError<M: Middleware, S: Signer> {
} }
// Helper functions for locally signing transactions // Helper functions for locally signing transactions
impl<M, S> Client<M, S> impl<M, S> SignerMiddleware<M, S>
where where
M: Middleware, M: Middleware,
S: Signer, S: Signer,
@ -114,7 +111,7 @@ where
/// Creates a new client from the provider and signer. /// Creates a new client from the provider and signer.
pub fn new(inner: M, signer: S) -> Self { pub fn new(inner: M, signer: S) -> Self {
let address = signer.address(); let address = signer.address();
Client { SignerMiddleware {
inner, inner,
signer, signer,
address, address,
@ -124,17 +121,17 @@ where
async fn sign_transaction( async fn sign_transaction(
&self, &self,
tx: TransactionRequest, tx: TransactionRequest,
) -> Result<Transaction, ClientError<M, S>> { ) -> Result<Transaction, SignerMiddlewareError<M, S>> {
// The nonce, gas and gasprice fields must already be populated // The nonce, gas and gasprice fields must already be populated
let nonce = tx.nonce.ok_or(ClientError::NonceMissing)?; let nonce = tx.nonce.ok_or(SignerMiddlewareError::NonceMissing)?;
let gas_price = tx.gas_price.ok_or(ClientError::GasPriceMissing)?; let gas_price = tx.gas_price.ok_or(SignerMiddlewareError::GasPriceMissing)?;
let gas = tx.gas.ok_or(ClientError::GasMissing)?; let gas = tx.gas.ok_or(SignerMiddlewareError::GasMissing)?;
let signature = self let signature = self
.signer .signer
.sign_transaction(&tx) .sign_transaction(&tx)
.await .await
.map_err(ClientError::SignerError)?; .map_err(SignerMiddlewareError::SignerError)?;
// Get the actual transaction hash // Get the actual transaction hash
let rlp = tx.rlp_signed(&signature); let rlp = tx.rlp_signed(&signature);
@ -180,7 +177,7 @@ where
&self, &self,
tx: &mut TransactionRequest, tx: &mut TransactionRequest,
block: Option<BlockNumber>, block: Option<BlockNumber>,
) -> Result<(), ClientError<M, S>> { ) -> Result<(), SignerMiddlewareError<M, S>> {
// set the `from` field // set the `from` field
if tx.from.is_none() { if tx.from.is_none() {
tx.from = Some(self.address()); tx.from = Some(self.address());
@ -195,9 +192,9 @@ where
self.inner.get_transaction_count(self.address(), block) self.inner.get_transaction_count(self.address(), block)
), ),
); );
tx.gas_price = Some(gas_price.map_err(ClientError::MiddlewareError)?); tx.gas_price = Some(gas_price.map_err(SignerMiddlewareError::MiddlewareError)?);
tx.gas = Some(gas.map_err(ClientError::MiddlewareError)?); tx.gas = Some(gas.map_err(SignerMiddlewareError::MiddlewareError)?);
tx.nonce = Some(nonce.map_err(ClientError::MiddlewareError)?); tx.nonce = Some(nonce.map_err(SignerMiddlewareError::MiddlewareError)?);
Ok(()) Ok(())
} }
@ -224,13 +221,13 @@ where
} }
} }
#[async_trait(?Send)] #[async_trait]
impl<M, S> Middleware for Client<M, S> impl<M, S> Middleware for SignerMiddleware<M, S>
where where
M: Middleware, M: Middleware,
S: Signer, S: Signer,
{ {
type Error = ClientError<M, S>; type Error = SignerMiddlewareError<M, S>;
type Provider = M::Provider; type Provider = M::Provider;
type Inner = M; type Inner = M;
@ -252,7 +249,7 @@ where
.inner .inner
.resolve_name(&ens_name) .resolve_name(&ens_name)
.await .await
.map_err(ClientError::MiddlewareError)?; .map_err(SignerMiddlewareError::MiddlewareError)?;
tx.to = Some(addr.into()) tx.to = Some(addr.into())
} }
} }
@ -268,7 +265,7 @@ where
self.inner self.inner
.send_raw_transaction(&signed_tx) .send_raw_transaction(&signed_tx)
.await .await
.map_err(ClientError::MiddlewareError) .map_err(SignerMiddlewareError::MiddlewareError)
} }
/// Signs a message with the internal signer, or if none is present it will make a call to /// Signs a message with the internal signer, or if none is present it will make a call to
@ -278,7 +275,10 @@ where
data: T, data: T,
_: &Address, _: &Address,
) -> Result<Signature, Self::Error> { ) -> Result<Signature, Self::Error> {
Ok(self.signer.sign_message(data.into()).await.unwrap()) self.signer
.sign_message(data.into())
.await
.map_err(SignerMiddlewareError::SignerError)
} }
} }
@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ mod tests {
.parse::<LocalWallet>() .parse::<LocalWallet>()
.unwrap() .unwrap()
.set_chain_id(chain_id); .set_chain_id(chain_id);
let client = Client::new(provider, key); let client = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, key);
let tx = client.sign_transaction(tx).await.unwrap(); let tx = client.sign_transaction(tx).await.unwrap();

View File

@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
use ethers_core::types::*;
use ethers_middleware::{
gas_escalator::{Frequency, GasEscalatorMiddleware, GeometricGasPrice},
signer::SignerMiddleware,
};
use ethers_providers::{Middleware, Provider, Ws};
use ethers_signers::LocalWallet;
use std::time::Duration;
#[tokio::test]
#[ignore]
async fn gas_escalator_live() {
// connect to ropsten for getting bad block times
let ws = Ws::connect("wss://ropsten.infura.io/ws/v3/fd8b88b56aa84f6da87b60f5441d6778")
.await
.unwrap();
let provider = Provider::new(ws).interval(Duration::from_millis(2000u64));
let wallet = "fdb33e2105f08abe41a8ee3b758726a31abdd57b7a443f470f23efce853af169"
.parse::<LocalWallet>()
.unwrap();
let address = wallet.address();
let provider = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, wallet);
let escalator = GeometricGasPrice::new(5.0, 10u64, Some(2000_000_000_000u64));
let provider = GasEscalatorMiddleware::new(provider, escalator, Frequency::Duration(3000));
let nonce = provider.get_transaction_count(address, None).await.unwrap();
let tx = TransactionRequest::pay(Address::zero(), 1u64).gas_price(10_000_000);
// broadcast 3 txs
provider
.send_transaction(tx.clone().nonce(nonce), None)
.await
.unwrap();
provider
.send_transaction(tx.clone().nonce(nonce + 1), None)
.await
.unwrap();
provider
.send_transaction(tx.clone().nonce(nonce + 2), None)
.await
.unwrap();
// Wait a bunch of seconds and refresh etherscan to see the transactions get bumped
tokio::time::delay_for(std::time::Duration::from_secs(100)).await;
// TODO: Figure out how to test this behavior properly in a local network. If the gas price was bumped
// then the tx hash will be different
}

View File

@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
#[cfg(not(feature = "celo"))] #[cfg(not(feature = "celo"))]
async fn nonce_manager() { async fn nonce_manager() {
use ethers_core::types::*; use ethers_core::types::*;
use ethers_middleware::{Client, NonceManager}; use ethers_middleware::{nonce_manager::NonceManagerMiddleware, signer::SignerMiddleware};
use ethers_providers::{Http, Middleware, Provider}; use ethers_providers::{Http, Middleware, Provider};
use ethers_signers::LocalWallet; use ethers_signers::LocalWallet;
use std::convert::TryFrom; use std::convert::TryFrom;
@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ async fn nonce_manager() {
.unwrap(); .unwrap();
let address = wallet.address(); let address = wallet.address();
let provider = Client::new(provider, wallet); let provider = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, wallet);
// the nonce manager must be over the Client so that it overrides the nonce // the nonce manager must be over the Client so that it overrides the nonce
// before the client gets it // before the client gets it
let provider = NonceManager::new(provider, address); let provider = NonceManagerMiddleware::new(provider, address);
let nonce = provider let nonce = provider
.get_transaction_count(address, Some(BlockNumber::Pending)) .get_transaction_count(address, Some(BlockNumber::Pending))

View File

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
use ethers_providers::{Http, Middleware, Provider}; use ethers_providers::{Http, Middleware, Provider};
use ethers_core::types::TransactionRequest; use ethers_core::types::TransactionRequest;
use ethers_middleware::Client; use ethers_middleware::signer::SignerMiddleware;
use ethers_signers::LocalWallet; use ethers_signers::LocalWallet;
use std::{convert::TryFrom, time::Duration}; use std::{convert::TryFrom, time::Duration};
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ async fn send_eth() {
let provider = Provider::<Http>::try_from(ganache.endpoint()) let provider = Provider::<Http>::try_from(ganache.endpoint())
.unwrap() .unwrap()
.interval(Duration::from_millis(10u64)); .interval(Duration::from_millis(10u64));
let provider = Client::new(provider, wallet); let provider = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, wallet);
// craft the transaction // craft the transaction
let tx = TransactionRequest::new().to(wallet2.address()).value(10000); let tx = TransactionRequest::new().to(wallet2.address()).value(10000);
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ async fn test_send_transaction() {
let wallet = "d652abb81e8c686edba621a895531b1f291289b63b5ef09a94f686a5ecdd5db1" let wallet = "d652abb81e8c686edba621a895531b1f291289b63b5ef09a94f686a5ecdd5db1"
.parse::<LocalWallet>() .parse::<LocalWallet>()
.unwrap(); .unwrap();
let client = Client::new(provider, wallet); let client = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, wallet);
let balance_before = client.get_balance(client.address(), None).await.unwrap(); let balance_before = client.get_balance(client.address(), None).await.unwrap();
let tx = TransactionRequest::pay(client.address(), 100); let tx = TransactionRequest::pay(client.address(), 100);

View File

@ -3,8 +3,10 @@
async fn can_stack_middlewares() { async fn can_stack_middlewares() {
use ethers_core::{types::TransactionRequest, utils::Ganache}; use ethers_core::{types::TransactionRequest, utils::Ganache};
use ethers_middleware::{ use ethers_middleware::{
gas_oracle::{GasCategory, GasNow}, gas_escalator::{Frequency, GasEscalatorMiddleware, GeometricGasPrice},
Client, GasOracleMiddleware, NonceManager, gas_oracle::{GasCategory, GasNow, GasOracleMiddleware},
nonce_manager::NonceManagerMiddleware,
signer::SignerMiddleware,
}; };
use ethers_providers::{Http, Middleware, Provider}; use ethers_providers::{Http, Middleware, Provider};
use ethers_signers::LocalWallet; use ethers_signers::LocalWallet;
@ -19,15 +21,21 @@ async fn can_stack_middlewares() {
let provider = Provider::<Http>::try_from(ganache.endpoint()).unwrap(); let provider = Provider::<Http>::try_from(ganache.endpoint()).unwrap();
let provider_clone = provider.clone(); let provider_clone = provider.clone();
// the Gas Price escalator middleware is the first middleware above the provider,
// so that it receives the transaction last, after all the other middleware
// have modified it accordingly
let escalator = GeometricGasPrice::new(1.125, 60u64, None::<u64>);
let provider = GasEscalatorMiddleware::new(provider, escalator, Frequency::PerBlock);
// The gas price middleware MUST be below the signing middleware for things to work // The gas price middleware MUST be below the signing middleware for things to work
let provider = GasOracleMiddleware::new(provider, gas_oracle); let provider = GasOracleMiddleware::new(provider, gas_oracle);
// The signing middleware signs txs // The signing middleware signs txs
let provider = Client::new(provider, signer); let provider = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, signer);
// The nonce manager middleware MUST be above the signing middleware so that it overrides // The nonce manager middleware MUST be above the signing middleware so that it overrides
// the nonce and the signer does not make any eth_getTransaction count calls // the nonce and the signer does not make any eth_getTransaction count calls
let provider = NonceManager::new(provider, address); let provider = NonceManagerMiddleware::new(provider, address);
let tx = TransactionRequest::new(); let tx = TransactionRequest::new();
let mut tx_hash = None; let mut tx_hash = None;

View File

@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ pub use pending_transaction::PendingTransaction;
mod stream; mod stream;
pub use futures_util::StreamExt; pub use futures_util::StreamExt;
pub use stream::{FilterWatcher, DEFAULT_POLL_INTERVAL}; pub use stream::{interval, FilterWatcher, DEFAULT_POLL_INTERVAL};
use async_trait::async_trait; use async_trait::async_trait;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize}; use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@ -121,7 +121,8 @@ use std::{error::Error, fmt::Debug, future::Future, pin::Pin};
pub use provider::{FilterKind, Provider, ProviderError}; pub use provider::{FilterKind, Provider, ProviderError};
// Helper type alias // Helper type alias
pub(crate) type PinBoxFut<'a, T> = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<T, ProviderError>> + 'a>>; pub(crate) type PinBoxFut<'a, T> =
Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<T, ProviderError>> + Send + 'a>>;
#[async_trait] #[async_trait]
/// Trait which must be implemented by data transports to be used with the Ethereum /// Trait which must be implemented by data transports to be used with the Ethereum
@ -138,14 +139,13 @@ pub trait JsonRpcClient: Debug + Send + Sync {
} }
use ethers_core::types::*; use ethers_core::types::*;
pub trait FromErr<T> { pub trait FromErr<T> {
fn from(src: T) -> Self; fn from(src: T) -> Self;
} }
#[async_trait(?Send)] #[async_trait]
pub trait Middleware: Sync + Send + Debug { pub trait Middleware: Sync + Send + Debug {
type Error: Error + FromErr<<Self::Inner as Middleware>::Error>; type Error: Send + Error + FromErr<<Self::Inner as Middleware>::Error>;
type Provider: JsonRpcClient; type Provider: JsonRpcClient;
type Inner: Middleware<Provider = Self::Provider>; type Inner: Middleware<Provider = Self::Provider>;

View File

@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ impl<P: JsonRpcClient> Provider<P> {
} }
} }
#[async_trait(?Send)] #[async_trait]
impl<P: JsonRpcClient> Middleware for Provider<P> { impl<P: JsonRpcClient> Middleware for Provider<P> {
type Error = ProviderError; type Error = ProviderError;
type Provider = P; type Provider = P;

View File

@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use futures_util::{
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize}; use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::fmt::{self, Debug}; use std::fmt::{self, Debug};
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering}; use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
use std::sync::Arc;
use thiserror::Error; use thiserror::Error;
use super::common::{JsonRpcError, Request, ResponseData}; use super::common::{JsonRpcError, Request, ResponseData};
@ -92,7 +93,16 @@ pub type MaybeTlsStream = StreamSwitcher<TcpStream, TlsStream<TcpStream>>;
/// for your runtime. /// for your runtime.
pub struct Provider<S> { pub struct Provider<S> {
id: AtomicU64, id: AtomicU64,
ws: Mutex<S>, ws: Arc<Mutex<S>>,
}
impl<S> Clone for Provider<S> {
fn clone(&self) -> Self {
Self {
id: AtomicU64::new(self.id.load(Ordering::SeqCst)),
ws: self.ws.clone(),
}
}
} }
impl<S> Debug for Provider<S> { impl<S> Debug for Provider<S> {
@ -129,7 +139,7 @@ where
pub fn new(ws: S) -> Self { pub fn new(ws: S) -> Self {
Self { Self {
id: AtomicU64::new(0), id: AtomicU64::new(0),
ws: Mutex::new(ws), ws: Arc::new(Mutex::new(ws)),
} }
} }
} }

View File

@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
ethers-core = { version = "0.1.3", path = "../ethers-core" } ethers-core = { version = "0.1.3", path = "../ethers-core" }
thiserror = { version = "1.0.15", default-features = false } thiserror = { version = "1.0.15", default-features = false }
futures-util = { version = "0.3.5", default-features = false } futures-util = { version = "0.3.5", default-features = false }
futures-executor = { version = "0.3.5", default-features = false }
serde = { version = "1.0.112", default-features = false } serde = { version = "1.0.112", default-features = false }
coins-ledger = { git = "https://github.com/summa-tx/bitcoins-rs", optional = true } coins-ledger = { git = "https://github.com/summa-tx/bitcoins-rs", optional = true }

View File

@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use coins_ledger::{
common::{APDUAnswer, APDUCommand, APDUData}, common::{APDUAnswer, APDUCommand, APDUData},
transports::{Ledger, LedgerAsync}, transports::{Ledger, LedgerAsync},
}; };
use futures_executor::block_on;
use futures_util::lock::Mutex; use futures_util::lock::Mutex;
use ethers_core::{ use ethers_core::{
@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ impl LedgerEthereum {
response_len: None, response_len: None,
}; };
let answer = transport.exchange(&command).await?; let answer = block_on(transport.exchange(&command))?;
let result = answer.data().ok_or(LedgerError::UnexpectedNullResponse)?; let result = answer.data().ok_or(LedgerError::UnexpectedNullResponse)?;
let address = { let address = {
@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ impl LedgerEthereum {
response_len: None, response_len: None,
}; };
let answer = transport.exchange(&command).await?; let answer = block_on(transport.exchange(&command))?;
let result = answer.data().ok_or(LedgerError::UnexpectedNullResponse)?; let result = answer.data().ok_or(LedgerError::UnexpectedNullResponse)?;
Ok(format!("{}.{}.{}", result[1], result[2], result[3])) Ok(format!("{}.{}.{}", result[1], result[2], result[3]))
@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ impl LedgerEthereum {
let data = payload.drain(0..chunk_size).collect::<Vec<_>>(); let data = payload.drain(0..chunk_size).collect::<Vec<_>>();
command.data = APDUData::new(&data); command.data = APDUData::new(&data);
let answer = transport.exchange(&command).await?; let answer = block_on(transport.exchange(&command))?;
result = answer result = answer
.data() .data()
.ok_or(LedgerError::UnexpectedNullResponse)? .ok_or(LedgerError::UnexpectedNullResponse)?
@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ impl LedgerEthereum {
} }
} }
#[cfg(all(test, feature = "ledger-tests"))] #[cfg(all(test, feature = "ledger"))]
mod tests { mod tests {
use super::*; use super::*;
use crate::Signer; use crate::Signer;

View File

@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
use ethers_core::types::{Address, Signature, TransactionRequest}; use ethers_core::types::{Address, Signature, TransactionRequest};
use types::LedgerError; use types::LedgerError;
#[async_trait(?Send)] #[async_trait]
impl Signer for LedgerEthereum { impl Signer for LedgerEthereum {
type Error = LedgerError; type Error = LedgerError;

View File

@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ use std::error::Error;
/// Trait for signing transactions and messages /// Trait for signing transactions and messages
/// ///
/// Implement this trait to support different signing modes, e.g. Ledger, hosted etc. /// Implement this trait to support different signing modes, e.g. Ledger, hosted etc.
#[async_trait(?Send)] #[async_trait]
pub trait Signer: std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync { pub trait Signer: std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
type Error: Error + Send + Sync; type Error: Error + Send + Sync;
/// Signs the hash of the provided message after prefixing it /// Signs the hash of the provided message after prefixing it

View File

@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub struct Wallet<D: DigestSigner<Sha256Proxy, RecoverableSignature>> {
pub(crate) chain_id: Option<u64>, pub(crate) chain_id: Option<u64>,
} }
#[async_trait(?Send)] #[async_trait]
impl<D: Sync + Send + DigestSigner<Sha256Proxy, RecoverableSignature>> Signer for Wallet<D> { impl<D: Sync + Send + DigestSigner<Sha256Proxy, RecoverableSignature>> Signer for Wallet<D> {
type Error = std::convert::Infallible; type Error = std::convert::Infallible;

View File

@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ async fn main() -> Result<()> {
Provider::<Http>::try_from(ganache.endpoint())?.interval(Duration::from_millis(10u64)); Provider::<Http>::try_from(ganache.endpoint())?.interval(Duration::from_millis(10u64));
// 5. instantiate the client with the wallet // 5. instantiate the client with the wallet
let client = Client::new(provider, wallet); let client = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, wallet);
let client = Arc::new(client); let client = Arc::new(client);
// 6. create a factory which will be used to deploy instances of the contract // 6. create a factory which will be used to deploy instances of the contract

View File

@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ async fn main() -> Result<()> {
// create a wallet and connect it to the provider // create a wallet and connect it to the provider
let wallet = "dcf2cbdd171a21c480aa7f53d77f31bb102282b3ff099c78e3118b37348c72f7" let wallet = "dcf2cbdd171a21c480aa7f53d77f31bb102282b3ff099c78e3118b37348c72f7"
.parse::<LocalWallet>()?; .parse::<LocalWallet>()?;
let client = Client::new(provider, wallet); let client = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, wallet);
// craft the transaction // craft the transaction
let tx = TransactionRequest::new().to("vitalik.eth").value(100_000); let tx = TransactionRequest::new().to("vitalik.eth").value(100_000);

View File

@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
// index or supply the full HD path string. You may also provide the chain_id // index or supply the full HD path string. You may also provide the chain_id
// (here: mainnet) for EIP155 support. // (here: mainnet) for EIP155 support.
let ledger = Ledger::new(HDPath::LedgerLive(0), Some(1)).await?; let ledger = Ledger::new(HDPath::LedgerLive(0), Some(1)).await?;
let client = Client::new(provider, ledger); let client = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, ledger);
// Create and broadcast a transaction (ENS enabled!) // Create and broadcast a transaction (ENS enabled!)
// (this will require confirming the tx on the device) // (this will require confirming the tx on the device)

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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ async fn main() -> Result<()> {
let provider = Provider::<Http>::try_from(ganache.endpoint())?; let provider = Provider::<Http>::try_from(ganache.endpoint())?;
// connect the wallet to the provider // connect the wallet to the provider
let client = Client::new(provider, wallet); let client = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, wallet);
// craft the transaction // craft the transaction
let tx = TransactionRequest::new().to(wallet2.address()).value(10000); let tx = TransactionRequest::new().to(wallet2.address()).value(10000);

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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
// `from_key` method to upload a key you already have, or the `new` method // `from_key` method to upload a key you already have, or the `new` method
// to generate a new keypair. // to generate a new keypair.
let wallet = YubiWallet::connect(connector, Credentials::default(), 0); let wallet = YubiWallet::connect(connector, Credentials::default(), 0);
let client = Client::new(provider, wallet); let client = SignerMiddleware::new(provider, wallet);
// Create and broadcast a transaction (ENS enabled!) // Create and broadcast a transaction (ENS enabled!)
let tx = TransactionRequest::new() let tx = TransactionRequest::new()