docs: add more docs (#130)

README.md

@@ -88,3 +88,12 @@ This library would not have been possibly without the great work done in:
 
 A lot of the code was inspired and adapted from them, to a unified and opinionated interface,
 built with async/await and std futures from the ground up.
+
+## Projects using ethers-rs
+
+- [Yield Liquidator](https://github.com/yieldprotocol/yield-liquidator/): Liquidator for Yield Protocol
+- [MEV Inspect](https://github.com/flashbots/mev-inspect-rs/): Miner Extractable Value inspector
+- [Ethers Fireblocks](https://github.com/gakonst/ethers-fireblocks): Ethers middleware and signer for [Fireblocks](https://fireblocks.io)' API
+- [Celo Threshold BLS DKG](https://github.com/celo-org/celo-threshold-bls-rs/): CLI for using Celo as a data availability network for the Joint-Feldman BLS DKG
+- [Celo Plumo Prover](https://github.com/celo-org/plumo-prover): Creates Celo's ultralight client proof from on-chain data
+- [Celo SNARK Setup Coordinator](https://github.com/celo-org/snark-setup-operator): Coordinator for executing a pipelined Groth16 SNARK setup

ethers-contract/src/base.rs

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ impl BaseContract {
     /// versions, consider using `encode_with_selector`
     pub fn encode<T: Tokenize>(&self, name: &str, args: T) -> Result<Bytes, AbiError> {
         let function = self.abi.function(name)?;
-        encode_fn(function, args)
+        encode_function_data(function, args)
     }
 
     /// Returns the ABI encoded data for the provided function selector and arguments
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl BaseContract {
         args: T,
     ) -> Result<Bytes, AbiError> {
         let function = self.get_from_signature(signature)?;
-        encode_fn(function, args)
+        encode_function_data(function, args)
     }
 
     /// Decodes the provided ABI encoded function arguments with the selected function name.
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl BaseContract {
         bytes: T,
     ) -> Result<D, AbiError> {
         let function = self.abi.function(name)?;
-        decode_fn(function, bytes, true)
+        decode_function_data(function, bytes, true)
     }
 
     /// Decodes for a given event name, given the `log.topics` and
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ impl BaseContract {
         bytes: T,
     ) -> Result<D, AbiError> {
         let function = self.get_from_signature(signature)?;
-        decode_fn(function, bytes, true)
+        decode_function_data(function, bytes, true)
     }
 
     fn get_from_signature(&self, signature: Selector) -> Result<&Function, AbiError> {
@@ -147,14 +147,14 @@ pub(crate) fn decode_event<D: Detokenize>(
     Ok(D::from_tokens(tokens)?)
 }
 
-// Helper for encoding arguments for a specific function
+/// Helper for ABI encoding arguments for a specific function
-pub(crate) fn encode_fn<T: Tokenize>(function: &Function, args: T) -> Result<Bytes, AbiError> {
+pub fn encode_function_data<T: Tokenize>(function: &Function, args: T) -> Result<Bytes, AbiError> {
     let tokens = args.into_tokens();
     Ok(function.encode_input(&tokens).map(Into::into)?)
 }
 
-// Helper for decoding bytes from a specific function
+/// Helper for ABI decoding raw data based on a function's input or output.
-pub fn decode_fn<D: Detokenize, T: AsRef<[u8]>>(
+pub fn decode_function_data<D: Detokenize, T: AsRef<[u8]>>(
     function: &Function,
     bytes: T,
     is_input: bool,

ethers-contract/src/call.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::base::{decode_fn, AbiError};
+use super::base::{decode_function_data, AbiError};
 use ethers_core::{
     abi::{Detokenize, Function, InvalidOutputType},
     types::{Address, BlockNumber, Bytes, TransactionRequest, U256},
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ where
             .map_err(ContractError::MiddlewareError)?;
 
         // decode output
-        let data = decode_fn(&self.function, &bytes, false)?;
+        let data = decode_function_data(&self.function, &bytes, false)?;
 
         Ok(data)
     }

ethers-contract/src/contract.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use super::{
-    base::{encode_fn, AbiError, BaseContract},
+    base::{encode_function_data, AbiError, BaseContract},
     call::ContractCall,
     event::Event,
 };
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ impl<M: Middleware> Contract<M> {
         function: &Function,
         args: T,
     ) -> Result<ContractCall<M, D>, AbiError> {
-        let data = encode_fn(function, args)?;
+        let data = encode_function_data(function, args)?;
 
         // create the tx object
         let tx = TransactionRequest {

ethers-contract/src/event.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{base::decode_event, ContractError, EventStream};
+use crate::{base::decode_event, stream::EventStream, ContractError};
 
 use ethers_core::{
     abi::{Detokenize, Event as AbiEvent},

ethers-contract/src/lib.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ mod contract;
 pub use contract::Contract;
 
 mod base;
-pub use base::{decode_fn, BaseContract};
+pub use base::{decode_function_data, encode_function_data, BaseContract};
 
 mod call;
 pub use call::ContractError;
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ pub use factory::ContractFactory;
 mod event;
 
 mod stream;
-pub use stream::EventStream;
 
 mod multicall;
 pub use multicall::Multicall;

ethers-middleware/src/gas_oracle/eth_gas_station.rs

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ struct EthGasStationResponse {
 }
 
 impl EthGasStation {
+    /// Creates a new [EthGasStation](https://docs.ethgasstation.info/) gas oracle
     pub fn new(api_key: Option<&'static str>) -> Self {
         let url = match api_key {
             Some(key) => format!("{}?api-key={}", ETH_GAS_STATION_URL_PREFIX, key),
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ impl EthGasStation {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Sets the gas price category to be used when fetching the gas price.
     pub fn category(mut self, gas_category: GasCategory) -> Self {
         self.gas_category = gas_category;
         self

ethers-middleware/src/gas_oracle/etherchain.rs

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ struct EtherchainResponse {
 }
 
 impl Etherchain {
+    /// Creates a new [Etherchain](https://etherchain.org/tools/gasPriceOracle) gas price oracle.
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         let url = Url::parse(ETHERCHAIN_URL).expect("invalid url");
 
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ impl Etherchain {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Sets the gas price category to be used when fetching the gas price.
     pub fn category(mut self, gas_category: GasCategory) -> Self {
         self.gas_category = gas_category;
         self

ethers-middleware/src/gas_oracle/etherscan.rs

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ struct EtherscanResponseInner {
 }
 
 impl Etherscan {
+    /// Creates a new [Etherscan](https://etherscan.io/gastracker) gas price oracle.
     pub fn new(api_key: Option<&str>) -> Self {
         let url = match api_key {
             Some(key) => format!("{}&apikey={}", ETHERSCAN_URL_PREFIX, key),
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ impl Etherscan {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Sets the gas price category to be used when fetching the gas price.
     pub fn category(mut self, gas_category: GasCategory) -> Self {
         self.gas_category = gas_category;
         self

ethers-middleware/src/gas_oracle/gas_now.rs

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ struct GasNowResponseInner {
 }
 
 impl GasNow {
+    /// Creates a new [GasNow](https://gasnow.org) gas price oracle.
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         let url = Url::parse(GAS_NOW_URL).expect("invalid url");
 
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ impl GasNow {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Sets the gas price category to be used when fetching the gas price.
     pub fn category(mut self, gas_category: GasCategory) -> Self {
         self.gas_category = gas_category;
         self

ethers-middleware/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 //! # Ethers Middleware
 //!
-//! Ethers uses a middleware architecture. You start the middleware stack with
+//! Ethers uses a middleware-based architecture. You start the middleware stack with
 //! a [`Provider`](ethers_providers::Provider), and wrap it with additional
 //! middleware functionalities that you need.
 //!
 //! ## Available Middleware
-//! - Signer
+//! - [`Signer`](crate::SignerMiddleware): Signs transactions locally, with a private
-//! - Nonce Manager
+//! key or a hardware wallet
-//! - Gas Escalator
+//! - [`Nonce Manager`](crate::NonceManagerMiddleware): Manages nonces locally, allowing
-//! - Gas Oracle
+//! the rapid broadcast of transactions without having to wait for them to be submitted
+//! - [`Gas Escalator`](crate::gas_escalator::GasEscalatorMiddleware): Bumps transaction
+//! gas prices in the background
+//! - [`Gas Oracle`](crate::gas_oracle): Allows getting your gas price estimates from
+//! places other than `eth_gasPrice`.
 //!
 //! ## Example of a middleware stack
 //!
@@ -49,19 +53,22 @@
 //! // ... do something with the provider
 //! ```
 
-/// The gas escalator middleware is used to re-broadcast transactions with an
+/// The [Gas Escalator middleware](crate::gas_escalator::GasEscalatorMiddleware)
-/// increasing gas price to guarantee their timely inclusion
+/// is used to re-broadcast transactions with an increasing gas price to guarantee
+/// their timely inclusion.
 pub mod gas_escalator;
 
 /// The gas oracle middleware is used to get the gas price from a list of gas oracles
-/// instead of using eth_gasPrice
+/// instead of using eth_gasPrice. For usage examples, refer to the
+/// [`GasOracle`](crate::gas_oracle::GasOracle) trait.
 pub mod gas_oracle;
 
-/// The nonce manager middleware is used to locally calculate nonces instead of
+/// The [Nonce Manager](crate::NonceManagerMiddleware) is used to locally calculate nonces instead of
 /// using eth_getTransactionCount
 pub mod nonce_manager;
+pub use nonce_manager::NonceManagerMiddleware;
 
-/// The signer middleware is used to locally sign transactions and messages
+/// The [Signer](crate::SignerMiddleware) is used to locally sign transactions and messages
 /// instead of using eth_sendTransaction and eth_sign
 pub mod signer;
 pub use signer::SignerMiddleware;

ethers-middleware/src/nonce_manager.rs

@@ -8,17 +8,18 @@ use thiserror::Error;
 /// Middleware used for calculating nonces locally, useful for signing multiple
 /// consecutive transactions without waiting for them to hit the mempool
 pub struct NonceManagerMiddleware<M> {
-    pub inner: M,
+    inner: M,
-    pub initialized: AtomicBool,
+    initialized: AtomicBool,
-    pub nonce: AtomicU64,
+    nonce: AtomicU64,
-    pub address: Address,
+    address: Address,
 }
 
 impl<M> NonceManagerMiddleware<M>
 where
     M: Middleware,
 {
-    /// Instantiates the nonce manager with a 0 nonce.
+    /// Instantiates the nonce manager with a 0 nonce. The `address` should be the
+    /// address which you'll be sending transactions from
     pub fn new(inner: M, address: Address) -> Self {
         Self {
             initialized: false.into(),

ethers-providers/src/lib.rs

@@ -113,13 +113,70 @@ pub trait FromErr<T> {
 
 #[async_trait]
 #[auto_impl(&, Box, Arc)]
+/// A middleware allows customizing requests send and received from an ethereum node.
+///
+/// Writing a middleware is as simple as:
+/// 1. implementing the [`inner`](crate::Middleware::inner) method to point to the next layer in the "middleware onion",
+/// 2. implementing the [`FromErr`](crate::FromErr) trait on your middleware's error type
+/// 3. implementing any of the methods you want to override
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use ethers::{providers::{Middleware, FromErr}, types::{U64, TransactionRequest, U256}};
+/// use thiserror::Error;
+/// use async_trait::async_trait;
+///
+/// #[derive(Debug)]
+/// struct MyMiddleware<M>(M);
+///
+/// #[derive(Error, Debug)]
+/// pub enum MyError<M: Middleware> {
+///     #[error("{0}")]
+///     MiddlewareError(M::Error),
+///
+///     // Add your middleware's specific errors here
+/// }
+///
+/// impl<M: Middleware> FromErr<M::Error> for MyError<M> {
+///     fn from(src: M::Error) -> MyError<M> {
+///         MyError::MiddlewareError(src)
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// #[async_trait]
+/// impl<M> Middleware for MyMiddleware<M>
+/// where
+///     M: Middleware,
+/// {
+///     type Error = MyError<M>;
+///     type Provider = M::Provider;
+///     type Inner = M;
+///
+///     fn inner(&self) -> &M {
+///         &self.0
+///     }
+///
+///     /// Overrides the default `get_block_number` method to always return 0
+///     async fn get_block_number(&self) -> Result<U64, Self::Error> {
+///         Ok(U64::zero())
+///     }
+///
+///     /// Overrides the default `estimate_gas` method to log that it was called,
+///     /// before forwarding the call to the next layer.
+///     async fn estimate_gas(&self, tx: &TransactionRequest) -> Result<U256, Self::Error> {
+///         println!("Estimating gas...");
+///         self.inner().estimate_gas(tx).await.map_err(FromErr::from)
+///     }
+/// }
+/// ```
 pub trait Middleware: Sync + Send + Debug {
     type Error: Sync + Send + Error + FromErr<<Self::Inner as Middleware>::Error>;
     type Provider: JsonRpcClient;
     type Inner: Middleware<Provider = Self::Provider>;
 
+    /// The next middleware in the stack
     fn inner(&self) -> &Self::Inner;
 
+    /// The HTTP or Websocket provider.
     fn provider(&self) -> &Provider<Self::Provider> {
         self.inner().provider()
     }

ethers-providers/src/pubsub.rs

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ pub trait PubsubClient: JsonRpcClient {
 
 #[must_use = "subscriptions do nothing unless you stream them"]
 #[pin_project(PinnedDrop)]
+/// Streams data from an installed filter via `eth_subscribe`
 pub struct SubscriptionStream<'a, P: PubsubClient, R: DeserializeOwned> {
     /// The subscription's installed id on the ethereum node
     pub id: U256,

ethers-providers/src/stream.rs

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ enum FilterWatcherState<'a, R> {
 
 #[must_use = "filters do nothing unless you stream them"]
 #[pin_project]
+/// Streams data from an installed filter via `eth_getFilterCahnges`
 pub struct FilterWatcher<'a, P, R> {
     /// The filter's installed id on the ethereum node
     pub id: U256,

ethers-signers/src/ledger/types.rs

@@ -4,9 +4,13 @@ use std::fmt;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+/// Ledger wallet type
 pub enum DerivationType {
+    /// Ledger Live-generated HD path
     LedgerLive(usize),
+    /// Legacy generated HD Path
     Legacy(usize),
+    /// Any other path
     Other(String),
 }
 
@@ -25,6 +29,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for DerivationType {
 }
 
 #[derive(Error, Debug)]
+/// Error when using the Ledger transport
 pub enum LedgerError {
     /// Underlying ledger transport error
     #[error(transparent)]
@@ -34,10 +39,8 @@ pub enum LedgerError {
     UnexpectedNullResponse,
 
     #[error(transparent)]
+    /// Error when converting from a hex string
     HexError(#[from] hex::FromHexError),
-
-    #[error("Error when decoding UTF8 Response: {0}")]
-    Utf8Error(#[from] std::str::Utf8Error),
 }
 
 pub const P1_FIRST: u8 = 0x00;

ethers-signers/src/lib.rs

@@ -7,14 +7,15 @@
 //! and the [`TransactionRequest`] to a [`Transaction`], look at the signing middleware.
 //!
 //! Supported signers:
-//! - Private key
+//! - [Private key](crate::LocalWallet)
-//! - Ledger
+//! - [Ledger](crate::Ledger)
+//! - [YubiHSM2](crate::YubiWallet)
 //!
 //! ```no_run
 //! # use ethers::{
-//!     signers::{LocalWallet, Signer},
+//! #     signers::{LocalWallet, Signer},
-//!     core::{k256::ecdsa::SigningKey, types::TransactionRequest},
+//! #     core::{k256::ecdsa::SigningKey, types::TransactionRequest},
-//! };
+//! # };
 //! # async fn foo() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
 //! // instantiate the wallet
 //! let wallet = "dcf2cbdd171a21c480aa7f53d77f31bb102282b3ff099c78e3118b37348c72f7"
@@ -37,8 +38,6 @@
 //!
 //! [`Transaction`]: ethers_core::types::Transaction
 //! [`TransactionRequest`]: ethers_core::types::TransactionRequest
-// mod wallet;
-// pub use wallet::Wallet;
 mod wallet;
 pub use wallet::Wallet;
 

ethers/src/lib.rs

@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@
 //!
 //! > ethers-rs is a port of [ethers-js](github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js) in Rust.
 //!
-//! _Note: All examples using `await` are assuming that they are called from inside an `async`
-//! function which is run in an async runtime. You are free to use any runtime and executor of
-//! your preference._
-//!
 //! ## Quickstart: `prelude`
 //!
 //! A prelude is provided which imports all the important data types and traits for you. Use this
@@ -55,8 +51,9 @@
 //!
 //! ## `signers`
 //!
-//! For security reasons, you typically do not want your private keys to be stored on the nodes.
+//! This module provides a [`Signer`] trait which can be used for signing messages
-//! This module provides a [`Wallet`] type for connecting to a private key or a YubiHSM2
+//! or transactions. A [`Wallet`] type is implemented which can be used with a
+//! raw private key, or a YubiHSM2. We also provide Ledger support.
 //!
 //! ## `contract`
 //!
@@ -71,14 +68,23 @@
 //! [`Contract`] and [`ContractFactory`] abstractions so that you do not have to worry about that.
 //! It also provides typesafe bindings via the [`abigen`] macro and the [`Abigen` builder].
 //!
-//! [`Provider`]: providers::Provider
+//! ## `middleware`
-//! [`Wallet`]: signers::Wallet
 //!
+//! In order to keep the ethers architecture as modular as possible, providers define a [`Middleware`]
+//! trait which defines all the methods to interact with an Ethereum node. By implementing the
+//! middleware trait, you are able to override the default behavior of methods and do things such
+//! as using other gas oracles, escalating your transactions' gas prices, or signing your transactions
+//! with a [`Signer`]. The middleware architecture allows users to either use one of the existing
+//! middleware, or they are free to write on of their own.
+//!
+//! [`Provider`]: providers::Provider
+//! [`Middleware`]: providers::Middleware
+//! [`Wallet`]: signers::Wallet
+//! [`Signer`]: signers::Signer
 //! [`ContractFactory`]: contract::ContractFactory
 //! [`Contract`]: contract::Contract
 //! [`abigen`]: ./contract/macro.abigen.html
 //! [`Abigen` builder]: contract::Abigen
-//!
 //! [`utils`]: core::utils
 //! [`abi`]: core::abi
 //! [`types`]: core::types